Index

bells, 324; 1A5a, 280; 1C1a, 280; bronze, 316; collection of, 331; common forms of, 320 (fig.); copper, 280, 283, 316, 317, 318–22, 325, 325 (fig.), 327, 328, 332, 375; elite, 321; heterogeneity of, 332; Maya, 319 (fig.); Mesoamerican, 319 (fig.); metal, 314; production of, 316, 319, 320, 322, 323, 333; ritual, 321; Type F, 319 (fig.); typologies of, 319 (fig.)

Bennyhoff, James, 151, 158

Berdan, Frances F., 321, 324, 325, 326

Berlo, Janet, 199n3

beryls, 329

bifaces, 241, 245, 248, 249

billiard-ball model, 3, 8–11, 39

biodistance, 40

Bird, Junius, 323–24

bird ocarina, 71 (fig.)

Bishop, Ronald L., 161

Black-and-White-on-Red pottery, 134

Black Falls Ruin, 280

blackware, 164, 167

blades, 244; obsidian, 34; prismatic, 241, 255

Blom, Frans, 213, 214, 216, 219–20, 221, 352

Blomster, Jeffrey P., 68, 69

Blue Creek, 137

Boas, Franz, 9

Bonfil Batalla, Guillermo, 295, 303

Boot, Erik, 126

Botadero engraved, 277

bottles, 55, 62–63; long-necked, 61, 62 (fig.); stirrup, 64

Bourdieu, Pierre, 300

Bove, Frederick J., 251

bowls, 152, 197; conical, 58; decorated, 58, 155; flat-bottomed, 154; grater, 55, 58, 60–61, 61 (fig.), 75n5; interior-incised, 74; kidney-shaped, 56, 74; open, 62; semispherical, 57, 58 (fig.), 60, 61 (fig.); square, 58, 61 (fig.)

boxes: funerary, 100 (fig.); stone, 221, 221 (fig.), 222

Braswell, Geoffrey, 152, 156, 163, 252

Bray, Warwick, 322

Breitburg, Emmanuel, 132

bronze, 316, 321

Bronze Age, 22n4, 366

Brooklyn Museum, 187

Brown and Buff slips, 278

Brown, Cecil, 122, 124, 125, 134, 135, 136, 139n3

Budar, Lourdes, 7, 21, 373

Buff fine paste, 231

Burial 10, 156–57

Burial 21, 154

Burial 25, 347

Burial 39, 347

Burial 116, 356

burials, 58, 62–63, 64, 155, 192, 344; adult male, 62; child, 61, 67; elite, 347; lower-status, 347

Buriticá, mining sites in, 327

Burmeister, Stefan, 11, 12

Butler, Mary, 227, 228, 229

cacao, 62, 125, 169n4, 211, 342, 343; beans, 137, 154, 155; drink, 151

Cacaotepec, 347

caciques, 293

Calakmul, 137, 248, 350, 351, 353, 354–57, 370, 376; core area of, 350 (fig.); patron deities of 356; political network of, 355

Caldera Humeros, 242

Caldwell, Joseph, 366

calendar, 123; Aztec, 329; long-count, 213, 218; Mayan, 215; ritual, 277; solar, 277; Zapotec, 109n13

Calera phase, 182, 279, 280

Calichal, 271

Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 368

Campamento Fine Orange, 225, 226, 227

Campbell, Lyle R., 123, 124, 131, 132, 138, 139n7, 139n9, 141n24, 141n25

Campeche, 162, 163, 211, 227, 228, 229, 231, 245, 354

Campo Lanz, 200n15

Cancuén, 137

candeleros, 181, 189

Canelas sites, 283

Cañon de Molino, 263, 267, 277, 278, 279, 280, 284

Cantón Corralito, 60

Cantona, 244, 251, 252, 253, 254, 373; building, 242; ceramic data from, 245, 248–49; excavation at, 243; interaction with, 255; limits of, 243 (fig.); location of, 241 (fig.); population of, 244; Teotihuacan and, 241, 241 (fig.), 242, 248; trade networks and, 374

Cantona I period, 245

Cantona II period, 245

Canutillo phase, 264, 265, 267

Canutillo red filled, 264

Capacha phase, 60, 72, 73; bottles, 64; vessels, 64, 65, 65 (fig.); wares, 66

capitalism, 13, 14, 41, 313

capitals, Maya, 355

Caracol, 248, 249, 355

Carballo, David, 248, 249

cargos, 296–97, 299, 304

Carnegie Institution, 179, 214

Carpenter, John, 263

Carrasco, José Luis Franco, 195

Carrasco, Michael D., 7, 367, 368

carved stone block, 220 (fig.)

Casas Grandes region, 279

Cascajal Block, 96, 101, 102, 368, 369; ‘throne-mat’ kenning on, 98 (fig.)

Castillo de Teayo, 181

Catholic Associations, 297

causal-functional treatment, 9, 11, 23n5

Ceibal, 376

celebrations, 295–96, 329, 330; baroque system of, 300; complex, 306

celts, 92 (fig.), 93, 373

Cenote de Chichén Itzá, 319

centers: cultural, 213; higher-order, 347, 351; political, 184; second-tier, 350, 351

Central Place Theory, 354

Central Plaza 2, 220

Centro, 184, 196

ceramicists, 170n7, 275; Maya, 157, 161, 164, 167, 168, 170n11

ceramics, 19, 56, 61, 68, 70, 100, 137, 149, 168, 196, 224, 245, 267, 268, 270, 273, 275, 284, 366, 367, 371; architectural, 162; Central American, 63–64; comparing, 69; distribution of, 251; exchange of, 227; fine paste, 231; foreign, 157, 272; funerary, 151; Mesoamerican, 72, 161; Mexican-style, 156; Mixteca-Puebla “international style,” 5; movement of, 108n8; Oaxacan, 58, 60; production of, 227; pseudo-cloisonné, 271; Teotihuacan, 151–52, 153, 158, 177, 197; trade, 279; tripod, 150, 151, 152, 157, 164, 167, 169n4; west Mexican, 67

Cerrito de la Cofradía, 271

Cerro Bernal, 180

Cerro Blanco, 271

Cerro Chapín, 265, 277

Cerro Coyolito, 192

Cerro de Bernal, 220

Cerro de las Casitas, 278, 279

Cerro de las Mesas, 222, 223, 228; Stela 6/Stela 8 at, 232n3

Cerro de los Monos, 176, 190, 194, 195, 198; Column 1 and 2, 192 (fig.), 193 (fig.), 194, 194 (fig.); Column 2, 194, 194 (fig.); Column 3, 194, 195 (fig.); monuments from, 194 (fig.); Sculpture 1, 195; site of, 191 (fig.)

Cerro del Huistle, 271, 279

Cerro Moctehuma, 263, 264, 271, 276

Cerro Pedregoso, 277

Chaak, 97, 110n15, 162

Chablekal Group, 227

Chaco Canyon, 280

Chak Ak’Paat Yuk, 132, 133 (fig.)

CHAK-xi-wi-te-i, 126, 128 (fig.)

chak xiwitei, 126, 128 (fig.)

Chalcatzingo, 98, 109n14, 193; bowls and, 60; reliefs from, 368

Chalcatzingo Monument 31, 99 (fig.)

Chalchihuites, 263, 266, 270, 284, 329, 374; abandonment of, 278–81; apogee of, 274–78; chronology for, 270 (fig.); decorated wares, 269; Mesoamerican influence in, 268; population of, 282; sites, 264, 278, 281, 282–83; tradition, 271

chalchihuites, 194

Chalchiuhtlicue, 187

Chalco-Amecameca, 183

Chametla, 273, 275, 277, 279, 284

Champoton, 227, 229

Chance, John K., 297

charcoal, 317, 323

Chase, Arlen, 352

Chase, Diane, 352

chemical characterization, 229, 248–50

Chiapas, 51, 63, 120, 137, 140n17, 180, 199, 216, 248, 344, 367

Chica, 184

Chichén Itzá, 5, 34, 210

Chihuahua, 267, 279, 280

Childe, V. Gordon, 9

Chilpancingo, 200n12

Chinese language, transference to/from, 108–9n9

Chinkultik, 120

Ch’ol-Chontal, 120

Ch’olan, 118–19, 123, 124, 126, 128, 138, 139n3, 139n4, 140n11, 370; Ch’orti and, 120; Ixil and, 136; Q’eqchi’ and, 134–36; Yukatekan and, 120–22

Ch’olan-Tzeltalan, 119, 121

Ch’olti’, 119, 120, 133, 135, 138, 140n13; Classic, 122; linguistic interaction with, 129–30; Q’eqchi’ and, 136

Cholula, 20, 242–43, 244, 292–93, 294, 295–301, 304 (fig.), 377; celebrations in, 295–96; disease in, 302; excavations at, 301; fiesta cycle of, 292; population of, 309; postcontact, 374; Pre-Columbian, 374; ritual system of, 297, 305, 306, 308; Rome and, 301; strategies for, 293; through time, 301–2

Cholula: La ciudad sagrada en la era industrial (Bonfil Batalla and Kirchhoff), 295

Chontal, 120, 140n11

Chorote, 123

Ch’orti’, 119, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 138, 141n22, 141n24, 141n25; Ch’olan and, 120; hieroglyphics and, 135; lexical contributions to, 130; linguistic interaction with, 129–30

Christensen, Alexander F., 12

Christenson, Allen J., 170n8

Chuj, 131

Chupicauaro tradition, 267

Church of San Gabriel, 296, 298 (fig.)

Cihuatlan, 183

Cinteopa, 180

Cival Structure I-sub I, 93 (fig.)

civic-ceremonial core, 242, 243–44, 245

civilization: Maya, 120, 134, 138, 139, 214, 215, 344, 366, 377; Mesoamerican, 34; Teotihuacan, 127

Clark, John, 10, 34

Clarke, David L., 11

Classic Maya, 122, 123, 167, 179, 215, 343; ceramic vase, 102; glyph T60 HUUN, huun, ‘paper headband’, 93 (fig.); political centers, 184; political history, 370; Teotihuacan and, 169n1, 170n10

Classic period, 4, 19, 97, 110n19, 120, 121, 122, 123, 136, 137, 138, 140n11, 186, 192, 198, 200n7, 211, 216, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231, 240, 247, 249, 250, 254, 266, 268, 272, 283, 301, 316, 370, 372; influence during, 215; occupation, 197; ruling culture of, 124

clay, 231, 317, 323, 327

cliff dwelling, 282 (fig.)

Coahuayana, 280

Coatzacoalcos basin, 225, 226, 227

Cocoyolitos Polychrome, 377

Codex Borgia, 316

Codex Mendoza, 93 (fig.), 322

Coe, Michael, 132, 215, 226

cofradías, 297

Cofre de Perote, 248

Coggins, Clemency C., 156, 157

Colima, 64, 315

colonization, 3, 43, 284, 323

colonnaded halls, 268, 284

Colorado River, 264, 265

Columbian-Lower Central American region, 313

columns, 193, 194, 195, 265

communication, 8, 37, 241, 276; broad-scale, 34; internal, 269; long-distance, 4; visual, 99, 107

competition: local, 350; military, 345; political, 345, 349; power, 21

complexity, 11, 20, 350, 365; institutional, 366; political, 54, 351; sociocultural, 4

Conchas phase, grater bowls, 60

Conjunto de los Jaguares, 195

connection, disconnection and, 165–66

conquest, 3, 7, 41, 187; studies of, 13; symbol of, 182

Contlalco, 197

Convent of San Gabriel, 301

conventions, 101, 104; adoption of, 87; iconicity of, 87; interpretive, 87; linear, 87; recombinatory, 87

copal, 323, 342

Copán, 119, 140n11, 157, 160, 161, 162, 169n1, 179; tomb at, 370; tripods from, 163, 164

copper, 315, 316, 317, 319, 322, 325, 326, 327, 332, 375; production of, 279, 328 (fig.); objects, 281 (fig.); pure, 318

Córdova, Guillermo, 266

cores, 3, 245; prismatic, 244

Corral de Piedra, 280

Corson, Christopher, 228, 229

Cortés, Hernán, 308, 372

cosmology, 51, 218, 371

Costa Chica, 196, 197

Costa Grande, 183, 184, 196

cotton, 137, 183, 211, 341

Covarrubias celt, 92 (fig.)

Cowgill, George, 152, 154

cross-cultural comparison, 15, 22, 23n6

Cruz A, 68, 70

Cruz B, 68

Cuenca Oriental, 248

Cueva del Maguey, 282, 284

Cuexcomate, 321

Cuitzeo Basin, 180

Culbert, Patrick, 170n7, 170n11

Culiacán region, 275, 281, 283

cults, 166, 294, 315, 374

cultural contexts, 42, 88, 106, 284

cultural groups, 10, 88, 262

cultural processes, 6, 13, 20, 332; interaction and, 8–11

culture, 7, 18, 23n8, 39, 40, 108n7, 150, 198, 227; archaeological, 108n7, 125; Chalchihuites, 262, 263, 264 (fig.), 271, 273, 275, 279, 282, 284; core, 14; culinary, 135; defining, 38; donor, 84; Formative, 67; high, 123; history, 12, 15, 35; Indo-European, 125; inland, 210; material, 3, 6, 8–9, 10, 11, 15, 40, 84, 135, 196; Maya, 122, 123, 214, 215; Mesoamerican, 6, 284; mother, 3; Olmec, 10; pan-Mesoamerican, 284; regional, 4; Spanish, 123; Teotihuacan, 182; visual, 3, 96, 150, 156, 169n1, 187; Western, 135

Cuncuén, 227

cups, 152; pseudo-cloissoné, 265; tripod, 370

cuttlefish eggs, 341

Dakin, Karin, 129, 131, 139n9

Daneels, Annick, 223

darts, 157, 181–83, 187, 188, 248, 249, 277

data, 6, 19, 38, 211, 215, 367; anthropological understanding of, 23n6; archaeological, 16, 125; ceramic, 245, 248–49; comparative, 22; epigraphic, 119, 120; focusing on, 20; isotopic, 344; linguistic, 99–100, 125; methodology and, 8; overdetermining, 15; shell, 245; stylistic, 40; visual, 104

dazzler vessel, 169n1, 370

de la Cerda, Rafael, 214

decoration, 54, 58, 61, 64, 66, 69, 156, 181, 278; austere, 154; ceramic, 67, 73; Maya, 162; plastic/painted, 55; stucco, 155

deities, 151, 315, 372; female, 371; metal, 316 (fig.); rain, 97; del Santo Entierro, 304

Delia White cylinder, 347

Demarest, Arthur A., 253–54

development, 19, 87, 106, 369; cultural, 5, 7, 211, 213, 283, 293; formal, 84–85; regional, 283

Di Peso, Charles, 283

Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 326

Díaz Oyarzábal, Clara Luz, 176, 187

Diehl, Richard, 226, 373

diffusion, 3, 7, 15, 38–39; long-distance, 376; stylistic, 367; technological, 367

diplomacy, 180, 370; interregional, 168; Teotihuacan, 165

directionality, 15, 21, 37, 38, 104, 109, 123, 211

disconnection, connection and, 165–66

disks, 61, 194, 282

Divine Lord of the Snake Polity, 355

donor system, 84, 89, 90, 91, 105

Doyle, James, 376

Dresden Codex, 97, 99, 121, 122, 126, 132, 140n16, 368

Durán, Diego, 292, 301, 321, 324, 326; rotating system of power and, 302; tributes and, 329

Durango, 262, 263, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 275–81, 283, 284; comparative chronology for, 269 (fig.)

dynamics, 15, 366, 374; cultural, 6, 8, 18, 20, 21–22; developmental, 369; higher-order, 10, 11, 22n5; regional, 7; social, 365; sociocultural, 10, 17

Dzibanche, 350, 351, 354, 355, 357, 370, 375; stairway/carved steps from, 356 (fig.)

E Group, 352, 357, 376

Early Classic period, 22n4, 92, 93, 94, 118, 123, 129, 130, 138, 150, 156, 157, 167, 176, 178, 183, 187, 197, 215, 222, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 252, 253, 254, 255; assemblages, 249; ceramics, 166, 371; Teotihuacan and, 179–81; tripods, 151 (fig.); vase, 93 (fig.)

Early Formative period, 18, 21, 52, 54, 62, 64, 68, 72–73, 74, 368, 373; archaeology of, 51; ceramics, 366; iconography of, 86; scripts of, 85; sites of, 52 (map); wares, 57

Early Horizon, 314–15

Early Postclassic period, 186, 226, 278, 315

Early Preclassic period, 119, 376

Early Tlamimilolpa phase, 153–54

Early Xolalpan phase, 154, 155, 163

earplugs, copper, 283

earrings, copper, 28

East Group, 352, 353

East Panel, 128, 129

economic activity, 35, 37, 41, 301, 314, 317, 365–66

economic relations, 36, 317, 318, 321

effigies, 62, 63 (fig.); bat, 162, 163, 164 (fig.)

EK’, 195

Ek, Jerald, 227

ek’ muyal construction, 99 (fig.)

Ekholm, Gordon, 197

El Chayal, 68, 252

El Mesón region, 226

El Mirador, 350, 351, 352, 357, 376, 377; collapse of, 354; development of, 353–54; trade and, 345

El Norte, 184–89

El Otero, 272

El Peru-Waka’, 372

El Quiche, 134

El Resbalón, 354

El Rosario, 176, 182, 185

El Sacerdote de Tecanman, 328

El Tajín, 252

El Tigre, 354

El Varal, 73

El Zapote, Stela 5 from, 159

elites, 230, 294, 316; Aztec, 324; bilingual, 106; corporate, 301; enemy, 348; Maya, 165; merchant, 308; non-Teotihuacano, 178; pagan, 293; Spanish, 324; tombs of, 150

emblems, 185, 186, 219, 354, 355

emulation, 3, 180, 245, 252, 365, 371, 372

“end-of-the-Classic” phenomenon, 223

Englehardt, Joshua D., 7, 367, 368

Entrada of Sihyaj K’ahk, 371, 372

Epiclassic period, 186, 244, 254, 275

epigraphy, 86, 108n8, 121, 137, 181

Escuintla region, 131, 181, 182

Espiridión, 54, 57, 72, 74n1

Estela de Acapulco, 196

ethnicity, 39, 125, 231; construction/negotiation/transformation of, 20; languages and, 293; material culture and, 40

ethnohistoric resources, 212, 324, 332

Etla subvalley, 348

etzalcualiztli, celebrations of, 329

evidence, 3; ancillary, 7, 12, 100, 294; archaeological, 100, 181; ceramic, 64–68; diversity of, 39–40; epigraphic, 178; iconographic, 178, 181; multiple lines of, 40; exchange, 40, 64, 69, 241; cultural, 4, 7, 10, 11, 21, 103, 263; economic, 18, 294; factors of, 7; gift, 253, 254, 255; iconographic, 103; information, 41, 43; intercultural, 16, 20; interregional, 5, 8, 20, 54, 105, 345; linguistic, 89; local, 341–43, 345; long-distance, 4, 240, 241, 249, 253, 254, 255, 341, 343, 376; market, 13; material, 3, 18, 43; mechanisms of, 104; modes of, 12, 13, 37, 198, 249; networks of, 12, 13, 37, 51, 249; obsidian, 4, 21, 37, 248; prehispanic, 342; regional, 345; social, 138; symbolic, 18

explanation, 10, 11, 263

extraction, 245, 317, 328; direct, 321, 326; location of, 327, 332

Fábrica San José, 347

feasts, 54, 150, 298, 301, 302, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 324, 331

Feathered Serpent Pyramid, 170n12, 247, 249, 372

feathers, 137, 160, 162, 181, 183, 185, 186, 193, 194, 200n9, 211, 221, 272, 315, 329, 330, 331, 370, 372

Feinman, Gary M., 5, 14–15, 19, 365–66

Fergus, Rob, 129

Fialko, Vilma, 156

Fields, Virginia, 91, 159, 160, 162

fiestas, 218, 297

figurines, 57, 71, 150, 197, 220, 352; anthropomorphic, 71 (fig.); Campeche-style, 228; ceramic, 367, 369; hollow, 230 (fig.); Jaina, 215; Maya, 160, 227; mold-made, 216, 227–29; Postclassic, 228; San Marcos, 229; Style YV, 228, 229; Teotihuacan-style, 162, 199n1; Veracruziano, 228, 229

Fine Buff pottery, 224, 230

Fine Gray pottery, 224, 225

Fine Orange paste, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 231

Fine Orange pottery, 24, 150, 197, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230

fine paste pottery, 216, 223, 224, 225, 227, 230, 231

flaking patterns, 248–50, 250 (fig.), 251, 252, 254, 255

Flannery, Kent V., 92, 104

flint, 200n7, 325, 342

Florentine Codex, 318

Flores, Daniel, 265

Foias, Antonia E., 253–54

Ford, James, 67, 73

foreign objects, 167; travel and, 157–64

Formative period, 4, 10, 19, 21, 64, 69, 70, 89, 91, 92, 93, 99–100, 104, 230, 274; exchange during, 105

Fox, James W., 120, 122

Fracción Mujular, 180–81

frameworks: compositional, 88; interpretive-organizational, 110n21; linguistic, 86; organizational, 91, 104

Franchetti, Michael D., 366, 367, 373, 374

Franciscans, 296, 301

Freedberg, David, 166

Freidel, David, 19, 193

funerary practices, 150, 151, 170n6, 344; Classic Zapotec, 368

Garía Cook, Ángel, 243–44, 246, 247, 254

García Vega, Águstin, 214

Gell, Alfred, 169n2

geographic regions, 10, 20, 88

gifts, 165, 321, 324

Gila Pueblo, 280

Glascock, Michael D., 68, 69

glottochronology, 124

glyphs, 83, 93 (fig.), 95–97, 100, 110n15, 139n6, 160, 187, 193, 200n11, 211–12, 213, 222, 354, 355; “four-way hatching,” 219, 220; Maya, 214, 220, 231n1; “Pax,” 220; “Reptile Eye,” 211–12, 219, 220; Teotihuacan, 127; “winal,” 120

God G, 316

gold, 313, 325, 326

Goldstein, Marilyn, 228, 229

Gomelia site, 278

goods, 10, 138; crafted, 314; elite, 307; exotic, 42, 43, 263, 273, 322, 345, 347, 357; interregional exchange of, 8; luxury, 324; material, 108n6; metal, 324; movement of, 314, 331; prestige, 4–5, 13, 23n7, 263–64, 281; ritual, 297; selling, 325 (fig.); sumptuary, 345, 347; transfer of, 43

Gorbernador phase, 244

Gothic-Renaissance style, 293

governance: collective, 375; Spanish systems of, 294; state level of, 35

Graeber, David, 375

grammar, 91, 101, 105, 106; Yukatekan, 121

Gray, Russell D., 125

Great Pyramid, 295, 300, 304 (fig.)

Greater Q’anjob’alan, 119

Greater Tzeltalan, 119

greenstones, 69, 70, 183, 266, 347, 367, 373, 376

Grondona, Verónica, 123

Grove, David C., 60, 90

Guadalupe phase, 60, 68

Guadalupe Victoria, obsidian from, 68–69, 252

Guadiana Valley, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 279, 280, 281, 284; abandonment in, 278; apogee of, 274–78

Guanajuato, 98, 180, 267

Guasave, 279, 284

Guasave Red-on-Buff, 279

Guatimapé Valley, 267, 277, 278

Guazacualco, 326

Guerrero, 64, 72, 188, 189, 191, 193, 195, 196, 199, 315, 322, 323, 371; ethnic/linguistic groups in, 197; iconography in, 182; map of, 177 (fig.); military presence in, 372; monuments in, 181, 183–84, 186 (fig.); sculpture in, 198; Teotihuacan and, 176, 177, 178, 179, 198

Guillén phase, 218, 222

Gulf Coast, 51, 52, 70, 84, 156, 167, 216, 220, 221, 344; archaeological culture of, 108n7; ceramics of, 61; styles, 227

Gulf lowlands, 214, 216, 224, 226, 227, 228, 230, 245, 249, 251, 253, 373; cultural contact in, 215; development of, 210; pottery for, 231

Gulf of Campeche, 223

Gulf of Mexico, 347, 373

Gusave Red-on-Buff, 279, 280

Hacavitz, 166

Hall of Columns, 265, 266 (fig.), 273

halved stars, 194–95, 200n12

Handbook of Middle American Indians (Coe), 215

Han’gŭl, 84

Härke, Heinrich, 12

Harpy Eagle, 129

Haspelmath, Martin, 89, 90, 108–9n9

hatchets, copper, 322

headbands, Maya royal, 91, 93 (fig.)

headdresses, 164; feather, 221, 272; Mexican, 158 (fig.); shell-platelet, 181, 193; Teotihuacan-style, 159; tri-lobed maize, 95, 97 (fig.); vegetal, 88–89, 91–94, 92 (fig.), 93 (fig.), 95, 95 (fig.), 96

Headrick, Annabeth, 170n12, 370

Helmke, Christophe, 110n18

Helms, Mary, 170n6

Hepp, Guy David, 21, 366, 367, 376

Hermandad de Cargadores, 304

hermandades, 297

Hers, Marie-Areti, 265

Hervideros, 268, 284

Hidalgo, 180, 211, 246

Hidden Canyon, 166

hierarchy, 13; lineage-based, 310; linear, 294; political, 345, 349, 351

Hieroglyphic Ch’olan, 118–20, 119–20, 121, 135, 137, 138; linguistic interactions with, 123–25; loanwords and, 126–29, 127 (table); status of, 122

hieroglyphs, 84, 132, 135, 151, 157, 195, 343, 349, 354; Classical Ch’olti, 122; Maya, 118, 119–20, 126–29, 140n10, 161 (fig.), 170n7, 351

hijos del barrio, 299, 308

Hill of the Star, 195

Hirth, Kenneth, 180, 249, 326, 332

Hodder, Ian, 9, 10

Hohokam, 274, 279

holistic approach, 18, 20

Holmes, W. H., 213, 231n1

Holy Week festivities, 303

Hopewell phenomenon, 366

Hopkins, Nicholas A., 120

Hosler, Dorothy, 327

Houston, Stephen, 120, 122, 132

Huandacareo, 180

Huasteca, 213, 214

Huave, 131

Huehueteotl, 189

Hueyapan region, 224

Huitzilopochtli, 308, 371

Huitzuco, 184

Hull, Kerry M., 7, 16, 21, 109n10, 129, 135, 369, 370

Humboldt celt, 92 (fig.), 93

Hume, David, 11

Husatec, Maya and, 214

Huunal tomb, 370

iconographic systems, 90, 103, 106, 107–8n5, 368, 373

iconography, 19, 83, 84, 87, 88–89, 102, 106, 150, 157, 158, 163, 194, 197, 219, 278, 280, 369, 371; analysis of, 192; Ayala phase, 275; celt, 92; central American, 189; ceramic, 271, 284; diversity of, 86; Epiclassic, 195; Formative period, 99–100; imperial, 176, 179, 181–83, 185, 189, 198; interaction and, 91–101; Maya, 162, 170n7; Mesoamerican, 85, 91–101, 93 (fig.), 267, 268, 271, 284; Olmec, 4, 89; style and, 89, 90; Teotihuacan, 127, 159, 159 (fig.), 162, 160n3, 179, 182, 183, 185, 198; understanding, 104; visual, 367; writing and, 86; Zapotec, 94

icons: ancestral, 104; decontextualizing/recontextualizing, 367; reading of, 369; recontextualizing, 368

identity, 40, 243; cultural, 20, 40; social, 366

ideology, 43, 255, 316; political, 218; Teotihuacan, 182, 185

ilmeno-magnetite, 347

Ilocab, 166, 170n10

imagery: Maya, 160, 162, 170n7; Teotihuacan, 161, 162

INAH, 228

incensarios, 150, 152

incense burners, 181, 189, 197

inequality, social, 70, 345

information, 37; exchange, 41, 43; flows of, 36; syllabic, 126

Initial period, 314

innovation, 83, 103, 107, 122, 163, 216, 218, 352, 368, 373, 374; cultural, 4, 6; design, 154; diffused, 103; Maya, 162, 164; script, 84, 85; stylistic, 367; technological, 366, 367

interaction, 10, 18, 86, 103, 107, 211, 255, 275, 284, 341, 367, 370, 371, 373; archaeological study of, 11, 16, 38; artistic, 100; causal-functional treatments of, 11; ceramic evidence for, 64–68; Ch’olan/Q’eqchi’, 134–36; competitive, 21, 341, 345–57; complex societies and, 4, 19; concept of, 3, 21, 42; cultural, 5, 8–11, 21–22, 124, 176, 178, 197; direct, 341; economic, 14, 178; examining, 38–42; factors of, 7; historical, 39; hostile, 341; iconographic, 69–72, 91–101, 104, 105; identification of, 8–9; indirect, 341; interpretations of, 3; interregional, 4, 5, 6, 18, 20, 21, 54, 69–72, 86, 104, 150, 168, 242, 272, 283, 332; investigating, 35–36, 40; linguistic, 100, 105, 118–19, 122–23, 123–25, 129–30, 369; local, 35, 341; long-distance, 35, 36–38, 68, 248, 254, 341; long-term, 341; macroregional, 35–36, 42; maritime, 210; material, 13, 18, 69–72, 100, 105; modeling, 11–15, 41; modes of, 21, 39, 40, 41, 198; multidirectional, 341; networks of, 37, 39, 42, 51, 272; nontransformative, 341; patterns of, 20, 38, 39, 40, 41, 284; peripheral sites of, 14; political, 43, 178, 371; regional, 254, 284; relationships of, 17; religious, 197–98; role of, 20, 88–91; scripts and, 88–91, 91–101, 101–6; short-term, 341; social, 7, 118–19, 124, 130, 326; socioeconomic, 197–98; spheres of, 20; studies of, 22, 23n9, 178; symbolic, 14; Teotihuacan and, 178–79; thinking about, 35, 36; transformative, 341, 345–57; understanding episodes of, 11; unidirectional, 341; Veracruz-Maya, 210; Yukatekan/Ch’olan, 120–22

interconnections, 43, 51, 284; interpersonal, 35; long-distance, 34

interpretation, 3, 11, 15, 86, 87, 88; Mayan, 139n9; recontextualized, 106

iron pyrite, 273, 274, 275 (fig.)

Isla Agaltepec, 226

Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 64, 66, 68, 72, 213, 216, 230, 252

Ixil, 134, 136

Ixtepeque, 68

Izapa, 216

Izapa Stela 5, 97 (fig.)

Izapa Stela 25, 93 (fig.)

Izapan, 97

jade, 40, 187, 194, 313, 327, 329, 376

Jade Mountain, 162

jade plaque, detail from, 99 (fig.)

jadeite, 69, 158 (fig.), 159, 347

jaguars, 268

Jaina Island, 215, 228, 229

Jakaltek, 124, 131

Jakobson, Roman, 85

Jalisco, 65, 97, 271, 272, 274, 279, 280, 315

Japanese language, 84; transference to/from, 108–9n9

jars, 56, 63, 152; belted, 65 (fig.); broken, 346; cooking, 52, 57; double, 65 (fig.); globular, 56, 61; necked, 62; remnants of, 57 (fig.); stirrup, 65 (fig.); Storm god, 179

Jasaw Chan K’awiil I, 356

Jatz’o’m Kuy, 179, 193

jester god, 96, 107

Jester God Headdress, 95

Jesuits, 283

jewelry, 330; jadeite, 158 (fig.), 159

jewels, 329

Jicaque, 131

Jije Sokean, 132

Jiménez García, Elizabeth, 176

Jiquilpán, 272

Johnson, Gregory A., 343

Joloniel, 120

Jonuta, 228, 229

Jonuta-Campeche Intergrading Series, 229

Josserand, J. Kathryn, 119

Joyce, Rosemary, 51

Justeson, John S., 108n5, 120, 122, 134; on interpretive conventions, 87

ka-ka-tu-na-la, 126

Kaan, 355, 355 (fig.)

Kaan Polity, 354, 355, 357

Kaanul, 370

Kaktonal, 126

Kaloomte’ Sihyaj K’ahk’, 370

K’altuun Hix, 354

Kaminaljuyú, 156, 198; ballcourt markers at, 193; excavations at, 179; Mound A at, 157, 179, 344; Mound B at, 158, 179, 344; points, 252, 343, 344; Tomb A-I at, 159; Tomb B-II at, 158; tripods from, 158 (fig.), 160 (fig.), 163

Kan crosses, 157

Kaqchikel, 129

Kaufman, Terrence, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 131, 132, 135, 138, 139n7, 139n9, 141n25; Nawa and, 127

K’AY, 221

Kelley, Charles, 264, 265, 266, 271, 273, 276, 277, 278; ceramics found by, 272; copper objects found by, 281 (fig.); iron pyrite mirrors found by, 275 (fig.)

Kelly, Isabel, 58, 60, 65, 68; Capacha phase and, 73; interaction and, 64

K’iche Maya, 129, 135, 141n25, 167, 170n12; lineages of, 166, 170n9; pyramid temple of, 170n8

kiln firing, 223–24

K’inich Ajaw, 316, 316 (fig.)

K’inich Yak K’uk Mo’, 378

Kirchhoff, Paul, 4, 51, 295

Knab, Timothy J., 20, 374, 377

knappers, 249, 250

Knight, Charles L. F., 21, 373

knives, 325; obsidian, 180

ko2-mu-ti, 129, 130

kok muut, 129, 130

Kolb, Charles C., 199n4

Korean language, writing of, 84

Kristiansen, Kristian, 39, 42

ku-tzu, 132

La Atalaya, 267

La Casa Colorada, 273

La Casa de los Dirigentes, 274 (fig.), 276, 277, 279

La Casa Grande, 276, 277

La Consentida, 21, 52, 55, 63, 70, 366; anthropomorphs from, 71; bottles from, 62; burials at, 61, 67; ceramics from, 56, 58, 62, 72, 74, 367; decorative elements of, 64; fieldwork at, 68; figurines from, 71; grater bowls from, 60, 75n5; interaction/exchange and, 54, 64, 69; interregional relationships in, 72; manos from, 70; map of, 70 (fig.); obsidian from, 68, 69, 69 (fig.), 72; occupational history of, 73; radiocarbon dates from, 53 (table); sunburst motif, 66 (fig.); trade network and, 68; utilitarian wares from, 58; vessels from, 65, 66, 68; west Mexico and, 54

La Corona, 132, 351

La Corona Element 56, 133

La Farge, Oliver, 213, 214, 216, 220, 221

La Ferrería, 263, 265, 267, 268, 269, 271, 273, 279, 280, 281; apogee of, 274–78; copper objects in, 281 (fig.); excavations at, 272; globular vessel, 272; Structure 1, 274 (fig.), 279; Structure 7, 273 (fig.)

La Juana-San Pablo, 347

La Mojarra Stella, 93 (fig.), 232n2

La Muralla, 351

La Perla del Golfo, 220; carved stone block from, 220 (fig.)

La Quemada, 110n16, 265

La Soledad de Macel, 197

La Sufricaya, 179

La Venta, 210, 214, 216, 373

La Ventilla, 192, 193, 196; Burial 21 at, 154

labor: divisions of, 41; organizing, 352

Laboradores y Pobres, 304

Labyrinth, 265

Lacadena, 105, 120, 121–22

Lady 9 Grass, 100

Lago de Catemaco, 228

Laguna de On, 137

Lake Amatitlán, 181

Landa, Maya alphabet of, 139n6

landscapes, 36, 151; cultural, 162; ecological, 162; geographic, 38; linguistic, 138; social, 138

Langenscheidt, Adolphus, 326

languages, 125, 137, 198; adjacent, 108n8, 123; donor, 90, 122; ethnicity and, 293; literary, 121; map of, 121 (fig.); Mesoamerican, 119, 123, 124, 132, 134, 369; non-Mayan, 119, 130, 132, 134, 138, 139n5; prestige, 122; sequential nature of, 87

lapidary, 263, 330, 331

Laporte, Juan, 156, 169n3

Las Costas, 184, 196–97

Las Humedades, 277

Las Joyas phase, 274–78, 279, 281; figurine from, 230 (fig.)

Las Minas-Alpoyeca, 184, 197

Late Antiquity, 293, 294, 309

Late Classic period, 93, 120, 122, 137, 215, 216, 223, 224–25, 226, 229, 244, 246, 315

Late Formative period, 93, 94, 97, 98, 369; imagery of, 106; jade pectoral, 93 (fig.); scripts/iconographies of, 83, 86

Late Postclassic period, 36, 37, 42, 43, 181, 212, 246, 293, 294, 315, 320, 321, 328, 375

Late Preclassic period, 119, 178, 179, 351, 352, 353, 354, 375, 376

Late Tlamimilolpa phase, 154

Late Tutuveida, 269

Late Xolalpan phase, 155

Latsanopoulos, Nicolas, 200n9

Law, Danny, 121, 122, 123, 139n5

Laxtunich, 135

Lazy-S, 83, 97–98, 99 (fig.), 100 (fig.), 109n11, 109n14, 368

lead, 317, 318, 327; production of, 328 (fig.)

Leiden plaque, 97 (fig.)

Lesure, Richard G., 89, 90

Levy, Richard, 140n18

lexemes, 90, 119

lineage systems, Aztec/Maya, 309–10

linguistic diversification, script development and, 102

linguistics, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 40, 64, 83, 84, 86, 87, 104, 122, 125, 137; archaeology and, 98–100; historical, 118

loanwords, 90, 91, 110n18, 131, 132, 133–34, 135, 136, 138, 139n8, 139n9, 140n17, 141n24, 369; Hieroglyphic Ch’olan and, 126–29, 127 (table); Mije-Sokean, 108n8; Nawa, 127, 128

Locona phase, 64, 70, 73, 74

logograms, 87, 89, 94, 138n62, 195, 221

logographs, 126, 132

Lolandis phase, 277, 279

Loma Alta tradition, 267

Loma San Gabriel, 262

Long Count, 109n13, 213, 218

Looper, Matthew G., 126, 140n11, 140n17

López de Gómara, Francisco, 372

lords, 342, 352, 357

Los Alacranes, 351

Los Guachimontones, 271

Los Horcones, 180, 220

Lower Papaloapan Basin, 224

Luckenbach, Alvin, 140n18

Machalilla, 67, 68, 73

Macri, Martha, 126, 138n1, 140n10, 140n11, 140n17

macroregions, 18, 34, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 43, 74

Madrid Codex, 121, 122

magnetite, 347

maize, 95, 97, 139n7, 262, 342, 369, 385

malachite, 266

Maldonado, Blanca F., Templo Mayor and, 375

Malinaltepec, 200n15

Mallory, J. P., 125

Manantial phase, 63

Manche Chol, 136

Manik Complex, Burial 10 of, 156–57

manos, 70, 211

Manzanilla López, Rubén, 196

marcador, 193, 195, 196, 200n11

Marcus, Joyce, 19, 21, 35, 376

market system, 12, 23n6, 37

marketplaces, 37, 298 (fig.), 321, 326

marriage alliances, 12, 37

Martínez, Estela, 266

Mascota Valley, 65

masks, 190; greenstone, 130 (fig.); stone, 199n1, 200n5; Teotihuacan-style, 192, 199n1; waterfowl buccal, 213

mat-throne collection, 368

Matacanela, 218, 221, 222; boxes of, 221 (fig.)

Matacapan, 180, 211, 215, 251, 252; ceramic production at, 224

Matacapan Bayo Fino, Type 30, 224

Matacapan Project, 224, 225

materials, 6, 16, 39, 69, 168, 324, 366; building, 346; decorative, 220; ephemeral, 323; exotic, 252; high-status, 326; lexical, 138; linguistic, 123; transmission of, 36, 37. See also raw materials

Matras, 89, 101, 122

Matrícula de Tributos, 322; metal tributes mentioned in, 323 (fig.)

Maya, 97, 105, 136, 137, 149, 150, 151, 154, 166, 167, 198, 220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 248, 253, 255; case study, 350–51; connections with, 211; Husatec and, 214; imports by, 344–45; influence of, 213; region, 37, 157, 178, 179, 230, 231; society, 123; Teotihuacan and, 5, 156, 157–64, 168, 169n1, 169n3, 169n5, 176, 179; Veracruz and, 210, 211; vessels and, 371

Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction (Braswell), 149

Maya Blue, 227

Maya lowlands, 7, 21, 120, 122, 134, 151, 185, 214, 216, 223, 224, 230, 231, 255, 351, 371, 375; development of, 344; Early Classic, 372, 376

Mayan language, 118–19, 119–20, 123–26, 130, 132–38, 139n3, 140n11, 369

Mayapán, 343

mayordomías, 297, 299, 303, 304

mayordomos, 297, 298, 299, 305, 306, 307, 308

mayuy, 135

Mazanilla, 196–97

McCafferty, Geoffrey G., 242–43

Medio period, 279

Medrano Busto, 251

Melgar Tísoc, Ricardo, 331

Membreño, Alberto, 131, 132, 133

Mendoza, Viceroy, 301

Mercado, 268, 271, 272

Mercado Red-on-Buff, 268

Mercaso, 272

merchants, 296, 325; long-distance, 5, 300–301, 324

Mesa de las Tapias, 269, 278

Mesa del Encinal, 269

Mesoamerica, 13, 178, 198, 199, 272, 280, 309, 313, 365, 366, 374; archaeological attention for, 240, 377; core areas of, 263; cultural mapping of, 20; defining, 51; Early Formative period sites in, 52 (fig.); geographical/temporal extent of, 18; influence of, 274–75, 283; map of, 5 (fig.), 52 (fig.), 121 (fig.); northern frontier of, 262, 283; pre-Columbian, 22, 35; prehispanic, 35, 36–38, 41–42, 43

metal, 19, 40, 314, 316, 326, 327, 332; economic movement of, 328; economic value of, 313; imported, 315; precious, 313; sourcing of, 317

metal objects, 280, 281, 283, 315, 317, 333; movement of, 328, 331; transforming, 316

metal production, 313, 327, 332; raw materials and, 317; taskscape of, 317–18

metallurgy, 34, 279, 314, 327, 366; Central/South American, 376; northward diffusion of, 314 (fig.); prehispanic, 327; studies, 375–76

metates, 211

Metepec, 254

methodologies, 3, 15, 18; data and, 8; interdisciplinary, 6

Mexica, 181, 326, 372

Mexican Red-on-Buff, 367

Mexican Revolution, 297

Miccaotli phase, 152, 153

Michael, archangel, 296

Michililla red fill, 268

Michoacán, 37, 98, 180, 267, 272, 274, 280, 315

middens, 52, 58, 68, 321

Middle Chametla Polychrome, 272, 273

Middle Classic period, 219, 222, 224, 226, 229

Middle Formative Conchas phase, 60

Middle Formative period, 52, 84, 91, 92, 94, 98, 100, 104, 106, 219, 244, 368, 369, 372, 373; ceramics, 65; headdress, 92 (fig.); iconography of, 83, 85, 86, 107n5; maize god, 95; material-symbolic-linguistic complex of, 88, 89; motifs, 97, 105; scripts of, 83, 85

Middle Preclassic period, 197, 200n5, 352, 354, 376

migration, 7, 9, 15, 17, 18, 37, 119, 283, 366; archaeological proof of, 12; Indo-European, 125; models of, 11–12, 13

Mije-Sokean, 21, 72, 74, 84, 85, 99, 105, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127

Milbrath, Susan, 370

militarism, Teotihuacan, 185, 371, 372

military force, 40, 42, 185, 326, 357

minerals, 327; metallic, 315; rare, 266; transforming, 316

Mirador Mound 20, 248

Mirador zone, 376

mirrors, iron pyrite, 273, 274, 275 (fig.)

Missouri University Research Reactor, 248

Mixcoatl, 300

Mixe-Zoquean, 139n5

Mixtec, 5, 98, 187, 368

Mixtec Codex Bodley, 98

Mixteca Alta, 68, 70

Mixteca Baja, 184

Mixteca Poblana, 245

Mixtequilla, 215, 226

models: archaeological, 15–17; assessing, 40–42; billiard-ball, 3, 8–11, 39; “core-periphery,” 15, 263; migration, 11–12, 13; problems with, 16; state formation, 341; theoretical, 16, 17, 22; top-down, 40; trade-based, 12, 13–14; unidirectional, 3, 21, 343–45

Moedano Köer, Hugo, 191

Moholy-Nagy, Hattula, 252

monkeys, 71–72, 71 (fig.)

Montaña, 181, 183, 184, 196–97

Monte Albán, 43, 92, 180, 348–49, 350

Monte Albán Building J, 92, 93 (fig.)

Monte Albán Building L-sub façade, 95 (fig.)

Monte Albán Stelae 12–13, 95 (fig.)

Monument 5, 356 (fig.)

Monument Plaza, 222

monuments, 185, 216, 218; carved, 194 (fig.), 198, 372; Classic period, 186; freestanding, 200n6; Maya, 164; stone, 184, 196, 211, 220n5, 372; Teotihuacan-style, 176, 184, 198, 199, 200n5

Moon Goddess, 370, 371, 372

Moon Pyramid, 247, 248, 249, 253

Mopan, 128, 140n19

Mora-Marin, David, 110n23

Morelos, 180, 183, 184, 193, 199n4, 321

Morley, Sylvanus G., 213, 231n1

Motecuhzoma, 326, 329

mother-fathers, 371

motifs, 97, 105, 107, 110n15, 110n17, 181; Buddhist, 90; iconographic, 181, 183; sunburst, 64, 65, 66, 66 (fig.), 73; war-related, 182

Motozintlek, 132

Mound Group 3, 222

mounds, 191, 192

Mountjoy, 65, 263

murals, 180, 182, 187, 190, 195; San Bartolo west wall mural, 93 (fig.), 96, 102 (fig.)

Museo Nacional de Antropología, 110n16, 188, 196, 200n8

musical instruments, 367; fragments of, 71 (fig.)

Mutal, 370

Naachtun, 351, 354

Nagao, Debra, 182

Nahua, 12, 140n17

Nahua-Mixtec style, 293

Nahuatl, 5, 84, 126, 127, 131, 134, 138n1, 139n8, 140n10, 140n11, 140n12, 140n14

Nakbe, 350, 351, 353, 357, 376; Stela I of, 352, 353 (fig.)

National Geographic Society, 214

Navacoyan, 271, 277, 278, 279, 280

Navarrete, Carlos, 220

Nawa, 123, 124, 126, 127, 129, 130, 137, 138, 139n5, 139n8, 139n9, 140n9, 140n17, 349, 369

Nayar, 269, 277

Nayar white-on-red, 280

Nayarit, 272, 274, 279, 280, 283, 315

Nebaj, 136

necklaces, 282, 325

needles, 325, 325 (fig.), 326

networks, 297, 300; economic, 40; exchange, 12, 13, 37, 51, 249; human socioeconomic, 38; interaction, 37, 39, 42, 51, 272; interregional, 54; kinship-based, 304–5; long-distance, 35; political, 355; social, 35, 36, 299, 306, 307; socioeconomic, 43; trade, 12, 13, 68, 137, 227, 374

Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), 228, 229, 251

Nevada de Toluca Volcano, 184

Neveria Red-on-Buff, 275

Niederberger, Christine, 70

Nielsen, Jesper, 21, 182, 266, 371, 372

Nim Li Punit Stela 15, 132

Niño Dios, 303

Nisa phase, 60

Nivaclé, 123

Niven, William, 196

Nochixtlán Valley, 68, 69

Norman, V. Garth, 218

Northern Acropolis, 179

Northwestern Frontier, 267–74, 282–83

Northwestern Zacatecas, frontier in, 264–67

nose-bar, 187

nubbin supporters, 152, 152 (fig.)

Oaxaca, 21, 52, 58, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 125, 176, 180, 185, 186, 199, 245, 345, 347, 349–50, 357, 366, 376; Tlacuache and, 54; objects, 88, 324, 345; offered, 322; signs and, 108n6; Teotihuacan-style, 189

obsidian, 4, 19, 21, 37, 40, 100, 104, 137, 180, 211, 244–45, 248, 249, 255, 325, 344, 367, 373; Altotonga, 252; distribution of, 251; El Chayal, 252; extraction of, 326, 327; highland, 252; importation of, 68–69, 72; local, 252; low-quality, 68–69; Otumba, 249, 253, 254; Pachuca, 178, 244, 249, 255, 344; reduction of, 241; sources of, 37, 68, 69, 70 (fig.), 241 (fig.); utilitarian, 244; XRF of, 69 (fig.)

obsidian points, 250–51, 250 (fig.); Stemmed-A style, 245, 246, 247 (fig.), 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254; Stemmed-B style, 245, 246, 247, 247 (fig.), 248, 249, 252, 254

Ocotillo phase, 62

OHL, 126; example of, 128 (fig.)

Ohnersorgen, Michael, 321

Ojochi phase, 61, 62, 75n6

Olmec, 4, 10, 14, 88, 89, 119, 126, 214, 222; as donor culture, 84; forms, 92; Gulf Coast, 105; influence of, 21; Middle Formative, 373; occupation by, 215; regional status of, 137

Olmec Horizon, 34, 42

Olmec language, 105, 123, 124, 137

Omitlán, 196

One Rabbit famine, 372

Opeño phase, 60, 66, 72

Orange-Buff paste, 229

organizations, 102 (fig.), 299, 366; columnar, 369; community, 296; hierarchical, 297; network of, 300; ritual, 303, 305; social, 52, 294, 299, 308

ornaments, 282–83, 313, 325 (fig.); clothing, 315; shell, 245

Ortman, Scott, 368–69

Otinapa red-on-white, 278

Otinapa tripod vessel, 279

Otomanguean language, 21, 72, 74, 139n5

Otumba, 68, 69

Oxkintok, 162; tripods from, 163, 164 (fig.)

Oxpemul, 351, 354

Oztoyahualco, 248

Pachuca, 211, 248

Pacific Coast, 156; interaction on, 64–68

Pacific Coast Route E, 199n4

Paddock, John, 177

palaces, 131, 215, 348, 349, 351, 353, 354

Palacio Quemado, 300

Palenque, 97 (fig.), 128, 170n12

Paquimé, 263, 279, 280, 389

Paredón, 68, 69

Parra, Carlos, 197

Parry, William, 249

Parson, Jeffrey, 177–78

Parsons, Lee, 230

Pasión River, 137, 376

Pasztory, Esther, 107n2, 155

patios, 197, 218, 268, 269, 276

patterns: borrowing, 101; cultural, 74; divination, 369; flaking, 248–50, 250 (fig.), 251, 252, 254, 255; iconographic, 219; interaction, 20, 38, 39, 40, 41, 284; interregional, 6; long-distance, 40–41; phonological, 124; settlement, 19, 180, 284; sociopolitical, 6

Pe phase, 60

Peche phase, 93

Pedernales, 246

Peralta, 180

Peripheral Coastal Lowlands, 230

Petatlán, 196

Petén, 137, 179, 182, 193, 372, 376

Petexbatún area, 376

petrographic analysis, 271, 273

phonology, 121, 124, 125

phytomorphs, 55, 62

Picart, Bernard, print by, 296 (fig.)

pictorial systems, 86, 87, 88, 107n1, 107n4

Piedra Labrada, 180, 212, 214, 216, 218–19, 220, 222; SBTC at, 217 (fig.)

Piedra Labrada Complex 2, 222, 222 (fig.)

Piedra Labrada Stela 1, 219, 219 (fig.), 220, 231n2

PIK, 129 (fig.)

pik, 128, 129 (fig.), 140n14, 140n16

Pillsbury, Joanne, 326, 332

Piña Chan, Roman, 62

Pipil, 130, 131, 140n11

Plain of Puebla, 302

Plan de Ayala, 277, 278, 279

platforms, 52, 164, 192, 197, 218, 265, 302, 346, 352

plazas, 191, 218, 265, 268, 353, 375

Plazuelas, 180

Ploughmen and the Poor, 304

poblano peppers, 306 (fig.)

Pochteca, 292, 307, 308, 325, 374, 375

pochteca, 5, 198, 324

Pohl, John M. D., 20, 316, 374, 377

points, 252, 343, 344; arrow, 246; fine, 249; Pachuca, 251, 254; projectile, 245, 246, 247, 249, 250, 253, 255, 373; solstice, 276; styles of, 247, 254. See also obsidian points

Pol Box, 354

political structure, 90, 255, 365–66

politics, 119, 150, 151, 181, 265, 293, 301; central Mexican, 253; Mesoamerican, 245

polities, 326, 341; Classic Maya, 34; rival, 349; trade between, 343

Pomoná, 120

Pool, Christopher, 223, 224, 225

Popocatepetl, 183

Popol Vuh, 166, 167, 170n12

Portico 2, detail from, 102 (fig.)

Postclassic period, 5, 12, 19, 21, 43, 68, 84, 92, 98, 122, 187, 192, 211, 216, 221, 226, 227, 230, 231, 252, 283, 300, 306, 318, 320, 326

power, 21, 302; absolute, 165; balances of, 36; economic, 371; explanatory, 17; head of, 310; military, 371; political, 36, 91; position and, 294; rotating, 302, 374; royal, 368; social, 316; sociopolitical, 13

power structures, 306; rotating, 292, 294, 297, 299, 300, 302, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 374; urban, 294

Powis, Terry G., 62

pre-Columbian societies, 6, 301, 313

pressure flaking, 250, 252

prestige goods, 23n7, 263–64, 281; exchange of, 4–5, 13

Pro María Asociación, 304

Problematical Deposit 50, 164, 167, 168

processes: conceptual, 167; cultural, 6, 8–11, 13, 20, 332; developmental, 106; economic, 12; interconnected, 35; internal, 12; local, 185; physical, 167; political, 12; production, 317, 318, 320, 327, 331; social, 4, 263; sociocultural, 3, 8, 10–11, 17, 19; supply, 332

production, 318, 323, 332; craft, 322; local, 36; location of, 332; metallurgical, 314; sites, 317

projectile points, 245, 247, 249, 250, 253, 373; Central Mexican-style, 255; typology of, 246

promise ceremony, 131

Protero del Calichal, 271

Proto-Indo-Europeans, 125

proto-Mayan, 119, 124, 125, 135

Proto-Mije-Sokean, 126, 132, 137, 139n7, 139n9

Proto-Uto-Aztecan, 129, 131, 141n123

Puebla, 184, 249, 295, 296, 344, 373

Pueblo Alto, bell from, 280

Pueblo Viejo, 195; relief panel from, 194 (fig.)

Puerto Hormiga, pottery from, 73

Puma/Jaguar, 88

Punta Ycacos Lagoon, 137

Punzo Díaz, José Luis, 7, 374

purity, concept of, 90

Purrón phase, 57, 72

Pyramid of the Moon, 371

Pyramid of the Sun, 170n10

pyramids, 164, 170n8, 170n12, 265, 268, 275, 284; construction of, 276

pyrite, 137

Q’anjob’al, 124

Q’anjob’alan, 136

Q’eqchi’, 124, 128; Ch’olan and, 134–36; Ch’olti’ and, 136

Quechomictlipan Monument, 196, 197 (fig.), 200n14

Queréndaro, 180

Querétaro, 176, 180

Quetzalapa, 184

Quetzalcoatl, 110n17, 296 (fig.), 300, 301, 308, 374; cult of, 294; feast of, 302; prayers to, 302

Quetzalpapalotl Palace, 184, 195

Quiauhteopan, 322

Quiriguá, 161, 162

Rabinal, 135, 136

radiocarbon dates, 52, 63, 72

Rain god, 97, 99 (fig.), 187

Ramec point style, 254

Rancho Matadamas, 346

Rathje, William L., 343

Rattray, Evelyn, 151, 152, 154, 158, 159

raw materials, 183, 314, 320, 323, 331, 332; distribution of, 317, 327–28; extraction of, 317, 327; metal production and, 317; metallic, 317; origin of, 327. See also materials

recontextualization, 85, 89, 90, 91, 104, 105, 109n11, 367, 368; iconic, 86–88

Red-on-Buff horizon, 54, 64, 65, 70, 72, 73, 74; development of, 21

Reents-Budet, Dorie, 159, 160, 161, 162

Regional Museum of Guadalajara, 319

Reilly, Kent, 89, 97, 218, 368, 373

relationships, 263; exchange, 7, 13, 21, 254; historical, 7, 10; interpersonal, 35; long-distance, 36; multifacted, 22; patron, 324; sign/object, 108n6

Renfrew, Colin, 12, 22–23n5

Reptile Eye glyph, 211–12, 219, 220

Reyna Robles, Rosa María, 176, 190

Río Amatzinac Valley, 180, 184

Río Azul, 139n9, 169n4

Rio Grande/Eastern wild turkey, population of, 132

Río/Lake Catemaco region, 226

Río Nepaxa, 199n4

Río Peñas Grandes, 191 (fig.), 192

Río Tepango Valley, 226

Río Tlapaneco, 184

Río Verde Valley, 52, 54

ritual economy, theories of, 13

rituals, 11, 18, 37, 218, 255, 277, 282, 297, 302, 305, 306, 308; complex, 294, 304, 309; cosmology and, 51; diverse, 274; important, 277; massive, 307

Robertson, Merle Green, 122

Rodríguez Betancourt, Felipe, 190

Rome, 90, 293, 294, 301

root forms, monosyllable, 125

Rosenswig, Robert M., 8, 10, 60, 89, 108n7

Roys, Ralph L., 343

Ruano Suárez, Alberto, 132

Rufino Tamayo collection, monument from, 185, 186 (fig.)

ruler of the year, 93–94

Ruppert, Karl, 214, 221

Seler-Sachs, Caecilie, 221

sacrifice, 181, 182, 349, 372

Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de, 322, 325, 329

Saint of Pedro Cholula, 297

Saint Peter of the Souls, 297

Sakel, Jeanette, 89, 101

Salinas de los Nueve Cerros, 137

salt, 73, 137, 141n26, 326, 341, 343

salt beef, 306 (fig.)

San Andrés, 283, 295, 297; cylinder seal, 101, 102 (fig.)

San Andrés Tuxtla, 213, 228, 229, 231n1

San Antonio River, 264, 271

San Bartolo Structure Sub-V, 98 (fig.)

San Francisco, 303

San Gabriel, 303

San Gaspar Chajul, 136

San Jerónimo Tititlán, 347

San José, 60

San José Mogote, 347, 348; map of, 346 (fig.); Monument 3 of, 349 (fig.); public buildings in, 346; wards/barrios of, 345–46

San Juan Cotzal, 136

San Juan del Río Valley, 180

San Lázaro Etla, 98, 100

San Lorenzo, 225, 226, 347

San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, 215

San Lucas Tzalac, 136

San Luís, 303

San Marcos, 229; point style, 254

San Martine Tilcajete, 348

San Miguel, 303, 304, 307

San Miguel Amuco, 200n5

San Miguel Tianguisnahuac, 292, 294, 302–5, 306; image of, 303 (fig.)

San Miguel Totolapan, 177, 189, 196, 198; stela from, 190 (fig.); Teotihuacan influence on, 190

San Pedro, 295

San Pedro Cholula, 295, 297, 299, 302, 305; main plaza of, 298 (fig.)

Interregional Interaction in Ancient Mesoamerica