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Maya Gods of War: Index

Maya Gods of War

Index

Index

Acanceh, 123–25, 152

Actun Polbilche, 22

Aguateca. See Dos Pilas–Aguateca

Ah K’in title, 219–20

Aj Ch’anaah (Toniná lord), 218

Aj Chak Maax (Laxtunich lord), 35

Aj Chak Wayib’ K’utiim (El Cayo lord), 16–17, 60, 266(n8)

Aj K’ahk’ O Chahk (god), 147, 228, 229

Aj K’ax Bahlam (Tortuguero lord), 22, 229

Aj Nik (captive), 79–80, 223, 226, 229, 230

Aj Pakal Tahn (Comalcalco lord), 13, 21

Aj Sak Teles (Lacanhá lord), 17, 72, 74, 209, 265(n4)

Aj Sik’ab’ (Palenque lord), 213

Aj Uk (captive), 223

Aj Wosal (Naranjo ruler), 87, 238

Ajan K’awiil (god), 72, 74

Ajaw title, 10, 20, 52, 65, 86, 92, 106, 110, 180–81, 192, 194. 215, 261, 268(n1)

Ajen Yohl Mat (Palenque ruler), 195–96, 213

ak’bal “night, darkness,” 82, 94, 255

Alta Verapaz, 72, 183, 244–45, 253, 255–56, 263, 280–81(nn1, 2)

Altun Ha, 163, 164

Álvaro Obregón wooden box, 203, 207

amazonite, 200–201, 278(n8)

Anaab title, 25, 72

ancestors, 9, 11–12, 60, 70, 110, 145, 190, 256, 260; ancestral bones, 229, 270(n13); meteors and thunderbolts, 55–56, 160

Annals of Cuauhtitlan, 109

Annals of the Cakchiquel, 43, 44, 108–109, 270(n14)

armadillo, 246, 254

Arrow Owl, 145, 250

Arroyo de Piedra, 240

Ascalapha odorata. See Black Witch Moth

Aztec, 4, 12, 45, 85, 96, 108, 113, 140, 141, 143, 190, 244

b’aah “first” title, 11, 22, 25, 213

B’ax Witz “quartz mountain,” 50

Bahlam Jol, 238

Bajlaj Chan K’awiil (Dos Pilas lord), 28, 208, 237–40, 262

Bakab title, 11, 54–55, 209, 211, 236, 264; Wayeb god, 39, 76–77

ballcourt, 171, 248, 249–51, 281(n4)

banded-bird title, 13, 15, 19–25, 52, 208, 217, 261

Basket Grass (goddess), 254

Bejucal, 167, 170

Bird Jaguar IV (Yaxchilán lord), 22, 31–33, 59, 90, 107, 127, 137, 141–142, 209, 223–26, 229, 231–37, 262, 278(n10), 278–79(nn2, 7, 8), 280(n11)

Bital, 239

Black Witch Moth (Ascalapha odorata), 126, 272(n18)

Black Witch Moth Tlaloc. See Tlaloc

bloodletter, 15, 21–22, 25, 97, 105, 117–19, 141, 207–208, 227, 230, 279(n7)

Bolon Yokte’ K’uh (god), 92–93, 269(n6)

Bolon Yooj Ch’ok Aj “Rodent Head” (Toniná lord), 199

Bonampak, 72, 105, 168, 201, 208–11; murals, 30–31, 36, 131–33, 280(n10); Stela 2, 13, 280(n11), Stela 3, 13, 126

bundles, 9–10, 60, 121, 134

burials, 17, 21, 44, 58, 104, 159, 167, 169, 177, 189, 201, 208, 275(n1), 278(n8), 279(n5); lintel, 8, 60, 107, 189

butterfly, 123–125, 136, 140, 272(n16–18)

Cabo Catoche, 9, 26

cacao, 206, 246, 248, 250, 256, 257, 281(n2)

calabash (Crescentia cujete). See gourd

Calakmul, 28, 163, 220, 237–38, 241, 279(n4)

calendar, 6–7, 11, 54, 76, 82, 93, 130, 146

Cancuén, 28, 164, 252, 262–263

captives, 12, 17, 27, 29–37, 79, 82, 99, 175, 198–99, 205, 215–17, 223–24, 236–38, 241

Caracol, 28, 52, 60, 97, 107, 159, 182, 238, 270(n13)

Casper (Palenque ruler), 23

caterpillar, 114–13, 124–27, 152. See also Tlaloc

celt, 42, 56–67, 109, 266(n6–7)

centipede, 44, 48, 50, 88, 92, 94, 98, 105–110, 228–29, 233–34, 269(n8)

Ch’ajom title, 11, 13–19, 72, 121–22, 165, 168, 182, 186–87, 203, 221, 224, 226–29, 232–35, 237, 239–42, 266(n8)

Ch’ok title, 41, 199, 201, 203, 210, 277(n7)

Ch’ol, 5, 41, 53, 93, 114, 124, 129, 141, 144, 272(n18), 274(n27), 275(n4)

Ch’olti’, 64

Ch’orti’, 62, 148

Chahk (god), 6, 38–81, 91, 96, 104, 113, 123, 162, 176, 242, 260, 266(nn4, 10), 267(n15), 269(n8)

Chak Suutz’ (Palenque lord), 212–15, 261

Chak Tok Ich’aak I (Tikal ruler), 4, 107, 165, 167, 170, 177, 182, 185

Chan Mo’ Witz (four macaw mountain), 47

Chenalhó, 140, 144

chiasmus structure, 180, 227

Chican, 251–52

Chich’en, Alta Verapaz, 245, 252, 281(n4)

Chilam Balam of Chumayel, 44, 75

Chooj (Bonampak prince), 133, 210–11

Chuj, 130, 133, 144, 270(n2), 271(n11)

Cit Chac Coh (god), 133

Cóban, Alta Verapaz, 244–45, 252–54, 257

Codex Borbonicus, 146

Codex Borgia, 45, 146

Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, 146

Codex Laud, 146

Codex Nuttall, 146

Codex Telleriano-Remensis, 45, 115, 117

Codex Tonalamatl Aubin, 146

Codex Tudela, 146

Codex Vaticanus, 146

Códice de Santa María Asunción, 146

co-essence, 54, 55, 85, 101, 113–15, 130, 132–33, 140, 144, 147, 258, 270(n1)

colors, 39, 40, 46, 55

Comalcalco, 12, 13, 21, 157

comet, 112–13, 270(n1)

complementary opposition, 7, 69, 90, 94, 98, 101, 255, 269(n4)

copal (Portium), 12, 13, 14, 27, 187, 253

Copán, 45, 47, 51–52, 62, 72, 97, 100, 120–21, 123, 127–28, 133–34, 155, 162, 164, 182–84, 187–88, 220, 235, 254–56, 260; Altar Q, 132, 183–84, 187, 260; Hunal structure, 182, 183, 235; Structure 66c of 8n-11 bench, 94–95, 101, 104; Structure 9n-8-82 bench, 14; Group 10K-4 bench, 95, 101. See also K’inich Yax K’uk’ Mo’, K’uk’ Mo’ Ajaw, Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat

Córdova, Francisco Hernández de, 26

coyote, 133, 180. See also wolf tail

crocodile. See Milky Way Crocodile

Dance of the Centipedes, 109. See also centipede

dawn glyph, 94–95, 100

Day of the Dead, 12

deity impersonation, 228–29, 231, 233, 235, 239

Dos Pilas–Aguateca, 15–16, 23, 28, 30, 107, 119, 121, 134, 151, 189, 237–41, 262–63, 278(n11). See also Itzamnaaj K’awiil; Dos Pilas Ruler 3; Lady Six Sky

Dos Pilas–Aguateca Ruler 3, 12, 15, 17, 119, 121, 125, 134, 218

Dresden Codex, 39, 42, 49, 50, 55, 76–77, 86, 88, 132, 155, 247, 268(n20), 269(n7)

Dzibanché, 28, 163, 164

Dzibilnocac, 138

eagle, 85–86, 94, 148, 271(n10), 273(n21)

eagle-jaguar warriors, 85–86

Ebeet title, 25–26

Ehecatl (god), 85

Ek’ Balam, 60, 107, 189

El Achiotal, 182

El Cayo, 13, 16, 18, 60, 266(n8)

El Cedro, 72

El Chayal, 3, 244

El Encanto, 166

El Perú, 167, 169–70, 182, 229, 262, 280(n12)

El Zotz, 170

Emilanio Zapata panel, 47

fire drilling, 103, 105, 110, 126, 260; T122 k’ak’ (fire sign), 63, 66, 120, 167

flint axe, 5, 42, 50, 51, 62, 68, 80, 81, 162, 258

flint blade, 44, 49, 56, 81, 105–106, 107, 109, 250, 259

flower imagery, 89, 136, 193, 194. See also Tagetes lucida

Foliated Jaguar (Tikal ruler), 165–67

Foliated Maize God, 68, 70

forest falcon, 148–49

GI (god), 8, 16, 24, 40, 41, 51, 52, 63, 81, 96–101, 110, 195, 263, 275(n6); headdress, 39, 51, 96–99, 101, 269(n10)

GII (god), 8, 16, 22, 40, 41, 51, 52, 77, 81, 93, 107, 195, 200, 258–59, 277

GIII (god), 6, 8, 16, 41, 51, 52, 175, 81, 82–83, 97, 100–107, 109–10, 133, 147, 175, 178, 195, 198, 211, 221, 246, 259, 269(n10)

God E, 70

God G. See Sun God

God L, 6, 147, 155, 244–257, 259, 263–64, 276(n2); Uhxlajuun Chan Nal Kuy, 147, 155, 246, 247

God M, 49–50

God Q, 50

gourd, 62, 70, 91, 131, 250, 281(n2)

great horned owl, 143–44, 146, 147, 272(n23)

hawk, 94, 148, 149, 272(n16)

Heart of Sky, 41, 61, 90, 93, 96, 251, 258

heart sacrifice, 44, 145, 159

heirlooms, 15, 22, 79, 80, 178, 191, 195, 198, 200, 208, 260–61, 279(n7)

heron, 39, 91, 97

hix (male jaguar), 130–32, 157, 269(n9), 272(n12)

Hix Witz, 147, 159, 224, 226

Homul–La Sufricaya. See La Sufricaya

hummingbird, 89

Hunahpu (god), 7–8, 11, 70–71, 84, 85, 86, 89, 93, 108, 110, 145, 245, 248–51, 264

Huracan (god), 41, 96

ic bolay-Bothrops asper, 265(n1)

Ik’ Muyil Muwaan II (Tortuguero ruler), 22

incense bag, 12–14, 17, 21, 150, 155, 156–58, 165, 168, 191, 198, 203, 210, 261, 276(n5)

incense. See copal

Itz’in Taaj title, 220

Itzaj, 27, 143, 148, 256, 271(n11)

Itzamnaaj (god), 10, 16, 24, 25, 51, 52, 62, 63, 75, 83, 90–91, 93, 96, 99, 102, 122, 246, 263, 264, 268(nn1, 3), 269(n4), 274(n26)

Itzamnaaj bird, 90, 175, 268(n3), 269(n4)

Itzamnaaj K’awiil (Dos Pilas ruler), 75, 237–38, 240

Itzamnaaj K’awiil (god), 75. See also Itzamnaaj

Itzan, 237

Itzcoatl (god), 117

Itzpapalotl (god), 9, 45, 140, 270(n14), 273(n17)

Ix Chel (goddess), 10, 62

Ixik (goddess), 69, 267(n17)

Ixil, 114, 130

Ixtepeque, 3

Jacalteca, 115

jade celt, 56–63, 266m2

jaguar claws, 107, 130, 132, 133, 160

Jaguar God of the Underworld, 83, 111

Jaguar Paddler, 103–105, 107, 133, 246, 270(n12)

jal “braid” motif, 58

Janaab Ajaw (Palenque lord), 20, 23–24, 217, 218

janaab owl, 156–59, 274(n29)

Janaab Pakal (Palenque lord), 78, 157, 195

Jannab Ti’ O (Hix Witz ruler), 147, 159

Jasaw Chan K’awiil I (Tikal ruler), 17, 28, 169, 188–89, 191, 208, 239

Jo’ Tinam Witz, 171, 182, 184–85

Joy Chitam Ahk (Piedras Negras prince), 201, 203–204

K’ab’is Uchich Aj Sib’ab’ (Palenque lord), 213

K’ahk’ Ti’ Ch’ich’ (Kaanul ruler), 164, 188, 191

K’ahk’ Tiliw Chan Chaak (Naranjo ruler), 67, 107, 220, 238–39, 241, 276(n3), 280(n13)

K’ahk’ Ukalaw Chan Chaak (Naranjo ruler), 241

K’ak’ Yipiyaj Chan Chahk (Naranjo ruler), 67

K’altuun Hix (Kaanul ruler), 238, 272

K’an Tok Wayib (Yaxchilán lord), 22, 31

K’awiil (god), 40, 43, 53, 55–56, 58, 60, 63–64, 67, 68–69, 72, 74, 76–77, 93, 109, 123, 164, 183, 232–33

K’awiil Mo’ (Palenque lord), 199, 215–17

K’elen Hix (Toniná lord), 218

K’iche’, 7, 9–10, 12, 13, 61–62, 86, 110, 114, 116, 130, 133, 145, 266(n10), 272(n15)

K’in Tahn K’eweel (god title), 101

K’inich Ahkal Mo’ Nahb III (Palenque ruler), 14–15, 20–24, 51–52, 78, 87, 97, 157, 180–81, 197–200, 211–15, 217, 261, 277(n7)

K’inich Ajaw (god and title), 83, 88, 91–92, 101, 111

K’inich Baaknal Chaak (Toniná), 199, 215

K’inchil Kab, 238

K’inich Janaab Pakal I (Palenque ruler), 10, 14–15, 16, 21, 23, 24, 55, 61, 67, 72, 74, 78, 87, 98–99, 109, 131, 157–59, 192–97, 200, 213, 215, 228, 261, 267(n15), 277(n6–7)

K’inich K’an Joy Chitam II (Palenque ruler), 14, 16, 21, 23, 29, 53, 67, 78, 80, 87, 181, 191–97, 213, 217–18, 276(n4), 277(n7)

K’inich K’uk’ Bahlam II (Palenque ruler), 23

K’inich Kan Bahlam I (Palenque ruler), 195

K’inich Kan Bahlam II (Palenque ruler), 20, 46, 49, 78, 80, 87, 97–98, 106–107, 119, 134, 175, 178, 192–200, 213, 215–17, 275(n6), 276(nn2–5), 277(nn6–7)

K’inich O Naah (sun-like owl house), 101, 147

K’inich Waw (Tikal ruler, Kaanul prince), 188

K’inich Yax K’uk’ Mo’ (Copán ruler), 132, 164, 182–89, 235, 260

K’inich Yo’nal Ahk I (Piedras Negras ruler), 204

K’inich Yo’nal Ahk II (Piedras Negras ruler), 133, 205, 272

K’uk’ Mo’ Ajaw (Copán ruler), 182–83

Kaanul, 17, 28, 95, 160, 163–65, 167, 182, 188–89, 191, 208, 220, 224, 236, 237–39, 240–42, 244, 262–63, 274(n25), 276(n9), 277(n7), 280(n12). See also K’ahk’ Ti’ Ch’ich’; K’altuun Hix; Sky Witness; Yuknoom; Ch’een, Yuknoom Yich’aak K’ahk’

Kaloomte’ title, 4, 10–11, 95, 162–189, 191–94, 199, 201, 202–203, 207–209, 211, 222, 223–27, 231–32, 236–42, 259–61, 264, 280(nn10, 12)

Kaqchikel, 43, 44, 45, 108, 130, 143, 144, 270(n14), 271(n11)

Knot-eye Jaguar II (Yaxchilán ruler), 59, 72, 79, 209

ko’haw helmet, 181, 194–95, 201–202, 204, 205, 207–208, 276(n5), 278(n9)

Komkom, 238

La Corona, 136, 159, 164, 220, 236; Element 55, 95; Panel 1, 16, 18; Panel 6, 134, 137, 138, 164, 236, 239, 241, 242, 262, 276(n9)

La Mar, 13, 35, 37

La Pasadita, 59

La Sufricaya, 167, 169

Lacandón Ch’ol, 52, 76

Lacanhá, 201, 208–11, 278(n9)

Lady Blood (goddess), 44, 154, 250, 264

Lady Bone Water (goddess), 69–70, 249–50, 254, 264

Lady Bulu (Dos Pilas queen), 238, 239

Lady Cacao (goddess), 250

Lady Canil (goddess), 250

Lady Ik’ Skull (Yaxchilán queen), 261–62, 224–25, 231–33, 236, 261–62

Lady Ix Ti’kanal Ajaw (Kaanul princess), 164

Lady K’abal Xook (Yaxchilán queen), 122, 220, 224, 226–31, 234, 235, 236, 239, 242, 262, 279(n7), 280(nn10–11)

Lady Kinuw (Palenque lady), 196, 213

Lady Mut Bahlam (Yaxchilán queen), 224, 226, 232, 234, 236–37

Lady Nah Ek (Kaanul princess), 165, 236, 241, 242

Lady Ohl (Yaxchilán lady), 105, 122, 228–235, 241, 242, 262, 279(n9)

Lady Sak K’uk’ (Palenque queen), 195, 196, 261

Lady Six Sky (Naranjo queen mother), 237–42, 262, 280(n13)

Lady Toh (goddess), 250

Lady Tz’akbu Ajaw (Palenque queen), 67, 68, 192, 277(n6)

Lady Tzi (goddess), 250

Lady Wak Jalam Chan Ajaw (Yaxchilán queen), 224, 236, 237, 278(n2)

Lady Wak Tuun (Yaxchilán queen), 224, 232, 234, 236, 278(n2)

Lady Yohl Ik’nal (Palenque queen), 23, 195, 261

Landa, Bishop Diego de, 20, 23, 39, 54, 56, 88, 102, 133, 143, 219

laughing falcon, 90, 122, 247, 268(n3), 274(n26)

Laxtunich, 34

lechuza y armas, 173–75

Lepidoptera. See Black Witch Moth

lightning luminosity, 65, 90, 95, 117; T24/T1017 glyph, 56, 58, 60–68, 81, 90, 102, 117–119, 212, 258, 266(n5)

lightning, 5, 6, 38, 42–43, 46, 53–54, 56, 58, 60–68, 72, 74–75, 80–81, 90, 95, 98, 107–108, 109, 112–113, 117, 258–59, 265(n1), 266(n4, n10), 269(n5), 272(n16)

Los Horcones Stela 4, 151

Macaw Owl, 250

macaw, 182–83, 187, 206

Machaquilá, 49, 189

Madrid Codex, 44, 49, 50, 77, 219

Mam, 115, 270(n1), 272(n16)

marigold. See Tagetes lucida

meteor, 5, 6, 29, 42, 54, 111, 112–17, 126–27, 138, 140–41, 149, 151–52, 160–61, 190, 242, 259–60, 270(nn1, 3), 271(n9). See also Waxaklajuun Ub’aah Kan

metonym, 77, 78, 79, 81, 85, 173, 183, 259, 269(n5)

Mictecaciuatl (goddess), 143

Mictlantecutli (god), 143

Milky Way Crocodile, 51, 91, 95, 96, 99–100, 267(n17), 269(n7)

mirror, 58, 61, 63, 137, 180, 227, 231, 271(n9)

Mixcoatl (god), 9, 45, 270

Mo’ Witz (macaw mountain), 47

Moon Skull (Yaxchilán ruler), 224–25, 235, 279(nn3–4)

Mopán, 42, 96, 143, 148, 273(nn20, 23)

morning star. See Venus

Motagua River, 244, 253

Moth Tlaloc. See Black Witch Moth Tlaloc

moth, 5, 112, 121, 122, 123–24, 140, 142, 144, 149, 160, 259, 272(nn16–19, 24). See also Black Witch Moth

Museo VICAL de Arte Precolombino y Vidrio Moderno, 167–69, 203, 275(n1)

Muwaan Mat (Palenque ruler), 51–52, 148, 196

muwaan. See hawk

Naachtún, 52, 167, 169

Nacom title, 133, 219, 220

Nanauatzin (god), 85, 108

Naranjo, 8, 13, 28, 60, 75, 105, 107, 119, 126, 127, 134, 189, 220, 223, 225, 237–42, 270(n12), 276(n3), 280(n13). See also K’ahk’ Tiliw Chan Chaak; K’ahk’ Ukalaw Chan Chaak; K’ak’ Yipiyaj Chan Chahk; Yax Mayuy Chan Chaahk

Nim li Punit, 159, 269(n9)

Nine Place, 177, 275(n5). See also Seven Place Fire Mountain

Nuevo Jalisco, 72

Núñez de la Vega, Francisco, 113

Nuun Ujol Chaak (Tikal ruler), 28, 118, 237, 277(n7)

o owl, 147, 157, 159

obsidian, 3–6, 42, 112, 114–20, 123, 124, 126, 137–38, 140, 142, 145, 150–55, 160–61, 165, 175, 211, 219–21, 226, 242–43, 244, 246–47, 253, 259–64; bloodletter, 117–19, 149, 230; Pacuca, 163, 164, 185; zigzag design, 116, 117, 124, 127, 134, 137, 151–52, 180, 195, 198, 201, 237, 276(n2)

ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), 131, 271(n10–11)

ocelotl, 85

One Ajaw (god), 10–11, 25, 65, 86–87, 92, 94, 110–11, 263, 267(n12), 268(n1); sak huun headdress, 10, 20, 52, 65, 86, 92, 106, 110, 180–81, 192, 194, 215, 261

One Batz (god), 7, 249, 250, 263–64

One Chouen (god), 7, 249, 250, 263–64

One Death (god), 70, 89, 145, 250, 251

One Hunahpu (god), 7, 69–70, 84, 86, 93, 109, 145, 245, 248–51, 254, 263, 281(n2)

One Ixim (god), 10, 69–70, 72, 74, 75, 82, 86, 89, 104, 109, 240, 253, 256, 263, 264, 267(n16), 281(n2)

One Leg Owl (god), 154, 250

opossum, 91, 122

Owl Tlaloc. See Tlaloc

owl, 101, 143–49. See also Tlaloc

Paddler Gods, 104–105, 107, 133, 244, 246, 255–56, 264

Palenque, 8; Dumbarton Oaks Tablet, 41, 54, 65, 67, 68, 92, 182; Museo De Sitio bodega number 211, 60; North Group, 198; Oval Palace Tablet, 196, 197, 222, 261; Subterranean Tableritos, 193; Tablet of the Cross, 20, 65, 97, 98; Tablet of the Foliated Cross, 46, 65, 71, 119; Tablet of the Slaves, 102, 157, 181, 197, 213–15, 261; Tablet of the Sun, 78, 80, 83, 101, 102, 105–106, 175, 198, 217, 246; Temple of the Inscriptions, 72, 97, 98, 101, 102, 109, 110, 193, 195, 200, 269(n10); Temple XVI, 217, 218; Temple XVII, 49, 50, 134, 199, 200; Temple XVIII, 58, 196, 197, 198, 277(n7); Temple XIX, 13, 20, 23–25, 51–52, 63, 64, 101, 157, 180–81, 197, 211, 215, 217–18, 261, 265(n3); Temple XX, 55, 200–201; Temple XXI, 14, 21, 24, 101, 197, 217, 228, 235. See also Ajen Yohl Mat; Casper; K’inich Ahkal Mo’ Nahb III; K’inich Janaab Pakal I; K’inich K’an Joy Chitam II; K’inich K’uk’ Bahlam II; K’inich Kan Bahlam I; K’inich Kan Bahlam II; Muwaan Mat; Upakal K’inich

Paqam (god), 255

Parrot Chahk (La Mar ruler), 35–37

pars pro toto representation, 39, 66, 88, 103, 119, 141, 147, 157, 160, 172, 211

patron gods, 8–11, 41, 82, 189, 192

Pauahtun (god), 39, 55

pejpem (Lepidoptera), 124, 149

Piedras Negras, 12–13, 21, 28, 60, 91, 132, 204–205; Panel 2, 188, 201–203, 204, 205–207, 210, 220, 278(n9); Panel 15, 12; Stela 6, 12, 63; Stela 7, 126, 155, 220; Stela 8, 126, 134, 272(n14); Stela 9, 123, 149, 151, 153, 176, 220; Stela 11, 12–13, 63, 269(n7); Stela 12, 35, 216, 237, 241; Stela 13, 13; Stela 25, 63; Stela 35, 220, 277(n7); Stela 40, 60, 229. See also K’inich Yo’nal Ahk I; K’inich Yo’nal Ahk II; Turtle Tooth

Piedras Negras Ruler 1. See K’inich Yo’nal Ahk I

Piedras Negras Ruler 2, 201

Piedras Negras Ruler 3. See K’inich Yo’nal Ahk II

Piedras Negras Ruler 4, 274

Piedras Negras Ruler 7, 36, 206–207, 216

pine, 12, 76, 253

place of duality, 61, 75, 86, 87, 90–91, 98

Plan de Ayutla, 72

Pokomchi, 130

Pomoná, 13, 36, 207, 216, 277(n7)

Popol Vuh, 7, 9, 11–12, 41, 44, 46, 61, 60, 70, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 93, 96, 109, 110, 133, 145, 159, 244–45, 248–49, 258, 263, 268(n3)

poslom (co-essence), 113, 115, 140, 144

Potonchan, 26–27

Principal Bird Deity. See Itzamnaaj

Pukuh (evil spirit), 140, 144

puma, 115, 129–34, 136, 151, 164, 210, 254, 271(n11), 272(nn13, 15)

Q’anjob’al, 130

Q’aq’awitz (Kaqchikel lord), 44–45, 108–109, 268(n22), 270(n14)

Q’eqchi’, 42, 113, 114, 130, 144, 149, 245, 253, 265(n1), 272(n23), 280(n1)

Quadripartite Badge. See GI: headdress

quetzal, 61, 69, 109, 155, 182–83, 187, 244, 253, 254, 257, 262, 26, 280(n1)

Quetzalcoatl (god), 85, 109, 189

Quiriguá, 14, 105, 269(n8)

Raxon Mountain, 253

Río Amarillo, 186

Río Azul, 58, 65, 99, 171, 266(n7)

Río Cahabón, 251

Río Mestelá, 281(n4)

Río San Pedro, 28, 29

Ritual of the Bacabs, 44, 147

Rocnimá, 256–57

Rothschildia Orizaba. See Itzpapalotl

sacrificed heart motif. See Teotihuacán

Sacul, 105, 159, 274(n29)

Sajal title, 11, 16–17, 25, 36, 72, 217, 236

sak huun headdress. See One Ajaw

Sak Tz’i’, 204, 205, 209, 265(n4)

Sakjal Hix (Dos Pilas lord), 15

Sakun Taaj title, 220, 277

Salamá, 244, 251, 253, 274(n26), 281(n3)

San Bartolo, 66, 269(n4)

San Martín Jilotepeque, 3

scepter, 22, 53, 60, 68, 77, 118, 160–61, 168, 183, 200, 203, 259, 275(n2), 276(n5)

Seacal, Alta Verapaz, 72, 268(n18)

Seibal, 28, 30, 97, 129, 159, 189, 218, 240, 263, 278(n11)

Seven Death (god), 70, 89, 145, 250, 251

Seven Hunahpu (god), 7, 93, 145, 245, 248

Seven Macaw (god), 41, 268(n3)

Seven Place Fire Mountain, 177, 275(n5). See also Nine Place

Seventh Centipede raptorial bird. See Sun God

Shield Jaguar III (Yaxchilán ruler), 12, 13, 21, 49, 59, 79–80, 122, 175, 209, 219, 223–36, 262, 272(n12), 278(n1), 279(n7)

Shield Jaguar IV (Yaxchilán ruler), 23, 33–35, 82, 209, 211, 224, 236, 265(n4)

Sierra de la Minas, 253, 255

Sihyaj K’ahk’ (Kaloomte’), 4, 167–70, 172, 177, 179, 182, 185–89, 203, 259–60

Six Sky Place, 90, 96, 98, 99

Skull Owl (god), 145, 250

Sky Witness (Kaanul ruler), 188

spear thrower, 146, 150, 173, 175, 176, 180, 198, 259, 263, 273(n22)

Spearthrower Owl (Jo’ Tinam Witz lord), 4, 146, 159, 167, 170, 171–79, 181, 182, 184–85, 186, 187–89, 256–60, 263

Spondylus shell, 25, 39, 52, 53, 97, 163

Starry Deer Crocodile. See Milky Way Crocodile

stela, 13, 52, 58, 60, 105, 165, 170–71, 175, 177, 180–81, 188, 195, 221; Marcador sculpture, 146, 170, 171–76, 184

stingray spine bloodletter. See bloodletter

Stingray Spine Paddler. See Paddler Gods

Sudden Thunderbolt (god), 41

Sun God, 6, 83, 85, 87–88, 91, 92–95, 99–101, 109, 110–11, 178, 246, 269(n8); Seventh Centipede raptorial bird, 92–94

Tagetes lucida (marigold), 12, 121, 187, 194, 222

Tajoom Uk’ab Tuun (Kaloomte’), 188, 202–203, 207–208

Tamarindito, 240

Tecolotl (owl), 143, 146

Tecuciztecatl (god), 85

Teotihuacán, 4–5, 11, 12, 14, 85, 116–17, 119–20, 123, 126–27, 137, 142, 148, 155, 160, 163–64, 170, 173, 180, 182, 183, 184–85, 187–88, 201, 205, 208, 219, 235, 242–243, 259–60; Atetelco, 121, 146, 150, 153; Conjunto del Sol, 183, 187; La Ventilla, 171; Pyramid of Moon, 271(n9); Pyramid of the Sun, 187; sacrificed heart motif, 119–20, 134, 150, 152, 157, 159, 165; Tepantitla, 136; Tetitla, 4, 145–46

Thorn Broom (god), 253–54

Ti’sakhuun title, 25, 195, 213, 220

Tied-Hair site, 72, 209

Tikal, 4, 6, 11, 28, 165–67, 169–75, 177–82, 185, 187–89, 191, 195, 201, 203, 208, 225, 237–39, 255, 259–60, 262–63, 274(n25), 275(n1); bones, 17, 104, 159, 169, 189, 208, 270(n11). See also Chak Tok Ich’aak I; Foliated Jaguar; Jasaw Chan K’awiil I; K’inich Waw; Nuun Ujol Chaak; Unen Bahlam; Wak Chan K’awiil; Yax Eb Xook; Yax Nuun Ahiin I; Yax Nuun Ahiin II; Yik’in Chan K’awiil

Tiwol (Palenque prince), 196–97, 213, 215, 261, 277(n7)

Tlaloc 4–5, 6, 9, 11–13, 14, 18–19, 28–29, 112–161, 191–222; Black Witch Moth Tlaloc, 136–43, 160–61, 163, 226, 229, 237, 259, 275(n2); Feline Tlaloc, 133–36, 138, 151, 160; Owl Tlaloc, 149–55, 157, 159, 160, 201, 205, 274; Waxaklajuun Ub’aah Kan (caterpillar-serpent), 13, 122–27, 134, 138, 149–50, 152, 160–61, 164, 168–69, 172, 176, 184, 189, 191, 201–205, 207–208, 210, 227–29, 232–33, 241–42, 271(n8), 275(nn1–2, 7), 276(nn1–2)

Tohil (god), 12, 110

Tojolabal, 5, 41, 114, 115

tok’-pakal (flint-shield), 38, 78–80, 81, 106, 173, 175, 181, 192, 217, 222, 229, 246, 259

Toniná, 28, 29, 147, 198–99, 208, 215–16, 218, 255, 277(n6)

Tonsured Maize God, 60

Tortuguero, 22, 225

Tres Isla, 47

Turtle Tooth (Piedras Negras ruler), 188, 202–208

Tuubal, 238

tz’ikin (bird), 93–94

Tz’utujil, 61

Tzeltal, 5, 41, 54, 93, 113, 114, 124, 130, 144, 151, 209, 270(n3)

Tzendales, 13

tzihuizin (co-essence), 113

Tzotzil, 5, 39, 55, 93, 113, 114, 115, 124, 129, 133, 140, 144, 151, 181, 198, 266(n4), 271(n11), 272(n16)

Uaxactún, 132, 133, 167, 169, 170, 177

Ucanal, 189, 238

Uhxlajuun Chan Nal Kuy. See God L

Unen Bahlam (Tikal ruler), 58, 165, 166, 272(n12)

Upakal K’inich (Palenque ruler), 14–15, 21–22, 24, 87, 217–18

ux yop huun (headdress), 16, 157, 181, 191, 194–98, 211, 213–15, 261, 275(n8), 276(n4)

Uxte’k’uh, 225, 277(n6)

Uxul, 164

Uxwitza’, 182

Venus, 9, 29, 85–86, 94, 109

Volcán Santa María, 44, 108–109, 270(n14)

Wak Chan K’awiil (Tikal ruler), 152, 188, 274(n25)

Waxaklajuun Ub’aah Kan (caterpillar-serpent). See Tlaloc

whippoorwill, 89

Wiinte’naah (Tlaloc building), 18–19, 168–69, 177–78, 180–83, 185–88, 203, 208, 222, 228, 232, 235, 235, 242, 260

wolf tail, 180, 275(n1)

Xak’al Miht Tu-Muuy Ti-Ch’o (Palenque lord), 15, 21, 24

Xbalanque (god), 7, 8, 70–71, 84–86, 89, 93, 108, 250, 251, 264

Xib Chahk (god), 39, 40, 55

Xiuhcoatl (god), 113, 126–27

Xmucane (goddess), 7, 61, 71, 90, 93, 145, 248, 249, 250

Xpiyacoc (god), 7, 61, 90, 93, 248, 268(n3)

Xucaneb Mountain, 244, 245, 247, 252–54, 257, 263, 281(n4)

Xultun, 50, 52, 97, 220

Xulu (god), 255

Yajaw Chan Muwaan (Bonampak ruler), 30–33, 131, 148, 209–11, 265(n4)

Yajawk’ak’ title, 25, 36, 102–103, 157, 172, 191, 195, 199, 211–17, 221–22, 237, 260–61, 269(n10)

Yax Bolon (god), 86, 263

Yax Eb Xook (Tikal ruler), 175

Yax Ha’al Chahk (god), 40, 63, 67, 75, 266(n10)

Yax Haal Witz, 47

Yax Mayuy Chan Chaahk (Naranjo ruler), 189

Yax Nuun Ahiin I (Tikal ruler), 4, 170, 171, 177, 179–80, 185, 201, 221

Yax Nuun Ahiin II (Tikal ruler), 188, 191

Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat (Copán ruler), 72, 74, 183–84

Yaxchilán, 10, 14, 78, 105, 122, 127, 132, 137, 141, 147, 175, 187, 193, 201, 208–209, 220, 223–29, 231–37, 240–42, 261–62, 265(n4), 270(n7), 278(nn1, 10), 280(n11); Lintel 6, 22, 107; Lintel 8, 30, 127, 137, 149, 229, 237; Lintel 12, 33, 82; Lintel 14, 52, 97, 232, 279(n8); Lintel 16, 32, 234; Lintel 17, 226, 234, 237; Lintel 24, 226, 230, 231, 234, 235, 280(n10); Lintel 25, 105, 117, 121, 122, 124, 134, 149, 187, 220, 226–33, 235, 280(n11); Lintel 41, 115–16, 127, 137–38, 237; Lintel 43, 16; Lintel 45, 49, 79–80, 175, 229, 230; stela, 23, 59, 90, 105; Stela 1, 23, 90, 97; Stela 7, 23; Stela 10, 33, 90, 236; Stela 18, 12–13; Stela 35, 121–22, 232–34, 242, 262, 277(n7); Structure 12, 223, 224; Structure 21, 121, 155, 225, 232–234, 262; Structure 22, 224–225; Structure 23, 21, 132, 187, 225–31, 232, 235, 240, 242, 261–62, 279(n7); Structure 44, 79, 99. See also Bird Jaguar IV; Knot-eye Jaguar II; Moon Skull; Shield Jaguar III; Shield Jaguar IV; Yopaat Bahlam I

Yearbearer, 6–7, 39, 54–55

Yellow Rabbit, 238

Yich’aak Bahlam (Seibal ruler), 30, 107, 129, 218, 263, 272(n12)

Yik’in Chan K’awiil (Tikal ruler), 188–89, 191

Yok Ch’ich Tal (Palenque lord), 211, 217

Yopaat (god), 63, 67

Yopaat Bahlam I (Yaxchilán ruler), 223–25, 270(n7)

Youngest Thunderbolt, 41

Yuknoom Ch’een, (Kaanul ruler) 28, 164, 208, 237, 262

Yuknoom Yich’aak K’ahk’ (Kaanul ruler), 107, 160, 188, 237, 239

Zakitzunun (Kaqchikel lord), 44, 108, 268(n22)

Zinacantán, 55, 140, 144, 198, 272(n16)

Zipacna (god), 245

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