Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations
Abler, 82
Academy of Natural Sciences, 130
Adele, 34
Admiralty Island, 51; and brown bears, 124, 132, 186, 248, 267–268, 270–271, 278–280; and whaling, 69
Afognak, 155
Afognak Forest and Fish Culture Reserve, 111, 120, 355, 362, 364
Afognak Island, 21, 127; brown bears on, 272, 275, 279–280; and fur trade, 12; game translocations to, 334; and Katmai eruption, 158; reserve on, 111, 120
Aghiapuk River, 246
Agricultural Experimental Station (USDA), 271
Agriculture, 110; and Alaska Railroad, 386; economic value of, 348; and Glacier Bay NM, 183–184, 187; potential for, 109–110, 110
Aichilik River, 417
Aircraft: law enforcement by, 238, 242–245, 249, 251, 256, 320, 344, 366; predator control by, 274, 296–298, 308, 330, 345; sport hunting by, 205, 207, 242–244, 249–250; trapping by, 342
Akun Island, 21
Akutan, 21; and whaling, 69–73
Alaid Island, 308
Alaska Bird Sketches of Olaus Murie (Murie), 412
Alaska and its Resources (Dall), 37
Alaska Board of Fish and Game, 245
Alaska Central Railway, 384, 388
Alaska Chamber of Commerce, 274
Alaska Commercial Company, 68; and fur trade, 155, 340, 351, 380, 434; and fur seals, 32–35, 39–40
Alaska Conservation Society, 257, 425
Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, 253, 254; and game transplants, 337; and Katmai NM, 171; and predator control, 274–276, 298–300, 313; and wildlife management, 237, 255, 439
Alaska Federation of Natives, 207
Alaska Fire Control Service, 105
Alaska Fisherman’s Union, 367
Alaska Game Commission, 233, 239; and brown bears, 267–278, 346; and eagle control, 311–313; and fox control, 309; and fur trade, 22; and Glacier Bay NM, 186; and Katmai NM, 169; and Kenai Moose Range, 389; and muskoxen, 333; and 1925 Game Law, 237–250, 255, 258, 318, 428, 430, 432, 434; origins of, 233; and outdoor sporting community, 205–206, 247, 258, 434; and salmon, 366; and sea lion control, 301; translocations by, 333–335, 337; and wolf control, 288–299, 313, 317, 319
Alaska Appeal (San Francisco), 79
Alaska Herald (San Francisco), 79
Alaska Indian Service, 22, 294
Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, 256
Alaska Miners Assn., 421
Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980), 412; land designations, 150, 190, 280, 396, 407, 425–426, 429; and Glacier Bay NP, 190; and Mt. McKinley NP, 150; and Native claims, 360; and public opinion, 439; and wildlife refuges, 236, 280
Alaska Native Brotherhood, 343; Hoonah chapter, 268
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971), 190, 205, 253, 360, 425–426, 488n30
Alaska Organic Act (1884), 343
Alaska Packers Assn., 355, 359, 367
Alaska Peninsula, 127; caribou on, 125, 293, 318–319; cattle and sheep on, 109, 265; exploration of, 140, 409; and fur trade, 13; Katmai eruption, 154–156; market hunting on, 214, 261–262, 318–319; salmon on, 364–368; sport hunting on, 214, 216–217, 264
Alaska Pioneers, Fairbanks Chap., 149
Alaska Pulp Co., 279
Alaska Railroad, 252; and Alaska Game Comm., 238; economics of, 106, 108, 386; meat hunting for, 218, 321, 388; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139–140, 143–144, 150; origins of, 384–385
Alaska Range: and Alaska Railroad, 385; exploration in, 137; mining in, 139, 142, 177; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140, 142–143
Alaska Sportsman, 288
Alaska Sportsmen’s Association, 421
Alaska Sportsmen’s Council, 395
Alaska Statehood Act (1958), 53, 421
Alaska Syndicate. See Morgan-Guggenheim Syndicate
Alaska Territorial Act (1912), 139, 367
Alaskan Bear Committee, 269
Alatna River, 409
Alcohol. See Liquor
Aleutian Canada goose, 306, 308
Aleutian Islands, 354; cattle and sheep on, 109, 309; fox farming on, 305–306; fox control on, 308, 309; and harbor seals, 89; Murie study in, 408; reindeer on, 324, 327, 328; reserves, 21, 26; and Russian fur trade, 8, 11–13, 16–30, 39, 305; and salmon, 373; and sea lions, 88; translocations to, 307, 309; and whaling, 60, 66, 69–71, 74, 196
Aleutian Islands Reserve/Wildlife Refuge, 21–23, 26, 409
Aleuts, 55, 203; conservation by, 195; and fox farming, 306; and fur trade, 8–17, 28, 32–33, 35, 40, 50–53, 54, 57, 155, 192, 338, 433; and Katmai eruption, 154–155; and salmon, 357–359; and sea lion hunting, 85–86; and walrus hunting, 75; wartime evacuation of, 52; and whaling, 59
Allen, Joel A., 221
Allotment Act of 1887, 403
Amaknak Island, 323
Amalik Bay, 158
Amchitka Island, 6; fox removal, 308; imported species, 309; nuclear tests on, 23–24; sea otters on, 9, 22–24, 195–196; and World War II, 22–23
American Bison Society, 122, 125, 127
American Committee for International Wildlife Protection, 125
American Creek, 99
American Fisheries Society, 362
American Forestry, 388
American Forestry Assn., 183, 185
American Game Protective Assn., 122, 141, 224, 232
American Geographical Society, 183
American Museum of Natural History, 122, 125, 291–292
American Nature Assn., 185
American Ornithologists’ Union, 122, 217, 220–221, 224
American Pacific Whaling Co., 69–70
American Pete, 154
American Rifleman, 311
American Society of Geologists, 183
American Society of Mammalogists: and Boone and Crockett Club, 122; and brown bears, 269; origins of, 232; and predator control, 124, 234, 286, 288–289
American Society of Taxidermists, 126
Amundsen, Roald, 137, 246, 414, 415
Anchorage, 250; and Alaska Railroad, 385, 388; and Kenai oil, 391–395, 397
Anchorage Chamber of Commerce, 393, 420
Anchorage Daily News, 391
Anchorage Daily Times, 392–393
Anchorage Sportsmen’s Assn., 394
Anderson, Clarence, 421
Andreanof Islands, 24
Andrew Simons Wilderness Unit, 396
Annabel, Russell, 249, 264, 292–294, 344
Annette Island, 359
Annette Island Fishery Reserve, 360,
Anthony, Harold, 291
Antimony, 147
Antiquities Act (1906), 183
Antissarlook, Charlie, 325
Applegate, Samuel, 20
Arctic Health Research Center, 421
Arctic Institute of North America, 418
Arctic National Wildlife Range/Refuge, 423; caribou in, 413–417; exploration of, 413–414; geography of, 413, 414; management of, 424–426; and Muries, 410–412, 418, 420, 425–426; opposition to, 420–422; origins of, 400–401, 405–407, 418–422, 423, 434; and Rhode, 252, 420; significance of, 211, 417, 425, 429, 430, 437; wildlife species in, 415
Arctic Ocean. See Chukchi Sea
Arctic Village (Marshall), 401
Arctic Wild (Crisler), 291
Arnett, Ray, 475n47
Arnold, W.C., 395
Associated Mountaineering Clubs of North America, 183
Atka Island, 21–22, 305–306, 367
Atlantic Monthly, 112
Atlantic Richfield Co. (ARCO). See Richfield Oil Co.
Atomic Energy Commission, 23
Atwood, Robert, 392–393, 395–396, 475n47
Audubon, John James
Audubon, Lucy Bakewell, 117
Auke Bay Laboratory, 374
Aukley Spit, 304
Austria, 262
Baade, Dixie, 421
Bahr, Andrew, 331
Baidaras, 6
Baidarkas, 154, 156; for hunting, 9–10, 10, 12, 17, 59
Bailey, Alfred M., 227, 231, 245; and brown bears, 266; and eagles, 310, and wolves, 285
Bailey, Vernon, 223
Baillie Islands, 332
Baird, Spencer F., 35; collecting for Smithsonian, 39, 220, 225; and origin of U.S. Fish Comm., 220, 225
Balluta, Andrew, 197
Baked Mountain, 164
Bales, L.L., 332
Baranof Island: and brown bears, 279; and salmon, 363; translocations to, 321, 334, 336; and whaling, 69
Baranov, Alexander, 12–14, 16, 155, 380
Barrill, Ed, 138
Barrow, 69, 80, 322, 325, 331, 418
Barter Island, 424
Bartlett, Sen. E.L. “Bob”: and Arctic Refuge, 421–422; and Glacier Bay, 187; and Katmai NM, 170, 172; and Kenai oil, 392, 396
Bartonek, Jim, 256
Bean, Tarleton H., 356
Bear Creek (Kenai Pen.), 380
Bear (revenue cutter), 66; and Eskimo starvation, 80; and reindeer introduction, 323, 324; and whaler rescue, 68, 324
Beardslee, Capt. L.A., 457n4
Beardslee Islands, 185
Bears, black, 150, 191, 218; on Kenai Pen., 215, 378, 389; poisoning of, 296, 297; as predators, 299, 389; sport hunting of, 317
Bears, brown/grizzly, 261, 346, 408, 415; and Boone and Crockett Club, 124, 132, 264, 267; and Katmai eruption, 158–161; and Katmai NP, 169–171, 174, 191; on Kenai Pen., 215–216, 216, 266, 378, 398; and logging, 248, 268, 279–280; market hunting of, 260–262, 264, 345; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 150, 290; Native hunting of, 197; predator control of, 272–276, 281, 299, 330; protection of, 217–218, 223, 234–236, 248, 250, 255, 267, 270–271, 274, 276, 279–281, 346, 349, 431; reserves for, 234, 254, 270–271, 278–279; sport hunting of, 215, 215–216, 216, 219, 250, 262, 264, 274, 276–278, 278; views of, 259, 264–270, 280–281, 313, 409–410, 430–431, 438. See also Admiralty Island
Bears, polar: in Arctic Refuge, 414; and Eskimos, 413; and global warming, 108; management of, 206–207, 253, 435; sport hunting of, 81, 81, 94, 216–217, 250, 317
Beaufort, Sir Frances, 413
Beavers, 175, 379; depletion of, 214, 398; illegal take of, 213, 240, 344; protection of, 218, 237–238, 240, 282; trapping of, 16, 18, 338–340, 345
Been, Frank, 291
Bell, Frank T., 363
Belvedere, 68
Bennett, Hugh, 386
Benson, Jack, 239
Bering Island, 5–8, 27–28, 441n8
Bering River coalfields, 381, 385, 399
Bering Sea, 156, 252, 253, 256; commercial fishing in, 53; explorations in, 94, 130; and fur sealing, 27, 40–42; and reindeer, 327; salmon in, 351, 372–374; seals in, 89; walrus hunting in, 75–84; whaling in, 59–60, 63–65, 71–74
Bering Sea Patrol, 42
Bering Sea Tribunal, 42, 44, 49
Bering Strait: caribou predation at, 293; fur trade at, 338; Harriman Expedition at, 113; walrus hunting in, 80–83, 448n74; and Western Union project, 36; whaling in, 67
Bernard, Joseph, 82
Berners Bay, 334
Bertholf, Lt. Ellsworth, 69, 324–325
Bethel, 256
Big Koniuji Island, 306
Big Softuk Bar, 304
Biorka, 22
Birds: and conservation leaders, 117, 125, 127–128, 220–221, 223–225, 228–229, 233–234, 256–257; market hunting of, 13, 232, 232; in parks and refuges, 150, 174, 187, 191, 414; predation of, 293–294, 306–309; predator control of, 304, 310–313; protection of, 218, 221, 223–224, 228–229, 233–237, 256–257, 307–308, 414, 422; refuges for, 228–229, 233–234, 422; sport hunting of, 233–236, 244, 250, 293–294, 311–312; waterfowl, 207, 218, 256–257, 293–294, 422
Birds of Alaska (Gabrielson), 234
Bishop, Bob, 395
Blaine, James G. (Sec. of State), 41
Black Fox Creek, 411
Black Hills expedition, 118
Blackstone Bay, 182
Board of Geographic Names, 404
Bob Marshall Wilderness, 404
Boca de Quadra Bay, 363
Bodega Bay, 14
Bodfish, Capt. Hartson, 332
Bogoslof Island, 442n2
Bonanza, 414
Bonanza Creek, 98
Bonanza Mine, 108
Bone, Gov. Scott, 284
Bonner, Rep. Herbert, 392
Boone and Crockett Club, 48, 252, 401, 407; and brown bears, 264, 267, 280; and Bureau of Biological Survey, 212, 229, 234; and Katmai NM, 168; and Mt. McKinley NP, 135, 139–143, 150, 234; and 1925 Game Law, 232–233; origins of, 116–117, 119–120; political activism of, 116–117, 120–127, 130–134, 210, 217, 221, 224, 229, 236, 264, 428, 434, 437; and wolf control, 289–291
Boston, 15
Botanical Society of America, 183
Bounties. See Predator control
Bowers, George, 49
Brady Glacier, 93
Brady, Gov. John G., 357
Branch of Predator and Rodent Control, 294–300
Brandeis, Louis, 383
Bristol Bay, 253; and fur trade, 374; and Katmai eruption, 154–155; research in, 374, salmon in, 304, 364, 368, 372–374; walruses in, 83, 85; whaling in, 60
British Columbia, 31, 155; and salmon, 352, 376; and Western Union project, 36; and whaling, 71, 74
Brooks, Alfred H., 104–105, 137, 183, 265
Brooks Camp, 173
Brooks, James W. “Jim,” 83, 253–255
Brooks Range, 156, 413; and Arctic Refuge, 252, 414, 415, 418; Bob Marshall in, 401, 404–405; caribou in, 416–417; Muries in, 411; muskoxen in, 332; name origin, 265; Nunamiut hunting in, 199, 252; predator control in, 297; reindeer trek in, 331
Brower, Charles: and muskoxen, 331, 470n47; and whaling, 65, 68–69, 325
Brown, William E., 147
Browne, Belmore, 138, 139; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140–142, 290–291, 454n12; and 1925 Game Law, 230; and predator control, 290–291
Browne Tower, 150
Buffalo Shirt Mountain, 198
Buffalo, plains, 331; and conservation, 2, 56, 118, 120, 127, 230, 266, 357; sport hunting of, 335; translocation of, 334, 337
Bull Moose Party, 383
Bureau of Biological Survey (BBS), 223, 226; activities of, 231, 233–236; and Boone and Crockett Club, 122, 140, 212, 236; establishment of refuges, 224, 233–234; and fox farming, 21; and fur trade, 340; and game waste, 218, 318–319; and Glacier Bay NM, 186; jurisdiction of, 52, 212, 222, 237, 272; and Kenai Moose Range, 389; and migratory birds, 212, 233–236; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140, 150; and muskoxen, 333; and 1925 Game Law, 229–233, 237, 258, 430, 437; Olaus Murie in, 408–409; origins of, 210, 220–221; political initiatives by, 221–222; and predator control, 222, 233–234, 236, 266, 270, 281, 283–284, 285–288, 313, 409, 430; and reindeer, 326, 329–330; and scientific explorations, 22, 131–132, 432; and sea otters, 22; and wildlife translocations, 334–336; and wildlife values, 211, 347
Bureau of Education (USDOI), 326, 327
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 302, 308, 367, 371
Bureau of Fisheries, 308; and Aleuts, 51; jurisdiction of, 217, 340; and salmon, 357, 362–367, 374
Bureau of Forestry, 219
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 83, 359
Bureau of Land Management: and Arctic Refuge, 422; cattle leasing by, 274; and Kenai oil, 392, 396; and Mt. McKinley NP, 147; and reindeer, 329; and sheep ranching, 309
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 426. See also U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Burnham, John B., 141–142, 224, 232
Buske, Frank, 94
C.S. White, 44
Cahalane, Victor, 173
California, 17, 25, 223; and Alaska coal, 380; and fur trade, 14, 21, 27–29; Muir in, 92–93, 111–114; and salmon, 351, 357, 376; sea lions in, 86; and whaling, 65, 68, 71–73. See also San Francisco
Callbreath, John C., 362
Camden Bay, 390, 332, 413, 416, 486
Camp Fire Club of America, 428; and Boone and Crockett Club, 122; and fur seals, 49; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140–141, 224, 288–291; and 1925 Game Law, 230, 232; and wolf control, 288–291
Canada: and Arctic Refuge, 418, 420, 422, 426; and border dispute, 180–181; Bureau of Biological Survey in, 221; and fur seal treaty, 21, 48–49, 52, 56; and fur trade, 21, 33–34, 40–46, 77, 338, 344; and Gold Rush, 97–98, 104, 110; and law enforcement, 241–242, 249; and muskoxen, 331–334; and reindeer, 330–331; and salmon, 253, 373; and timber industry, 106; and Western Union expedition, 36; whaling by, 69, 71–74; and wood buffaloes, 336; in World War II, 22. See also British Columbia
Cane, Col. Claude, 353, 387; sport hunting by, 214–215, 262, 387
Cannikin, Project, 24
Canton, 31
Canuanar, 68
Cape Belcher, 67
Cape Lisburne, 255
Cape Newenham, 256
Cape Prince of Wales, 5; and reindeer, 322, 324; and walrus hunting, 77–79; and whaling, 66
Cape Smyth, 68
Cape Spencer, 155
Capps, Stephen R., 143, 148, 153
Carib, 75
Caribou: in Arctic Refuge, 413–417; and forest fires, 107, 288, 386; and global warming, 107; Grant’s, 125, 319; and Katmai NM/NP, 160; on Kenai Pen., 214–216, 319, 334, 378, 386–387, 397–399, 474n28; Kobuk-Noatak herd, 319; market hunting of, 100–101, 214–215, 230, 232, 232, 318–319, 386–387; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 150, 289, 290; Native hunting of, 192, 199, 202, 206, 214, 318, 322; Nelchina herd, 294, 298–299, 319; population trends, 318–320; protection of, 218, 282, 292–299, 313, 317, 349; and reindeer, 285–286, 327, 329–330; sport hunting of, 215–217, 215, 217, 317, 387; translocations of, 309, 334, 337; in whaling era, 192, 318, 322, 413; Yukon-Tanana herd, 319
Carlson, Carlos, 169
Carlson, Hjalmar “Slim,” 289
Carlyle Island, 307
Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 408
Carroll, Capt. James, 177
Castle Rock, 28
Castoreum, 340
Catherine the Great, 11
Catlin, George, 116
Caton Island, 468n96
Cats, 308
Cattle, 109; and brown bears, 265–266, 268, 271–276, 281; feral, 306, 468n96; and Glacier Bay NM, 187; and wolves, 283
Century magazine, 111
Chain saws, 342
Champion, 67
Chandalar Lake, 332
Chandalar Reservation, 342
Chandler Lake, 297
Charlie, 414
Chase, Will, 278
Chatanika, 101
Chatanika River, 105
Chaudiere, Capt. Narcisse, 60
Chernabura Island, 468n96
Chicago Academy of Science, 36
Chicago Audubon Society, 36
Chichagof Island, 176; and brown bears, 186, 269–271, 279; game translocations to, 344
Chickaloon River, 292
Chignik, 368
Chile, 376
Chilkat Oil Co., 391
Chilkat Pass, 98
Chilkoot Pass, 98
China: and fur trade, 8, 14–15, 28–31; and ivory trade, 76; and sea lions, 86
Chinese workers, 361
Chirikov, Alexei, 5
Chisholm, Red, 165
Christian River, 332
Chugach National Forest, 395; withdrawal by Roosevelt, 219, 383, 429, 434
Chugach Range, 114
Chukchi Sea, 305, and polar bear research, 255; walrus hunting in, 80, 82, 82; whaling in, 59, 63–65
Cisney, Doyle, 467n54
Cities Service Co., 391
Citizens Committee on Natural Resources, 421
Civil War, 67
Clarence Rhode National Wildlife Range, 252, 256–257
Clark, James R., 290
Clear River, 404
Clergy, Russian Orthodox, and Alaska Natives, 11
Cleveland, Pres. Grover, 41, 112
Clinton, Pres. Bill, 412
Coal, 108, 380; and Alaska Railroad, 108, 384–386; leasing controversy, 381–384, 433–434, 436
Cohen, Michael P., 95
Collier’s Weekly, 382
Collins, Grenold, 239, 242, 249
Colville River, 332
Columbia River, 357
Colvin, Verplanck, 402
Commander (Kommandorski) Islands: and fur trade, 8, 18, 28–31, 32, 44, 51, 305; and sea cow, 441n8. See also Bering Island; Copper Island
Committee on Refuges, 123
Conservation: Alaskan opposition to, 230; and coal leasing, 446–447, 429; origins of, 116–117, 120–122, 220–221; by Russians, 1, 17, 31–32, 428, 430–431, 433; of salmon, 364–365; of sea lions, 87–88; values, 428–440; of walruses, 84; of whales, 72–74. See also Environmental organizations; Values, environmental
Conservation, utilitarian, xvii, 2–3, 26, 133, 429–430, 514–515; by Athabaskans, 204; and Boone and Crockett Club, 119, 133; and forests, 112, 402; and fur seals, 50; and 1925 Game Law, 233, 258; and pinnipeds, 89; and sea otters, 26; and wildlife management, 211, 247, 258, 346, 429–430
Conservation Foundation, 418
Constitutional Convention (Alaska), 245
Controller Bay, 5
Cook, Capt. James, 5, 14, 29, 379
Cook Inlet, 13; and explorations, 125, 136, 379; gold at, 380; oil at, 256, 390, 398; and salmon, 364, 368; whaling at, 71; and wolves, 386
Coolidge, Pres. Calvin, 121, 183
Coon, George, 386
Cooper, James Fenimore, 402
Cooper, William S., 182; and Glacier Bay, 181–185, 191, 437
Copper River, 98, 105; game translocations to, 335; and railroads, 108, 385; salmon predation by seals and sea lions, 303–304
Copper River Co-op Cannery, 457n79
Copper River and Northwestern Railway, 108, 381, 385
Cordova, 244, 279, 390; market hunting at, 388; and mining, 108, 381
Cordova District Fisheries Union, 457n79
Cordova Fish and Cold Storage, 457n79
Cordova Seal Committee, 304
Cormorant, spectacled, 6, 441n8
Corwin, 18, 34, 79, 94–95, 130
Coulter, Jack, 99
Council on National Parks, Forests and Wild Life, 183
Cowles, Henry Chandler, 181
Coyotes, 191, 378, 409, 465n11; control of, 238, 241, 251, 283–285, 288–289, 292, 294, 296–299, 314, 330, 409; as predators, 222, 289, 294, 321; protection of, 344, 412; study of, 408, 410; trapping of, 345
Crisler, Lois and Herb, 291, 417
Crown Zellerbach Corp., 270
Cuddy, Dan, 395
Curtis, Garniss H., 172
Custer, Gen. George Armstrong, 118
Cygnet, 34
Dall, William H., 38, 131, 222; career of, 36–37; in Lituya Bay, 180; and salmon, 356
Dan Creek, 102
Dark Island, 307
Darling, F. Fraser: and Arctic Refuge, 418; and wolf predation, 288, 313, 319–320, 348
Darling, J.N. “Ding,” 234
Dayvidov, G.I., 12
DeArmond, Robert, 375
Death Valley expedition, 222–223, 223, 227
Deer Mountain, 363
Deer, Sitka black-tailed: commercial hunting of, 213, 217, 231, 359; harvest of, 319; and logging, 322; population trends, 322; and predator control, 284, 294, 298, 317; protection of, 237, 282, 317; translocations of, 334, 335
Delarof Island, 24
Delta Junction, 334
Demaray, Arthur, 289
Denali, 136. See also Mt. McKinley; Mt. McKinley NP
Denali Highway, 149
Denali National Park and Preserve, 149. See also Mt. McKinley; Mt. McKinley NP; Sheldon, Charles
Densmore, Frank, 137
Denver Museum of Natural History, 227
Dept. of the Interior, Canada, 330
Depression. See Great Depression
Dickey, William A., 137
Dillingham, Sen. William R., 264
Dimond, Delegate Anthony, 244, 272, 278, 288
Distant Early Warning (DEW), 424
Div. of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy, 220, 222, 283
Dixon, Sen. Joseph M., 49
Dolan, Jim, 312
Dolly Varden char: bounty on, 285, 299, 301; salmon predation by, 300–301, 363
Dora, 158
Douglas (Kaguyak), 155
Douglas, Justice William O., and Mercedes, 419
Dry Bay, 185
Ducks Unlimited, 294
Dufresne, Frank, 390, 412; and Alaska Game Comm., 239, 242, 245–248, 258; and brown bears, 248, 269, 279–280; and buffaloes, 334–335; and eagles, 312; and wolves, 292
Dundas Bay, 185
Dutch Harbor, 22
Eagles, bald, 256, 398; bounty on, 284, 299, 310–313; as predators, 300, 310, 343; protection of, 313
Eagles, golden, 415; bounty on, 284; predation by, 310–311, 313; and sheep, 290
East, Ben, 52
East Cape, 67
Ecological Society of America, 182–183, 289
Ecology, science of: origins of, 221–222, 286; and predator control, 283, 287, 289–292, 315; and wildlife management, 286–287, 432, 439
Edgartown, MA, 67
Edrie, 180
Edwards River, 304
Eisenhower, Pres. Dwight D., 187, 369, 391, 399
El Nino, 376
Elbe, 60
Eldridge, George, 137
Elkins, Steven B., 40
Elks Club, Anchorage, 392
Elliott, Henry W., 37, 196, 202; environmental activism of, 47, 90, 115, 435; and fur seals, 35–36, 39, 41–42, 45–50, 55–56, 130, 222, 430; and killer whales, 283; and 1925 Game Law, 230
Endangered Species Act (1973), 88
Endicott Mountains, 332
English Bay, 380
Environmental organizations: and Alaska conservation, 2, 74, 153, 281, 425, 439; and Arctic Refuge, 418–419, 421, 425–426; and Katmai NM, 185; and Kenai Moose Range, 393; and logging, 106; and predator control, 289, 291. See also Nature groups
Ernest Gruening State Historical Park, 257
Esais, 139
Eskimos, 194, 195; defined, 459n17; and fur trade, 77, 338, 340; and polar bears, 413; and reindeer, 293, 294, 322–331; and walrus hunting, 77–85, 193, 255; and whaling, 59, 65, 66, 69, 72
Eskimos, Bernik, 200
Eskimos, Canadian, 69, 330, 331, 459n17
Eskimos, Chugach Alutiiq, 88, 380, 459n17; and Russian fur trade, 13, 17, 192
Eskimos, Inuit, 200, 331, 459n17
Eskimos, Inupiat, 194, 199, 206, 253, 257, 459n17
Eskimos, Koniag (Kodiak) Alutiiq, 459n17; and brown bears, 276; and Russian fur trade, 9, 10, 14, 16, 192, 338, 433; whaling by, 59
Eskimos, Nunamiut, 199–200, 207, 257, 459n17
Eskimos, Siberian, 69, 74, 84, 459n17
Eskimos, Tagmiugmiut, 413
Eskimos, Yup’ik, 200, 364, 459n17; waterfowl hunting, 207, 218
Etolin Island, 362
Europe, 177, 331; and fur trade, 29–31, 88, 188, 261, 338, 340, 344; and whaling, 72
Everglades NP, 123
Excursion Inlet, 185
Explorers Club, 183
The Extermination of the American Bison (Hornaday), 127
Eyak Lake, 279
Eyerdam, Walter, 21
Fairbanks, 138, 326; and Alaska Railroad, 108, 384–385; and Arctic Refuge, 419, 425; and Game Comm., 239, 242, 244, 255–256; and gold mining, 101–103, 217; meat hunting for, 141, 143, 217, 229–230, 231–232, 232; Muries in, 408, 411, 419; and trapping, 342, 408; wood consumption by, 106
Fairbanks Chamber of Commerce, 419
Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, 288, 393, 419
Fairbanks Exploration Co., 101–102, 103
Fairbanks Garden Club, 419
Fairweather coast, 179
Fairwell, 335
Falkland Islands, 29
Farley, John, 392
Favorite, 43
Field and Stream, 247, 279, 291
Fienup-Riordan, Ann, 200
Fires. See Forests, fires in
Fisher, Albert K., 223
Fisheries Research Institute, 379
Fishers, 344
Fishing, commercial, 347; and conservation, 364; environmental impacts of, 213; and fur seals, 53, 57; in Glacier Bay NM, 190; and harbor seals, 88–90, 301–302; and Katmai NM, 169; and salmon predation, 300–304; and sea lions, 25, 87–90, 301–302; and sea otters, 25; value of, 348; and walruses, 85. See also Salmon
Fishing, sport, 169, 171, 245, 247
Fitzhugh, William, 227
Flakne, Joe, 418
Flaxman Island, 413
Fleck, Richard, 96
Forest and Stream, 118–119, 123, 221, 224, 362
Forest Reserves Act, 111, 120, 183
Forestry Commission, 112
Forests: fires in, 104–107, 201, 288, 319–320, 386; and global warming, 107–108; and gold mining, 1, 104–107; protection of, 115, 120, 434; timber industry, 106
Fort Alexandrovsk, 379
Fort Ross (Russian Colony), 14
Foster, John W. (Sec. of State), 41
Fox farming: and Alaska Natives, 343; coastal, 21, 305–307, 342–343; and eagles, 310–311, 343; and fur seals, 51; in Glacier Bay NM, 86–87; and sea lions, 87
Foxes, 379, 415; bird predation by, 51, 306, 307, 309; control of, 308–310, 314, 330; and forest fires, 106, 340; illegal take of, 240, 284; introduction of, 21, 305, 322, 342, 432; protection of, 240; trapping of, 8, 13, 18, 22, 27, 199, 308, 330, 338–340, 345, 345. See also Fox farming
France/French: exploration by, 14–15, 179–180; and sea otter trade, 15, 17; whaling by, 60
Fraser River, 36
Frederick, Karl, 312
Fredericksen, Stanley, 252
Friedman, Ralph, 291
Frontier myths, 109, 119, 371, 436, 438
Funny River, 390
Fur Seal Act (1910), 21, 26, 51
Fur Seal Advisory Board, 49, 130, 222
Fur Seal Convention (1957), 53
Fur Seal Service, 32
Fur Seal Treaty (1911). See North Pacific Sealing Convention
Fur trade, 1, 20, 29; American, 14–17, 29–44, 49–53, 54, 56–57, 69, 217, 305–308, 310, 340–344; British, 13–16, 29, 31, 340; French, 15, 17; Russian, 4, 7–17, 18, 21, 27–33, 40, 305, 338–340. See also Europe; Furbearers; Trapping
Furbearers (terrestrial): and forest fires, 106, 340; jurisdiction over, 217–218, 231, 340; in Mt. McKinley NP, 150; poaching of, 213–214, 284; protection of, 218, 240–242, 282; trade in, 18, 338–342, 345. See also mammals by species
Gabrielson, Ira N., 235; background, 234; beliefs, 234–236; and brown bears, 234, 273–274; conservation work, 234–236, 252; creation of refuges, 211, 273, 389–390, 437; and moose, 389, 393–394; and salmon, 370; and wolf control, 293–294
Galapagos Islands, 29
Game law of 1902, 214, 224, 265, 317; and Boone and Crockett Club, 121, 125, 127, 264; provisions of, 217–218, 231, 238, 260, 264, 387
Game law of 1908, 224, 265, 267, 317; and Kenai game, 388; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 150; provisions of, 218, 229, 231, 238, 264
Game Law of 1925, 236, 399; and Boone and Crockett Club, 121, 131–132, 134; enforcement of, 237–245, 248–252, 389; origins of, 128, 224, 228, 229–232, 267, 317; provisions of, 233, 237–238, 276, 282, 337, 346. See also Alaska Game Commission
Game preservation committee (Boone and Crockett), 124, 130–132; and fur seals, 130; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 141; and 1925 Game Law, 229
Gange, 60
Gardner, “Dod,” 99
Gardner, Thomas, 268
Gareloi Island, 307
Garfield, James (Sec. of Interior), 382
Garland, A.H. (Atty. Gen.), 40
Gas, natural, 398
Gates of the Arctic National Park, 407
Gay, Charlie, 99
Geist, Otto, 412
General Land Office, 184, 271, 381–382
George W. Elder, 179
Gibson, Tom and Elmer, 217
Gideon, Hieromonk, 16
Gilbert, Grove Carl, 181
Gilbert Inlet, 180
Gilley, Capt. George, 77
Glacier Bay, 176, 457n4; commercial fishing in, 190; exploration of, 176–182, 182; Muir at, 93–94, 177; seal hunting in, 188; tourism at, 177, 179
Glacier Bay–Kluane-Tatshenshini-Wrangell/St. Elias World Heritage Site, 191
Glacier Bay National Monument/Park, 184, 219, 222, 433, 437; and Boone and Crockett Club, 121, 123; and brown bears, 270, 278–279, 281; glaciology in, 177, 181–182; and John Muir, 114; management of, 185–191; minerals in, 185–186; Native claims in, 97, 188–190, 192; and nonconsumptive values, 190, 430, 437; origins of, 114, 176, 182, 182–183, 316, 434; seal hunting in, 188–190; tourism in, 190–191; wildlife species in, 191. See also Glacier Bay; Muir, John
Glacier National Park, 121
Glaser, Frank, 239; and wolf control, 285, 292, 294, 297–298, 467n54
Glazunov, Andrei, 136
Glenn, Capt. Edwin F., 137
Global warming, 25–26, 54, 107–108; and Arctic Refuge, 426; and caribou, 107, 323; and forests, 107; and moose, 320; and pinnipeds, 25, 54, 57, 85, 89–90; and salmon, 376, and whales, 75
Goats, mountain, 96–97, 191; eagle predation of, 310; on Kenai Pen., 388, 398; population trends, 321; protection of, 218, 282; sport hunting of, 219, 317; translocation of, 334, 335, 336
Gold. See Gold Rushes; Mining, gold
Gold Rushes: and Alaska Railroad, 384–386; environmental impacts of, 1, 80, 103–107, 210, 213, 262, 284–289, 318–320, 429; and John Muir, 97–98, 110, 435; at Juneau, 210, 213; on Kenai Pen., 380; Klondike, 97–98, 104–107, 137, 213, 380; market hunting for, 213, 217, 318–319; and reindeer, 323–326; and trapping, 340
Golovnin Bay, 71
Grand Canyon, 113
Grant, Madison, 124; background, 122–123; beliefs, 123–126, 453n27; and Boone and Crockett Club, 122–127, 130, 132–133, 140; and brown bears, 267, 269, 278, 431; interest in Alaska, 124–125, 436–437; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140
Great Britain: and Crimean War, 31; and fur trade, 11, 15–18, 21, 35, 262, 340; and oil, 391; and sealing dispute, 21, 41–42, 45–46, 49, 56; and whaling, 72. See also Hudson’s Bay Co.; London
Great Depression, 109; and bounties, 285; and fur trade, 306, 343; and hunting, 317; and ivory carving, 83; and Mt. McKinley NP, 148, 153; and salmon, 375; and whaling, 71
Greeley, William B., 232
Green Willow Creek, 417
Griggs, Laura, 164
Griggs, Robert F.: and aircraft hunting, 250; and Glacier Bay NM, 183; and Katmai eruption, 160–163, 164; and Katmai NM, 168–169, 172, 175, 437
Grinnell, George Bird, 122; background, 117–118; beliefs, 118, 121, 194; and Boone and Crockett Club, 117–123, 131–132; and brown bears, 267; interest in Alaska, 437; and Mt. McKinley NP, 142; political activism of, 115, 119–123, 142, 221, 224, 236; and salmon, 357, 362
Grosvenor Camp, 172
Grosvenor, Gilbert, 163
Gruening, Sen. Ernest, 255; and Arctic Refuge, 421–422; and federal control, 219–220, 321, 371; and Katmai NM, 174; and Kenai oil, 392, 395–396; and predator control, 290; and reindeer, 329; and salmon, 371
Guadalupe Island, 29
Guatemala, 227
Gubser, Harlan P., 285
Guides, hunting/fishing: and brown bears, 274; and conservation, 430; economic value of, 268, 276; influence of, 434; licensing of, 233
Gulf of Alaska: fox farming in, 305; and Katmai eruption, 155; and salmon, 376; sea lions in, 88; whaling in, 58, 60, 73–74
Gutermuth, Clinton “Pink,” 252, 422
Gvosdev, Mikhail, 5
Hahn, Walter L., 308
Haines, 326
Haines Chamber of Commerce, 183
Hakala, John, 255
Halibut, 301
Hallock, Charles, 118
Hammond River, 404
Harding, Pres. Warren G., 183, 364, 385–386
Harriman, Edward R., 113
Harriman Alaska Expedition, 113, 121, 222, 357, 437; and Glacier Bay NM, 179, 181
Harriman Foundation, 223
Harris, Buck, 467n54
Harrison, Pres. Benjamin, 41–42, 111, 121
Hasselborg, Al, 269
Hay, John (Sec. of State), 48
Hayden Yellowstone Expeditions, 39, 220
Healy, 108
Healy, Capt. Michael, 18, 79–80
Hearst newspapers, 186
Heintzleman, Gov. B.F., 279, 418
Helm Bay, 356
Henley, Dave, 274
Henry, Joseph, 35
Herendeen Bay, 216
Herring, Fred, 267
Herron, Lt. Joseph, 137
Herschel Island, 415; whalers at, 66, 318, 332, 413
Hetch Hetchy Valley, 114
Hesse, William A., 158, 159, 162
Hibbard Stewart Co., 80
Hickel, Walter, 395
Hidden Basin, 336
Hinchinbrook Island, 379
Hitchcock, Sen. Gilbert, 50
H.M.S. Discovery, 177
Holbrook, Don, 174
Hollingstad, Capt. Casper, 301
Holzworth, John M., 268–269, 278, 281, 431
Hooper, Capt. C.L., 19
Hoover, Pres. Herbert, 169, 175, 333, 409; and salmon fisheries, 364
Hornaday, William T., 129; background, 126–127; beliefs, 127–129; and brown bears, 268, 281, 431; and fur seals, 46–50, 56, 130, 430; and 1925 Game Law, 230, 232; political activism of, 127–130, 221, 437; and predator control, 284
Hosley, Neil, 255
Hubbard, Fr. Bernard, 165–166, 167
Hubbard, John V., 181
Hudson Bay, 408
Hudson’s Bay Co., 31, 36, 413; and fur trade, 15–16, 77, 209, 212, 338
Hunter, Celia M., 421, 423, 425
Hunting and Fishing in Alaska (Annabel), 292
Hunting, commercial, 123–125, 127, 147, 213–214, 316–317; of brown bears, 260–262, 264; of eagles, 312–313; on Kenai Pen., 214, 386–388; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 141–143, 146, 288, 321; by Natives, 100–101, 192, 202–203, 213–214, 218, 387–388; opposition to, 119, 123–125, 127–128, 210, 217–218, 237–238, 317; and wolf control, 284. See also Otters, sea; Sea lions; Seals, fur; Seals, harbor; Walrus; Whaling
Hunting, sport: by aircraft, 249–250; on Alaska Pen., 214, 216; and Alaska economy, 232, 268, 274; of brown bears, 216, 276–278, 278, 280; and conservation legislation, 117, 233, 430, 433; of eagles, 312–318; harvests, 215, 219, 317; on Kenai Pen., 214–217, 233, 261, 387; of mountain goats, 321; of muskoxen, 333; philosophy of, 118–119, 128, 132–133, 452n4, 452n8; political influence of, 120–122, 206, 245, 258, 434; and predator control, 313; regulation of, 217–218, 237–238, 243–245, 249, 276, 317; in Southeast, 214; and translocations, 322; of walruses, 82, 82, 84. See also Guides
Hunting Trips of the Ranchman (Roosevelt), 120
Ickes, Harold (Sec. of Interior), 186, 278, 342
Indian River, 214
Indians, Algonquin, 194
Indians, Athabaskan, 413; brown bear hunting by, 260; conservation by, 194–195, 197–198, 204, 207, 431–432; and fur trade, 338; and salmon, 360, 364; use of copper, 380; use of fire, 201; and wood buffaloes, 336
Indians, Black River Kutchin, 198
Indians, Chandalar Kutchin, 332, 342
Indians, Chipewyan, 198
Indians, Dena’ina, 197
Indians, Gwitch’in (Kutchin), 207, 338, 413, 488n30
Indians, Koyukon, 197–198, 200, 207, 338
Indians, Metlakatla, 359
Indians, Taku, 358
Indians, Tanaina, 16, 146, 338, 380
Indians, Tlingit: conservation by, 196–197, 207; and fishing rights, 357–360; and fur seals, 51; and Glacier Bay NM, 177–180, 188–190, 192; and harbor seals, 88; and Muir, 93–94, 96–97, 177, 203; and Russian fur trade, 10–11, 13–17, 19, 192; in salmon industry, 361, 362, 375
Indians, Tsimshian, 196
Influenza epidemic of 1918, 326
Inside Passage, 93
Innoko-Iditarod district, 385
Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, 257
Institute of Northern Agricultural Research, 334
Institute of Pacific Relations, 367
International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling (1949), 73
International North Pacific Anadromous Fisheries Commission, 374
International Whaling Commission, 73–74
International Whaling Convention (1931), 72
Inuit, 459n17
Iron, 380
Isaac Walton League: Anchorage chap., 466n46; and Arctic Refuge, 418, 421; Cordova chap., 466n46; and Glacier Bay NM, 185; and Kenai oil, 383; Petersburg chap., 466n46
Island Between (Murie), 412
Ivishak River, 252
Ivvavik National Park, 426
Izembek National Wildlife Range, 252, 422
Jackson, Rev. Sheldon, 333; and Muir, 92–93, 178; and reindeer introduction, 80, 318, 322–326, 330
Jackson, William Henry, 39
Japan, 79; and fur seals, 34, 44–46, 49, 51–53, 56; and ivory carving, 76; and sea otters, 21–22; whaling by, 71–74; in World War II, 22
Japan, 67
Jarvela, Rep. Gilbert, 274
Jarvis, Lt. David H., 69, 324–325
Jeffries, Noah L., 40
Jewell, Homer, 271
Jimmy and Kappa, 414
Johnson, Chief, 358
Johnson, Ernie, 404
Johnson, Pres. Lyndon B., 174–175, 412
Johnson River, 310
Jones, Charles Stone, 391
Jones, Robert D. “Bob,” 23, 24, 308
Jones, W. Alton “Pete,” 391
Jordan, David Starr, 45–50, 130
Joynt, Gil, 23
Juneau, 258, 295; and Alaska Game Comm., 238, 244; gold strike at, 104, 210, 213; and Katmai eruption, 155; and salmon, 358, 374
Juneau Chamber of Commerce, 184, 421
Juneau Daily Alaska Empire, 183, 187, 267
Juneau Group, National Audubon Society, 257
Juneau Icecap International Park, 257
Juneau Mining Record, 358
Kachemak Bay, 380
Kadachan, 96
Kaguyak, 155
Kaktovik, 415
Kalgin Island, 334
Kamchatka Peninsula, and fur trade, 8, 28; and Russian exploration, 5, 7–8; sport hunting on, 216; and whaling, 63, 73
Kanaga Island, 24
Kantishna, 252; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 148, 152; mining in, 139, 147, 150
Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge, 257
Karstens, Henry B. “Harry,” 132, 138, 139, 143–144
Kashega, 22
Kasilof, 353
Kasilof River, 379
Kasitna Bay, 374
Katmai Bay, 160
Katmai National Monument/Park, 166, 219; and brown bears, 270, 279, 281; eruptions in, 154–155, 159, 168, 172; management of, 168–175, 292; and Natives, 171; and nonconsumptive values, 175, 430, 437; origins of, 121, 155, 156, 160, 162, 163, 175, 176, 433–434; tourism in, 168–175; volcanic study in, 157–166, 171–172; wildlife species in, 158, 160, 174–175
Katmai River, 160
Katmai village, 68; and exploration, 157; and fur trade, 12, 13, 155–156; and Katmai eruption, 155, 156
Kayaks. See Baidarkas
Kaye, Roger, 425
Kelly, Maurice W., 295, 297, 457n54
Kenai Fjords National Park, 378, 396
Kenai Mountains, 380
Kenai National Moose Range/Wildlife Refuge, 379; and brown bears, 279; moose on, 384; oil drilling on, 391–399; origins of, 234, 235, 243–244, 390, 437; swans on, 398, 398; wildlife species in, 378
Kenai Peninsula, 127, 390; agriculture on, 109; brown bears on, 216, 265–266, 378, 388; caribou on, 321, 334, 378, 386–387, 397–399, 474n28; Dall sheep on, 321, 378, 389; explorations on, 140; geography of, 378; and Katmai eruption, 158; market hunting on, 321, 326–388; moose on, 299, 320, 378, 386–390, 397, 474n28; mountain goats on, 321, 378; oil on, 386, 391–399, 426, 434; and Russian fur trade, 12, 16; sea otters at, 24, 378; sport hunting on, 123, 214–217, 262, 387, 388; wolves on, 378, 386, 397–399
Kennecott Copper Co., 108, 384, 474n9
Kennicott, 381
Ketchikan Pulp Co., 279
Ketchikan Wildlife Club, 466n46
Keystone Canyon, 279
Kilbuck Mountains, 319
Killey River, 390
Killik River, 298
Killisnoo Island, 69
Kimberley, Capt. Martin, 34
King and Winge, 81
King, James G. “Jim,” 249, 255–258
King, Mary Lou, 257
Kitch-Noch, 358
Kitoi Bay, 363
Kittigazuit, NWT, 331
Kjellman, William, 326
Klawock, 351
Klein, David R., 255
Kleinschmidt, F.E., 82, 214, 216–217, 265
Klingbiel, John, 256
Klondike. See Gold rushes
Knapp, Gov. Lyman, 358
Kodiak: agricultural station at, 271; and Katmai eruption, 155–156, 158, 160, 161; and salmon, 368
Kodiak Island, 127, 302; brown bears on, 261, 264–267, 271–278, 280; cattle and sheep on, 109, 265, 271–276; and eagles, 311; and fox farming, 305; and Katmai eruption, 158; and Russian fur trade, 12–13, 16, 351; and salmon, 351–352, 359, 364, 366; game translocations to, 321, 334, 336; and whaling, 60, 68, 74
Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, 275; and brown bears, 261, 279–280, 437; origins of, 234, 235, 243–244, 272
Kodiak Stock Growers Assn., 273–274
Korea, 374
Korean War, 153
Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge, 257
Koyukuk River, 197; Bob Marshall at, 401, 405, 405; caribou at, 318; moose kill at, 298; Olaus Murie at, 409
Krear, Bob, 478n58
Kruzof Island, 279
Kuk River, 332
Kukak Bay, 170
Kupreanof Peninsula, 273
Kurile Islands: and fur seals, 28, 34, 44; and sea otters, 7, 17, 44; and whaling, 71
Kuskokwim Delta, 39, 225–227, 294
Kuskokwim Delta National Wildlife Refuge, 252
Kuskokwim Mountains, 319
Kuskokwim National Wildlife Range, 422
Kuskokwim River, 39, 225, 240, 294, 359
Kvichak River, 304
La Farge, C. Grant, 126
La Perouse, Jean Francis de Galaup, Compte de, 15, 179–180
Labrador, 408
Lacey Act (1900): and Boone and Crockett Club, 121, 125, 223; and Bureau of Biological Survey, 210, 217, 223, 236; and Game Comm., 239; origins of, 56, 221
Lacey, Rep. John F., 125
Ladd Field, 140
Lake Clark, 197
Lane, Capt. Louis, 81
Lane, Franklin K. (Sec. of Interior), 140, 163, 165, 454n12
Langille, William, 389
Larsen, Capt., 82
LaVoy, Merl, 138
League of American Sportsmen, 221
League of Nations, 72
Lee, Jack, 157
Leffingwell, Ernest de K., 413
Legislature, Territorial: and Arctic Refuge, 420; environmental values, 438; and grizzly bears, 266, 272–274, 438; and Katmai NM, 169; and Kenai Moose Range, 396; and natural resource jurisdiction, 219–220, 230, 367, 438; and wildlife management, 210, 238–239, 281; and wolf control, 288, 292
Legislature, State, 281, 438–439
Lemesurier Island, 185
Lentfer, Jack, 255
Leopold, A. Starker: and Arctic Refuge, 418; and wolf predation, 288, 313, 319–321, 348
Leopold, Aldo: and aircraft hunting, 250; and eagle bounty, 312–313; and ecology, 205, 286–287; and Mt. McKinley NP, 149; and wilderness movement, 400; and wildlife management, 121, 255, 286
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 401
Lindeberg, Jafet, 332
Lindley, Alfred, 148
Liquor, 96, 203; and fur trade, 16, 19–20, 32–33, 35, 212; and salmon industry, 361; and whaling/walrus hunting, 77–79
Litke, Capt. Frederick, 28, 75
Litnik Lake, 363
Little, Arthur D., 329
Little Diomede Island, 80, 83, 194, 255
Lituya Bay Placer Gold Mining Co., 180
Living Wilderness, 291
Lloyd, Tom, 138
Lobos Islands, 31
Logging, 115; and brown bears, 248, 268, 270, 279–280; economic value of, 347; and land degradation, 403; and salmon, 376
Lolita, 78
Lomen family, 78, 326–328, 330
London, UK, 76; and fur trade, 31, 42, 262, 306
Lopp, W.T., 324
Loring, J. Alden, 125, 213–214
Lucas, Frederick, 45
Lucas, Henry, 390
Ludlow expedition, 118
Lutz, Harold, 201
Lutz, Lt. John E., 34
Lynx: and American fur trade, 345, 345; and forest fires, 106, 340; mauling by, 238; in parks and refuges, 150, 175, 378, 415; protection of, 344; and Russian fur trade, 16, 18, 338
MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 373
MacBain, Alistair, 147
Mackenzie River, 68, 125, 156, 332
Mackenzie River Delta, 59, 65–66, 330–331, 413
Madison Grant Forest and Elk Preserve, 125
Madsen, Charles: big game guiding by, 216; and brown bears, 265–266, 271; commercial walrus hunting by, 80–82
Man and Nature (Marsh), 116
Manchuria, 51
Manifest Destiny, 94
Manter, Capt. Fred, 58
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 24, 53, 83–84, 87, 89, 190, 302
Marmots, 13
Marsh, George Perkins, 112, 116, 205
Marsh, Othniel C., 118
Marshall, Bob, 405; and Arctic Refuge, 400–401, 405–407, 418, 425, 429; background of, 401–402; contributions of, 211, 437; and forest preserves, 403–404; and forest ownership, 402–403; and Native Americans, 403, 430; and refugee plan, 406; and wilderness movement, 400, 403, 407, 437; wilderness philosophy of, 402, 405–406, 411–412, 429, 430, 432
Marshall Lake, 404
Martens: and American fur trade, 338, 339, 345, 345, 398; farming of, 343; and forest fires, 106, 340; protection of, 238, 240, 249, 282, 344; and Russian fur trade, 16, 18, 338, 339
Martin, Calvin, 188–199, 205, 458n16
Martin, George C., 158
Mary and Helen, 65
Mary D. Hume, 65
Mas Afuera Island, 29
Mashukin, 22
Mastodon, 125
Matanuska Valley, 292; agriculture in, 109–110, 271; coal in, 108, 380, 385
Matanuska Colony, 109–110, 110
Matka and Kotik (Jordan), 46
Maynard, Lt. Washburn, 39
McBain, Dunc, 246
McCracken, Harold, 262
McGonagall, Charley, 138
McGrath, 244
McKay, Douglas (Sec. of Interior), 172, 391–393
McKinley Park Station, 145
McKinley, Pres. William, 112, 137, 324
McLean, Marshall, 290
McMullen, Capt. C.B., 158
McMullen, Pete, 239
McNally, Chester, 392
McNeil River State Sanctuary, 255, 281
Melovidova, Alexandra, 39
Melville Island, 331
Mendenhall, Thomas, 45
Mendenhall Wetlands, 257
Mercury, 79
Merriam, C. Hart, 215, 223, 236; background, 220; and Boone and Crockett Club, 130, 133; and brown bears, 223, 267, 269; and fur seals, 45, 49, 130; and Harriman Expedition, 222; and predator control, 283
Merriam, John C., 125
Mexico, 73; Bureau of Biological Survey in, 131, 221, 227; and fur seals, 29; and sea otters, 14
Middle East, 394
Migratory Bird Act (1913), 239; and Boone and Crockett Club, 121, 125, 127–128; and J.B. Burnham, 224; and Game Comm., 239
Migratory Bird Conservation Act (1929), 228, 233
Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (1934), 229, 233, 239
Migratory Bird Treaty (1916), 224, 228
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918), 121, 218, 224
Miller, Orlando, 109
Mills, Wilbur, 417
Milotte, Al and Elma, 56
Milton, John, 417
Mining, 21, 438; and Alaska Natives, 100–101, 209; and Alaska Railroad, 385–386; and Arctic Refuge, 420–424; coal, 108, 380; copper, 108, 371; economic value of, 347, 348; environmental impacts of, 102, 103, 103–108, 110, 125, 324, 347; in Glacier Bay NM, 180, 185–186, 188; in Gold Rushes, 97–108, 371; in Katmai NM, 169–170; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140, 142, 144, 150, 153; methods, 101–104
Mining in the Parks Act (1976), 186
Mining Law of 1872, 104
Mink: and American fur trade, 338, 345, 345; farming, 302, 343; and Russian fur trade, 16, 18
Missionaries, 93; effects on Natives, 11, 96, 199, 203, 323–325
Mixter, George, 263
Mogg, Capt. William “Billy,” 64, 414
Moiese, MT, 334
Montague Island, 262
Monterey, CA, 21
Monterey Peninsula, 351
Moore, Gov. Miles (WA), 381
Moose, 415; commercial hunting of, 100, 215–217, 231, 232, 386–388; Eskimo hunting of, 199; and forest fires, 105–106, 320; in Glacier Bay NM, 191; and Katmai NM, 160, 174; on Kenai Pen., 215–219, 386–389, 389, 393–394, 397, 474n28; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 150; population trends, 320; predation of, 266, 288, 292–293, 298–299, 313; protection of, 217–218, 234, 237–238, 248, 282, 292, 318, 320–321, 394; sport hunting of, 215–218, 219, 317, 334, 389; translocations of, 334, 335, 337; wasteful kill of, 214, 240, 244, 386–388
Moose Pass, 380
Moran, Thomas, 39
Morgan-Guggenheim (Alaska) Syndicate, 108, 381–384, 436
Morse, Kathryn, 98
Morton, William, 301
Moser, Lt. Cmdr. Jefferson, 358–360
Mosquito Fork Flat, 105
Mt. Cerberus, 163
Mt. Cooper, 191
Mt. Doonerak, 404
Mt. Griggs, 174
Mt. Hornaday, 130
Mt. Katmai, 157, 159, 162, 162, 165, 167, 172
Mt. Mageik, 162
Mt. McKinley, 293; climbing of, 137–139, 139, 142, 148; and Mt. McKinley NP, 149–150; naming of, 137, 454n3; and Sheldon, 132, 135–136, 138–139, 143
Mt. McKinley National Park, 145, 163, 219, 230, 255, 409, 433; and brown bears, 279; Dall sheep in, 144, 321; eagles in, 311; management of, 143–153, 169, 288–292, 432, 437; origins of, 123, 132, 134, 139–143, 224, 316, 434, 454n12; and predator control, 285, 288–292, 313, 437; tourism at, 148–153; wildlife species in, 150. See also Sheldon, Charles
Mt. Merriam, 222
Mt. Muir, 114
Mt. Sheldon, 150
Mt. St. Elias, 5
Mt. Trident, 171
Muir Glacier, 179; Muir at, 91, 95–96, 176–177; naming of, 457n4
Muir, John, 114, 178, 203, 221, 227; background, 91–92; beliefs of, 2, 91–97, 110–113, 115, 117, 203, 205, 401, 410, 427, 429–430, 432; environmental activism of, 111–115, 407; and Glacier Bay, 177, 181, 183, 191, 457n4; and Pinchot, 112, 134–135, 415n75; and predator control, 284
Muir Point, 114
Mulchatna River, 240
Muldrow Glacier, 149
Muldrow, Robert, 137
Murder Cove, 69
Murie, Adolph “Ade”: and caribou survey, 408; and Mt. McKinley NP, 147, 149, 151, 153, 289–292; and predator control, 289–292, 313, 409, 437; and reindeer experiment, 400
Murie Islets, 408
Murie, Margaret “Mardy”: and Arctic Refuge, 400–401, 419, 419, 425, 429–430; environmental activism of, 211, 411–412, 429; and wilderness movement, 401, 432, 437
Murie, Olaus J., 245; Aleutians expedition, 22, 317, 409; and Arctic Refuge, 400–401, 418–419, 419, 426, 429; background, 408; beliefs of, 250, 409–411, 429, 430, 432; and caribou study, 286, 319, 408, 468n6; contributions of, 211, 227–228, 409, 412; and game translocations, 337; and Mt. McKinley NP, 147, 149, 408; and predator control, 285–289, 313–314, 409, 437; and sea otters, 22; warden work, 231, 232, 408; and wilderness movement, 400–401, 410–412, 437
Murray, Joseph, 213
Museum of Natural History, Northwestern U., 36
Muskoxen, 333, 415; Eskimo hunting of, 200, 331–332; protection of, 331, 349; reintroduction of, 233, 332–333; uses of, 331–334
Muskrats, 308; protection of, 217, 237; and Russian fur trade, 16, 338, 340; trapping of, 345
Naden Harbor, 71
Nagel, Charles (Sec. of Commerce and Labor), 49–50
Naket Packing Co., 353
Naknek Civic Club, 170
Naknek Lake, 171
Nanook, 81
The Nation, 395
National Audubon Society, 224, 234; activism of, 12, 221, 224; and Arctic Refuge, 421; and eagles, 311; and Glacier Bay NM, 185; and 1925 Game Law, 224, 232; Juneau Group, 257; origin of, 121, 221; and wolf control, 289
National Bison Range, 334
National Conf. on Outdoor Recreation, 131, 133, 224
National Geographic: and brown bears, 264; and Katmai NM, 158, 163, 165, 175; and Mt. McKinley NP, 143
National Geographic Society: and Cook scandal, 138; and Katmai NM, 157–158, 160, 163, 165, 175, 434
National Marine Fisheries Service, 88, 253
National Park Committee, 121
National Park Service, 115, 347, 418; and Alaska Lands Act, 412; and Glacier Bay NM, 185–191, 270–271, 278; and Katmai NM, 163, 168–175; management philosophy, 97, 119, 146–147, 150–153, 190, 270, 292, 313, 432; and Mt. McKinley NP, 144–153, 288–292; and predator control, 288–292, 313, 437
National Parks Assn., 121, 125; and Glacier Bay NM, 183, 185; and Katmai NM, 170
National Parks Conf., 143
National Parks Magazine, 420
National Research Council, 183, 250
National Rifle Assn., 312
National Wildlife Federation, 234, 393, 421–422
National Zoological Park, 127, 264
Natives, Alaska: cannery employment, 360–362; and conservation, 194–207; environmental abuse by, 104, 196, 198–200, 202–203, 255; fishing rights, 177, 188–190, 357–360, 425; Gold Rush impact on, 100–101; land claims/conflicts, 146, 171, 188–190, 209, 252, 279, 372; Muir’s views of, 96–97; population, 208, 213; salmon fishing by, 351, 361; and sea otter trade, 1–21, 25; slavery among, 17; trapping rights, 340, 425; whaling/walrus hunting impact on, 77–80, 192; and wildlife management, 24, 188–190, 204–208, 211, 238, 251, 389, 434–435
Natural History, 52
Nature, 163
Nature groups: and conservation, 2, 117, 122, 134, 183, 185, 220–221, 234, 430, 433–434. See also Environmental organizations
Naval Arctic Research Laboratory, 418
Nature Magazine, 270
Naval Petroleum Reserve, 418
Neah Bay, 34
Near East, 116
Nelson, Edith and Hans, 180
Nelson, Edward W., 226, 228, 236, 245–246; background, 225; beliefs of, 229, 236; and brown bears, 267, 269; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140; and muskoxen, 333; and 1925 Game Law, 229–233; and Olaus Murie, 245, 408–408; and reindeer, 329; and Sheldon, 131–132
Nelson, Klondy, 334
Nelson Lagoon, 227
Nelson, Richard K., 197
Nelson, Urban C., 426
New England Fish Co., 457n79
New England Museum of Natural History, 290
New York Aquarium, 130
New York City, 113, 117, 371; and Alaska conservation, 2, 133, 437; and walrus ivory, 76
New York Daily News, 372
New York Evening Post, 42
New York Sun, 137
New York Zoological Park (Bronx Zoo), 48, 127, 263
New York Zoological Society: and Arctic Refuge, 418; and Boone and Crockett Club, 121–123, 125–127, 213, 217; and brown bears, 269; and 1925 Game Law, 250; political activism of, 221, 437; and wolf control, 289
Newhalen River, 247
Nikita, Smoky, 248
Nizina River, 102
Nizki Island, 308
No Room for Bears (Dufresne), 280
Noatak National Preserve, 409
Noble, John W. (Sec of Interior), 120
Nome, 84, 156, 332, 251; Amundsen at, 246, 414, 415; and caribou, 293; and game laws, 247; and reindeer, 326, and walrus hunting, 82; and whaling, 71
North American Commercial Co., 39–42, 49
North American Wildlife Foundation, 121
North Nenana, 385
North Pacific Anadromous Fisheries Commission, 374
North Pacific Fisheries Convention (1953), 373
North Pacific Sealing Convention (Fur Seal Treaty) (1911), 21, 26, 49, 305, 432
North Slope: moose on, 199; muskoxen on, 199–200, 331; oil on, 419; wildlife species on, 415; wolf control on, 296–298
Northern Consolidated Airlines, 172
Northern Rocky Mountain Forest Experimental Station, 401
Northern Yukon/Ivvavik NP, 426
Northwest Territories, 330–331
Norway: and Northwest Passage, 414; and reindeer, 323, 326; and salmon, 376; and whaling, 69, 71–72
Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge, 257
Nulato Hills, 319
Nunivak Island, 39, 80; caribou on, 318; muskoxen on, 334; reindeer on, 327, 330, 333
Nutirwik (Harry Snowden), 404, 405
Ocean Spray, 34
O’Connor, Jack, 239, 272, 276, 291
Oelschlaeger, Max, 92
Office of Indian Affairs (USDOI), 328, 403
Ogilvie Mountains, 416
Oil: and Alaska economy, 350; and Arctic Refuge, 420, 424–426; on Kenai Pen., 391–399, 434, 475n47; and wildlife, 25, 75, 347–348
Oil pipeline, 253
Old Crow River, 411
Old Woman Creek, 417
Olmstead, Frederick Law, 117
Olsen Bay, 374
Olson, Sigurd F., 149, 418, 422
Olympic National Park, 123
Oo-Ming-Muk, 332
Orca, 68
Organic Act (1884), 210
Orloff, Ivan, 155
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 126–127, 221
Osgood, Wilfred, 131, 386; and brown bears, 261, 264; and commercial hunting, 318–319
Otaru, Hokkaido, 22
Ott, Charles J. “Charlie,” 150, 152
Otter Island, 34
Otters, river, 174, 307; and fur trade, 16, 18, 338, 339, 345; protection of, 344
Otters, sea, 9, 175, 191, 324, 379; and Bering expedition, 6–8; ecology of, 15, 19, 23–25, 89, 195; hunting of, 9–21, 195–196, 338, 432; protection of, 21–25, 128, 305, 434; translocations, 23–24
Our Arctic Province (Elliott), 39
Our Vanishing Wildlife (Hornaday), 127
Outdoor sporting groups. See Hunting, sport; Fishing, sport
Pacific American Fisheries, Inc., 368
Pacific Coast Steamship Co., 94, 179
Pacific Decadal Oscillation, 376
Pacific Seabird Group, 256–257
Pack, Arthur Newton, 270
Pack Creek, 278
Pagashak, 273
Palmer, 110
Palmer Creek, 380
Palmer, Lawrence J., 245, 390; caribou study, 287–288, 409; and reindeer, 329; research by, 227, wolf study, 313
Palmer, Theodore S., 215, 223, 223–224
Pardee, Gov. James (CA), 113
Parker, Charles, 187
Parker, Herschel, 138
Parks, Gov. George A., 184, 186, 288, 389
Parks Highway, 149
Parks-Western Fisheries, 467n79
Partofshikof Island, 279
Passenger pigeon, 220
Pavlov Bay, 216
Peabody Museum, 118
Pease, Capt. Henry, 67
Pederson, C.T., 81
Pegues, John, 268
Permanent Wild Life Protection Fund, 127–128, 230, 232
Perryville, 155
Petersburg, 244
Petersburg Creek, 366
Petersen, Ray, 172
Petroff, Ivan, 59, 79, 155–157, 260
Phoenix, 380
Photography, 269
Pinchot, Gifford: and Boone and Crockett Club, 123; and coal leasing, 382–383; and forest use, 402, 451n75; and Muir, 112
Pioneer Boys of the Great Northwest (Bonehill), 401
Pioneers of Alaska, Fairbanks Chap., 149
Pittman-Robertson Act (1937), 234
Poe, Edgar Allen, 46
Point Barrow, 81; and reindeer, 327; and whaling, 65–69, 324
Point Bridget State Park, 257
Point Hope, 68; Eskimo whaling at, 59; mission at, 322; reindeer at, 325; walrus hunting at, 80, 82
Poison: of furbearers, 240, 242, 284, 296, 297, 306, 344; of predators, 238, 254, 283, 286, 294–298, 308, 317, 330, 345, 386
Polar Bear, 81
Polovina Point, 23
Population, in Alaska, 213, 214, 220, 244
Porcupine caribou herd, 415–416, 416
Porcupine River, 156, 411, 415
Porsild, Erling and Robert, 330
Port Ellice, CA, 75
Portage Bay, 385
Poughkeepsie, NY, 60
Powell, John Wesley, 117
Predator control, 211, 233; and Boone and Crockett Club, 123, 128; by bounties, 88–89, 284–285, 301, 303–304, 305, 312, 313; and brown bears, 281; of eagles, 310–314; of foxes, 307–310; by Game Comm., 238, 240, 245–247, 251, 258, 283, 285, 292–300, 311–313, 319–320, 328, 330; of harbor seals, 88–89, 253, 302–304; in Mt. McKinley NP, 152, 288–292; opposition to, 234, 259, 285–288, 409, 431; origins, 222, 283–285; research on, 253, 301–304; of sea lions, 253, 301–302; of wolverines, 345
Preservationism: and Boone and Crockett Club, 123; and fur seals, 50; and Hornaday, 128; and Katmai NM, 171, 175; and Muir, 110–113, 115. See also Values, environmental
Pribilof Islands, 30, 54, 452n12; Arctic foxes on, 305; and fur seals, 17, 28–35, 38–42, 44–53, 128, 130, 222; sea lion hunting on, 86; sea otters in, 21, 23; translocations to, 308–309; walrus hunting in, 75; and whaling, 59
Prince of Wales Island, 5, 354
Prince William Sound, 68; bear hunting at, 132; and copper mines, 108; deer translocations to, 334; and fur trade, 14; harbor seals in, 89; whaling in, 63
Progressive Movement: and conservation, 2–3, 55, 111–112, 117, 211, 399, 434, 436–437; and predator control, 283
Protzman, warden, 310
Pruitt, William, 425
Puale Bay, 155
Public opinion, national: and brown bears, 270, 280; and eagles, 314; and fur seals, 56; and Katmai NM, 163; and land preservation, 438; and Mt. McKinley NP, 153; and Nature, 2, 25–26, 117, 221; and pinnipeds, 89–90, and whales, 89–90; and wolves, 291–292, 313–314
Queen, 179
Queen Charlotte Islands, 33, 71
Qiviut, 334
Raccoons, 337
Radclyffe, Capt. Charles R.E., 215, 216, 262
Rampart Dam, 256
Rasmuson, Elmer, 392
Rasmussen, Knud, 199
Rat Islands, 24
Rausch, A. Robert, 255
Rausch, Robert A., 421
Recreation and Lands Div. (USDA), 403
Recreation Magazine, 127
Red River Lake, 366
Redington, Paul, 287
Reed, Irving McKinley, 332
Reed, John, 418
Reid, Harry Fielding, 181
Reid Inlet, 185
Reiger, John F., 120
Reindeer, 253, 318, 325, 328; and Bureau of Biological Survey, 233, 285–286, 326, 329–330, 333; breeding experiment, 327, 408; to Canada, 330–331; ecological effects of, 319, 329–330, 349, 430, 432, 469n8; industry problems, 326–330; introduction of, 21, 80, 309, 322–326; and Katmai eruption, 160; population trends, 328, 329; and predator control, 245, 285, 288, 292–294, 298, 300; and whaling, 68–69
Reindeer Service, 293, 327–328
Republican Party, 267, 383, 420
Revenue Marine Patrol: and fur seals, 40–41, 44; and Katmai eruption, 155; and sea otters, 19; and walrus hunting, 77, 79. See also Bear
Rezanov, Nicolai, 31
Rhode, Clarence, 239, 251; and Alaska Game Comm., 242, 248–252, 258, 344; and Arctic Refuge, 420; background, 248; and cattle predation, 272; and Kenai oil, 393–394; and wolf control, 292–294, 297
Rhode, Jack, 252
Richardson Highway, 149
Richfield Oil Co., 391–392, 395–396, 397, 475n47
Riggs, Gov. Thomas Jr.: and brown bears, 266–267; and conservation, 230, 310; and Katmai NM, 168; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140, 454n12; and muskoxen, 332, and 1925 Game Law, 230
Romanzof Mountains, 332
Roderick, Jack, 392
Rogers, George, 196
Rood, Sidney, 293
Roosevelt, Pres. Franklin D., 129–130; and Glacier Bay NM, 186, 271; and Katmai NM, 175; and refugee plan, 406; and wildlife refuges, 132, 233–234
Roosevelt, Pres. Theodore, 129, 220, 401; and Alaska coal, 381, 383–384, 434; and Alaska conservation, 2–3, 434, 437; and Boone and Crockett Club, 119–120, 122–123, 132; and conservation, 3, 381, 383; and fur seals, 46, 48; and Muir, 113, 115; and wolf control, 284
Root, Elihu (Sec. of State), 48
Roquefeuil, Camille de, 15
Rose Harbor, 71
Round Island, 83
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 242
Royal Commission on the Reindeer and Musk-Ox, 330
Royal Navy, 41
Roys, Capt. Thomas Welcome, 58, 63, 66–67
Rungius, Carl, 131
Russell, Jim, 231
Russia: and cattle, 271; and conservation, 1, 17, 31–32, 428, 429–431, 433; coal mining by, 380; exploration by, 4–8, 180; and fur seal treaty, 46, 49, 53, 56; and fur trade, 4, 7–17, 21, 27–33, 40, 260, 262, 305, 338–340, 433; on Kenai Pen., 379–380; and salmon, 351, 374; settlements by, 5, 379; walrus hunting by, 75, 83; and Western Union project, 35–36; whaling by, 59–60, 73–74. See also Russian-American Co.
Russian-American Company: and conservation, 433; and fur trade, 12–17, 19, 31, 155, 209, 239, 340; and whaling, 59–60. See also Russia
Russian Colony (Fort Ross), 14
Russian Finland Whaling Co., 60
Rust, Jess, 411
Sable, 340
Sag Harbor (NY), 63
St. George Island: killer whales at, 283; and sea lions, 86; and sea otters, 28, 31, 34, 44, 52–53
St. Lawrence Island, 39; Geist study of, 412; starvation on, 74–78, 78; and walrus hunting, 77–78; and whaling, 59, 67
St. Matthew Island, 39, 84, 114, 330
St. Michael, 36, 39, 69, 104; and fur trade, 338; Nelson at, 225–227; reindeer at, 285
St. Paul, 5
St. Paul Island: and fur seals, 28, 29, 31, 34, 44, 52, 54; reindeer on, 309, 330; sea lion hunting on, 85–86, 87; translocations to, 308–309
St. Paul village, 68
Salcha River, 106
Salisbury, Lord, 41
Salmon: canneries, 106, 185, 188, 210, 254, 304, 351–371, 380, 395–396; and conservation, 364; ecology of, 375–376; economic value of, 350; federal-territorial dispute over, 252, 365, 367–372, 374–375; fishing methods, 351–364, 369, 375–376; in Glacier Bay NP, 185, 191; and Gold Rush, 106; harvests of, 369, 370; hatcheries, 362–363, 376; in Katmai NM, 158, 160, 171, 175; and Native rights, 192, 357–360; predation of, 253, 268, 272, 276, 300–304, 316, 346; regulations, 239, 355–357, 362, 364–368, 376, 429; research on, 363, 374–376, 432; reserves, 120, 359, 364–365; species, 351; U.S.-Japan dispute, 372–374; waste of, 268, 353. See also Fishing, commercial
San Francisco, 414; and coal, 380; and fur trade, 32, 34, 36; and Muir, 94, 97–98; and reindeer, 327; and salmon, 367, 371; and trophy trade, 387; and walrus hunting, 65, 75, 79
San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 94, 97
San Miguel Island, 28
Sand Point, 214
Santa Clara, 355
Sarber, Hosea: and eagle predation of salmon, 313–314; bear-cattle study, 272; law enforcement by, 240, 240; and predator control, 295; and sea lion predation of salmon, 301
Saturday Evening Post, 269
Save-The-Redwoods League, 125
Saylor, J.C. II, 397
Scammon, Capt. Charles Melville, 62–63
Scarf, Oscar, 44
Schaller, George, 478n58
Schurz, Carl (Sec. of Interior), 117
Scidmore, Eliza R., 178
Science, 130
Science News Letter, 52
Sea Bears (Martin), 55
Sea Lion Rock, 444n2
Sea Lion Rocks, 409
Sea lions, Steller, 87, 191, 379; conservation of, 87–88, 217–218; control of, 86–87, 299, 301–304, 314; decline, 25, 86–89; hunting of, 13, 85–87, 89; study of, 253, 301–302, 304
Sea of Okhotsk, 60
Sea-Wolf, 80
Seal Island (Disney), 56
Seal-Islands of Alaska (Elliott), 39
Seals, fur: decline, 53, 87; ecology, 27, 29; hunting of, 28, 33–35, 42–44, 51–53; predation of, 283; and Russian fur trade, 18, 21, 27–31, 40, 338, 434; in Southern Hemisphere, 29–31; and tourism, 53, 56; U.S. management of, 32–35, 39–40, 40, 48, 54, 130, 222, 305, 428
Seals, hair, 81, 415; control of, 253, 299, 302–304, 305, 314; predation of salmon, 300–301, 303–304; research on, 25, 304
Seals, harbor: decline of, 89; and fashion industry, 88; in Glacier Bay NM, 188–191; hunting of, 88, 188–190; and salmon predation, 88–89, 303–304
Seaton, Fred (Sec. of Interior), 371; and Arctic Refuge, 420, 422; and Kenai oil, 393, 395
Seattle, 52, 55, 81, 271, 326; and coal, 381–382; and Gold Rush, 110; and salmon, 367, 370, 371, 374
Seiser, Virgil, 392
Sequoia National Park, 111
Service, Robert, 98
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 221, 252, 285, 408
Seward: and Alaska Railroad, 108, 384–385; and commercial hunting, 388; and Game Comm., 244; and Gold Rush, 380; and Katmai eruption, 155; and salmon, 380; tourism at, 380
Seward Peninsula, 69, 294, 319
Shanghai, 338
Shaw, L.F., 388
Sheakley, Gov. James, 358
Shearwater Peninsula, 273
Sheehan, Jack, 172
Sheekjek River, 105, 198; Muries at, 419, 419; muskoxen at, 332
Sheep, Dall, 13, 318, 379; in Arctic Refuge, 413; and eagles, 310–311; market hunting of, 214–215, 217, 231–232, 232, 321, 388; and Mt. McKinley NP, 143, 144, 147, 150, 153, 288–291, 321, 437; name origin, 37; Native hunting of, 199, 321; and E.W. Nelson, 227; population trends, 321; protection of, 217–218, 237, 282, 288–294, 431; and Sheldon, 131–132, 139; sport hunting of, 214–216, 219, 317; translocations of, 334, 335, 337
Sheep ranching: in Aleutians, 21, 109, 309–310; and brown bears, 265, 268, 271, 281; and foxes, 305, 309, 309–310
Sheffield, 66
Sheldon, Charles, 131, 437; background, 131, 435; beliefs, 132–133; and brown bears, 262–264, 267; and Katmai NM, 168, 175; and Mt. McKinley NP, 135–136, 138–143, 153; and muskoxen, 333; and 1925 Game Law, 136, 229–232
Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge, 132
Shelikof Strait, 68, 154–155, 169
Shelikov-Golikov Company, 11–12, 155
Shenandoah, 67
Sherwood, Morgan, 37
Shields, Walter, 326
Ship Creek, 385
Shuyak Island, 307
Siberia: and fur trade, 338, 413; muskoxen in, 331, 333; reindeer from, 322–323, 324, 326
Sierra Club: and Arctic Refuge, 418, 421; and Muir, 111, 113–115, 435; and logging, 106, 115; and Mardy Murie, 412
Sierra Club Bulletin, 418
Signal Service, U.S. Army, 225
Simons, Andy, 380
Sitka (New Archangel), 36, 177, 457n4; and coal, 380; and fur trade, 15–16, 29, 40, 338; and Game Comm., 244; Muir at, 97; Russian fort at, 12–14, 180; and salmon, 351; smallpox at, 17; and timber industry, 106, 278; and whaling, 63
Sitka National Historical Park, 165
Sitkalidak Island, 69
Sitkok Bay, 358
Skilak Lake, 387
Skoog, Ronald O., 255, 318, 320, 469n8
Slattery Plan, 406
Smith, Capt. Tom, 186
Smith, Jack, 108
Smith, Jefferson R. “Soapy,” 380
Smith, Lynn, 99
Smithsonian Institution, 126–127; collecting for, 6, 36–39, 128, 130–131, 221, 224–227; and wildlife management, 45, 46, 220
Snedden, C.W., 393
Snowmobiles: and hunting, 84, 205, 207, 250, 345; and trapping, 342, 344
Society of American Foresters, 121
South Shetland Islands, 31
Southeast Alaska: Aleuts moved to, 52; brown bears in, 269–271, 278–279; deer in, 213–214, 284, 310, 322; fox farming in, 305–306, 343; harbor seals in, 89; Muir in, 93–97, 177; predator control in, 294, 310–311; and salmon, 352, 357–363, 368, 374, 376; sea lions in, 88; sea otters in, 10, 12–16; slave trade in, 17; sport hunting in, 214; Stone expedition in, 125, 140; timber industry in, 106, 279; tourism in, 177, 179, 179, 181; translocations to, 334, 337; and Western Union project, 36; whaling in, 69–71, 74. See also Tongass National Forest
Southern Pacific Railroad, 113
Spain, 14
Spence, Clark, 103
Spencer, Robert F., 199
Spit and Argue Club, 392, 395–396, 475n47
Spurr, Josiah Edward, 100, 137, 157
Steese-Fortymile District, 298
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 331–332, 334
Stejneger, Leonhard, 6, 45, 49
Steller, Georg Wilhelm, 6–8, 27
Steller Society, 257
Stevens, Sen. Ted, 393, 395–396
Stevenson, Adlai, 174
Stevenson, John Fell, 174
Stewart, R.K., 285
Stickeen (Muir), 93
Stikine Pass, 98
Stikine River: and fur trade, 15; gold rush at, 31, 98; salmon at, 302, 303–304
Stone, Andrew J.: and caribou, 126, 386–387; explorations by, 125, 140; and muskoxen, 332
Stone, Livingston, 362
Stony River, 240
Strawberry Island, 185
Strawberry Point, 187
Strom, Erling, 148
Strong, Gov. J.F.A., 266, 284, 310
Stuck, Archdeacon Hudson, 138, 139
Suk-Ta-Han, 358
Sulzer, Delegate Charles, 163, 229, 267
Sumner, Lowell: and Arctic Refuge, 418; and Katmai NM, 170–171; and valuing wildlife, 347–349
Sumner, Sen. Charles, 36
Suomi, 60
Susitna River, 137
Sutherland, Delegate Dan, 232, 267, 364–365
Sutherland, W.W., 242
Swanson, Capt. Olaf, 81
Swanson River oilfield, 392–393, 397
Swineford, Gov. Alfred P., 39
Taft, Pres. William Howard: and Alaska Railroad, 385; and Aleutians Reserve, 21; and coal leasing, 382–384; and fur seals, 49; and Muir, 113; and migratory birds, 224; and oil lands, 391
Taku Glacier, 181
Taku Pass, 98
Tanaga Island, 24
Tanana River, 137, 201; and agriculture, 109; and Alaska Railroad, 381; eagles at, 310; and gold mining, 101
Tanana River Railway, 107, 217
Tanana Valley Sportsmen’s Assn., 419, 466n46
Tebenkof, Capt. Mikhail, 60
Teklanika River, 143
Teller, 323
Tenada, 137
Territorial Dept. of Fisheries, 252–253; and salmon, 303, 363, 370; and seal control, 303, 303–304
Territorial Dept. of Mines, 169, 420
Territorial Sportsmen Inc., 257; Juneau chap., 295, 466n46
Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge, 257
Thayer, Averill, 414
Thayer Mountain, 278
Thelon Game Sanctuary, 331, 334
Thlinket Packing Co., 352
Thoreau, Henry David, 91, 116, 205
Thorne, Frank, 52
Tickey, 68
Tilton, George Fred, 68
Timber industry. See Logging
Tingle, George R., 359
Tlingit and Haida Indians v. United States, 189
To the Top of the Continent (Cook), 138
Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, 256
Toklat River, 143
Toloumne Meadows, 111
Tongass National Forest: brown bears in, 186, 270, 279; logging in, 115, 270, 279, 403, 407, 439; Native claims in, 188–190, 192; reserving of, 219, 429, 434
Tongass Timber Sales Act (1947), 279
Tourism, 429; and Alaska Highway, 244; and Arctic Refuge, 419, 425–426; and brown bears, 281; and fur seals, 51, 53, 56; in Glacier Bay NM/NP, 177, 179, 181, 184, 190–191; in Katmai NM/NP, 163–165, 169, 171–175; on Kenai Pen., 380, 399; in Mt. McKinley NP, 146, 148–153; and national forests, 472; post-statehood, 438; and sea otters, 35; in Southeast, 93–94, 114, 179; and wildlife, 347
Townsend, Charles H., 131, 437; background, 130; and Boone and Crockett Club, 130–131; and fur seals, 43, 45, 49, 130; and reindeer, 322
Toyatte, 94
Traitors Cove, 374
Transcontinental Railroad, 65
Trapping, 317, 341; and conservation, 199, 430; in Katmai NP, 169; on Kenai Pen., 380; life cycle, 340–342; and predator control, 284–285, 308, 313; regulation of, 218, 240–241, 244–245, 249, 340, 434; and Russian fur trade, 8, 13, 16, 18, 339, 339; and technological change, 342; trends in, 344. See also Fur trade; Furbearers
Travel magazine, 148
Travels in Alaska (Muir), 96
Treadwell Mines, 104
Trumpeter Swan Society, 257
Tugidak Island, 13
Turner, Lucien M., 225
Tustumena Lake, 387
Two in the Far North (Murie), 411
Tyee Co., 69
Udall, Stewart (Sec. of Interior), 256, 424
Uganik Island, 273
Ukak River, 173
Unalaska Island, 34; and fur trade, 10, 17, 31; reindeer on, 21, 323; sheep on, 21, 309–310
Unangashik, 319
Unga, 319
Union Pacific Railroad, 113–114
United States Whaling Co., 69–71
University of Alaska Fairbanks, 103, 150, 255, 411–412; muskoxen at, 333, 333–334; wildlife study at, 99, 291, 293–294, 406
University of Alaska Southeast, 258
University of Washington, 374
U.S. Air Force, 425
U.S. Army: exploration by, 137; and Glacier Bay NM, 185; and Katmai NM, 169; and Mt. McKinley NP, 148, 169; and reindeer, 330
U.S. Coast Guard, 330, 366, 373
U.S. Coast Survey, 36
U.S. Commissioner Courts, 367
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 271; Bob Marshall in, 403; origin of Bureau of Biological Survey, 210, 220; and fur trade, 21, 307, 340, 343, 347; and migratory birds, 212; and 1925 Game Law, 232, 237; and predator control, 236, 283; and reindeer, 326, 408; wildlife jurisdiction, 21, 217, 272, 347. See also Bureau of Biological Survey
U.S. Dept. of Commerce: and fur trade, 21, 51–53, 340, 343; and salmon, 357, 364–365, 369; wildlife jurisdiction, 21, 217, 219, 347
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 403; and Arctic Refuge, 419–421; cattle leasing, 271; and coal, 382–383; and fox farming, 343; and Glacier Bay NM, 183; and Kenai oil, 392, 395–396; and Kodiak Refuge, 272–273; and Mt. McKinley NP, 148; and Native fishing rights, 359; and 1925 Game Law, 232, 237; and refugee plan, 406; and reindeer, 328–329; and salmon, 369–371; wildlife jurisdiction, 210, 219, 272; and wildlife refuges, 257. See also U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
U.S. Dept. of Justice, 382
U.S. Dept. of the Treasury: and fur seals, 32–35, 39–41; and fur trade, 340, 347; and reindeer, 323; and salmon, 355–358
U.S. Dept. of War, 23
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: and Alaska Game Comm., 249–249, 252, 255–258; and Arctic Refuge, 337, 422; and Boone and Crockett Club, 122; and fur seals, 52–53; jurisdiction, 236–237; and Katmai NM, 171; and Kenai Moose Range, 389, 393–395, 397–398; and Native claims, 359; Olaus Murie in, 409; origins of, 210, 220, 223; polar bear research, 253, 255; predator control, 286–288, 293–300, 307–308, 313, 409, 432; reputation of, 438; and salmon, 366, 369–370; and sea lions, 86; and sea otters, 22–24; translocations, 337; and waterfowl, 207, 256–257
U.S. Fish Commission, 130; and fur seals, 39, 45, 49; origins of, 221, 225; and reindeer, 322; and salmon, 355–358, 362–363, 374
U.S. Forest Service: Bob Marshall in, 401, 403; and brown bears, 267, 270–271, 279–280; and coal, 383; and fox farming, 343; and Glacier Bay NM, 184, 186, 418; and Kenai Moose Range, 389; and predator control, 286; and timber industry, 279
U.S. Geological Survey, 100, 117; and Admiralty Island, 278; and Arctic Refuge, 418; exploration, 36, 137, 157–158, 168, 418; and Glacier Bay NM, 181, 183–184, 186; and Kenai oil, 392; and Mt. McKinley, 137; and Mt. McKinley NP, 143
U.S. House of Representatives, committees: Conservation of Wild Life Resources, 270; Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation, 420–421; Merchant Marine and Fisheries, 392; Public Lands, 142, 290; Territories, 220, 229
U.S. Postal Service, 156
Usibelli coal mine, 108
USSR, 372, 393. See also Russia
Valdez, 99, 108, 243, 279, 388
Valdez-Eagle Trail, 105
Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 157, 161–165, 172
Values, environmental, xvii, 3, 425, 435, 436, 439–440; corporate accountability, 3, 56, 115; ecosystem preservation, 150–153, 175, 191, 211, 236, 348, 437, 439; ecosystem sustainability, 3, 56, 115, 133, 175, 197, 204, 211, 258, 280, 425, 429, 439; government accountability, 3, 56, 115; holism, 115, 175, 407, 429, 432, 440; nonconsumptive resource use, 3, 25–26, 53, 56, 115, 152, 175, 204, 280–281, 292, 314–315, 407, 430, 437, 439; nonhuman rights, 115, 133, 205, 281, 430; public participation, 3, 26, 56, 115, 258, 433–434, 440; science-based management, 3, 56, 133, 211, 236, 258, 431–432; species preservation, xvii, 25–26, 115, 133, 175, 280, 428; sustainable utilitarianism, xvii, 3, 19, 26, 119, 201, 204, 211, 258, 280, 346, 429–430, 438. See also Conservation, utilitarian; Environmental organizations
Vancouver, Capt. George, 136, 177, 183
Vancouver Island, 33
Vanschoonoven, George, 137
Vasilev, navigator, 306
Venetie, 488n30
Veniamenov, Ivan, 196
Vermont, 334
Vint, Thomas C., 187
von Guttman, Baron, 216
Wainwright, 332
Walcott, Sen. Frederick C., 270
Walden (Thoreau), 116
Wales, 253
Walker, Charles, 68
Walker, Ernest P., 311
Walrus, 85, 415; American market hunting of, 75–85, 89–90, 322, 428, 432; harvest data, 76; hunting methods, 75–76, 80–84; ivory carving, 76, 83, 84; protection of, 83, 85, 239, 255; Russian market hunting of, 18, 75, 83, 193; sport hunting of, 82, 82–84, 216, 250, 255, 317; study of, 253; subsistence hunting of, 79–80, 84, 255, 448n74
Walrus Island, 86
Walrus Islands State Sanctuary, 83–84, 85, 255
Walter A. Earle, 44
Ward’s Natural History Establishment, 126, 130
Warner, Clarence, 108
Washburn, H. Bradford, 290
Washington, DC: and Alaska Conservation, 2, 133, 437; and Alaska development, 135, 427; and whaling, 68
Washington, State of, 108, 155; elk translocation from, 334; and salmon, 351–352, 363. See also Seattle
Waxell, Sven, 5
Weasels: and forest fires, 106, 340; protection of, 344; trapping of, 345
Webb, Melodie, 198
Western Federation of Miners, 265
Western Union Telegraph project, 35–36, 38
Whale, Atlantic right, 60
Whale, belukha, 415; hunting of, 59, 70, 71; and salmon predation, 253, 299, 301, 304
Whale, blue: hunting by Aleuts, 196; market hunting of, 63, 70–74, 196
Whale, bowhead, 415; conservation of, 206–207; hunting of, 58–59, 63–65, 70, 72–74
Whale, finback: hunting by Aleuts, 196; market hunting of, 59, 63, 70, 70–75
Whale, gray, 415; market hunting of, 59, 63, 70, 74, 171–172
Whale, humpback, 191; market hunting of, 63, 70, 70–74
Whale, killer, 191; and belukha research, 305; and fur seals, 54, 89, 283; hunting of, 59; and sea lions, 89; and sea otters, 10, 25, 84
Whale, Minke, 191
Whale, North Pacific right, market hunting of, 58–63, 70, 70, 72, 72–74, 434
Whale, sperm, market hunting of, 58–59, 63, 70, 70, 73–74, 434
Whaling, 1, 58–59, 72, 73; Antarctic, 71–72; Canadian, 71, 74; and conservation, 89, 428; deserters, 414; effects on Natives, 77–80, 192, 199; by Eskimos and Aleuts, 59, 65, 66, 69, 72, 74–75, 77, 196, 206–207; harvests, 18, 61–62, 70; and fur trade, 13, 15; hazards, 66–69; market hunting for, 318, 322, 413; methods, 59–66; products, 63, 71; by Russians, 59–60; shore-based, 21, 65, 66, 69–71
White Act (1924), 239, 365, 367, 375
White Pass and Yukon Railway, 110
White Pass, 98
White, Sam O., 239, 242, 243, 280
White, Stewart Edward: and brown bears, 169, 279, 281, 431; and salmon, 365
White, Tom, 391
White Wilderness (Disney), 291
Whitewater Bay, 279
Whiz Halferty Co., 457n79
Wickersham, Delegate James, 137, 140, 385–386
Wien, Noel, 243
Wien, Ralph, 242
The Wild Grizzlies of Alaska (Holzworth), 269
Wilderness: and Alaska Lands Act, 280; and Arctic Refuge, 400–401, 410, 418, 425–426, 437; and Bob Marshall, 400–407; in Katmai NP, 174; in Kenai Moose Range, 396; movement, 400, 407; and Muries, 410–412; philosophy of, 110–111, 402, 404–406, 410
Wilderness Act (1964), 248; origins of, 402, 404–405, 407, 410, 412, 425; and preservationism, 429
The Wilderness of Denali (Sheldon), 132
The Wilderness of the Upper Yukon (Sheldon), 132
Wilderness Society: and Aldo Leopold, 287; and Arctic Refuge, 418–421, 425; and Bob Marshall, 406–407, 437; and Glacier Bay NM, 185; and Margaret Murie, 411; Olaus Murie in, 409–411, 437; origins of, 406–407; and Wilderness Act, 407, 410, 412
Wildlife, economic value of, 274–275, 347, 348
Wildlife Conservation Society, 153
Wildlife management, 234, 243, 394; and Alaska Natives, 188–190, 204–208, 211, 238, 251, 389, 433–435; and ecology, 286, 288, 439; federal-territorial conflict over, 211, 310; and interest groups, 205–206, 234, 258, 281, 434; jurisdiction, 52, 212, 217, 219–220, 236–237, 272, 276, 340, 343, 347; 1925 Game Law, 238–245, 247–252, 389; origins, 119–120, 133, 231
Wildlife Management Institute: and Arctic Refuge, 418, 421, 422; and brown bears, 274; Gabrielson in, 234, 236, 252; and Kenai oil, 393; origins, 121
Wildlife Society, 257
Wildlife translocations, 322–337; to Aleutians, 305–306; ecological effects of, 329–330, 349; for fox food, 306; of reindeer, 322–326, 330–331
Willett, George, 311
William H. Allen, 77
Willow Island, 185
Wilson, Pres. Woodrow, 383; and Alaska Railroad, 139–140, 385; and Katmai NM, 165, and Mt. McKinley NP, 143
Wolverines, 345; control of, 238, 245, 283, 285, 297, 299, 330; in parks/refuges, 150, 160, 174, 191, 378, 415; predation by, 321; protection of, 207, 349; trapping of, 16, 18, 199, 338, 341, 345, 346
Wolves, 99, 191, 417; appreciation of, 222, 412, 417; bounty on, 242, 254, 284, 298, 299; control of, 222, 238, 240, 245, 247, 251, 255, 283–285, 288–290, 293, 295, 296, 310, 313–315, 317, 319–320, 322, 330, 345, 386, 431–432; in Katmai NP, 160, 175; on Kenai Pen., 386, 397–399; in Mt. McKinley NP, 147, 150, 288–282; predation by, 293, 321, 331; protection of, 255, 344, 397; research on, 299, 313, 349; and salmon, 300; trapping of, 199, 338, 345
Wolves of Mt. McKinley (Murie), 290
Wood, Lt. Charles Erskine Scott, 177
Wood River, 310
Wood, Virginia Hill “Ginny,” 421, 423, 425
Woodchopper Creek, 99
Work, Hubert (Sec. of Interior), 183–184
World War I: and forests, 106; and game, 229; and salmon, 353, 365; and Tlingit employment, 361; and whaling, 71
World War II, 253; and Alaska Highway, 244; in Aleutians, 22–23; and forests, 106; and fur seals, 52; and game laws, 243–244, 347; and Glacier Bay NM, 185; and Katmai NM, 169; and Mt. McKinley NP, 148, 153; and reindeer, 328, and Tlingits, 188; and trapping, 343; and U.S.-Japan salmon dispute, 373; and whaling, 72
Wrangell, 93, 94; and Game Comm., 244; and seal control, 304; and wolf control, 298
Wrangell Mountains, 102
Wrangell Narrows, 214
Wright, George Frederick, 181
Wright, George M., 147
Yakutat, 127; Russian fort at, 11–14, 180; Tlingits at, 196
Yale University, 118, 123, 131
Yanert, Sgt. William, 137
Yellowstone National Park, 118, 130, 289; and Boone and Crockett Club, 120, 124
Yes Bay, 363
Young, Ralph, 279
Young, Rev. S. Hall: and Muir, 93, 97, 111, 177; and Muir Glacier, 457n4
Yukon Delta, 39, 256; Nelson on, 225–227; Olaus Murie on, 409; waterfowl on, 218, 294; wolf control on, 300
Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, 252
Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, 256
Yukon River, 80, 156, 332; explorations, 36, 125, 131–132, 137; and fur trade, 16, 338; and Gold Rush, 100–101, 104, 108, 137, 326; Indians on, 198, 201; salmon in, 357, 359, 364, 415, 419, 425; and whaling, 414; wood buffaloes at, 336
Yukon Territory, 46, 125; bird banding in, 411; exploration in, 140; game law enforcement in, 242; gold-seeking in, 98, 213
Zahniser, Howard, 410
Zapadni rookery, 29
Zentner, Joe, 274