Skip to main content

Pioneering Conservation in Alaska: Index

Pioneering Conservation in Alaska

Index

Index

Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations

Abler, 82

Academy of Natural Sciences, 130

Adak Island, 21–23, 309, 334

Adele, 34

Adirondack Park, 401, 407

Admiralty Island, 51; and brown bears, 124, 132, 186, 248, 267–268, 270–271, 278–280; and whaling, 69

Afognak, 155

Afognak Forest and Fish Culture Reserve, 111, 120, 355, 362, 364

Afognak Island, 21, 127; brown bears on, 272, 275, 279–280; and fur trade, 12; game translocations to, 334; and Katmai eruption, 158; reserve on, 111, 120

Agattu Island, 22, 306–308

Aghiapuk River, 246

Agricultural Experimental Station (USDA), 271

Agriculture, 110; and Alaska Railroad, 386; economic value of, 348; and Glacier Bay NM, 183–184, 187; potential for, 109–110, 110

Aichilik River, 417

Aircraft: law enforcement by, 238, 242–245, 249, 251, 256, 320, 344, 366; predator control by, 274, 296–298, 308, 330, 345; sport hunting by, 205, 207, 242–244, 249–250; trapping by, 342

Akun Island, 21

Akutan, 21; and whaling, 69–73

Alaid Island, 308

Alaska Bird Sketches of Olaus Murie (Murie), 412

Alaska and its Resources (Dall), 37

Alaska Board of Fish and Game, 245

Alaska Central Railway, 384, 388

Alaska Chamber of Commerce, 274

Alaska Commercial Company, 68; and fur trade, 155, 340, 351, 380, 434; and fur seals, 32–35, 39–40

Alaska Conservation Society, 257, 425

Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, 253, 254; and game transplants, 337; and Katmai NM, 171; and predator control, 274–276, 298–300, 313; and wildlife management, 237, 255, 439

Alaska Federation of Natives, 207

Alaska Fire Control Service, 105

Alaska Fisherman’s Union, 367

Alaska Game Commission, 233, 239; and brown bears, 267–278, 346; and eagle control, 311–313; and fox control, 309; and fur trade, 22; and Glacier Bay NM, 186; and Katmai NM, 169; and Kenai Moose Range, 389; and muskoxen, 333; and 1925 Game Law, 237–250, 255, 258, 318, 428, 430, 432, 434; origins of, 233; and outdoor sporting community, 205–206, 247, 258, 434; and salmon, 366; and sea lion control, 301; translocations by, 333–335, 337; and wolf control, 288–299, 313, 317, 319

Alaska Appeal (San Francisco), 79

Alaska Herald (San Francisco), 79

Alaska Highway, 148, 244

Alaska Indian Service, 22, 294

Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, 256

Alaska Miners Assn., 421

Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980), 412; land designations, 150, 190, 280, 396, 407, 425–426, 429; and Glacier Bay NP, 190; and Mt. McKinley NP, 150; and Native claims, 360; and public opinion, 439; and wildlife refuges, 236, 280

Alaska Native Brotherhood, 343; Hoonah chapter, 268

Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971), 190, 205, 253, 360, 425–426, 488n30

Alaska Organic Act (1884), 343

Alaska Packers Assn., 355, 359, 367

Alaska Peninsula, 127; caribou on, 125, 293, 318–319; cattle and sheep on, 109, 265; exploration of, 140, 409; and fur trade, 13; Katmai eruption, 154–156; market hunting on, 214, 261–262, 318–319; salmon on, 364–368; sport hunting on, 214, 216–217, 264

Alaska Pioneers, Fairbanks Chap., 149

Alaska Pulp Co., 279

Alaska Railroad, 252; and Alaska Game Comm., 238; economics of, 106, 108, 386; meat hunting for, 218, 321, 388; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139–140, 143–144, 150; origins of, 384–385

Alaska Range: and Alaska Railroad, 385; exploration in, 137; mining in, 139, 142, 177; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140, 142–143

Alaska Sportsman, 288

Alaska Sportsmen’s Association, 421

Alaska Sportsmen’s Council, 395

Alaska Statehood Act (1958), 53, 421

Alaska Syndicate. See Morgan-Guggenheim Syndicate

Alaska Territorial Act (1912), 139, 367

Alaskan Bear Committee, 269

Alatna River, 409

Albatross, 130, 374

Albright, Horace M., 163, 290

Alcohol. See Liquor

Aleutian Canada goose, 306, 308

Aleutian Islands, 354; cattle and sheep on, 109, 309; fox farming on, 305–306; fox control on, 308, 309; and harbor seals, 89; Murie study in, 408; reindeer on, 324, 327, 328; reserves, 21, 26; and Russian fur trade, 8, 11–13, 16–30, 39, 305; and salmon, 373; and sea lions, 88; translocations to, 307, 309; and whaling, 60, 66, 69–71, 74, 196

Aleutian Islands Reserve/Wildlife Refuge, 21–23, 26, 409

Aleuts, 55, 203; conservation by, 195; and fox farming, 306; and fur trade, 8–17, 28, 32–33, 35, 40, 50–53, 54, 57, 155, 192, 338, 433; and Katmai eruption, 154–155; and salmon, 357–359; and sea lion hunting, 85–86; and walrus hunting, 75; wartime evacuation of, 52; and whaling, 59

Allen, Joel A., 221

Allotment Act of 1887, 403

Amak Island, 354, 409

Amaknak Island, 323

Amalik Bay, 158

Amchitka Island, 6; fox removal, 308; imported species, 309; nuclear tests on, 23–24; sea otters on, 9, 22–24, 195–196; and World War II, 22–23

American Bison Society, 122, 125, 127

American Committee for International Wildlife Protection, 125

American Creek, 99

American Fisheries Society, 362

American Forestry, 388

American Forestry Assn., 183, 185

American Game Protective Assn., 122, 141, 224, 232

American Geographical Society, 183

American Museum of Natural History, 122, 125, 291–292

American Nature Assn., 185

American Ornithologists’ Union, 122, 217, 220–221, 224

American Pacific Whaling Co., 69–70

American Pete, 154

American Rifleman, 311

American Society of Geologists, 183

American Society of Mammalogists: and Boone and Crockett Club, 122; and brown bears, 269; origins of, 232; and predator control, 124, 234, 286, 288–289

American Society of Taxidermists, 126

Amundsen, Roald, 137, 246, 414, 415

Anaktuvuk Pass, 207, 251, 257

Anchorage, 250; and Alaska Railroad, 385, 388; and Kenai oil, 391–395, 397

Anchorage Chamber of Commerce, 393, 420

Anchorage Daily News, 391

Anchorage Daily Times, 392–393

Anchorage Sportsmen’s Assn., 394

Anderson, Clarence, 421

Anderson, Pete, 138–139

Andreanof Islands, 24

Andrew Simons Wilderness Unit, 396

Annabel, Russell, 249, 264, 292–294, 344

Annette Island, 359

Annette Island Fishery Reserve, 360,

Antarctica, whaling at, 71–73

Anthony, Harold, 291

Antimony, 147

Antiquities Act (1906), 183

Antissarlook, Charlie, 325

Applegate, Samuel, 20

Arctic Health Research Center, 421

Arctic Institute of North America, 418

Arctic National Wildlife Range/Refuge, 423; caribou in, 413–417; exploration of, 413–414; geography of, 413, 414; management of, 424–426; and Muries, 410–412, 418, 420, 425–426; opposition to, 420–422; origins of, 400–401, 405–407, 418–422, 423, 434; and Rhode, 252, 420; significance of, 211, 417, 425, 429, 430, 437; wildlife species in, 415

Arctic Ocean. See Chukchi Sea

Arctic Village (Marshall), 401

Arctic Wild (Crisler), 291

Arnett, Ray, 475n47

Arnold, W.C., 395

Associated Mountaineering Clubs of North America, 183

Astoria, OR, 354, 367

Atka Island, 21–22, 305–306, 367

Atlantic Monthly, 112

Atlantic Richfield Co. (ARCO). See Richfield Oil Co.

Atomic Energy Commission, 23

Attu, 11, 21–23, 305

Atwood, Burton, 393, 395

Atwood, Robert, 392–393, 395–396, 475n47

Audubon, John James

Audubon, Lucy Bakewell, 117

Auke Bay Laboratory, 374

Aukley Spit, 304

Austria, 262

Baade, Dixie, 421

Bahr, Andrew, 331

Baidaras, 6

Baidarkas, 154, 156; for hunting, 9–10, 10, 12, 17, 59

Bailey, Alfred M., 227, 231, 245; and brown bears, 266; and eagles, 310, and wolves, 285

Bailey, Vernon, 223

Baillie Islands, 332

Baird, Spencer F., 35; collecting for Smithsonian, 39, 220, 225; and origin of U.S. Fish Comm., 220, 225

Baja California, 29, 74, 86

Balluta, Andrew, 197

Baked Mountain, 164

Bales, L.L., 332

Ballinger, Richard, 381–383

Baranof Island: and brown bears, 279; and salmon, 363; translocations to, 321, 334, 336; and whaling, 69

Baranov, Alexander, 12–14, 16, 155, 380

Barnes, Kathleen, 367–368

Barrill, Ed, 138

Barrow, 69, 80, 322, 325, 331, 418

Barter Island, 424

Bartlett Cove, 185, 188, 191

Bartlett, Sen. E.L. “Bob”: and Arctic Refuge, 421–422; and Glacier Bay, 187; and Katmai NM, 170, 172; and Kenai oil, 392, 396

Bartonek, Jim, 256

Beach, Rex, 98, 185–186

Bean, Tarleton H., 356

Bear Creek (Kenai Pen.), 380

Bear (revenue cutter), 66; and Eskimo starvation, 80; and reindeer introduction, 323, 324; and whaler rescue, 68, 324

Beardslee, Capt. L.A., 457n4

Beardslee Islands, 185

Bears, black, 150, 191, 218; on Kenai Pen., 215, 378, 389; poisoning of, 296, 297; as predators, 299, 389; sport hunting of, 317

Bears, brown/grizzly, 261, 346, 408, 415; and Boone and Crockett Club, 124, 132, 264, 267; and Katmai eruption, 158–161; and Katmai NP, 169–171, 174, 191; on Kenai Pen., 215–216, 216, 266, 378, 398; and logging, 248, 268, 279–280; market hunting of, 260–262, 264, 345; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 150, 290; Native hunting of, 197; predator control of, 272–276, 281, 299, 330; protection of, 217–218, 223, 234–236, 248, 250, 255, 267, 270–271, 274, 276, 279–281, 346, 349, 431; reserves for, 234, 254, 270–271, 278–279; sport hunting of, 215, 215–216, 216, 219, 250, 262, 264, 274, 276–278, 278; views of, 259, 264–270, 280–281, 313, 409–410, 430–431, 438. See also Admiralty Island

Bears, polar: in Arctic Refuge, 414; and Eskimos, 413; and global warming, 108; management of, 206–207, 253, 435; sport hunting of, 81, 81, 94, 216–217, 250, 317

Beaufort, Sir Frances, 413

Beavers, 175, 379; depletion of, 214, 398; illegal take of, 213, 240, 344; protection of, 218, 237–238, 240, 282; trapping of, 16, 18, 338–340, 345

Been, Frank, 291

Bell, Frank T., 363

Belvedere, 68

Bennett, Hugh, 386

Benson, Jack, 239

Bering, Capt. Vitus, 4–8

Bering Island, 5–8, 27–28, 441n8

Bering River coalfields, 381, 385, 399

Bering Sea, 156, 252, 253, 256; commercial fishing in, 53; explorations in, 94, 130; and fur sealing, 27, 40–42; and reindeer, 327; salmon in, 351, 372–374; seals in, 89; walrus hunting in, 75–84; whaling in, 59–60, 63–65, 71–74

Bering Sea Patrol, 42

Bering Sea Tribunal, 42, 44, 49

Bering Strait: caribou predation at, 293; fur trade at, 338; Harriman Expedition at, 113; walrus hunting in, 80–83, 448n74; and Western Union project, 36; whaling in, 67

Berlin, 353–354

Bernard, Joseph, 82

Berners Bay, 334

Bertholf, Lt. Ellsworth, 69, 324–325

Bethel, 256

Big Koniuji Island, 306

Big Softuk Bar, 304

Biorka, 22

Birds: and conservation leaders, 117, 125, 127–128, 220–221, 223–225, 228–229, 233–234, 256–257; market hunting of, 13, 232, 232; in parks and refuges, 150, 174, 187, 191, 414; predation of, 293–294, 306–309; predator control of, 304, 310–313; protection of, 218, 221, 223–224, 228–229, 233–237, 256–257, 307–308, 414, 422; refuges for, 228–229, 233–234, 422; sport hunting of, 233–236, 244, 250, 293–294, 311–312; waterfowl, 207, 218, 256–257, 293–294, 422

Birds of Alaska (Gabrielson), 234

Bishop, Bob, 395

Blaine, James G. (Sec. of State), 41

Black Fox Creek, 411

Black Hills expedition, 118

Blackstone Bay, 182

Board of Geographic Names, 404

Bob Marshall Wilderness, 404

Boca de Quadra Bay, 363

Boddy, A.W. “Bud,” 395, 421

Bodega Bay, 14

Bodfish, Capt. Hartson, 332

Bogoslof Island, 442n2

Bonanza, 414

Bonanza Creek, 98

Bonanza Mine, 108

Bone, Gov. Scott, 284

Bonner, Rep. Herbert, 392

Boone and Crockett Club, 48, 252, 401, 407; and brown bears, 264, 267, 280; and Bureau of Biological Survey, 212, 229, 234; and Katmai NM, 168; and Mt. McKinley NP, 135, 139–143, 150, 234; and 1925 Game Law, 232–233; origins of, 116–117, 119–120; political activism of, 116–117, 120–127, 130–134, 210, 217, 221, 224, 229, 236, 264, 428, 434, 437; and wolf control, 289–291

Boston, 15

Botanical Society of America, 183

Bounties. See Predator control

Bowers, George, 49

Brady Glacier, 93

Brady, Gov. John G., 357

Branch of Predator and Rodent Control, 294–300

Brandeis, Louis, 383

Bristol Bay, 253; and fur trade, 374; and Katmai eruption, 154–155; research in, 374, salmon in, 304, 364, 368, 372–374; walruses in, 83, 85; whaling in, 60

British Columbia, 31, 155; and salmon, 352, 376; and Western Union project, 36; and whaling, 71, 74

Broad Pass, 137, 293

Brooks, Alfred H., 104–105, 137, 183, 265

Brooks Camp, 173

Brooks, James W. “Jim,” 83, 253–255

Brooks Lake, 171, 374

Brooks Range, 156, 413; and Arctic Refuge, 252, 414, 415, 418; Bob Marshall in, 401, 404–405; caribou in, 416–417; Muries in, 411; muskoxen in, 332; name origin, 265; Nunamiut hunting in, 199, 252; predator control in, 297; reindeer trek in, 331

Brooks River, 171, 174

Brower, Charles: and muskoxen, 331, 470n47; and whaling, 65, 68–69, 325

Brown, William E., 147

Browne, Belmore, 138, 139; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140–142, 290–291, 454n12; and 1925 Game Law, 230; and predator control, 290–291

Browne Tower, 150

Buckley, John L., 255, 347

Buffalo Shirt Mountain, 198

Buffalo, plains, 331; and conservation, 2, 56, 118, 120, 127, 230, 266, 357; sport hunting of, 335; translocation of, 334, 337

Buffalo, wood, 198, 335–336

Bull Moose Party, 383

Burch, Lucius, 311–312

Bureau of Biological Survey (BBS), 223, 226; activities of, 231, 233–236; and Boone and Crockett Club, 122, 140, 212, 236; establishment of refuges, 224, 233–234; and fox farming, 21; and fur trade, 340; and game waste, 218, 318–319; and Glacier Bay NM, 186; jurisdiction of, 52, 212, 222, 237, 272; and Kenai Moose Range, 389; and migratory birds, 212, 233–236; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140, 150; and muskoxen, 333; and 1925 Game Law, 229–233, 237, 258, 430, 437; Olaus Murie in, 408–409; origins of, 210, 220–221; political initiatives by, 221–222; and predator control, 222, 233–234, 236, 266, 270, 281, 283–284, 285–288, 313, 409, 430; and reindeer, 326, 329–330; and scientific explorations, 22, 131–132, 432; and sea otters, 22; and wildlife translocations, 334–336; and wildlife values, 211, 347

Bureau of Education (USDOI), 326, 327

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 302, 308, 367, 371

Bureau of Fisheries, 308; and Aleuts, 51; jurisdiction of, 217, 340; and salmon, 357, 362–367, 374

Bureau of Forestry, 219

Bureau of Indian Affairs, 83, 359

Bureau of Land Management: and Arctic Refuge, 422; cattle leasing by, 274; and Kenai oil, 392, 396; and Mt. McKinley NP, 147; and reindeer, 329; and sheep ranching, 309

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 426. See also U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Burkholder, Bob, 297, 467n54

Burnham, John B., 141–142, 224, 232

Burroughs, John, 114, 221

Buske, Frank, 94

C.S. White, 44

Cahalane, Victor, 173

California, 17, 25, 223; and Alaska coal, 380; and fur trade, 14, 21, 27–29; Muir in, 92–93, 111–114; and salmon, 351, 357, 376; sea lions in, 86; and whaling, 65, 68, 71–73. See also San Francisco

Call, Samuel J., 69, 324–325

Callbreath, John C., 362

Camden Bay, 390, 332, 413, 416, 486

Camp Fire Club of America, 428; and Boone and Crockett Club, 122; and fur seals, 49; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140–141, 224, 288–291; and 1925 Game Law, 230, 232; and wolf control, 288–291

Campbell, John M, 191, 425

Canada: and Arctic Refuge, 418, 420, 422, 426; and border dispute, 180–181; Bureau of Biological Survey in, 221; and fur seal treaty, 21, 48–49, 52, 56; and fur trade, 21, 33–34, 40–46, 77, 338, 344; and Gold Rush, 97–98, 104, 110; and law enforcement, 241–242, 249; and muskoxen, 331–334; and reindeer, 330–331; and salmon, 253, 373; and timber industry, 106; and Western Union expedition, 36; whaling by, 69, 71–74; and wood buffaloes, 336; in World War II, 22. See also British Columbia

Cane, Col. Claude, 353, 387; sport hunting by, 214–215, 262, 387

Cannikin, Project, 24

Canton, 31

Canuanar, 68

Cape Belcher, 67

Cape Lisburne, 255

Cape Newenham, 256

Cape Prince of Wales, 5; and reindeer, 322, 324; and walrus hunting, 77–79; and whaling, 66

Cape Smyth, 68

Cape Spencer, 155

Cape Vancouver, 68, 225, 324

Capps, Stephen R., 143, 148, 153

Carib, 75

Caribou: in Arctic Refuge, 413–417; and forest fires, 107, 288, 386; and global warming, 107; Grant’s, 125, 319; and Katmai NM/NP, 160; on Kenai Pen., 214–216, 319, 334, 378, 386–387, 397–399, 474n28; Kobuk-Noatak herd, 319; market hunting of, 100–101, 214–215, 230, 232, 232, 318–319, 386–387; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 150, 289, 290; Native hunting of, 192, 199, 202, 206, 214, 318, 322; Nelchina herd, 294, 298–299, 319; population trends, 318–320; protection of, 218, 282, 292–299, 313, 317, 349; and reindeer, 285–286, 327, 329–330; sport hunting of, 215–217, 215, 217, 317, 387; translocations of, 309, 334, 337; in whaling era, 192, 318, 322, 413; Yukon-Tanana herd, 319

Carlson, Carlos, 169

Carlson, Hjalmar “Slim,” 289

Carlyle Island, 307

Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 408

Carroll, Capt. James, 177

Carter, Pres. Jimmy, 175, 412

Castle Rock, 28

Castoreum, 340

Catherine the Great, 11

Catlin, George, 116

Caton Island, 468n96

Cats, 308

Cattle, 109; and brown bears, 265–266, 268, 271–276, 281; feral, 306, 468n96; and Glacier Bay NM, 187; and wolves, 283

Century magazine, 111

Chain saws, 342

Champion, 67

Chandalar Lake, 332

Chandalar Reservation, 342

Chandalar River, 332, 416

Chandler Lake, 297

Charlie, 414

Chase, Will, 278

Chatanika, 101

Chatanika River, 105

Chaudiere, Capt. Narcisse, 60

Chernabura Island, 468n96

Chicago Academy of Science, 36

Chicago Audubon Society, 36

Chichagof Island, 176; and brown bears, 186, 269–271, 279; game translocations to, 344

Chickaloon River, 292

Chickamin River, 238, 334

Chignik, 368

Chile, 376

Chilkat Oil Co., 391

Chilkat Pass, 98

Chilkoot Pass, 98

China: and fur trade, 8, 14–15, 28–31; and ivory trade, 76; and sea lions, 86

Chinese workers, 361

Chirikov, Alexei, 5

Chisholm, Red, 165

Chitina, 334, 381, 385

Chitina River, 102, 310

Christian River, 332

Chugach National Forest, 395; withdrawal by Roosevelt, 219, 383, 429, 434

Chugach Range, 114

Chukchi Sea, 305, and polar bear research, 255; walrus hunting in, 80, 82, 82; whaling in, 59, 63–65

Chukotka Natives, 78–79

Church, Donovan B., 162–163

Circle City, 99–100, 104, 326

Cisney, Doyle, 467n54

Cities Service Co., 391

Citizens Committee on Natural Resources, 421

City of Topeka, 179, 179

Civil War, 67

Clarence Rhode National Wildlife Range, 252, 256–257

Clark, Gov. Walter, 22, 266

Clark, James R., 290

Clear River, 404

Clergy, Russian Orthodox, and Alaska Natives, 11

Cleveland, Pres. Grover, 41, 112

Clinton, Pres. Bill, 412

Coal, 108, 380; and Alaska Railroad, 108, 384–386; leasing controversy, 381–384, 433–434, 436

Cohen, Michael P., 95

Colby, William, 113–114

Cold War, 187, 244

College, 333, 337

Collier’s Weekly, 382

Collins, George L., 418, 425

Collins, Grenold, 239, 242, 249

Colville River, 332

Columbia River, 357

Colvin, Verplanck, 402

Commander (Kommandorski) Islands: and fur trade, 8, 18, 28–31, 32, 44, 51, 305; and sea cow, 441n8. See also Bering Island; Copper Island

Committee on Refuges, 123

Conservation: Alaskan opposition to, 230; and coal leasing, 446–447, 429; origins of, 116–117, 120–122, 220–221; by Russians, 1, 17, 31–32, 428, 430–431, 433; of salmon, 364–365; of sea lions, 87–88; values, 428–440; of walruses, 84; of whales, 72–74. See also Environmental organizations; Values, environmental

Conservation, utilitarian, xvii, 2–3, 26, 133, 429–430, 514–515; by Athabaskans, 204; and Boone and Crockett Club, 119, 133; and forests, 112, 402; and fur seals, 50; and 1925 Game Law, 233, 258; and pinnipeds, 89; and sea otters, 26; and wildlife management, 211, 247, 258, 346, 429–430

Conservation Foundation, 418

Constitutional Convention (Alaska), 245

Controller Bay, 5

Cook, Capt. James, 5, 14, 29, 379

Cook, Frederick A., 137–138

Cook Inlet, 13; and explorations, 125, 136, 379; gold at, 380; oil at, 256, 390, 398; and salmon, 364, 368; whaling at, 71; and wolves, 386

Coolidge, Pres. Calvin, 121, 183

Coon, George, 386

Cooper, James Fenimore, 402

Cooper, William S., 182; and Glacier Bay, 181–185, 191, 437

Copper, 59, 108, 371, 380

Copper Island, 8, 27–28

Copper River, 98, 105; game translocations to, 335; and railroads, 108, 385; salmon predation by seals and sea lions, 303–304

Copper River Co-op Cannery, 457n79

Copper River and Northwestern Railway, 108, 381, 385

Cordova, 244, 279, 390; market hunting at, 388; and mining, 108, 381

Cordova District Fisheries Union, 457n79

Cordova Fish and Cold Storage, 457n79

Cordova Seal Committee, 304

Cormorant, spectacled, 6, 441n8

Corwin, 18, 34, 79, 94–95, 130

Coulter, Jack, 99

Council on National Parks, Forests and Wild Life, 183

Cowles, Henry Chandler, 181

Coyotes, 191, 378, 409, 465n11; control of, 238, 241, 251, 283–285, 288–289, 292, 294, 296–299, 314, 330, 409; as predators, 222, 289, 294, 321; protection of, 344, 412; study of, 408, 410; trapping of, 345

Craig, 244, 354

Crimean War, 31, 60

Cripple Creek, 101, 103

Crisler, Lois and Herb, 291, 417

Crown Zellerbach Corp., 270

Cuddy, Dan, 395

Cunningham, Clarence, 381–383

Curtis, Garniss H., 172

Custer, Gen. George Armstrong, 118

Cygnet, 34

Dall, William H., 38, 131, 222; career of, 36–37; in Lituya Bay, 180; and salmon, 356

Dan Creek, 102

Dark Island, 307

Darling, F. Fraser: and Arctic Refuge, 418; and wolf predation, 288, 313, 319–320, 348

Darling, J.N. “Ding,” 234

Davidson Mountains, 411, 414

Dawson (YT), 104, 110

Dayvidov, G.I., 12

DeArmond, Robert, 375

Death Valley expedition, 222–223, 223, 227

Deer Mountain, 363

Deer, Sitka black-tailed: commercial hunting of, 213, 217, 231, 359; harvest of, 319; and logging, 322; population trends, 322; and predator control, 284, 294, 298, 317; protection of, 237, 282, 317; translocations of, 334, 335

Delarof Island, 24

Delta Junction, 334

Demaray, Arthur, 289

Denali, 136. See also Mt. McKinley; Mt. McKinley NP

Denali Highway, 149

Denali National Park and Preserve, 149. See also Mt. McKinley; Mt. McKinley NP; Sheldon, Charles

Densmore, Frank, 137

Denver Museum of Natural History, 227

Dept. of the Interior, Canada, 330

Depression. See Great Depression

Dezhnev, Semyon, 4–5

Dice, Lee R., 341–342

Dickey, William A., 137

Dillingham, 240, 244, 264

Dillingham, Sen. William R., 264

Dimond, Delegate Anthony, 244, 272, 278, 288

Diomede Islands, 39, 254

Disney, Walt, 56, 291

Distant Early Warning (DEW), 424

Div. of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy, 220, 222, 283

Dixon, Sen. Joseph M., 49

Dixon, Joseph S., 147, 270

Dogs, feral, 300, 308

Dolan, Jim, 312

Dolly Varden char: bounty on, 285, 299, 301; salmon predation by, 300–301, 363

Dora, 158

Douglas, 104, 231

Douglas (Kaguyak), 155

Douglas, Justice William O., and Mercedes, 419

Dry Bay, 185

Ducks Unlimited, 294

Dufresne, Frank, 390, 412; and Alaska Game Comm., 239, 242, 245–248, 258; and brown bears, 248, 269, 279–280; and buffaloes, 334–335; and eagles, 312; and wolves, 292

Dundas Bay, 185

Dutch Harbor, 22

Dyea, 97, 295

Eagle, 36, 99, 409, 414

Eagles, bald, 256, 398; bounty on, 284, 299, 310–313; as predators, 300, 310, 343; protection of, 313

Eagles, golden, 415; bounty on, 284; predation by, 310–311, 313; and sheep, 290

East, Ben, 52

East Cape, 67

Ecological Society of America, 182–183, 289

Ecology, science of: origins of, 221–222, 286; and predator control, 283, 287, 289–292, 315; and wildlife management, 286–287, 432, 439

Edgartown, MA, 67

Edrie, 180

Edwards River, 304

Egan, Gov. William, 313, 421

Eisenhower, Pres. Dwight D., 187, 369, 391, 399

El Nino, 376

Elbe, 60

Eldridge, George, 137

Elk, 334, 337, 408, 410

Elkins, Steven B., 40

Elks Club, Anchorage, 392

Elliott, Henry W., 37, 196, 202; environmental activism of, 47, 90, 115, 435; and fur seals, 35–36, 39, 41–42, 45–50, 55–56, 130, 222, 430; and killer whales, 283; and 1925 Game Law, 230

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 92, 205

Endangered Species Act (1973), 88

Endicott Mountains, 332

English Bay, 380

Environmental organizations: and Alaska conservation, 2, 74, 153, 281, 425, 439; and Arctic Refuge, 418–419, 421, 425–426; and Katmai NM, 185; and Kenai Moose Range, 393; and logging, 106; and predator control, 289, 291. See also Nature groups

Ernest Gruening State Historical Park, 257

Esais, 139

Eskimos, 194, 195; defined, 459n17; and fur trade, 77, 338, 340; and polar bears, 413; and reindeer, 293, 294, 322–331; and walrus hunting, 77–85, 193, 255; and whaling, 59, 65, 66, 69, 72

Eskimos, Bernik, 200

Eskimos, Canadian, 69, 330, 331, 459n17

Eskimos, Chugach Alutiiq, 88, 380, 459n17; and Russian fur trade, 13, 17, 192

Eskimos, Inuit, 200, 331, 459n17

Eskimos, Inupiat, 194, 199, 206, 253, 257, 459n17

Eskimos, Koniag (Kodiak) Alutiiq, 459n17; and brown bears, 276; and Russian fur trade, 9, 10, 14, 16, 192, 338, 433; whaling by, 59

Eskimos, Nunamiut, 199–200, 207, 257, 459n17

Eskimos, Siberian, 69, 74, 84, 459n17

Eskimos, Tagmiugmiut, 413

Eskimos, Yup’ik, 200, 364, 459n17; waterfowl hunting, 207, 218

Esquimault, BC, 31, 41

Etolin Island, 362

Europe, 177, 331; and fur trade, 29–31, 88, 188, 261, 338, 340, 344; and whaling, 72

Everglades NP, 123

Excursion Inlet, 185

Explorers Club, 183

The Extermination of the American Bison (Hornaday), 127

Exxon Valdez, 25, 439

Eyak Lake, 279

Eyerdam, Walter, 21

Fairbanks, 138, 326; and Alaska Railroad, 108, 384–385; and Arctic Refuge, 419, 425; and Game Comm., 239, 242, 244, 255–256; and gold mining, 101–103, 217; meat hunting for, 141, 143, 217, 229–230, 231–232, 232; Muries in, 408, 411, 419; and trapping, 342, 408; wood consumption by, 106

Fairbanks Chamber of Commerce, 419

Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, 288, 393, 419

Fairbanks Exploration Co., 101–102, 103

Fairbanks Garden Club, 419

Fairweather coast, 179

Fairwell, 335

Falkland Islands, 29

Farallon Islands, 14, 29

Farley, John, 392

Favorite, 43

Field and Stream, 247, 279, 291

Fienup-Riordan, Ann, 200

Fires. See Forests, fires in

Fisher, Albert K., 223

Fisheries Research Institute, 379

Fishers, 344

Fishing, commercial, 347; and conservation, 364; environmental impacts of, 213; and fur seals, 53, 57; in Glacier Bay NM, 190; and harbor seals, 88–90, 301–302; and Katmai NM, 169; and salmon predation, 300–304; and sea lions, 25, 87–90, 301–302; and sea otters, 25; value of, 348; and walruses, 85. See also Salmon

Fishing, sport, 169, 171, 245, 247

Fitzhugh, William, 227

Flakne, Joe, 418

Flaxman Island, 413

Fleck, Richard, 96

Folsom, Lucius G., 160, 162

Ford, Corey, 247, 248, 279

Forest and Stream, 118–119, 123, 221, 224, 362

Forest Reserves Act, 111, 120, 183

Forestry Commission, 112

Forests: fires in, 104–107, 201, 288, 319–320, 386; and global warming, 107–108; and gold mining, 1, 104–107; protection of, 115, 120, 434; timber industry, 106

Fort Alexandrovsk, 379

Fort Ross (Russian Colony), 14

Fort Yukon, 36, 209, 338, 414

Foster, John W. (Sec. of State), 41

Fouke Fur Co., 51, 55

Fox farming: and Alaska Natives, 343; coastal, 21, 305–307, 342–343; and eagles, 310–311, 343; and fur seals, 51; in Glacier Bay NM, 86–87; and sea lions, 87

Fox Islands, 66, 305

Foxes, 379, 415; bird predation by, 51, 306, 307, 309; control of, 308–310, 314, 330; and forest fires, 106, 340; illegal take of, 240, 284; introduction of, 21, 305, 322, 342, 432; protection of, 240; trapping of, 8, 13, 18, 22, 27, 199, 308, 330, 338–340, 345, 345. See also Fox farming

France/French: exploration by, 14–15, 179–180; and sea otter trade, 15, 17; whaling by, 60

Franklin, Sir John, 31, 413

Fraser River, 36

Frederick, Karl, 312

Fredericksen, Stanley, 252

Friedman, Ralph, 291

Frontier myths, 109, 119, 371, 436, 438

Funny River, 390

Funter Bay, 52, 352

Fur Seal Act (1910), 21, 26, 51

Fur Seal Advisory Board, 49, 130, 222

Fur Seal Convention (1957), 53

Fur Seal Service, 32

Fur Seal Treaty (1911). See North Pacific Sealing Convention

Fur trade, 1, 20, 29; American, 14–17, 29–44, 49–53, 54, 56–57, 69, 217, 305–308, 310, 340–344; British, 13–16, 29, 31, 340; French, 15, 17; Russian, 4, 7–17, 18, 21, 27–33, 40, 305, 338–340. See also Europe; Furbearers; Trapping

Furbearers (terrestrial): and forest fires, 106, 340; jurisdiction over, 217–218, 231, 340; in Mt. McKinley NP, 150; poaching of, 213–214, 284; protection of, 218, 240–242, 282; trade in, 18, 338–342, 345. See also mammals by species

Gabrielson, Ira N., 235; background, 234; beliefs, 234–236; and brown bears, 234, 273–274; conservation work, 234–236, 252; creation of refuges, 211, 273, 389–390, 437; and moose, 389, 393–394; and salmon, 370; and wolf control, 293–294

Galapagos Islands, 29

Gambell, 83–84

Game law of 1902, 214, 224, 265, 317; and Boone and Crockett Club, 121, 125, 127, 264; provisions of, 217–218, 231, 238, 260, 264, 387

Game law of 1908, 224, 265, 267, 317; and Kenai game, 388; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 150; provisions of, 218, 229, 231, 238, 264

Game Law of 1925, 236, 399; and Boone and Crockett Club, 121, 131–132, 134; enforcement of, 237–245, 248–252, 389; origins of, 128, 224, 228, 229–232, 267, 317; provisions of, 233, 237–238, 276, 282, 337, 346. See also Alaska Game Commission

Game preservation committee (Boone and Crockett), 124, 130–132; and fur seals, 130; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 141; and 1925 Game Law, 229

Gange, 60

Gardner, “Dod,” 99

Gardner, Thomas, 268

Gareloi Island, 307

Garfield, James (Sec. of Interior), 382

Garland, A.H. (Atty. Gen.), 40

Gas, natural, 398

Gates of the Arctic National Park, 407

Gay, Charlie, 99

Geist, Otto, 412

General Land Office, 184, 271, 381–382

Geographic Harbor, 168, 170

George W. Elder, 179

Germany, 72, 262, 406

Gibson, Tom and Elmer, 217

Gideon, Hieromonk, 16

Gilbert, Grove Carl, 181

Gilbert Inlet, 180

Gill, Harold, 353–354

Gilley, Capt. George, 77

Gjoa, 414, 415

Glacier Bay, 176, 457n4; commercial fishing in, 190; exploration of, 176–182, 182; Muir at, 93–94, 177; seal hunting in, 188; tourism at, 177, 179

Glacier Bay–Kluane-Tatshenshini-Wrangell/St. Elias World Heritage Site, 191

Glacier Bay National Monument/Park, 184, 219, 222, 433, 437; and Boone and Crockett Club, 121, 123; and brown bears, 270, 278–279, 281; glaciology in, 177, 181–182; and John Muir, 114; management of, 185–191; minerals in, 185–186; Native claims in, 97, 188–190, 192; and nonconsumptive values, 190, 430, 437; origins of, 114, 176, 182, 182–183, 316, 434; seal hunting in, 188–190; tourism in, 190–191; wildlife species in, 191. See also Glacier Bay; Muir, John

Glacier National Park, 121

Glaser, Frank, 239; and wolf control, 285, 292, 294, 297–298, 467n54

Glavis, Louis, 382–383

Glazunov, Andrei, 136

Glenn, Capt. Edwin F., 137

Global warming, 25–26, 54, 107–108; and Arctic Refuge, 426; and caribou, 107, 323; and forests, 107; and moose, 320; and pinnipeds, 25, 54, 57, 85, 89–90; and salmon, 376, and whales, 75

Goats, mountain, 96–97, 191; eagle predation of, 310; on Kenai Pen., 388, 398; population trends, 321; protection of, 218, 282; sport hunting of, 219, 317; translocation of, 334, 335, 336

Goff, Charles, 35, 41

Gold. See Gold Rushes; Mining, gold

Gold Rushes: and Alaska Railroad, 384–386; environmental impacts of, 1, 80, 103–107, 210, 213, 262, 284–289, 318–320, 429; and John Muir, 97–98, 110, 435; at Juneau, 210, 213; on Kenai Pen., 380; Klondike, 97–98, 104–107, 137, 213, 380; market hunting for, 213, 217, 318–319; and reindeer, 323–326; and trapping, 340

Golikov, Ivan, 11–12

Golovnin Bay, 71

Grand Canyon, 113

Grant, Madison, 124; background, 122–123; beliefs, 123–126, 453n27; and Boone and Crockett Club, 122–127, 130, 132–133, 140; and brown bears, 267, 269, 278, 431; interest in Alaska, 124–125, 436–437; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140

Great Britain: and Crimean War, 31; and fur trade, 11, 15–18, 21, 35, 262, 340; and oil, 391; and sealing dispute, 21, 41–42, 45–46, 49, 56; and whaling, 72. See also Hudson’s Bay Co.; London

Great Depression, 109; and bounties, 285; and fur trade, 306, 343; and hunting, 317; and ivory carving, 83; and Mt. McKinley NP, 148, 153; and salmon, 375; and whaling, 71

Greeley, William B., 232

Green Willow Creek, 417

Greenland, 331–333

Gregory, Homer F., 367–368

Griggs, Laura, 164

Griggs, Robert F.: and aircraft hunting, 250; and Glacier Bay NM, 183; and Katmai eruption, 160–163, 164; and Katmai NM, 168–169, 172, 175, 437

Grinnell, George Bird, 122; background, 117–118; beliefs, 118, 121, 194; and Boone and Crockett Club, 117–123, 131–132; and brown bears, 267; interest in Alaska, 437; and Mt. McKinley NP, 142; political activism of, 115, 119–123, 142, 221, 224, 236; and salmon, 357, 362

Grinnell, Joseph, 270, 286

Grosvenor Camp, 172

Grosvenor, Gilbert, 163

Gruening, Sen. Ernest, 255; and Arctic Refuge, 421–422; and federal control, 219–220, 321, 371; and Katmai NM, 174; and Kenai oil, 392, 395–396; and predator control, 290; and reindeer, 329; and salmon, 371

Guadalupe Island, 29

Guatemala, 227

Gubser, Harlan P., 285

Guides, hunting/fishing: and brown bears, 274; and conservation, 430; economic value of, 268, 276; influence of, 434; licensing of, 233

Gulf of Alaska: fox farming in, 305; and Katmai eruption, 155; and salmon, 376; sea lions in, 88; whaling in, 58, 60, 73–74

Gulls, 300, 304

Gustavus, 184–187, 270

Gutermuth, Clinton “Pink,” 252, 422

Gvosdev, Mikhail, 5

Hadwen, Seymour, 245, 326

Hahn, Walter L., 308

Haines, 326

Haines Chamber of Commerce, 183

Hakala, John, 255

Halibut, 301

Hallock, Charles, 118

Hames, Raymond, 202, 205, 207

Hamlin, Charles, 19–20

Hammond, Jay, 298, 467n54

Hammond River, 404

Harding, Pres. Warren G., 183, 364, 385–386

Hares, Arctic, 175, 415

Harper, Walter, 138, 139

Harriman, Edward R., 113

Harriman Alaska Expedition, 113, 121, 222, 357, 437; and Glacier Bay NM, 179, 181

Harriman Foundation, 223

Harris, Buck, 467n54

Harrison, Pres. Benjamin, 41–42, 111, 121

Hasselborg, Al, 269

Hawaiian Islands, 17, 351

Hay, John (Sec. of State), 48

Hayden Yellowstone Expeditions, 39, 220

Healy, 108

Healy, Capt. Michael, 18, 79–80

Hearst newspapers, 186

Heintzleman, Gov. B.F., 279, 418

Helm Bay, 356

Henley, Dave, 274

Henry, Joseph, 35

Herendeen Bay, 216

Herring, Fred, 267

Herron, Lt. Joseph, 137

Herschel Island, 415; whalers at, 66, 318, 332, 413

Hetch Hetchy Valley, 114

Hesse, William A., 158, 159, 162

Hibbard Stewart Co., 80

Hickel, Walter, 395

Hidden Basin, 336

Hinchinbrook Island, 379

Hitchcock, Sen. Gilbert, 50

H.M.S. Discovery, 177

Holbrook, Don, 174

Hollingstad, Capt. Casper, 301

Holzworth, John M., 268–269, 278, 281, 431

Homer, 380, 387

Hoonah, 188, 279

Hooper, Capt. C.L., 19

Hoover, Pres. Herbert, 169, 175, 333, 409; and salmon fisheries, 364

Hope, 380, 386, 388

Hornaday, William T., 129; background, 126–127; beliefs, 127–129; and brown bears, 268, 281, 431; and fur seals, 46–50, 56, 130, 430; and 1925 Game Law, 230, 232; political activism of, 127–130, 221, 437; and predator control, 284

Horner, Mel A., 159, 162

Hosley, Neil, 255

Hubbard, Fr. Bernard, 165–166, 167

Hubbard, John V., 181

Hudson Bay, 408

Hudson’s Bay Co., 31, 36, 413; and fur trade, 15–16, 77, 209, 212, 338

Hunter, Celia M., 421, 423, 425

Hunting and Fishing in Alaska (Annabel), 292

Hunting, commercial, 123–125, 127, 147, 213–214, 316–317; of brown bears, 260–262, 264; of eagles, 312–313; on Kenai Pen., 214, 386–388; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 141–143, 146, 288, 321; by Natives, 100–101, 192, 202–203, 213–214, 218, 387–388; opposition to, 119, 123–125, 127–128, 210, 217–218, 237–238, 317; and wolf control, 284. See also Otters, sea; Sea lions; Seals, fur; Seals, harbor; Walrus; Whaling

Hunting, sport: by aircraft, 249–250; on Alaska Pen., 214, 216; and Alaska economy, 232, 268, 274; of brown bears, 216, 276–278, 278, 280; and conservation legislation, 117, 233, 430, 433; of eagles, 312–318; harvests, 215, 219, 317; on Kenai Pen., 214–217, 233, 261, 387; of mountain goats, 321; of muskoxen, 333; philosophy of, 118–119, 128, 132–133, 452n4, 452n8; political influence of, 120–122, 206, 245, 258, 434; and predator control, 313; regulation of, 217–218, 237–238, 243–245, 249, 276, 317; in Southeast, 214; and translocations, 322; of walruses, 82, 82, 84. See also Guides

Hunting Trips of the Ranchman (Roosevelt), 120

Hutchinson and Kohl, 32, 155

Ibach, Joe and Muz, 185–186

Ickes, Harold (Sec. of Interior), 186, 278, 342

Icy Cape, 5, 67, 199

Idaho, 177–179

Iliamna, 12, 261

Iliamna Lake, 168, 261

Imler, Ralph, 301–303

Indian River, 214

Indians, Algonquin, 194

Indians, Athabaskan, 413; brown bear hunting by, 260; conservation by, 194–195, 197–198, 204, 207, 431–432; and fur trade, 338; and salmon, 360, 364; use of copper, 380; use of fire, 201; and wood buffaloes, 336

Indians, Black River Kutchin, 198

Indians, Chandalar Kutchin, 332, 342

Indians, Chipewyan, 198

Indians, Dena’ina, 197

Indians, Gwitch’in (Kutchin), 207, 338, 413, 488n30

Indians, Haida, 15, 196, 360

Indians, Kenaitze, 13, 192

Indians, Koyukon, 197–198, 200, 207, 338

Indians, Makah, 34, 74

Indians, Metlakatla, 359

Indians, Taku, 358

Indians, Tanaina, 16, 146, 338, 380

Indians, Tlingit: conservation by, 196–197, 207; and fishing rights, 357–360; and fur seals, 51; and Glacier Bay NM, 177–180, 188–190, 192; and harbor seals, 88; and Muir, 93–94, 96–97, 177, 203; and Russian fur trade, 10–11, 13–17, 19, 192; in salmon industry, 361, 362, 375

Indians, Tsimshian, 196

Influenza epidemic of 1918, 326

Inside Passage, 93

Innoko-Iditarod district, 385

Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, 257

Institute of Northern Agricultural Research, 334

Institute of Pacific Relations, 367

International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling (1949), 73

International North Pacific Anadromous Fisheries Commission, 374

International Whaling Commission, 73–74

International Whaling Convention (1931), 72

Inuit, 459n17

Iron, 380

Isaac Walton League: Anchorage chap., 466n46; and Arctic Refuge, 418, 421; Cordova chap., 466n46; and Glacier Bay NM, 185; and Kenai oil, 383; Petersburg chap., 466n46

Island Between (Murie), 412

Ivishak River, 252

Ivvavik National Park, 426

Izembek National Wildlife Range, 252, 422

Jackson Hole, WY, 408, 412

Jackson, Rev. Sheldon, 333; and Muir, 92–93, 178; and reindeer introduction, 80, 318, 322–326, 330

Jackson, William Henry, 39

Jacobs, Locke, 391, 475n47

Japan, 79; and fur seals, 34, 44–46, 49, 51–53, 56; and ivory carving, 76; and sea otters, 21–22; whaling by, 71–74; in World War II, 22

Japan, 67

Jarvela, Rep. Gilbert, 274

Jarvis, Lt. David H., 69, 324–325

Jeanette, 94–95

Jeffries, Noah L., 40

Jewell, Homer, 271

Jimmy and Kappa, 414

Johnson, Chief, 358

Johnson, Ernie, 404

Johnson, Pres. Lyndon B., 174–175, 412

Johnson River, 310

Johnson, Robert Wood, 111–112

Jones, Charles Stone, 391

Jones, E. Lester, 284, 309

Jones, Robert D. “Bob,” 23, 24, 308

Jones, W. Alton “Pete,” 391

Jordan, David Starr, 45–50, 130

Joynt, Gil, 23

Juneau, 258, 295; and Alaska Game Comm., 238, 244; gold strike at, 104, 210, 213; and Katmai eruption, 155; and salmon, 358, 374

Juneau Chamber of Commerce, 184, 421

Juneau Daily Alaska Empire, 183, 187, 267

Juneau Group, National Audubon Society, 257

Juneau Icecap International Park, 257

Juneau Mining Record, 358

Kachemak Bay, 380

Kadachan, 96

Kaflia Bay, 154–155

Kaguyak, 155

Kaktovik, 415

Kalgin Island, 334

Kamchatka Peninsula, and fur trade, 8, 28; and Russian exploration, 5, 7–8; sport hunting on, 216; and whaling, 63, 73

Kanaga Island, 24

Kantishna, 252; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 148, 152; mining in, 139, 147, 150

Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge, 257

Karluk, 360, 362

Karluk Lake, 261, 301, 374

Karluk River, 352, 359, 362

Karstens, Henry B. “Harry,” 132, 138, 139, 143–144

Kashega, 22

Kasilof, 353

Kasilof River, 379

Kasitna Bay, 374

Katalla, 108, 390

Katmai Bay, 160

Katmai National Monument/Park, 166, 219; and brown bears, 270, 279, 281; eruptions in, 154–155, 159, 168, 172; management of, 168–175, 292; and Natives, 171; and nonconsumptive values, 175, 430, 437; origins of, 121, 155, 156, 160, 162, 163, 175, 176, 433–434; tourism in, 168–175; volcanic study in, 157–166, 171–172; wildlife species in, 158, 160, 174–175

Katmai Pass, 68, 155–157

Katmai River, 160

Katmai Project, 171–172

Katmai village, 68; and exploration, 157; and fur trade, 12, 13, 155–156; and Katmai eruption, 155, 156

Kayak Island, 5, 7

Kayaks. See Baidarkas

Kaye, Roger, 425

Kelly, Maurice W., 295, 297, 457n54

Kenai Fjords National Park, 378, 396

Kenai Mountains, 380

Kenai National Moose Range/Wildlife Refuge, 379; and brown bears, 279; moose on, 384; oil drilling on, 391–399; origins of, 234, 235, 243–244, 390, 437; swans on, 398, 398; wildlife species in, 378

Kenai Peninsula, 127, 390; agriculture on, 109; brown bears on, 216, 265–266, 378, 388; caribou on, 321, 334, 378, 386–387, 397–399, 474n28; Dall sheep on, 321, 378, 389; explorations on, 140; geography of, 378; and Katmai eruption, 158; market hunting on, 321, 326–388; moose on, 299, 320, 378, 386–390, 397, 474n28; mountain goats on, 321, 378; oil on, 386, 391–399, 426, 434; and Russian fur trade, 12, 16; sea otters at, 24, 378; sport hunting on, 123, 214–217, 262, 387, 388; wolves on, 378, 386, 397–399

Kenai River, 217, 380, 389

Kennecott Copper Co., 108, 384, 474n9

Kennicott, 381

Kennicott, Robert, 36, 474n9

Kessel, Brina, 255, 478n58

Ketchikan, 106, 244, 298, 363

Ketchikan Pulp Co., 279

Ketchikan Wildlife Club, 466n46

Keystone Canyon, 279

Kiakhta, Siberia, 8, 15, 28

Kilbuck Mountains, 319

Killey River, 390

Killik River, 298

Killisnoo Island, 69

Kimberley, Capt. Martin, 34

King and Winge, 81

King Island, 80, 83, 448n74

King, James G. “Jim,” 249, 255–258

King, Mary Lou, 257

King Salmon, 174, 374

Kiska, 22–23, 308

Kipling, Rudyard, 34, 46

Kit, 81–82

Kitch-Noch, 358

Kitoi Bay, 363

Kittigazuit, NWT, 331

Kjellman, William, 326

Klawock, 351

Klein, David R., 255

Kleinschmidt, F.E., 82, 214, 216–217, 265

Klingbiel, John, 256

Klondike. See Gold rushes

Knapp, Gov. Lyman, 358

Kobuk River, 130, 318

Kodiak: agricultural station at, 271; and Katmai eruption, 155–156, 158, 160, 161; and salmon, 368

Kodiak Island, 127, 302; brown bears on, 261, 264–267, 271–278, 280; cattle and sheep on, 109, 265, 271–276; and eagles, 311; and fox farming, 305; and Katmai eruption, 158; and Russian fur trade, 12–13, 16, 351; and salmon, 351–352, 359, 364, 366; game translocations to, 321, 334, 336; and whaling, 60, 68, 74

Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, 275; and brown bears, 261, 279–280, 437; origins of, 234, 235, 243–244, 272

Kodiak Stock Growers Assn., 273–274

Korea, 374

Korean War, 153

Kotzebue, 244, 250, 256

Kotzebue Sound, 250, 331, 351

Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge, 257

Koyukuk River, 197; Bob Marshall at, 401, 405, 405; caribou at, 318; moose kill at, 298; Olaus Murie at, 409

Krear, Bob, 478n58

Kruzof Island, 279

Kuk River, 332

Kukak Bay, 170

Kupreanof Peninsula, 273

Kurile Islands: and fur seals, 28, 34, 44; and sea otters, 7, 17, 44; and whaling, 71

Kuskokwim Delta, 39, 225–227, 294

Kuskokwim Delta National Wildlife Refuge, 252

Kuskokwim Mountains, 319

Kuskokwim National Wildlife Range, 422

Kuskokwim River, 39, 225, 240, 294, 359

Kvichak River, 304

La Farge, C. Grant, 126

La Perouse, Jean Francis de Galaup, Compte de, 15, 179–180

Labrador, 408

Lacey Act (1900): and Boone and Crockett Club, 121, 125, 223; and Bureau of Biological Survey, 210, 217, 223, 236; and Game Comm., 239; origins of, 56, 221

Lacey, Rep. John F., 125

Ladd Field, 140

Laguna, Frederika de, 196–197

Lake Clark, 197

Lane, Capt. Louis, 81

Lane, Franklin K. (Sec. of Interior), 140, 163, 165, 454n12

Langille, William, 389

Langley, Samuel P., 46, 127

Lapland, 322, 324, 326, 331

Lapps, 323–326, 331

Larsen, Capt., 82

Lavender, Capt. A.W., 34, 283

LaVoy, Merl, 138

League of American Sportsmen, 221

League of Nations, 72

Lee, Jack, 157

Leffingwell, Ernest de K., 413

Legislature, Territorial: and Arctic Refuge, 420; environmental values, 438; and grizzly bears, 266, 272–274, 438; and Katmai NM, 169; and Kenai Moose Range, 396; and natural resource jurisdiction, 219–220, 230, 367, 438; and wildlife management, 210, 238–239, 281; and wolf control, 288, 292

Legislature, State, 281, 438–439

Lemesurier Island, 185

Lensink, Calvin J., 255, 256

Lentfer, Jack, 255

Leopold, A. Starker: and Arctic Refuge, 418; and wolf predation, 288, 313, 319–321, 348

Leopold, Aldo: and aircraft hunting, 250; and eagle bounty, 312–313; and ecology, 205, 286–287; and Mt. McKinley NP, 149; and wilderness movement, 400; and wildlife management, 121, 255, 286

Lewis and Clark Expedition, 401

Liek, Harry, 148, 289, 314

Lindeberg, Jafet, 332

Lindley, Alfred, 148

Liquor, 96, 203; and fur trade, 16, 19–20, 32–33, 35, 212; and salmon industry, 361; and whaling/walrus hunting, 77–79

Litke, Capt. Frederick, 28, 75

Litnik Lake, 363

Little, Arthur D., 329

Little Diomede Island, 80, 83, 194, 255

Little Port Walter, 363, 374

Lituya Bay, 177–180

Lituya Bay Placer Gold Mining Co., 180

Living Wilderness, 291

Lloyd, Tom, 138

Lobos Islands, 31

Logging, 115; and brown bears, 248, 268, 270, 279–280; economic value of, 347; and land degradation, 403; and salmon, 376

Lolita, 78

Lomen family, 78, 326–328, 330

London, UK, 76; and fur trade, 31, 42, 262, 306

London, Jack, 34, 46, 98

Lopp, W.T., 324

Loring, J. Alden, 125, 213–214

Lowther, Hugh Cecil, 156–157

Lucas, Frederick, 45

Lucas, Henry, 390

Ludlow expedition, 118

Lutz, Harold, 201

Lutz, Lt. John E., 34

Lynx: and American fur trade, 345, 345; and forest fires, 106, 340; mauling by, 238; in parks and refuges, 150, 175, 378, 415; protection of, 344; and Russian fur trade, 16, 18, 338

MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 373

MacBain, Alistair, 147

Mackenzie River, 68, 125, 156, 332

Mackenzie River Delta, 59, 65–66, 330–331, 413

Madison Grant Forest and Elk Preserve, 125

Madsen, Charles: big game guiding by, 216; and brown bears, 265–266, 271; commercial walrus hunting by, 80–82

Man and Nature (Marsh), 116

Manchuria, 51

Manifest Destiny, 94

Manter, Capt. Fred, 58

Marine Mammal Protection Act, 24, 53, 83–84, 87, 89, 190, 302

Marmots, 13

Marsh, George Perkins, 112, 116, 205

Marsh, Othniel C., 118

Marshall, Bob, 405; and Arctic Refuge, 400–401, 405–407, 418, 425, 429; background of, 401–402; contributions of, 211, 437; and forest preserves, 403–404; and forest ownership, 402–403; and Native Americans, 403, 430; and refugee plan, 406; and wilderness movement, 400, 403, 407, 437; wilderness philosophy of, 402, 405–406, 411–412, 429, 430, 432

Marshall Lake, 404

Marshall, Louis, 401–402

Martens: and American fur trade, 338, 339, 345, 345, 398; farming of, 343; and forest fires, 106, 340; protection of, 238, 240, 249, 282, 344; and Russian fur trade, 16, 18, 338, 339

Martin, Calvin, 188–199, 205, 458n16

Martin, Frederika, 52, 55

Martin, George C., 158

Mary and Helen, 65

Mary D. Hume, 65

Mas Afuera Island, 29

Mashukin, 22

Mastodon, 125

Matanuska Valley, 292; agriculture in, 109–110, 271; coal in, 108, 380, 385

Matanuska Colony, 109–110, 110

Mather, Stephen T., 115, 140

Matka and Kotik (Jordan), 46

Maynard, Lt. Washburn, 39

McBain, Dunc, 246

McCracken, Harold, 262

McGonagall, Charley, 138

McGrath, 244

McKay, Douglas (Sec. of Interior), 172, 391–393

McKinley Park Station, 145

McKinley, Pres. William, 112, 137, 324

McLean, Marshall, 290

McMullen, Capt. C.B., 158

McMullen, Pete, 239

McNally, Chester, 392

McNeil River State Sanctuary, 255, 281

Melovidova, Alexandra, 39

Melville Island, 331

Mendenhall, Thomas, 45

Mendenhall Wetlands, 257

Mercury, 79

Merriam, C. Hart, 215, 223, 236; background, 220; and Boone and Crockett Club, 130, 133; and brown bears, 223, 267, 269; and fur seals, 45, 49, 130; and Harriman Expedition, 222; and predator control, 283

Merriam, John C., 125

Metlakatla, 342, 488n30

Mexico, 73; Bureau of Biological Survey in, 131, 221, 227; and fur seals, 29; and sea otters, 14

Middle East, 394

Migratory Bird Act (1913), 239; and Boone and Crockett Club, 121, 125, 127–128; and J.B. Burnham, 224; and Game Comm., 239

Migratory Bird Conservation Act (1929), 228, 233

Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (1934), 229, 233, 239

Migratory Bird Treaty (1916), 224, 228

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918), 121, 218, 224

Miller, Orlando, 109

Mills, Wilbur, 417

Milotte, Al and Elma, 56

Milton, John, 417

Miner, Joe, 298, 467n54

Mining, 21, 438; and Alaska Natives, 100–101, 209; and Alaska Railroad, 385–386; and Arctic Refuge, 420–424; coal, 108, 380; copper, 108, 371; economic value of, 347, 348; environmental impacts of, 102, 103, 103–108, 110, 125, 324, 347; in Glacier Bay NM, 180, 185–186, 188; in Gold Rushes, 97–108, 371; in Katmai NM, 169–170; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140, 142, 144, 150, 153; methods, 101–104

Mining in the Parks Act (1976), 186

Mining Law of 1872, 104

Mink: and American fur trade, 338, 345, 345; farming, 302, 343; and Russian fur trade, 16, 18

Missionaries, 93; effects on Natives, 11, 96, 199, 203, 323–325

Mixter, George, 263

Mogg, Capt. William “Billy,” 64, 414

Moiese, MT, 334

Montague Island, 262

Monterey, CA, 21

Monterey Peninsula, 351

Moore, Gov. Miles (WA), 381

Moose, 415; commercial hunting of, 100, 215–217, 231, 232, 386–388; Eskimo hunting of, 199; and forest fires, 105–106, 320; in Glacier Bay NM, 191; and Katmai NM, 160, 174; on Kenai Pen., 215–219, 386–389, 389, 393–394, 397, 474n28; and Mt. McKinley NP, 139, 150; population trends, 320; predation of, 266, 288, 292–293, 298–299, 313; protection of, 217–218, 234, 237–238, 248, 282, 292, 318, 320–321, 394; sport hunting of, 215–218, 219, 317, 334, 389; translocations of, 334, 335, 337; wasteful kill of, 214, 240, 244, 386–388

Moose Pass, 380

Moran, Thomas, 39

Morgan-Guggenheim (Alaska) Syndicate, 108, 381–384, 436

Morse, Kathryn, 98

Morton, William, 301

Moser, Lt. Cmdr. Jefferson, 358–360

Mosquito Fork Flat, 105

Mt. Cerberus, 163

Mt. Cooper, 191

Mt. Doonerak, 404

Mt. Griggs, 174

Mt. Hornaday, 130

Mt. Katmai, 157, 159, 162, 162, 165, 167, 172

Mt. Mageik, 162

Mt. McKinley, 293; climbing of, 137–139, 139, 142, 148; and Mt. McKinley NP, 149–150; naming of, 137, 454n3; and Sheldon, 132, 135–136, 138–139, 143

Mt. McKinley National Park, 145, 163, 219, 230, 255, 409, 433; and brown bears, 279; Dall sheep in, 144, 321; eagles in, 311; management of, 143–153, 169, 288–292, 432, 437; origins of, 123, 132, 134, 139–143, 224, 316, 434, 454n12; and predator control, 285, 288–292, 313, 437; tourism at, 148–153; wildlife species in, 150. See also Sheldon, Charles

Mt. Merriam, 222

Mt. Muir, 114

Mt. Sheldon, 150

Mt. St. Elias, 5

Mt. Trident, 171

Mountain lion, 284, 286

Muir Glacier, 179; Muir at, 91, 95–96, 176–177; naming of, 457n4

Muir Inlet, 114, 177

Muir, John, 114, 178, 203, 221, 227; background, 91–92; beliefs of, 2, 91–97, 110–113, 115, 117, 203, 205, 401, 410, 427, 429–430, 432; environmental activism of, 111–115, 407; and Glacier Bay, 177, 181, 183, 191, 457n4; and Pinchot, 112, 134–135, 415n75; and predator control, 284

Muir Point, 114

Mulchatna River, 240

Muldrow Glacier, 149

Muldrow, Robert, 137

Murder Cove, 69

Murie, Adolph “Ade”: and caribou survey, 408; and Mt. McKinley NP, 147, 149, 151, 153, 289–292; and predator control, 289–292, 313, 409, 437; and reindeer experiment, 400

Murie Islets, 408

Murie, Margaret “Mardy”: and Arctic Refuge, 400–401, 419, 419, 425, 429–430; environmental activism of, 211, 411–412, 429; and wilderness movement, 401, 432, 437

Murie, Olaus J., 245; Aleutians expedition, 22, 317, 409; and Arctic Refuge, 400–401, 418–419, 419, 426, 429; background, 408; beliefs of, 250, 409–411, 429, 430, 432; and caribou study, 286, 319, 408, 468n6; contributions of, 211, 227–228, 409, 412; and game translocations, 337; and Mt. McKinley NP, 147, 149, 408; and predator control, 285–289, 313–314, 409, 437; and sea otters, 22; warden work, 231, 232, 408; and wilderness movement, 400–401, 410–412, 437

Murray, Joseph, 213

Museum of Natural History, Northwestern U., 36

Muskoxen, 333, 415; Eskimo hunting of, 200, 331–332; protection of, 331, 349; reintroduction of, 233, 332–333; uses of, 331–334

Muskrats, 308; protection of, 217, 237; and Russian fur trade, 16, 338, 340; trapping of, 345

Naden Harbor, 71

Nagel, Charles (Sec. of Commerce and Labor), 49–50

Naket Packing Co., 353

Naknek, 154, 157, 169

Naknek Civic Club, 170

Naknek Lake, 171

Nanook, 81

The Nation, 395

National Audubon Society, 224, 234; activism of, 12, 221, 224; and Arctic Refuge, 421; and eagles, 311; and Glacier Bay NM, 185; and 1925 Game Law, 224, 232; Juneau Group, 257; origin of, 121, 221; and wolf control, 289

National Bison Range, 334

National Conf. on Outdoor Recreation, 131, 133, 224

National Geographic: and brown bears, 264; and Katmai NM, 158, 163, 165, 175; and Mt. McKinley NP, 143

National Geographic Society: and Cook scandal, 138; and Katmai NM, 157–158, 160, 163, 165, 175, 434

National Marine Fisheries Service, 88, 253

National Park Committee, 121

National Park Service, 115, 347, 418; and Alaska Lands Act, 412; and Glacier Bay NM, 185–191, 270–271, 278; and Katmai NM, 163, 168–175; management philosophy, 97, 119, 146–147, 150–153, 190, 270, 292, 313, 432; and Mt. McKinley NP, 144–153, 288–292; and predator control, 288–292, 313, 437

National Parks Assn., 121, 125; and Glacier Bay NM, 183, 185; and Katmai NM, 170

National Parks Conf., 143

National Parks Magazine, 420

National Research Council, 183, 250

National Rifle Assn., 312

National Wildlife Federation, 234, 393, 421–422

National Zoological Park, 127, 264

Natives, Alaska: cannery employment, 360–362; and conservation, 194–207; environmental abuse by, 104, 196, 198–200, 202–203, 255; fishing rights, 177, 188–190, 357–360, 425; Gold Rush impact on, 100–101; land claims/conflicts, 146, 171, 188–190, 209, 252, 279, 372; Muir’s views of, 96–97; population, 208, 213; salmon fishing by, 351, 361; and sea otter trade, 1–21, 25; slavery among, 17; trapping rights, 340, 425; whaling/walrus hunting impact on, 77–80, 192; and wildlife management, 24, 188–190, 204–208, 211, 238, 251, 389, 434–435

Natural History, 52

Nature, 163

Nature groups: and conservation, 2, 117, 122, 134, 183, 185, 220–221, 234, 430, 433–434. See also Environmental organizations

Naval Arctic Research Laboratory, 418

Nature Magazine, 270

Naval Petroleum Reserve, 418

Neah Bay, 34

Near East, 116

Nelchina River, 294, 298

Nelson, Edith and Hans, 180

Nelson, Edward W., 226, 228, 236, 245–246; background, 225; beliefs of, 229, 236; and brown bears, 267, 269; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140; and muskoxen, 333; and 1925 Game Law, 229–233; and Olaus Murie, 245, 408–408; and reindeer, 329; and Sheldon, 131–132

Nelson Island, 69, 200, 227

Nelson, Klondy, 334

Nelson Lagoon, 227

Nelson, Richard K., 197

Nelson, Urban C., 426

Nenana, 108, 145, 252

Nenana River, 143, 145

New Bedford, MA, 60, 68

New England Fish Co., 457n79

New England Museum of Natural History, 290

New York Aquarium, 130

New York City, 113, 117, 371; and Alaska conservation, 2, 133, 437; and walrus ivory, 76

New York Daily News, 372

New York Evening Post, 42

New York Sun, 137

New York Times, 42, 50, 437

New York Zoological Park (Bronx Zoo), 48, 127, 263

New York Zoological Society: and Arctic Refuge, 418; and Boone and Crockett Club, 121–123, 125–127, 213, 217; and brown bears, 269; and 1925 Game Law, 250; political activism of, 221, 437; and wolf control, 289

Newhalen River, 247

Nikita, Smoky, 248

Nizina River, 102

Nizki Island, 308

No Room for Bears (Dufresne), 280

Noatak National Preserve, 409

Noble, John W. (Sec of Interior), 120

Nome, 84, 156, 332, 251; Amundsen at, 246, 414, 415; and caribou, 293; and game laws, 247; and reindeer, 326, and walrus hunting, 82; and whaling, 71

North American Commercial Co., 39–42, 49

North American Wildlife Foundation, 121

North Nenana, 385

North Pacific Anadromous Fisheries Commission, 374

North Pacific Fisheries Convention (1953), 373

North Pacific Sealing Convention (Fur Seal Treaty) (1911), 21, 26, 49, 305, 432

North Slope: moose on, 199; muskoxen on, 199–200, 331; oil on, 419; wildlife species on, 415; wolf control on, 296–298

Northeast Point, 85–86, 87

Northern Consolidated Airlines, 172

Northern Rocky Mountain Forest Experimental Station, 401

Northern Yukon/Ivvavik NP, 426

Northwest Passage, 413–414

Northwest Territories, 330–331

Norton Sound, 225, 326, 338

Norway: and Northwest Passage, 414; and reindeer, 323, 326; and salmon, 376; and whaling, 69, 71–72

Novarupta, 157, 172, 173

Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge, 257

Nulato, 36, 338

Nulato Hills, 319

Nunivak Island, 39, 80; caribou on, 318; muskoxen on, 334; reindeer on, 327, 330, 333

Nushagak River, 338, 354

Nutirwik (Harry Snowden), 404, 405

Ocean Spray, 34

O’Connor, Jack, 239, 272, 276, 291

Ocmulgee, 58, 446n1

Oelschlaeger, Max, 92

Office of Indian Affairs (USDOI), 328, 403

Ogilvie Mountains, 416

Oil: and Alaska economy, 350; and Arctic Refuge, 420, 424–426; on Kenai Pen., 391–399, 434, 475n47; and wildlife, 25, 75, 347–348

Oil pipeline, 253

Old Crow River, 411

Old Woman Creek, 417

Olmstead, Frederick Law, 117

Olsen Bay, 374

Olson, Sigurd F., 149, 418, 422

Olympic National Park, 123

Oo-Ming-Muk, 332

Operation Umiat, 297, 297–298

Orca, 68

Oregon, 24, 301, 352, 355

Organic Act (1884), 210

Orloff, Ivan, 155

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 126–127, 221

Osgood, Wilfred, 131, 386; and brown bears, 261, 264; and commercial hunting, 318–319

Otaru, Hokkaido, 22

Ott, Charles J. “Charlie,” 150, 152

Otter Island, 34

Otters, river, 174, 307; and fur trade, 16, 18, 338, 339, 345; protection of, 344

Otters, sea, 9, 175, 191, 324, 379; and Bering expedition, 6–8; ecology of, 15, 19, 23–25, 89, 195; hunting of, 9–21, 195–196, 338, 432; protection of, 21–25, 128, 305, 434; translocations, 23–24

Our Arctic Province (Elliott), 39

Our Vanishing Wildlife (Hornaday), 127

Outdoor Life, 265, 274, 291

Outdoor sporting groups. See Hunting, sport; Fishing, sport

Pacific American Fisheries, Inc., 368

Pacific Coast Steamship Co., 94, 179

Pacific Decadal Oscillation, 376

Pacific Seabird Group, 256–257

Pack, Arthur Newton, 270

Pack Creek, 278

Pagashak, 273

Paget, Francis, 214, 262

Palmer, 110

Palmer Creek, 380

Palmer, Lawrence J., 245, 390; caribou study, 287–288, 409; and reindeer, 329; research by, 227, wolf study, 313

Palmer, Theodore S., 215, 223, 223–224

Pardee, Gov. James (CA), 113

Parker, Charles, 187

Parker, Herschel, 138

Parks, Gov. George A., 184, 186, 288, 389

Parks Highway, 149

Parks-Western Fisheries, 467n79

Partofshikof Island, 279

Passenger pigeon, 220

Pavlov Bay, 216

Peabody Museum, 118

Pearson, Grant, 148, 150

Pearson, T. Gilbert, 232, 311

Pease, Capt. Henry, 67

Pederson, C.T., 81

Pegues, John, 268

Permanent Wild Life Protection Fund, 127–128, 230, 232

Perryville, 155

Peter the Great, 4, 7

Petersburg, 244

Petersburg Creek, 366

Petersen, Ray, 172

Petroff, Ivan, 59, 79, 155–157, 260

Phoenix, 380

Photography, 269

Pinchot, Gifford: and Boone and Crockett Club, 123; and coal leasing, 382–383; and forest use, 402, 451n75; and Muir, 112

Pioneer Boys of the Great Northwest (Bonehill), 401

Pioneers of Alaska, Fairbanks Chap., 149

Pittman-Robertson Act (1937), 234

Poe, Edgar Allen, 46

Point Barrow, 81; and reindeer, 327; and whaling, 65–69, 324

Point Bridget State Park, 257

Point Hope, 68; Eskimo whaling at, 59; mission at, 322; reindeer at, 325; walrus hunting at, 80, 82

Poison: of furbearers, 240, 242, 284, 296, 297, 306, 344; of predators, 238, 254, 283, 286, 294–298, 308, 317, 330, 345, 386

Polar Bear, 81

Polovina Point, 23

Popov, F.A., 4–5

Population, in Alaska, 213, 214, 220, 244

Porcupine caribou herd, 415–416, 416

Porcupine River, 156, 411, 415

Porcupines, 175, 415

Porpoises, 59, 191, 378

Porsild, Erling and Robert, 330

Port Armstrong, 69–71

Port Ellice, CA, 75

Port Hobron, 69, 71, 73

Portage Bay, 385

Postman, David, 391, 392

Poughkeepsie, NY, 60

Powell, John Wesley, 117

Predator control, 211, 233; and Boone and Crockett Club, 123, 128; by bounties, 88–89, 284–285, 301, 303–304, 305, 312, 313; and brown bears, 281; of eagles, 310–314; of foxes, 307–310; by Game Comm., 238, 240, 245–247, 251, 258, 283, 285, 292–300, 311–313, 319–320, 328, 330; of harbor seals, 88–89, 253, 302–304; in Mt. McKinley NP, 152, 288–292; opposition to, 234, 259, 285–288, 409, 431; origins, 222, 283–285; research on, 253, 301–304; of sea lions, 253, 301–302; of wolverines, 345

Preservationism: and Boone and Crockett Club, 123; and fur seals, 50; and Hornaday, 128; and Katmai NM, 171, 175; and Muir, 110–113, 115. See also Values, environmental

Pribilof Islands, 30, 54, 452n12; Arctic foxes on, 305; and fur seals, 17, 28–35, 38–42, 44–53, 128, 130, 222; sea lion hunting on, 86; sea otters in, 21, 23; translocations to, 308–309; walrus hunting in, 75; and whaling, 59

Pribylov, Gerassim, 28, 75

Prince of Wales Island, 5, 354

Prince William Sound, 68; bear hunting at, 132; and copper mines, 108; deer translocations to, 334; and fur trade, 14; harbor seals in, 89; whaling in, 63

Progressive Movement: and conservation, 2–3, 55, 111–112, 117, 211, 399, 434, 436–437; and predator control, 283

Promyshlenniki, 8–13, 16

Protzman, warden, 310

Prudhoe Bay, 396, 426

Pruitt, William, 425

Puale Bay, 155

Public opinion, national: and brown bears, 270, 280; and eagles, 314; and fur seals, 56; and Katmai NM, 163; and land preservation, 438; and Mt. McKinley NP, 153; and Nature, 2, 25–26, 117, 221; and pinnipeds, 89–90, and whales, 89–90; and wolves, 291–292, 313–314

Queen, 179

Queen Charlotte Islands, 33, 71

Qiviut, 334

Raccoons, 337

Radclyffe, Capt. Charles R.E., 215, 216, 262

Rampart Dam, 256

Rasmuson, Elmer, 392

Rasmussen, Knud, 199

Rat Islands, 24

Rats, 23, 300, 306, 308

Rausch, A. Robert, 255

Rausch, Robert A., 421

Rearden, Jim, 253, 255, 274

Recreation and Lands Div. (USDA), 403

Recreation Magazine, 127

Red River Lake, 366

Redington, Paul, 287

Reed, Irving McKinley, 332

Reed, John, 418

Reid, Harry Fielding, 181

Reid Inlet, 185

Reiger, John F., 120

Reindeer, 253, 318, 325, 328; and Bureau of Biological Survey, 233, 285–286, 326, 329–330, 333; breeding experiment, 327, 408; to Canada, 330–331; ecological effects of, 319, 329–330, 349, 430, 432, 469n8; industry problems, 326–330; introduction of, 21, 80, 309, 322–326; and Katmai eruption, 160; population trends, 328, 329; and predator control, 245, 285, 288, 292–294, 298, 300; and whaling, 68–69

Reindeer Service, 293, 327–328

Republican Party, 267, 383, 420

Resurrection Bay, 12, 379–380

Revenue Marine Patrol: and fur seals, 40–41, 44; and Katmai eruption, 155; and sea otters, 19; and walrus hunting, 77, 79. See also Bear

Rezanov, Nicolai, 31

Rhode, Clarence, 239, 251; and Alaska Game Comm., 242, 248–252, 258, 344; and Arctic Refuge, 420; background, 248; and cattle predation, 272; and Kenai oil, 393–394; and wolf control, 292–294, 297

Rhode, Jack, 252

Richardson Highway, 149

Richfield Oil Co., 391–392, 395–396, 397, 475n47

Riggs, Gov. Thomas Jr.: and brown bears, 266–267; and conservation, 230, 310; and Katmai NM, 168; and Mt. McKinley NP, 140, 454n12; and muskoxen, 332, and 1925 Game Law, 230

Rivers, Rep. Ralph, 421–422

Romanzof Mountains, 332

Robben Island, 28, 44, 49, 53

Roderick, Jack, 392

Rogers, George, 196

Rood, Sidney, 293

Roosevelt, Pres. Franklin D., 129–130; and Glacier Bay NM, 186, 271; and Katmai NM, 175; and refugee plan, 406; and wildlife refuges, 132, 233–234

Roosevelt, Pres. Theodore, 129, 220, 401; and Alaska coal, 381, 383–384, 434; and Alaska conservation, 2–3, 434, 437; and Boone and Crockett Club, 119–120, 122–123, 132; and conservation, 3, 381, 383; and fur seals, 46, 48; and Muir, 113, 115; and wolf control, 284

Root, Elihu (Sec. of State), 48

Roquefeuil, Camille de, 15

Rose Harbor, 71

Round Island, 83

Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 242

Royal Commission on the Reindeer and Musk-Ox, 330

Royal Navy, 41

Roys, Capt. Thomas Welcome, 58, 63, 66–67

Rungius, Carl, 131

Russell, Jim, 231

Russia: and cattle, 271; and conservation, 1, 17, 31–32, 428, 429–431, 433; coal mining by, 380; exploration by, 4–8, 180; and fur seal treaty, 46, 49, 53, 56; and fur trade, 4, 7–17, 21, 27–33, 40, 260, 262, 305, 338–340, 433; on Kenai Pen., 379–380; and salmon, 351, 374; settlements by, 5, 379; walrus hunting by, 75, 83; and Western Union project, 35–36; whaling by, 59–60, 73–74. See also Russian-American Co.

Russian-American Company: and conservation, 433; and fur trade, 12–17, 19, 31, 155, 209, 239, 340; and whaling, 59–60. See also Russia

Russian Colony (Fort Ross), 14

Russian Finland Whaling Co., 60

Russo-Japanese War, 44, 372

Rust, Jess, 411

Sable, 340

Sag Harbor (NY), 63

St. George Island: killer whales at, 283; and sea lions, 86; and sea otters, 28, 31, 34, 44, 52–53

St. Lawrence Island, 39; Geist study of, 412; starvation on, 74–78, 78; and walrus hunting, 77–78; and whaling, 59, 67

St. Matthew Island, 39, 84, 114, 330

St. Michael, 36, 39, 69, 104; and fur trade, 338; Nelson at, 225–227; reindeer at, 285

St. Paul, 5

St. Paul Island: and fur seals, 28, 29, 31, 34, 44, 52, 54; reindeer on, 309, 330; sea lion hunting on, 85–86, 87; translocations to, 308–309

St. Paul village, 68

St. Peter, 5, 8

St. Petersburg, 8, 31, 338

Salcha River, 106

Salisbury, Lord, 41

Salmon: canneries, 106, 185, 188, 210, 254, 304, 351–371, 380, 395–396; and conservation, 364; ecology of, 375–376; economic value of, 350; federal-territorial dispute over, 252, 365, 367–372, 374–375; fishing methods, 351–364, 369, 375–376; in Glacier Bay NP, 185, 191; and Gold Rush, 106; harvests of, 369, 370; hatcheries, 362–363, 376; in Katmai NM, 158, 160, 171, 175; and Native rights, 192, 357–360; predation of, 253, 268, 272, 276, 300–304, 316, 346; regulations, 239, 355–357, 362, 364–368, 376, 429; research on, 363, 374–376, 432; reserves, 120, 359, 364–365; species, 351; U.S.-Japan dispute, 372–374; waste of, 268, 353. See also Fishing, commercial

San Francisco, 414; and coal, 380; and fur trade, 32, 34, 36; and Muir, 94, 97–98; and reindeer, 327; and salmon, 367, 371; and trophy trade, 387; and walrus hunting, 65, 75, 79

San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 94, 97

San Miguel Island, 28

Sanak Island, 17, 307

Sand Point, 214

Santa Clara, 355

Sarber, Hosea: and eagle predation of salmon, 313–314; bear-cattle study, 272; law enforcement by, 240, 240; and predator control, 295; and sea lion predation of salmon, 301

Saturday Evening Post, 269

Save-The-Redwoods League, 125

Savonoski, 154–156

Savoonga, 83–84

Saylor, J.C. II, 397

Scammon, Capt. Charles Melville, 62–63

Scarf, Oscar, 44

Schaller, George, 478n58

Scheffer, Victor B., 22, 307

Schneider, William, 340–341

Schurz, Carl (Sec. of Interior), 117

Scidmore, Eliza R., 178

Science, 130

Science News Letter, 52

Scotland, 91, 376

Scull, E. Marshall, 230, 387

Sea Bears (Martin), 55

Sea Cow, 6–7, 441n8

Sea Lion, California, 49, 86

Sea Lion Rock, 444n2

Sea Lion Rocks, 409

Sea lions, Steller, 87, 191, 379; conservation of, 87–88, 217–218; control of, 86–87, 299, 301–304, 314; decline, 25, 86–89; hunting of, 13, 85–87, 89; study of, 253, 301–302, 304

Sea of Okhotsk, 60

Sea-Wolf, 80

Seal Island (Disney), 56

Seal-Islands of Alaska (Elliott), 39

Seals, fur: decline, 53, 87; ecology, 27, 29; hunting of, 28, 33–35, 42–44, 51–53; predation of, 283; and Russian fur trade, 18, 21, 27–31, 40, 338, 434; in Southern Hemisphere, 29–31; and tourism, 53, 56; U.S. management of, 32–35, 39–40, 40, 48, 54, 130, 222, 305, 428

Seals, hair, 81, 415; control of, 253, 299, 302–304, 305, 314; predation of salmon, 300–301, 303–304; research on, 25, 304

Seals, harbor: decline of, 89; and fashion industry, 88; in Glacier Bay NM, 188–191; hunting of, 88, 188–190; and salmon predation, 88–89, 303–304

Seals, largha, 195, 415

Seaton, Fred (Sec. of Interior), 371; and Arctic Refuge, 420, 422; and Kenai oil, 393, 395

Seattle, 52, 55, 81, 271, 326; and coal, 381–382; and Gold Rush, 110; and salmon, 367, 370, 371, 374

Seiser, Virgil, 392

Seldovia, 380, 387–388

Sequoia National Park, 111

Service, Robert, 98

Seton, Ernest Thompson, 221, 252, 285, 408

Seward: and Alaska Railroad, 108, 384–385; and commercial hunting, 388; and Game Comm., 244; and Gold Rush, 380; and Katmai eruption, 155; and salmon, 380; tourism at, 380

Seward Peninsula, 69, 294, 319

Shanghai, 338

Shaw, L.F., 388

Sheakley, Gov. James, 358

Shearwater Peninsula, 273

Sheehan, Jack, 172

Sheekjek River, 105, 198; Muries at, 419, 419; muskoxen at, 332

Sheep, Dall, 13, 318, 379; in Arctic Refuge, 413; and eagles, 310–311; market hunting of, 214–215, 217, 231–232, 232, 321, 388; and Mt. McKinley NP, 143, 144, 147, 150, 153, 288–291, 321, 437; name origin, 37; Native hunting of, 199, 321; and E.W. Nelson, 227; population trends, 321; protection of, 217–218, 237, 282, 288–294, 431; and Sheldon, 131–132, 139; sport hunting of, 214–216, 219, 317; translocations of, 334, 335, 337

Sheep ranching: in Aleutians, 21, 109, 309–310; and brown bears, 265, 268, 271, 281; and foxes, 305, 309, 309–310

Sheffield, 66

Sheldon, Charles, 131, 437; background, 131, 435; beliefs, 132–133; and brown bears, 262–264, 267; and Katmai NM, 168, 175; and Mt. McKinley NP, 135–136, 138–143, 153; and muskoxen, 333; and 1925 Game Law, 136, 229–232

Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge, 132

Shelikof Strait, 68, 154–155, 169

Shelikov, Gregorii, 11–12

Shelikov-Golikov Company, 11–12, 155

Shemya Island, 22, 209

Shenandoah, 67

Sherwood, Morgan, 37

Shields, Walter, 326

Ship Creek, 385

Shumagin Islands, 23, 408

Shungnak, 206, 251

Shuyak Island, 307

Siberia: and fur trade, 338, 413; muskoxen in, 331, 333; reindeer from, 322–323, 324, 326

Sierra Club: and Arctic Refuge, 418, 421; and Muir, 111, 113–115, 435; and logging, 106, 115; and Mardy Murie, 412

Sierra Club Bulletin, 418

Signal Service, U.S. Army, 225

Simeonof Island, 23, 468n96

Simons, Andy, 380

Sitka (New Archangel), 36, 177, 457n4; and coal, 380; and fur trade, 15–16, 29, 40, 338; and Game Comm., 244; Muir at, 97; Russian fort at, 12–14, 180; and salmon, 351; smallpox at, 17; and timber industry, 106, 278; and whaling, 63

Sitka National Historical Park, 165

Sitkalidak Island, 69

Sitkok Bay, 358

Skagway, 97, 380

Skilak Lake, 387

Skoog, Ronald O., 255, 318, 320, 469n8

Slattery Plan, 406

Smith, Capt. Tom, 186

Smith, Jack, 108

Smith, Jefferson R. “Soapy,” 380

Smith, Lynn, 99

Smithsonian Institution, 126–127; collecting for, 6, 36–39, 128, 130–131, 221, 224–227; and wildlife management, 45, 46, 220

Snedden, C.W., 393

Snowmobiles: and hunting, 84, 205, 207, 250, 345; and trapping, 342, 344

Society of American Foresters, 121

Sourdough Expedition, 138–139

South Shetland Islands, 31

Southeast Alaska: Aleuts moved to, 52; brown bears in, 269–271, 278–279; deer in, 213–214, 284, 310, 322; fox farming in, 305–306, 343; harbor seals in, 89; Muir in, 93–97, 177; predator control in, 294, 310–311; and salmon, 352, 357–363, 368, 374, 376; sea lions in, 88; sea otters in, 10, 12–16; slave trade in, 17; sport hunting in, 214; Stone expedition in, 125, 140; timber industry in, 106, 279; tourism in, 177, 179, 179, 181; translocations to, 334, 337; and Western Union project, 36; whaling in, 69–71, 74. See also Tongass National Forest

Southern Pacific Railroad, 113

Spain, 14

Spence, Clark, 103

Spencer, David L., 398, 398

Spencer, Robert F., 199

Spit and Argue Club, 392, 395–396, 475n47

Spurr, Josiah Edward, 100, 137, 157

Steese-Fortymile District, 298

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 331–332, 334

Stejneger, Leonhard, 6, 45, 49

Steller, Georg Wilhelm, 6–8, 27

Steller Society, 257

Stevens, Sen. Ted, 393, 395–396

Stevenson, Adlai, 174

Stevenson, John Fell, 174

Stewart, R.K., 285

Stickeen, 93, 449n7

Stickeen (Muir), 93

Stikine Pass, 98

Stikine River: and fur trade, 15; gold rush at, 31, 98; salmon at, 302, 303–304

Stone, Andrew J.: and caribou, 126, 386–387; explorations by, 125, 140; and muskoxen, 332

Stone, Livingston, 362

Stony River, 240

Strawberry Island, 185

Strawberry Point, 187

Strom, Erling, 148

Strong, Gov. J.F.A., 266, 284, 310

Stuck, Archdeacon Hudson, 138, 139

Suk-Ta-Han, 358

Sulzer, Delegate Charles, 163, 229, 267

Sumner, Lowell: and Arctic Refuge, 418; and Katmai NM, 170–171; and valuing wildlife, 347–349

Sumner, Sen. Charles, 36

Sunrise, 380, 388

Suomi, 60

Superior, 58, 63, 446n1

Susitna River, 137

Sutherland, Delegate Dan, 232, 267, 364–365

Sutherland, W.W., 242

Sutkum Island, 12–13

Swans, trumpeter, 398, 399

Swanson, Capt. Olaf, 81

Swanson River oilfield, 392–393, 397

Swineford, Gov. Alfred P., 39

Taft, Pres. William Howard: and Alaska Railroad, 385; and Aleutians Reserve, 21; and coal leasing, 382–384; and fur seals, 49; and Muir, 113; and migratory birds, 224; and oil lands, 391

Taiwan, 53, 374

Taku Glacier, 181

Taku Pass, 98

Taku River, 295, 304, 358

Tanaga Island, 24

Tanana River, 137, 201; and agriculture, 109; and Alaska Railroad, 381; eagles at, 310; and gold mining, 101

Tanana River Railway, 107, 217

Tanana Valley Sportsmen’s Assn., 419, 466n46

Tatum, Robert, 138, 139

Taylor, Billy, 138–139

Teapot Dome, 368, 392

Tebenkof, Capt. Mikhail, 60

Teklanika River, 143

Teller, 323

Tenada, 137

Terhune, H.W., 268, 271

Territorial Dept. of Fisheries, 252–253; and salmon, 303, 363, 370; and seal control, 303, 303–304

Territorial Dept. of Mines, 169, 420

Territorial Sportsmen Inc., 257; Juneau chap., 295, 466n46

Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge, 257

Thayer, Averill, 414

Thayer, Jack, 267–269

Thayer Mountain, 278

Thelon Game Sanctuary, 331, 334

Thlinket Packing Co., 352

Thoreau, Henry David, 91, 116, 205

Thorne, Frank, 52

Tickey, 68

Tilton, George Fred, 68

Timber industry. See Logging

Tingle, George R., 359

Tlingit and Haida Indians v. United States, 189

To the Top of the Continent (Cook), 138

Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, 256

Toklat River, 143

Toloumne Meadows, 111

Tongass National Forest: brown bears in, 186, 270, 279; logging in, 115, 270, 279, 403, 407, 439; Native claims in, 188–190, 192; reserving of, 219, 429, 434

Tongass Timber Sales Act (1947), 279

Tourism, 429; and Alaska Highway, 244; and Arctic Refuge, 419, 425–426; and brown bears, 281; and fur seals, 51, 53, 56; in Glacier Bay NM/NP, 177, 179, 181, 184, 190–191; in Katmai NM/NP, 163–165, 169, 171–175; on Kenai Pen., 380, 399; in Mt. McKinley NP, 146, 148–153; and national forests, 472; post-statehood, 438; and sea otters, 35; in Southeast, 93–94, 114, 179; and wildlife, 347

Townsend, Charles H., 131, 437; background, 130; and Boone and Crockett Club, 130–131; and fur seals, 43, 45, 49, 130; and reindeer, 322

Toyatte, 94

Traitors Cove, 374

Transcontinental Railroad, 65

Trapping, 317, 341; and conservation, 199, 430; in Katmai NP, 169; on Kenai Pen., 380; life cycle, 340–342; and predator control, 284–285, 308, 313; regulation of, 218, 240–241, 244–245, 249, 340, 434; and Russian fur trade, 8, 13, 16, 18, 339, 339; and technological change, 342; trends in, 344. See also Fur trade; Furbearers

Travel magazine, 148

Travels in Alaska (Muir), 96

Treadwell Mines, 104

Trefethen, James B., 121, 133

Trumpeter Swan Society, 257

Tugidak Island, 13

Turner, Lucien M., 225

Turnagain Arm, 380, 384

Tustumena Lake, 387

Two in the Far North (Murie), 411

Tyee Co., 69

Udall, Stewart (Sec. of Interior), 256, 424

Uganik Island, 273

Ukak River, 173

Ukamok Island, 12–13

Umiat, 297–298

Umnak Island, 21, 309–310

Unalakleet, 36, 326, 334

Unalaska Island, 34; and fur trade, 10, 17, 31; reindeer on, 21, 323; sheep on, 21, 309–310

Unangashik, 319

Unga, 319

Unimak Island, 279, 409

Unimak Pass, 89, 302, 354

Union Pacific Railroad, 113–114

United States Whaling Co., 69–71

University of Alaska Fairbanks, 103, 150, 255, 411–412; muskoxen at, 333, 333–334; wildlife study at, 99, 291, 293–294, 406

University of Alaska Southeast, 258

University of Washington, 374

U.S. Air Force, 425

U.S. Army: exploration by, 137; and Glacier Bay NM, 185; and Katmai NM, 169; and Mt. McKinley NP, 148, 169; and reindeer, 330

U.S. Coast Guard, 330, 366, 373

U.S. Coast Survey, 36

U.S. Commissioner Courts, 367

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 271; Bob Marshall in, 403; origin of Bureau of Biological Survey, 210, 220; and fur trade, 21, 307, 340, 343, 347; and migratory birds, 212; and 1925 Game Law, 232, 237; and predator control, 236, 283; and reindeer, 326, 408; wildlife jurisdiction, 21, 217, 272, 347. See also Bureau of Biological Survey

U.S. Dept. of Commerce: and fur trade, 21, 51–53, 340, 343; and salmon, 357, 364–365, 369; wildlife jurisdiction, 21, 217, 219, 347

U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 403; and Arctic Refuge, 419–421; cattle leasing, 271; and coal, 382–383; and fox farming, 343; and Glacier Bay NM, 183; and Kenai oil, 392, 395–396; and Kodiak Refuge, 272–273; and Mt. McKinley NP, 148; and Native fishing rights, 359; and 1925 Game Law, 232, 237; and refugee plan, 406; and reindeer, 328–329; and salmon, 369–371; wildlife jurisdiction, 210, 219, 272; and wildlife refuges, 257. See also U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Dept. of Justice, 382

U.S. Dept. of the Treasury: and fur seals, 32–35, 39–41; and fur trade, 340, 347; and reindeer, 323; and salmon, 355–358

U.S. Dept. of War, 23

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: and Alaska Game Comm., 249–249, 252, 255–258; and Arctic Refuge, 337, 422; and Boone and Crockett Club, 122; and fur seals, 52–53; jurisdiction, 236–237; and Katmai NM, 171; and Kenai Moose Range, 389, 393–395, 397–398; and Native claims, 359; Olaus Murie in, 409; origins of, 210, 220, 223; polar bear research, 253, 255; predator control, 286–288, 293–300, 307–308, 313, 409, 432; reputation of, 438; and salmon, 366, 369–370; and sea lions, 86; and sea otters, 22–24; translocations, 337; and waterfowl, 207, 256–257

U.S. Fish Commission, 130; and fur seals, 39, 45, 49; origins of, 221, 225; and reindeer, 322; and salmon, 355–358, 362–363, 374

U.S. Forest Service: Bob Marshall in, 401, 403; and brown bears, 267, 270–271, 279–280; and coal, 383; and fox farming, 343; and Glacier Bay NM, 184, 186, 418; and Kenai Moose Range, 389; and predator control, 286; and timber industry, 279

U.S. Geological Survey, 100, 117; and Admiralty Island, 278; and Arctic Refuge, 418; exploration, 36, 137, 157–158, 168, 418; and Glacier Bay NM, 181, 183–184, 186; and Kenai oil, 392; and Mt. McKinley, 137; and Mt. McKinley NP, 143

U.S. House of Representatives, committees: Conservation of Wild Life Resources, 270; Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation, 420–421; Merchant Marine and Fisheries, 392; Public Lands, 142, 290; Territories, 220, 229

U.S. Navy, 23, 177

U.S. Postal Service, 156

Usibelli coal mine, 108

USSR, 372, 393. See also Russia

Valdez, 99, 108, 243, 279, 388

Valdez-Eagle Trail, 105

Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 157, 161–165, 172

Values, environmental, xvii, 3, 425, 435, 436, 439–440; corporate accountability, 3, 56, 115; ecosystem preservation, 150–153, 175, 191, 211, 236, 348, 437, 439; ecosystem sustainability, 3, 56, 115, 133, 175, 197, 204, 211, 258, 280, 425, 429, 439; government accountability, 3, 56, 115; holism, 115, 175, 407, 429, 432, 440; nonconsumptive resource use, 3, 25–26, 53, 56, 115, 152, 175, 204, 280–281, 292, 314–315, 407, 430, 437, 439; nonhuman rights, 115, 133, 205, 281, 430; public participation, 3, 26, 56, 115, 258, 433–434, 440; science-based management, 3, 56, 133, 211, 236, 258, 431–432; species preservation, xvii, 25–26, 115, 133, 175, 280, 428; sustainable utilitarianism, xvii, 3, 19, 26, 119, 201, 204, 211, 258, 280, 346, 429–430, 438. See also Conservation, utilitarian; Environmental organizations

Vancouver, Capt. George, 136, 177, 183

Vancouver Island, 33

Vanschoonoven, George, 137

Vasilev, navigator, 306

Venetie, 488n30

Veniamenov, Ivan, 196

Vermont, 334

Victoria (BC), 33–34, 42, 43

Vint, Thomas C., 187

von Guttman, Baron, 216

Wainwright, 332

Walcott, Sen. Frederick C., 270

Walden (Thoreau), 116

Walden, Arthur, 99–100

Wales, 253

Walker, Charles, 68

Walker, Ernest P., 311

Walrus, 85, 415; American market hunting of, 75–85, 89–90, 322, 428, 432; harvest data, 76; hunting methods, 75–76, 80–84; ivory carving, 76, 83, 84; protection of, 83, 85, 239, 255; Russian market hunting of, 18, 75, 83, 193; sport hunting of, 82, 82–84, 216, 250, 255, 317; study of, 253; subsistence hunting of, 79–80, 84, 255, 448n74

Walrus Act (1941), 83, 239

Walrus Island, 86

Walrus Islands State Sanctuary, 83–84, 85, 255

Walter A. Earle, 44

Ward’s Natural History Establishment, 126, 130

Warner, Clarence, 108

Washburn, H. Bradford, 290

Washington, DC: and Alaska Conservation, 2, 133, 437; and Alaska development, 135, 427; and whaling, 68

Washington, State of, 108, 155; elk translocation from, 334; and salmon, 351–352, 363. See also Seattle

Waxell, Sven, 5

Weasels: and forest fires, 106, 340; protection of, 344; trapping of, 345

Webb, Melodie, 198

Wester, Wilbur, 392, 475n47

Western Federation of Miners, 265

Western Union Telegraph project, 35–36, 38

Whale, Atlantic right, 60

Whale, belukha, 415; hunting of, 59, 70, 71; and salmon predation, 253, 299, 301, 304

Whale, blue: hunting by Aleuts, 196; market hunting of, 63, 70–74, 196

Whale, bowhead, 415; conservation of, 206–207; hunting of, 58–59, 63–65, 70, 72–74

Whale, finback: hunting by Aleuts, 196; market hunting of, 59, 63, 70, 70–75

Whale, gray, 415; market hunting of, 59, 63, 70, 74, 171–172

Whale, humpback, 191; market hunting of, 63, 70, 70–74

Whale, killer, 191; and belukha research, 305; and fur seals, 54, 89, 283; hunting of, 59; and sea lions, 89; and sea otters, 10, 25, 84

Whale, Minke, 191

Whale, North Pacific right, market hunting of, 58–63, 70, 70, 72, 72–74, 434

Whale, sei, 63, 70, 71, 72

Whale, sperm, market hunting of, 58–59, 63, 70, 70, 73–74, 434

Whaling, 1, 58–59, 72, 73; Antarctic, 71–72; Canadian, 71, 74; and conservation, 89, 428; deserters, 414; effects on Natives, 77–80, 192, 199; by Eskimos and Aleuts, 59, 65, 66, 69, 72, 74–75, 77, 196, 206–207; harvests, 18, 61–62, 70; and fur trade, 13, 15; hazards, 66–69; market hunting for, 318, 322, 413; methods, 59–66; products, 63, 71; by Russians, 59–60; shore-based, 21, 65, 66, 69–71

White Act (1924), 239, 365, 367, 375

White Pass and Yukon Railway, 110

White Pass, 98

White, Sam O., 239, 242, 243, 280

White, Stewart Edward: and brown bears, 169, 279, 281, 431; and salmon, 365

White, Tom, 391

White Wilderness (Disney), 291

Whitewater Bay, 279

Whiz Halferty Co., 457n79

Wickersham, Delegate James, 137, 140, 385–386

Wien, Noel, 243

Wien, Ralph, 242

The Wild Grizzlies of Alaska (Holzworth), 269

Wilderness: and Alaska Lands Act, 280; and Arctic Refuge, 400–401, 410, 418, 425–426, 437; and Bob Marshall, 400–407; in Katmai NP, 174; in Kenai Moose Range, 396; movement, 400, 407; and Muries, 410–412; philosophy of, 110–111, 402, 404–406, 410

Wilderness Act (1964), 248; origins of, 402, 404–405, 407, 410, 412, 425; and preservationism, 429

The Wilderness of Denali (Sheldon), 132

The Wilderness of the Upper Yukon (Sheldon), 132

Wilderness Society: and Aldo Leopold, 287; and Arctic Refuge, 418–421, 425; and Bob Marshall, 406–407, 437; and Glacier Bay NM, 185; and Margaret Murie, 411; Olaus Murie in, 409–411, 437; origins of, 406–407; and Wilderness Act, 407, 410, 412

Wildlife, economic value of, 274–275, 347, 348

Wildlife Conservation Society, 153

Wildlife management, 234, 243, 394; and Alaska Natives, 188–190, 204–208, 211, 238, 251, 389, 433–435; and ecology, 286, 288, 439; federal-territorial conflict over, 211, 310; and interest groups, 205–206, 234, 258, 281, 434; jurisdiction, 52, 212, 217, 219–220, 236–237, 272, 276, 340, 343, 347; 1925 Game Law, 238–245, 247–252, 389; origins, 119–120, 133, 231

Wildlife Management Institute: and Arctic Refuge, 418, 421, 422; and brown bears, 274; Gabrielson in, 234, 236, 252; and Kenai oil, 393; origins, 121

Wildlife Society, 257

Wildlife translocations, 322–337; to Aleutians, 305–306; ecological effects of, 329–330, 349; for fox food, 306; of reindeer, 322–326, 330–331

Willett, George, 311

William H. Allen, 77

Willow Island, 185

Wilson, Pres. Woodrow, 383; and Alaska Railroad, 139–140, 385; and Katmai NM, 165, and Mt. McKinley NP, 143

Wiseman, 401, 405, 409

Wolverines, 345; control of, 238, 245, 283, 285, 297, 299, 330; in parks/refuges, 150, 160, 174, 191, 378, 415; predation by, 321; protection of, 207, 349; trapping of, 16, 18, 199, 338, 341, 345, 346

Wolves, 99, 191, 417; appreciation of, 222, 412, 417; bounty on, 242, 254, 284, 298, 299; control of, 222, 238, 240, 245, 247, 251, 255, 283–285, 288–290, 293, 295, 296, 310, 313–315, 317, 319–320, 322, 330, 345, 386, 431–432; in Katmai NP, 160, 175; on Kenai Pen., 386, 397–399; in Mt. McKinley NP, 147, 150, 288–282; predation by, 293, 321, 331; protection of, 255, 344, 397; research on, 299, 313, 349; and salmon, 300; trapping of, 199, 338, 345

Wolves of Mt. McKinley (Murie), 290

Wonder Lake, 145, 148–149

Wood, 104–106, 107

Wood, Lt. Charles Erskine Scott, 177

Wood River, 310

Wood, Virginia Hill “Ginny,” 421, 423, 425

Woodchopper Creek, 99

Woolford, Ray, 206, 251

Work, Hubert (Sec. of Interior), 183–184

World War I: and forests, 106; and game, 229; and salmon, 353, 365; and Tlingit employment, 361; and whaling, 71

World War II, 253; and Alaska Highway, 244; in Aleutians, 22–23; and forests, 106; and fur seals, 52; and game laws, 243–244, 347; and Glacier Bay NM, 185; and Katmai NM, 169; and Mt. McKinley NP, 148, 153; and reindeer, 328, and Tlingits, 188; and trapping, 343; and U.S.-Japan salmon dispute, 373; and whaling, 72

Wrangel Island, 227, 333

Wrangell, 93, 94; and Game Comm., 244; and seal control, 304; and wolf control, 298

Wrangell Mountains, 102

Wrangell Narrows, 214

Wright, George Frederick, 181

Wright, George M., 147

Yakutat, 127; Russian fort at, 11–14, 180; Tlingits at, 196

Yakutat Bay, 13, 334

Yale University, 118, 123, 131

Yanert, Sgt. William, 137

Yellowstone National Park, 118, 130, 289; and Boone and Crockett Club, 120, 124

Yes Bay, 363

Yosemite NP, 111, 113

Young, Ralph, 279

Young, Rev. S. Hall: and Muir, 93, 97, 111, 177; and Muir Glacier, 457n4

Yukon Delta, 39, 256; Nelson on, 225–227; Olaus Murie on, 409; waterfowl on, 218, 294; wolf control on, 300

Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, 252

Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, 256

Yukon River, 80, 156, 332; explorations, 36, 125, 131–132, 137; and fur trade, 16, 338; and Gold Rush, 100–101, 104, 108, 137, 326; Indians on, 198, 201; salmon in, 357, 359, 364, 415, 419, 425; and whaling, 414; wood buffaloes at, 336

Yukon Territory, 46, 125; bird banding in, 411; exploration in, 140; game law enforcement in, 242; gold-seeking in, 98, 213

Zahniser, Howard, 410

Zapadni rookery, 29

Zentner, Joe, 274

Previous
Copyright © 2006 by the University Press of Colorado
Powered by Manifold Scholarship. Learn more at manifoldapp.org