INDEX
Acheson, Dean, 125
Adkins, Bertha, 130
Alerted Americans, 43
All American Conferences to Combat Communism, 41, 43
American Association of University Women, 38, 42
American Civil Liberties Union, 108
American Enterprise Association, 52
American Way. See American Way of Life
American Way of Life, 36, 115, 118, 151
American Woman’s Party, 89, 90, 91, 98, 105, 133
Anticommunism: movement defined, 4, 20, 154; and women, 34, 147–148
Anticommunists: and Asia, 62–63, 69; concerns about Americans’ understanding of communism, 69, 95; and Europe, 61–62; gendered images, 115–117, 125–127, 143, 147–148; men react to women, 9–10, 88, 113–114, 118, 134–135, 146, 151–152
Anticommunist Women: changes in communism, 80–81; concerns about education, 106–114; connections to conservatism, 32, 33, 36; defined, 5–6, 34–36, 151, 152; emphasis on domesticity, 116, 118, 151, 152; encourage women to join movement, 90–92, 95–96; and foreign policy, 60–62, 64–84; frustration with male anticommunists, 91–92; as household managers, 86, 93–94, 102–103, 104–106; involvement on local level, 37–41, 42–44, 86, 88, 149; involvement on national level, 44–57, 150; justification for political involvement, 56; letter-writing, 95–96; motivations for involvement, 35–37, 85–86; and patriotic motherhood, 64–66; relationship with Republican party, 99–100; study by scholars, 44–45; and UN, 71–72
Army-McCarthy Hearings, 22, 128
Atterbury, Marguerite, 69–70
Baker, Ella, 153
Barnet, Richard, 61
Benowitz, June Melby, 36
Berdichevsky, Arcadi, 53
Bolton, Frances, 65, 91, 95, 99
BPW. See Business and Professional Women’s Organization
Bricker Amendment, 64
Bridges, Doloris, 38, 48, 104; background, 50–52, 54–56; on communism, 67, 68, 89, 90; on Democrats, 89; on Eisenhower, 70; JFK controversy, 127, 143–146; and McCarthy, 127, 128; political career, 100–102, 104; on role of women, 91, 95, 98, 105, 148
Bridges, Styles, 18, 38, 51, 143, 144, 164(n64); attacks on Smith, 100; death, 100
Brewster, Owen, 118
Brown, Elizabeth Churchill, 43, 72, 82, 83, 84, 133; background, 48–50, 54–56; book on foreign policy, 75–80, 148; on communism, 67, 68; as letter writer, 61, 96–97; and the McCarthys, 127–128, 140; who’s to blame, 70, 91, 133; women’s activism, 97
Buckley, William F. Jr., 70, 76
Burnham, James, 64
Business and Professional Women’s Organization, 38, 42, 43, 46, 121, 122
Butler, John Marshall, 96, 130–131, 134
Camhi, Jane Jerome, 33
Caradja, Catherine, 120–121
Carelton, Don, 107
Chamberlin, William Henry, 73
Chambers, Whittaker, 55, 73, 81, 87
Chavez, Cesar, 153
China, 17, 62–63, 67, 69, 70, 73, 75, 80, 83, 108, 115, 150, 154; Utley’s views on, 73–74; and women, 120–121
Civil Rights Movement, 20, 23, 86, 114; women’s roles in, 26–27, 154
Cold War, 2, 5, 22, 29–30, 39, 56, 60, 68, 69, 75, 100, 102; influence on economy, 22–23; origins, 14–15
Communism, 59; Americans’ definition of, 3–5; atheism, 66–67; communist women, 2, 10, 92, 118–119, 120–125; influence on education, 106; perceived threat to domestic ideal, 118; women’s view of threat, 35–36
Communist Party, USA, 4, 21, 27, 126, 131, 136
Conan, Mrs. M., 43, 64, 68, 70, 88–89, 103
Congress of American Women, 120, 125
Conservatism: evolution in twentieth century, 4–5, 33; and family, 116; and women, 32–33, 36, 55, 114
Conservatives: and Bricker Amendment, 64; confront post–World War II world, 86–87; on education, 106, 107; on Eisenhower, 63, 86; frustrations with decline in anticommunism, 80–81; gendered images, 115, 153; seek power, 75–76
Containment Policy, 73; origins, 15; costs, 22–23
Corson, Helen, 43, 68, 90, 104, 112; anti-librarian campaign, 109–110
Critchlow, Donald, 81
Cronin, John, S.J., 62
DAR. See Daughters of the American Revolution
Daughters of the American Revolution, 71–72
Dean, Robert, 60–61
Democratic Party, 5, 126, 127, 130, 136, 137, 144, 145; and anticommunism, 21–22, 138; and women, 41, 98–99
Dilling, Elizabeth, 19
Draper, Muriel, 124–125
Eastman, Max, 73
Ebey, George, 107–108
Economy and postwar prosperity, 22–23, 24
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 18–19, 22, 41, 61, 70, 136; and anticommunism, 87; and Bricker Amendment, 64; conservatives unhappy with, 86; 1952 election, 63, 75; and UN, 63–64
Eisenhower, Milton, 70
Epstein, Barbara, 126
Equal Rights Amendment, 56
Fascist Movements, and women, 32
Federal Civil Defense Administration, 92–94
Freedom Train, 118
Foreign Policy, 60–64; establishment, 64–65; “Imperial Brotherhood,” 60–61
Friedan, Betty, and The Feminine Mystique, 25–26, 153
Fullerton, Mrs. Reese P., 43
Gabrielson, Guy, 126
General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 28, 37, 38, 149; history of, 37–40; involvement with civil defense, 93; women’s activism, 97
GFWC. See General Federation of Women’s Clubs
Goldwater, Barry, 22, 41, 79; 1964 presidential campaign, 81, 96
Graham, Billy, 118
Hennings, Thomas C., 132–133
Homosexuality, 117; equated with communism, 4, 11, 125–126; and Joe McCarthy, 128–129
Hoover, Herbert, 137
Hoover, J. Edgar: on communism, 15–16, 19, 66, 87, 126; women, 118
House Un-American Activities Committee, 16, 55; origins, 19–20
Housewives, 8–9, 10, 28, 76–77, 91, 92–94, 119–120, 148, 153; See also Women, as housewives
Howard, Katherine, 93
Jenner, William, 63
John Birch Society, 63
Johnson, Lyndon B., 22, 82, 102
Kennedy, John F., 22, 80, 101, 136–137, 143, 145
Kerr, Jean Fraser. See McCarthy, Jean Kerr
Khrushchev, Nikita, 22, 67, 80, 82; kitchen debate, 119–120; exchange with Margaret Chase Smith, 136–137
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 153
Kinsey, Alfred, 116; reports, 116–117
Kirk, Russell, 118
Knowland, William, 62
Knowles, Mary, 109–110
Korea War, 17–18, 62–63, 73, 74, 75, 87, 95, 130
Lavender Scare, 126
League of Women Voters, 28
Lee, Wilma, 131
Loeb, William, 101–102, 144, 146
Logan, Bette, 43
Luce, Henry, 62
Lyons, Florence Fowler, 43, 72, 76
MacArthur, Douglas, 62–63, 74, 78
Maryland Senate Campaign, 130–132
Matthews, J.B., 19
McCarthy, Jean Kerr: background, 47–48, 54–56, 179(n38); 1950 Maryland Senate Election, 130–132; relationship with Joe, 127, 129–130; Senate investigation, 132–135
McCarthy, Joseph, 10, 18, 22, 42, 49, 56, 75, 80, 110; Army-McCarthy hearings, 22; gendered language, 10–11, 125, 127, 135–136, 143; homosexuality rumors, 128–129; and Margaret Chase Smith, 139, 140, 143; Maryland Senate Race, 130–132; relationship with Jean, 47–48, 127–129, 157; Senate Investigation, 134; as spy hunter, 20–21, 87
McDermot, Edward, 132
McEnaney, Laura, 93
Meyer, Frank, 76
Miller, Ruth McCormick, 130–131
Minute Women of America, 37, 112; anticommunist views, 90; and China, 69–70; Ebey affair, 107–108; encourage women to participate, 90, 96, 97–98, 149; history, 40; and UN, 71–72; and motherhood, 94; view of communist women, 121
Monroney, A.S., 132
Montgomery Women’s Caucus, 23, 26
Motherhood, 94–95
National Association of Manufacturers, 88
National Council of Negro Women, 38
National Federation of Republican Women’s Clubs, 52
National Organization for Women, 102
National Woman’s Party, 27
New Deal, 4, 20, 32, 34, 61, 75, 86, 105, 107, 154
New Mexico Women Speak, 43, 44, 89, 91; and motherhood, 65–66
NWP. See National Woman’s Party
Newsletters, 42–44, 61, 72, 85, 103–104, 150
Nixon, Richard M., 18, 22, 41, 143, 144, 145, 146; kitchen debate, 119–120
Parent-Teacher Association, 1, 2, 28; and communist subversion, 111–112
Pauker, Ana, 122–124
PTA. See Parent-Teacher Association
Red Scare, 74, 87, 107, 108, 126
Regnery, Henry, 76, 78–79, 102
Republican Motherhood, 6, 7, 118
Republican Party: and anticommunism, 21–22, 87, 116, 138; conservative wing, 75–76, 114; and McCarthy, 137, 139; 1964 presidential campaign, 81–82; and women, 36, 41–42, 55, 81, 98–99, 103, 114, 145–146; women’s clubs, 52, 81; Women’s Division, 41–42
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 4, 14, 20, 62, 73, 77
Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 20, 87
Rymph, Catherine, 36
St. George, Katherine, 94
Schlafly, Fred, 52
Schlafly, Phyllis, 42, 60, 72, 83, 133, 148–149, 150; background, 52–53, 54–56; books, 81–82; political career, 102
Schlamm, Willi, 76
Sherman, Janann, 141
Sexuality, 116–117
Smart, Anne, 110–111
Smith, Clyde, 46
Smith, Margaret Chase, 54, 60, 61, 101–102, 134; altercation with Khrushchev, 13–137; background, 45–47, 54–56; on communism, 67, 68–69, 136, 150; Declaration of Conscience, 100, 127, 136, 137–143; political career, 100, 103; response to Declaration of Conscience, 140–143; women’s political involvement, 91–92, 94, 97, 99, 105, 148–149, 151
Soviet Union. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Stalin, Joseph, 15, 53, 67, 69, 76; death, 22, 75, 87
Stevenson, Adlai, 19, 25, 125, 153
Stewart, Phyllis. See Schlafly, Phyllis
Stonborough, Thomas, 49
Suburbs, 23–24
Surine, Don, 135
Taft, Robert A., 64
Tankersley, Garvin, 131
The Farmer’s Voice, 43, 103–104
Thorsen, Mrs. James, 43
Truman, Harry S, 62, 73, 103, 137–138; and Truman Doctrine, 16–17; and NSC–68, 17; concerns about anticommunism, 21; firing of MacArthur, 62–63; loyalty program, 87
Tydings, Millard, 130, 132, 133, 134
UNESCO. See United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 4, 13, 18, 53, 67, 69, 73, 75, 114; relationship with U.S., 14, 19–20, 59; and women, 120, 121
United Nations, 63–64, 70–71, 101
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 40, 64, 71
UN Resolution on Human Rights, 64
USSR. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Utley, Freda, 72, 76, 81, 82; background, 53–54, 54–56; foreign policy writings, 73–75, 83, 150
Van Dyke, Catherine, 131, 132–133, 135
Ward, Chester, 82
Welch, Robert, 63
Welter, Barbara, 6
What Do You Think?, 43
Wherry, Kenneth, 126
World War II, 14, 20, 34, 39, 54, 66, 77, 98, 116, 124
Women: and anticommunist movement, 2, 5–6, 10; early political involvement, 6–8; as housewives, 8–9, 10, 25, 28–30, 60, 92, 118, 145, 148, 149; and media image, 25–26; as mothers, 94–95; and political activity, 5–6, 28–29, 84; postwar world, 14, 25–28, 116, 117; and Progressive Era, 7–8; shaping foreign policy, 83–84; and unions, 27; voting, 10, 97–98, 149; working, 116, 120–121
Women Investors Research Institute, 69
Women’s Right to Know, Inc., 43
Women Strike for Peace, 27, 64
WSP. See Women Strike for Peace
Wylie, Philip, 117