NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1. Red Nightmare, Department of Defense, Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education, Warner Brothers Studios, 1962, distributed by National Audiovisual Center, Capitol Heights, Maryland.

2. George Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America (New York: Basic Books, 1976).

3. Linda K. Kerber, “The Republican Mother and the Woman Citizen: Contradictions and Choices in Revolutionary America,” in Women’s America: Refocusing the Past, 5th ed., ed. Linda K. Kerber and Jane Sherron De Hart (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 112–120; Mary Beth Norton, Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980).

4. Barbara Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood,” American Quarterly (Summer 1966): 151–174; Jeanne Boydston, Home and Work: Housework, Wages, and the Ideology of Labor in the Early Republic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

5. Paula Baker, “The Domestication of Politics: Women and American Political Society, 1780–1920,” American Historical Review 89 (June 1984): quotes on 631, 625. See also, Kathryn Kish Sklar, Catharine Beecher; A Study in American Domesticity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973); Elizabeth Jacoway, Yankee Missionaries in the South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980).

6. Baker, “Domestication of Politics,” 644. See also, Katheryn Kish Sklar, Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work: The Rise of Women’s Political Culture, 1830–1900 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); Victoria Bissell Brown, The Education of Jane Addams (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004); Felice D. Gordon, After Winning: The Legacy of the New Jersey Suffragists, 1920–1947 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1986), 20–21.

7. Karen J. Blair, The Clubwoman as Feminist: True Womanhood Redefined, 1868–1914 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), 4–5, 105–106, 114–115.

8. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988), 37–91. For an interesting comparison with Nazi women, see Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics (New York: St. Martin’s, 1987), 122.

CHAPTER 1

1. For a discussion of this phenomenon, see Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988).

2. For a quick overview of the breadth of women’s activities during these years, see Joanne Meyerowitz, Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945–1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994); Eugenia Kaledin, Mothers and More (Boston: Twayne, 1984).

3. For background on the relationship between the United States and Russia, see M. J. Heale, American Anticommunism: Combating the Enemy Within, 1830–1970 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 3–122.

4. The complexity of the origins of the Cold War has led to a long-standing historiographical debate on the subject. Historians who blame the Soviets for the conflict are referred to as traditionalists. See, for example, William H. McNeill, America, Britain and Russia: Their Co-operation and Conflict, 1941–1946 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953); Herbert Feis, Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953). Other historians, often referred to as revisionists, emphasize the U.S. role in the hostilities. See, for example, Walter La Feber, America, Russia and the Cold War 1945–1990, 6th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991); Thomas J. McCormick, Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989); Gabriel Kolko and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1954 (New York: Harper & Row, 1972). In more recent years, a post-revisionist school has emerged. These historians recognize the role both sides played in the development of the Cold War but still cast the Soviets as the true bad guys. The best example of this type of scholarship is John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998). The opening of Eastern European and former Soviet archives has led to more interesting debates. Much of the new evidence directly contradicts the traditionalist view. See Ronn Pineo, “Recent Cold War Studies,” The History Teacher (November 2003): 79–86. For the Soviet side of the story, see Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).

5. J. Edgar Hoover, Masters of Deceit: The Story of Communism in America and How to Fight It (New York: Henry Holt, 1958; paperback, Pocket Books, 1961), vi.

6. J. Edgar Hoover, Testimony before HUAC, 26 March 1947, in Ellen Schrecker, The Age of McCarthyism, 2nd ed. (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 127.

7. J. Edgar Hoover, “The Twin Enemies of Freedom: Crime and Communism,” speech to the National Council of Catholic Women, 9 November 1956, in Vital Speeches (1 December 1956) 23, no. 4: 106; Hoover, Masters of Deceit, 8.

8. David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 539–549, quote on 548.

9. James F. O’Neil, “How You Can Fight Communism,” American Legion Magazine (August 1948), 16–17, cited in Schrecker, Age of McCarthyism, 122–123.

10. National Security Council Paper No. 68, in Foreign Relations of the United States 1950, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977), 234–312.

11. James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 207–242.

12. Joseph R. McCarthy, speech, 9 February 1950, Wheeling, West Virginia, reprinted in Schrecker, Age of McCarthyism, 238; Richard Nixon quoted in Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon: The Education of a Politician, 1913–1962 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 243; Hoover, Masters of Deceit, 310.

13. Bridges quoted in “Foreign Relations, Time (1 December 1952): 10.

14. Quoted in Charles C. Alexander, Holding the Line: The Eisenhower Era, 1952–1961 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975), 289.

15. See, for example, Lewis Mumford to editor, The New York Times, 28 March 1954, 10.

16. Charles Grutzner, “Gain in ‘Cold War’ Seen by Stevenson after World Tour,” The New York Times, 21 August 1953, 1.

17. Richard Gid Powers, Not without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism (New York: Free Press, 1995), 1–40.

18. Ibid., 43–116.

19. Ibid., 117–154.

20. Allen Weinstein, Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case (New York: Random House, 1978); Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton, The Rosenberg Rile: A Search for the Truth (New York: Random House, 1983); Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—The Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999).

21. For background on McCarthy, see Thomas C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy (New York: Stein and Day, 1982); David Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense (New York: Free Press, 1983). For a general discussion of the differences between liberal and conservative anticommunists, see Powers, Not without Honor, 214.

22. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Vital Center (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949), 129.

23. Internal Security Act, 1950, Veto Message from President of the United States, 22 September 1950, in Congressional Record, 81st Cong. 2nd sess., 15629–32.

24. Powers, Not without Honor, 214.

25. A classic description of the partisan use of anticommunism can be found in Robert Griffith, The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970).

26. For an overview of foreign policy during this era, see Stephen E. Ambrose, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy since 1938, 7th rev. ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 127–189; John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 127–273. For Eisenhower’s views, see Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Simon & Shuster, 1983); Robert Divine, Eisenhower and the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981). For Kennedy’s foreign policy, see Michael Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960–1963 (New York: Edward Burlingame Books, 1991); Herbert Parmet, JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (New York: Penguin Books, 1984). For Johnson and Vietnam, see George Herring, America’s Longest War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986).

27. William H. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey: America since World War II, 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 112–114; Robert M. Collins, More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 24; Kirkpatrick Sale, Power Shift: The Rise of the Southern Rim and Its Challenge to the Eastern Establishment (New York: Vintage Books, 1975), 23–33; Patterson, Grand Expectations, 312, 314.

28. Patterson, Grand Expectations, 380–406. See also, Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters (New York: Simon & Shuster, 1988); JoAnne Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987).

29. Patterson, Grand Expectations, 314–317, 341–342; Chafe, Unfinished Journey, 119.

30. Patterson, Grand Expectations, 71–76; Chafe, Unfinished Journey, 117–118.

31. Patterson, Grand Expectations, 321–326.

32. Ibid., 76-81; May, Homeward Bound, 20–27, 37–91.

33. Adlai Stevenson, “Women, Husbands and History,” Commencement Address, Smith College, 6 June 1955, in Adlai Stevenson, What I Think (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956), 182–189; Chafe, Unfinished Journey, 130; Karal Ann Marling, As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), 217–240.

34. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963).

35. Eva Moskowitz, “It’s Good to Blow Your Top: Women’s Magazines and a Discourse of Discontent, 1945–1965,” Journal of Women’s History 8, no. 3 (Fall 1996): 66–98; Patterson, Grand Expectations, 364–365.

36. See, for example, Meyerowitz, Not June Cleaver.

37. Robinson, Montgomery Bus Boycott; Margaret Rose, “Gender and Civic Activism in Mexican American Barrios in California,” in ibid., 175–200.

38. Dennis A. Deslippe, “‘We Had an Awful Time with Our Women’: Iowa’s United Packinghouse Workers of America, 1945–75,” Journal of Women’s History 5, no. 1 (Spring 1993): 10-32; Lisa Kannenberg, “The Impact of the Cold War on Women’s Trade Union Activism: The UE Experience,” Labor History 34 (Spring-Summer 1993): 309–323; Dorothy Sue Cobble, “Recapturing Working-Class Feminism: Union Women in the Postwar Era,” in Meyerowitz, Not June Cleaver, 57–83.

39. Kate Weigand, Red Feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women’s Liberation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001); Leila J. Rupp and Verta Taylor, Survival in the Doldrums: The American Women’s Rights Movement, 1945 to the 1960s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); Amy Swedlow, Women Strike for Peace: Traditional Motherhood and Radical Politics in the 1960s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).

40. Patterson, Grand Expectations, 367–369.

41. Nancy Rubin, The New Suburban Woman: Beyond Myth and Motherhood (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1982), 65.

42. Jo Freeman, A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 176–177.

CHAPTER 2

1. The literature examining right-wing women has been growing in recent years. For a sampling, see Jane Jerome Camhi, Women against Women: American Anti-Suffragism, 1880–1920 (Brooklyn, NY: Carlson, 1994); Kim E. Nielsen, Un-American Womanhood: Antiradicalism, Antifeminism and the First Red Scare (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001); June Melby Benowitz, Days of Discontent: American Women and Right-Wing Politics, 1933–1945 (Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002); Rebecca Klatch, Women and the New Right (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), 144; Susan E. Marshall, Splintered Sisterhood: Gender and Class in the Campaign against Woman Suffrage (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997); Marshall, “Ladies against Women: Mobilization Dilemmas of Antifeminist Movements,” Social Problems 32 (April 1985): 357–358 for other examples of this type of behavior. For examples from abroad, see Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics (New York: St. Martin’s, 1987); Elizabeth Harvey, “Visions of the Volk: German Women and the Far Right from Kaiserreich to Third Reich,” Journal of Women’s History 16, no. 3 (2004): 152–167; Margaret Power, “More Than Mere Pawns: Right-Wing Women in Chile,” Journal of Women’s History 16, no. 3 (2004: 138–151; Julie V. Gottlieb, “Women and British Fascism Revisited: Gender, the Far-Right and Resistance,” Journal of Women’s History 16, no. 3 (2004): 108–123.

2. Camhi, Women against Women, 213.

3. George Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America (New York: Basic Books, 1976), 131–153.

4. Camhi, Women against Women, 218.

5. For a general description of women working for anticommunism, especially at the grassroots level, see Don E. Carleton, Red Scare! Right-Wing Hysteria, Fifties Fanaticism and Their Legacy in Texas (Austin: Texas Monthly Press, 1985), 125–134. For new works exploring conservative women’s activities, see, among others, Michelle Nickerson, “Moral Mothers and Goldwater Girls,” in The Conservative Sixties, ed. David Farber and Jeff Roche (New York: Peter Lang, 2003), 51–62; Sylvie Murray, “Suburban Citizens: Domesticity and Community Politics in Queens, New York, 1945–1960” (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1994); David Laurence O’Connor, “Defenders of the Faith: American Catholic Lay Organizations and Anticommunism, 1917–1975” (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2000); Christine Kimberly Erickson, “Conservative Women and Patriotic Maternalism: The Beginnings of a Gendered Conservative Tradition in the 1920s and 1930s” (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 1999); Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 81–98.

6. Kim E. Nielsen, “Doing the ‘Right’ Right,” Journal of Women’s History 16 (August 2004): 171; Nielsen, Un-American Womanhood, 63; Benowitz, Days of Discontent, 175–176; Catherine E. Rymph, Republican Women: Feminism and Conservatism from Suffrage through the Rise of the New Right (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 125–130.

7. Nielsen, Un-American Womanhood, 63.

8. Rymph, Republican Women, 125–130.

9. McGirr, Suburban Warriors, 81–98.

10. Mildred White Wells, Unity in Diversity: The History of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs (Washington, D.C.: General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 1953), 21. For more information, see Karen J. Blair, The Clubwoman as Feminist: True Womanhood Redefined, 1868–1914 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), 93–115.

11. Paula Baker, “The Domestication of Politics: Women and American Political Society, 1780–1920,” American Historical Review 89 (June 1984): 640; Kathryn Anderson, “Evolution of a Partisan: Emily Newell Blair and the Democratic Party, 1920–1932,” in We Have Come to Stay: American Women and Political Parties, 1880–1960, ed. Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller, and Elisabeth I. Perry (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999), 109, 113; Eric Rauchway, “A Gentlemen’s Club in a Woman’s Sphere: How Dorothy Whitney Straight Created the New Republic,” Journal of Women’s History 11 (Summer 1999): 61–62.

12. Blair, Clubwoman as Feminist, 98–104, 114.

13. Laura McEnaney, Civil Defense Begins at Home: Militarization Meets Everyday Life in the Fifties (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 91–93.

14. Esther M. Guilfoy, “Clubwomen Hear Talk by Mrs. Bridges,” Morning Union, 15 January 1948; “Mrs. Styles Bridges 1947–49,” Case 4, Doloris Bridges Papers, New Hampshire Records and Archives, Concord, NH [hereafter DB papers].

15. Quotations are from these editions of the newsletter, in the order listed: “Why Clubs,” Texas Clubwoman 34, no. 3 (April 1958): 4; “Plan Your Course of Study,” Texas Clubwoman 27, no. 14 (March 1950): 5–7; Sara A. Whitehurst, “World Cooperation,” Texas Clubwoman 28, no. 30(1) (January 1952): 6–7; all in Texas Woman’s Collection, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, Texas [hereafter TWU Collection].

16. See, for example, Mrs. J. Howard Hodge, “This Is Our World,” keynote address, 13 May 1951, Texas Federation of Women’s Clubs Annual Convention, transcript in TWU Collection.

17. See newsletters of the Minute Women of the USA, Inc., Reel 76 M19, Right-Wing Collection, University of Iowa, Iowa City [hereafter Right-Wing Collection]. Quotations from January 1954, November 1952, and October-November 1953 editions. For general background, see Carleton, Red Scare, 111–125.

18. See, for example, The Minute Women of the USA, Inc., newsletters, June 1957 and March 1956.

19. The best source for information on Republican women in general and the source for most of the information in this paragraph is Rymph, Republican Women, especially chapters 3–5.

20. Ibid., chapter 5. The observer was Elizabeth Churchill Brown. See Brown to Raissa Browder, 20 September 1954, “Browder, Earl (and Mrs.), 1954–1965,” Box 1; Constantine Brown to William Knowland, 28 May 1959, “Knowland, William F. (Senator), 1959–1963,” Box 2, both in Elizabeth Churchill Brown Papers, Hoover Institute on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA [hereafter ECB Papers].

21. Rymph, Republican Women, chapter 6.

22. Phyllis Schlafly to Henry Regnery, 29 April 1957 and 2 March 1957, in “Schlafly, Phyllis,” Box 67, Henry Regnery Papers, Hoover Institute on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA [hereafter Regnery Papers].

23. See, for example, All American Conferences to Combat Communism, Freedom’s Facts 3, no. 5 (May 1955), Reel 56 F40, Right-Wing Collection.

24. See series of letters between Mrs. Arthur Peterson and Mrs. Kathryn Rave, 1960–1961, Mss. 40, American Association of University Women–Texas, the Woman’s Collection, Blagg-Huey Library, Texas Women’s University, Denton, TX.

25. Alfred Kohlberg to Joe McCarthy, 29 January 1951, in “Senator Jos. R. McCarthy, 1951,” Box 122, Alfred Kohlberg Papers, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA [hereafter Kohlberg Papers]; Mrs. Philip L. Corson, “Alerted Americans,” January 1964, Reel 13 A73, Right-Wing Collection.

26. Isabel Kinnear Griffin, “Politics without Pulling Punches,” The Evening Gazette [Worcester, MA], 9 June 1952, Scrapbook #1, DB Papers; Mrs. Philip L. Corson, “Alerted Americans,” January 1964, Reel 13 A73, Right-Wing Collection; Florence Lyons to ECB, 6 December 1960, in “Lyons, Florence Fowler, 1960–1962,” Box 2, ECB Papers.

27. All these newsletters are available through the Right-Wing Collection at the University of Iowa, Iowa City. The series is available on microfilm and is arranged alphabetically. Quotation from New Mexico Women Speak! 1, no. 1 (November 1955), Reel 86 N39, Right-Wing Collection.

28. Mrs. Clarence Uhl, The Farmer’s Voice 2, no. 2 (November 1958), Reel 48 F13; New Mexico Women Speak! (November and December 1955), Reel 86 N39; “We Are Dedicated To,” The Spirit (March 1964), Reel 8 A49; all in Right-Wing Collection.

29. Phyllis Schlafly is the exception to this rule. She has both extensive archives and several studies of her life. See, for example, Carol Felsenthal, The Sweetheart of the Silent Majority: The Biography of Phyllis Schlafly (New York: Doubleday, 1981); Donald T. Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005); Critchlow, “Conservatism Reconsidered: Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism,” in The Conservative Sixties, ed. David Farber and Jeff Roche (New York: Peter Lang, 2003), 108–126; Catherine E. Rymph, “Neither Neutral nor Neutralized: Phyllis Schlafly’s Battle against Sexism,” in Women’s America: Refocusing the Past, 5th ed., ed. Linda K. Kerber and Jane Sherron De Hart (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 501–507.

30. Obviously, there could have been a number of other examples. Mary Mundt, wife of South Dakota senator Karl Mundt, had a reputation as a fervent anticommunist. Unfortunately, all of her papers were destroyed in a fire.

31. For complete biographical information, see Patricia L. Schmidt, Margaret Chase Smith: Beyond Convention (Orono: University of Maine Press, 1996), chapters 1–5; Patricia Ward Wallace, Politics of Conscience: A Biography of Margaret Chase Smith (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995), chapters 1–2; Janann Sherman, No Place for a Woman: A Life of Senator Margaret Chase Smith (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000).

32. Schmidt, Beyond Convention, 60–66, 68–74; Wallace, Politics of Conscience, 22–25.

33. Schmidt, Beyond Convention, 31–49, 74–75; Wallace, Politics of Conscience, 22–23, 31–33.

34. Schmidt, Beyond Convention, 86–102; Wallace, Politics of Conscience, 33–41.

35. Ed Walsh, “Will Mrs. McCarthy Run for Congress?” [Newark, NJ] Star-Ledger Every Week Magazine, 3 August 1958; The George Washington University Annual, 1946; Marshall Field Ad, Daily Northwestern, 23 April 1948; all in Joseph R. McCarthy Papers, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI [hereafter McCarthy Papers, Marquette]; “‘Politics My Hobby,’ Declares Jean Kerr,” The Evening Star [Washington, DC], 18 September 1953, in “August–Dec 1953 McCarthy Clips,” Box 3, Thomas C. Reeves Research Files [hereafter Reeves Files], Wisconsin State Historical Society, Madison, WI [hereafter WSHS].

36. Margaret Kernodle, “McCarthy to Wed Girl Who ‘Stood Him Up,’” LaCrosse Tribune, 27 September 1953; Ruth Young Watt, Senate Historical Office, Oral History Project, 94–96, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, TX.

37. Their relationship is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 5.

38. Thomas C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy (New York: Stein and Day, 1982), 152–159, 417. Reeves based this biography on extensive interviews that he has donated to the Wisconsin State Historical Society. These interviews are extremely helpful to scholars, especially since some of the interviewees are deceased. See also, Jean Kerr to Wayne Hood, 30 November 1951, 3 December [1951]; Wayne Hood to Jean Kerr, 6 December 1951, all in Reel 7 microfilm, Wayne Hood Papers, WSHS [hereafter Hood Papers]; Jean Kerr to Tom Korb, 27 October 1951; Tom Korb to Jean Kerr, 29 October 1951, both in “Korb, Tom Papers,” Box 2, Reeves Files.

39. Reeves, Life and Times, chapter 10.

40. “Brown, Elizabeth Churchill,” Who’s Who of American Women, 7th ed., 1972–1973 (Wilmette, IL: Marquis Who’s Who, 1971); “Troth Announced of Miss Churchill,” The New York Times, 13 February 1939, 18.

41. Who’s Who; “Social Notes,” The New York Times, 14 May 1925, 19; “Notes of Social Activities in New York and Elsewhere,” The New York Times, 11 July 1929, 23.

42. “Elizabeth Churchill Has Bridal at Home,” The New York Times, 10 August 1939, 21; “Changes in Firms Effective Today,” The New York Times, 2 January 1935, 45; “Dinner Parties Given at Republican Dance,” The New York Times, 15 March 1940, 20; “Renting of Suites Takes on Volume,” The New York Times, 9 September 1941, 40; Who’s Who.

43. Elizabeth Churchill Brown, draft of “Prologue,” n.d., Joe McCarthy and Other Anti-Communists, Fragments, 8.2, in Box 8, Speeches and Writings, ECB Papers.

44. Ibid.

45. There are no biographies of Doloris. Information about her early life has therefore been gathered from the public record and newspaper accounts. Most of the following information is from Irene Corbally Kuhn, “12 Senate Wives,” American Mercury (August 1955): 52–58. There is one biography of her husband, Styles. See James J. Kiepper, Styles Bridges: Yankee Senator (Sugar Hill, NH: Phoenix, 2001).

46. Alice Kessler-Harris, Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 252–266; Ruth Milkman, Gender at Work: The Dynamics of Job Segregation by Sex during World War II (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 28–29.

47. Kuhn, “12 Senate Wives,” 54; Sara M. Evans, Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America (New York: Free Press, 1989), 224.

48. Kuhn, “12 Senate Wives,” 54; “Mrs. Bridges Is Improved at Hospital,” Concord Monitor, 8 October 1956, in “Misc. Clippings & Campaign Materials,” Case 1, DB Papers.

49. “Politics: Lady in the Race,” Time (19 January 1962): 22; Kuhn, “12 Senate Wives,” 54; American National Biography, 1999 ed., s.v. “Bridges, Styles,” by Gary Reichard. Reichard points out in this biography that Doloris was Bridges’s third wife. He married Ella Mae Johnston when he was young and quickly divorced her. They had one child. He then married Sally Clement, and they had two children. She died ten years after their marriage. During most of his political life, Bridges acknowledged his second wife but completely ignored his first. In fact, most people believed Sally Bridges was the mother of all three of his sons.

50. Marie Smith, “Washington Now Looks Like Fun,” The Washington Post, 14 January 1961, in “Tuesday 11 July 1961 Dinner at Mount Vernon,” Case 1, DB Papers; Kuhn, “12 Senate Wives,” 54.

51. Kuhn, “12 Senate Wives,” 54.

52. Doloris Bridges to Elizabeth Coleman, 31 July 1953; Doloris Bridges to Mrs. Howard Thompson Ball, 20 September 1954 (source of quotation); Doloris Bridges to Robert McCook, 23 October 1957, all in large envelope, “Doloris Speaking Engagements in Mid-’50s,” Box 6, DB Papers.

53. Elizabeth L. Hatch to Doloris Bridges, 2 October 1959, in large envelope, “Doloris Speaking Engagements in Mid-’50s,” Box 6; Esther M. Guilfoy, “Clubwomen Hear Talk by Mrs. Bridges,” Manchester Union Leader [morning edition], 15 January 1948, in “Mrs. Styles Bridges, 1947–49,” Case 4; “Mrs. Bridges Quits Reception,” Manchester Union Leader, 7 March 1961; Ruth Montgomery, “Never Underestimate the Power of Sen. Bridges’ Pretty Wife,” n.d., in “Tuesday 11 July Dinner at Mount Vernon,” Case 1, all in DB Papers.

54. Critchlow, “Conservatism Reconsidered,” 112–116.

55. For Schlafly’s battles, see Rymph, “Neither Neutral nor Neutralized,” 504–505; Rymph, Republican Women, chapter 6.

56. Freda Utley, The Dream We Lost (New York: John Day, 1940), 3; Michael Florinsky, “The Background of the Russian Fiasco and Where It Led,” The New York Times, 6 October 1940, 95.

57. Utley, The Dream We Lost, 120.

58. Freda Utley, Odyssey of a Liberal (Washington, DC: Washington National Press, 1970), 126–127. For copies of letters sent to her son, Jon, regarding his father’s arrest and execution, see A. P. Cherepkov to V. G. Krasnow, 5 February 2004, available on-line at http://fredautley.com/Berdichevsky.htm.

59. Utley, The Dream We Lost, 94–123, 218–275; Florinsky, “Background.”

60. Freda Utley, China at War (New York: John Day, 1939); Utley, Last Chance in China (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1947); Utley, The China Story (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1951); Utley, The High Cost of Vengeance (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1949); Utley, Will the Middle East Go West? (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1957); Utley, The Dream We Lost.

61. Utley, Odyssey of a Liberal, 302–311, quote on 304.

62. Ibid., 133.

CHAPTER 3

1. Robert D. Dean, Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), 10–36; Richard J. Barnet, Roots of War: The Men and Institutions Behind U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Atheneum, 1972), 48–75.

2. Janann Sherman, No Place for a Woman: A Life of Senator Margaret Chase Smith (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000), 101, 117, 127.

3. Extensive correspondence between Brown and Francesca Rhee is in Box 3, ECB Papers. Quotation from Francesca Rhee to ECB, 21 January 1960, in “Rhee, Syngman and Francesca, Correspondence with the Browns, 1960 Jan–July,” Box 3, ECB Papers.

4. Joseph R. McCarthy, America’s Retreat from Victory: The Story of George Catlett Marshall (New York: Devin-Adair, 1951), 41.

5. John F. Cronin quoted in Richard Gid Powers, Not without Honor (New York: Free Press, 1995), 174–175, 194–197, quote on 196.

6. For information on the China Lobby, see Michael Miles, The Odyssey of the American Right (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 94–120; ibid., 228–229; Gayle B. Montgomery and James W. Johnson, One Step from the White House: The Rise and Fall of Senator William F. Knowland (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 90–98.

7. George Sokolsky quoted in M. J. Heale, American Anticommunism: Combating the Enemy Within, 1830–1970 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 155.

8. For a full discussion of the situation, see David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 813–856, quote on 838.

9. Ibid., 844.

10. Powers, Not without Honor, 264–265; Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower, vol. 2 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 328–334, 354–356.

11. For Eisenhower’s campaign promises, see Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower, vol. 1 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), 546–548. For his willingness to meet with Soviets, see Ambrose, Eisenhower, vol. 2, 257–265, 535–537. For background on the John Birch Society, see Miles, Odyssey of the American Right, 246–250. Quote from Welch’s The Politician, which he circulated in manuscript form in the late 1950s and privately published in the early 1960s. Here taken from Miles, Odyssey, 249.

12. Miles, Odyssey, 82.

13. Frank Holman quoted in Duane Tananbaum, The Bricker Amendment Controversy: A Test of Eisenhower’s Political Leadership (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988), 9.

14. Miles, Odyssey, 81–83; George Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America (New York: Basic Books, 1976), 263–265.

15. Tananbaum’s The Bricker Amendment is the most complete study of the incident. For Eisenhower’s reactions, see Ambrose, Eisenhower, vol. 2, 68–70, 151–152, 154–155.

16. Amy Swerdlow, Women Strike for Peace: Traditional Motherhood and Radical Politics in the 1960s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).

17. Frances P. Bolton, address, reprinted in Summary of Proceedings, 22nd Women’s Patriotic Conference on National Defense, 15–17 January 1948 [Washington, DC], Reel 153 W59, Right-Wing Collection.

18. New Mexico Women Speak! newsletter, November 1955, Reel 86 N39, Right-Wing Collection.

19. American Woman’s Party, “Our Country Needs Its Mother,” n.d. (source of quotation); American Woman’s Party, “War at Its Worst,” n.d.; Leona Scannell to Dear Americans, n.d.; American Woman’s Party, “MEN . . . Let us call to your attention . . . THESE FACTS,” n.d., all on Reel 13 A100, Right-Wing Collection.

20. American Woman’s Party, “MEN . . . Let us call to your attention . . . THESE FACTS”; June Melby Benowitz, Days of Discontent: American Women and Right-Wing Politics, 1933–1945 (Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002), 175–176.

21. Mrs. M. Conan, What Do You Think? November 1947, Reel 36 C133, Right-Wing Collection.

22. “Senator’s Wife Discusses Effect of Khrushchev Visit,” Manchester Union Leader, 15 October 1959, in “Clippings—esp. 1959,” File Drawer no. 4, DB Papers; Margaret Chase Smith, speech to Rumford Rotary-Lions Ladies noon meeting, 22 October 1951, in “Statements and Speeches,” vol. 8, Margaret Chase Smith Library [hereafter MCS Library], Skowhegan, ME.

23. Margaret Chase Smith to Leslie B. Johnson, 19 November 1954, in “Maine Support for McCarthy,” McCarthy, Joseph Raymond Correspondence, McCarthy File, MCS Library; Elizabeth Churchill Brown to Francesca Rhee, 5 January 1958, in “Rhee, Syngman and Francesca, Correspondence with the Browns, 1958,” Box 3, ECB Papers; Elizabeth Churchill Brown to A. C. Wedemeyer, n.d., in “Brown (Mrs. Constantine),” Box 28, A. C. Wedemeyer Papers, Hoover Institute on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA [hereafter Wedemeyer Papers].

24. Mrs. Philip Corson to Bud, 5 October 1955, Alerted Americans, Reel 13 A73, Right-Wing Collection.

25. Clare Boothe Luce to A. C. Wedemeyer, 1 March 1947, in “Luce, Clare Boothe,” Box 93, Wedemeyer Papers; Conan, What Do You Think?; Esther M. Guilfoy, “Clubwomen Hear Talk by Mrs. Bridges,” Manchester Union Leader [morning edition], in “Mrs. Styles Bridges, 1947–49,” Case 4, DB Papers; “Mrs. Bridges Tells Why She Keeps Sharp Eye on Government Affairs,” New Hampshire Sunday News, 20 January 1952, Scrapbook no. 1, DB papers; Brown to Rhee, 5 January 1958.

26. Margaret Chase Smith, speech to Rumford Rotary-Lions Ladies noon meeting, 22 October 1951.

27. Women Investors Research Institute, Special Report no. 712, 2 December 1950, Reel 153 W52, Right-Wing Collection.

28. Marguerite Atterbury to Lucy Jewett Brady, 19 March 1955, reprinted in The Minute Women of the USA, Inc., Houston Chapter newsletter [1955?]; Minute Women of the USA, Inc., statement, 11 April 1951, both on Reel 77 M53, Right-Wing Collection.

29. Elizabeth Churchill Brown to Francesca Rhee, 21 January 1958, in “Rhee, Syngman and Francesca, Correspondence with the Browns, 1958,” and Brown to Rhee, 6 August 1959, in “Rhee, Syngman and Francesca, Correspondence with the Browns, 1959, Aug–Dec,” both in Box 3, ECB Papers.

30. John J. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (New York: Simon & Shuster, 1988), 175–176.

31. “Mrs. Bridges Speaks to Women in Plymouth,” 30 October 1958, Concord Monitor, Scrapbook no. 2, DB Papers.

32. Mrs. M. Conan, What Do You Think? October 1953, Reel 36 C133; Florence Dean Post, “US and UN,” speech before Boca Ciega chapter of the DAR, 5 October 1953, Reel 77 M53; Katharine G. Reynolds, National Defense News, January 1953, DAR Press Relations, Reel 89 N85, all in Right-Wing Collection.

33. Mrs. James C. Lucas, statement before Senate Judiciary Committee Hearings, February 1953, reprinted in The New York State Minute Women of the USA, Inc., newsletter, July 1954, Reel 89 N85, Right-Wing Collection.

34. Florence Fowler Lyons, “Compilation of Reports on UNESCO, September 1959 to December 1960,” Reel 102 R14, Right-Wing Collection.

35. Nash, Conservative Intellectual Movement, 86–88.

36. Ibid., 84–130.

37. Ibid., 89–91. For other examples of works critical of FDR’s foreign policy, see Harry Elmer Barnes, ed., Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace (Caldwell, ID: Caxton, 1953); William Henry Chamberlin, America’s Second Crusade (Chicago: Regnery, 1950); James Burnham, The Struggle for the World (New York: John Day, 1947).

38. Freda Utley, Japan’s Feet of Clay (New York: Norton, 1937); Utley, Japan’s Gamble in China (London: Secker and Warburg, 1938); Utley, Japan Can Be Stopped! (London: “News Chronicle” Publications Dept., 1937). The term “feet of clay” refers to Utley’s theory that Japan was bluffing during the war against China because it lacked solid economic footing. If the United States had imposed economic sanctions, Japan would have collapsed and been forced to end the war against the Chinese.

39. Freda Utley to Clare Boothe Luce, 21 June 1946, in “Luce, Clare Boothe,” Box 8, Correspondence, Freda Utley Papers, Hoover Institute on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA [hereafter Utley Papers]; Freda Utley, The China Story (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1951), 239–240.

40. Utley, China Story, 223, vii.

41. For a more general description of the acceptance of anticommunist theories during this period, see Powers, Not without Honor, 230–231.

42. Richard L. Walker, “Smoke—and Red Fire,” The New York Times, 13 May 1951, BR4; “A Checklist for Vacation Readers,” The New York Times, 10 June 1951, BR18.

43. Freda Utley, China at War; Utley, Last Chance in China (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1947); Utley, The China Story (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1951); Utley, The High Cost of Vengeance (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1949); Utley, Will the Middle East Go West? (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1957); Utley, The Dream We Lost (New York: John Day, 1940). Quotations from Utley, Will the Middle East Go West?, xiii, and Utley, The High Cost of Vengeance, 310.

44. Freda Utley, Odyssey of a Liberal (Washington, DC: Washington National Press, 1970), 278–279, 298–299.

45. Freda Utley to Albert C. Wedemeyer, 20 October 1957, in “Wedemeyer, Albert C.,” Box 13, Utley Papers. For more evidence of her financial struggles, see the correspondence between Utley and Wedemeyer concerning her work on his memoirs.

46. Powers, Not without Honor, 273–274; James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 299–301. For a description of the economic boom, see Patterson, Grand Expectations, 311–312. For a discussion of race relations, see Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters (New York: Simon & Shuster, 1988).

47. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr., 113–158; Nash, Conservative Intellectual Movement, 147–153; Powers, Not without Honor, 273–274.

48. ECB to Henry Regnery, 18 April 1954; ECB, “Introduction,” n.d., both in “Brown, Constantine (Mrs.),” Box 10, Regnery Papers.

49. Ibid.

50. Elizabeth Churchill Brown, The Enemy at His Back (New York: Devin-Adair, 1956), xiii.

51. Ibid., xiv.

52. George Sokolsky, “History in the Making,” n.d. [no paper given]; “From Yalta to Yalu,” Sunday News [New York], 16 September 1956, both in “Brown, Mr. & Mrs. Constantine,” File 42, Styles Bridges Papers, New Hampshire Records and Archives, Concord, NH [hereafter Styles Bridges Papers].

53. ECB to Henry Regnery, 20 August 1954, and Henry Regnery to ECB, 23 May 1955, both in “Brown, Constantine (Mrs.),” Box 10, Regnery Papers.

54. ECB to Alfred Kohlberg, 15 June 1955, in “Constantine Brown,” Box 20, Kohlberg Papers. She held on to some animosity; see ECB to Henry Regnery, 15 February 1957, in “Brown, Constantine (Mrs.),” Box 10, Regnery Papers; Lee Mortimer, column, Daily Mirror, 17 August 1955, attached to Richard Wels to William C. Lewis, 17 August 1955, in “Brown, Constantine,” Smith, Margaret Chase Correspondence, Margaret Chase Smith Papers, MCS Library, Skowhegan, ME [hereafter MCS Papers].

55. “From Yalta to Yalu”; Sokolsky, “History in the Making”; Walter Jaskievicz, “Who Was Responsible?” Herald Tribune Book Review, 30 September 1956, in “Brown, Mr. and Mrs. Constantine,” File 42, Styles Bridges Papers; Robert Welch to ECB, 15 August 1956, in “Welch, Robert, 1956–1959,” Box 4, ECB Papers; Chicago Sunday Tribune, 7 October 1956, 8; ECB to Barry Goldwater, 28 March 1957, in “Goldwater, Barry (Senator), 1957–1966,” Correspondence, Box 2, ECB Papers.

56. ECB to Alfred Kohlberg, 7 January 1957, in “Constantine Brown,” Box 20, Kohlberg Papers.

57. For an example of a review of Brown’s book, see “Book Event,” Human Events, 4 August 1956. For a review of Utley’s book, see Dana Adams Schmidt, “The Warning Is Timely,” The New York Times, 8 December 1957, BR22.

58. Richard M. Fried, “The Rise and Fall of Electoral Redbaiting,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians, 25 April 1999, Toronto.

59. Elizabeth Churchill Brown to Henry Regnery, 17 October 1963, in “Brown, Constantine (Mrs.),” Box 10, Regnery Papers; Elizabeth Churchill Brown to Francesca Rhee, 3 December 1963, in “Rhee, Syngman and Francesca Correspondence with the Browns, 1963–1966,” Box 3, ECB Papers.

60. For a discussion of the Goldwater phenomenon, see Mary C. Brennan, Turning Right in the Sixties (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995); F. Clifton White, Suite 3505 (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1967); Robert Goldberg, Barry Goldwater (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 149–239.

61. Donald T. Critchlow, “Conservatism Reconsidered: Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism,” in The Conservative Sixties, ed. David Farber and Jeff Roche (New York: Peter Lang, 2003), 120–121; Catherine E. Rymph, Republican Women: Feminism and Conservatism from Suffrage through the Rise of the New Right (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 174–175.

62. Donald T. Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 439–441.

63. Ibid., 119.

64. Phyllis Schlafly, A Choice Not an Echo (Alton, IL: Pere Marquette, 1964), 8–22, quotes on 8, 21.

65. Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly, 125; Rymph, Republican Women, 175–176.

66. Lewis Nichols, “In and Out of Books,” The New York Times, 4 October 1964, BR8.

67. Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly, 128.

68. Phyllis Schlafly and Chester Ward, The Gravediggers (Alton, IL: Pere Marquette, 1964), 65–66, 5.

69. Ibid., 21–42.

70. Freda Utley to Clare Boothe Luce, 21 June 1946, in “Luce, Clare Boothe,” Correspondence, Box 8, Utley Papers.

71. Rymph, Republican Women, 174.

CHAPTER 4

1. Mrs. Ben W. Boyd, “Women’s Role in the Scene Today,” Texas Clubwoman 36, no. 2 (May 1960): 21–22, TWU Collection.

2. Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). For a discussion of the time period, see James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 61–68, 270–275, 313–322, 361–369, 374–406.

3. M. J. Heale, American Anticommunism: Combating the Enemy Within, 1830–1970 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 145–190.

4. For a discussion of McCarthy, see Thomas C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy (New York: Stein and Day, 1982); David Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense (New York: Free Press, 1983). For a discussion of Eisenhower’s view of the situation, see Fred Greenstein, The Hidden-Hand Presidency (New York: Basic Books, 1982); Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower, vol. 2 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 56–60, 160–168, 219–221.

5. Heale, American Anticommunism, 168–171, 183–189.

6. J. Edgar Hoover, Masters of Deceit: The Story of Communism in America and How to Fight It (New York: Henry Holt, 1958; Pocket Books, 1961), 80 [1961 ed.].

7. Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 204–205.

8. Heale, American Anticommunism, 183; Richard Fried, The Russians Are Coming! The Russians Are Coming! Pageantry and Patriotism in Cold-War America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 67–81.

9. Mrs. M. Conan, What Do You Think? October 1947, Reel 36 C133; Doloris Bridges, “A Statement on the John Birch Society and the ADA,” n.d., attached to Jack Beall to Doloris Bridges, 7 June 1962, in “Letters, Releases, re/Campaign 1962,” File Drawer no. 4, DB Papers; “What’s in a Party?” The Spirit, February 1964, Reel 8 A49, all in Right-Wing Collection.

10. American Woman’s Party, “Open Letter to American Men Voters,” n.d., Reel 13 A100; New Mexico Women Speak! newsletter, December 1955, Reel 86 N39, both in Right-Wing Collection; Phyllis Peck, “Senator’s Wife Gives Warning to Clubwomen,” 19 February 1956 [no paper listed], Scrapbook no. 1, DB Papers.

11. The Minute Women of the USA, Inc., newsletter, June-July 1953, Reel 76 M19; Florence Dean Post, “Metro Network,” The Spirit, March 1964, Reel 8 A49, both in Right-Wing Collection.

12. Post, “Metro Network”; American Woman’s Party, “Open Letter to American Men Voters”; “Mrs. Bridges Scores Again,” editorial, Manchester Union Leader, 28 November 1957, in “Mrs. Bridges Editorials, 1957,” File Drawer no. 4, DB Papers; Doloris Bridges, “Excerpts from Address at NE College Commencement Exercise,” 18 June 1962, in “New England College,” File Drawer no. 1, DB Papers; Mrs. Philip L. [Helen Payson] Corson, letter to editor, Evening Bulletin, 17 May 1962, Alerted Americans, summer 1962, Reel 13 A73, Right-Wing Collection.

13. New Mexico Women Speak! November 1955.

14. The Minute Women of the USA, Inc., newsletter, November-December 1960, Reel 76 M19, Right-Wing Collection; Peck, “Senator’s Wife Gives Warning to Clubwomen”; American Woman’s Party, “Open Letter to American Men Voters,” n.d., Reel 13 A100, Right-Wing Collection.

15. American Woman’s Party, “Open Letter”; Elizabeth Churchill Brown to Francesca Rhee, 28 June 1959, in “Rhee, Syngman and Francesca, Correspondence with the Browns, 1959, May–August.” Rhee and Brown discussed their frustration with male leaders on numerous occasions. See also, Elizabeth Churchill Brown to Francesca Rhee, 9 November 1963, in “Rhee, Syngman and Francesca, Correspondence with the Browns, 1963–1966,” Box 3, ECB Papers.

16. Christine Sadler, “Congresswoman Urges Distaff Side to Save Feuding GOP,” The Washington Post, 9 July 1952, MCS Scrapbook 114, no. 185, MCS Library; New Mexico Women Speak! January 1956, 1, Reel 86 N39, Right-Wing Collection; Margaret Chase Smith, speech to American Woman’s Association, 15 November 1948, in “Statements and Speeches,” vol. 5, MCS Library.

17. Anne Firor Scott, Natural Allies: Women’s Associations in American History (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 141–158; Sarah A. Leavitt, From Catharine Beecher to Martha Stewart: A Cultural History of Domestic Advice (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 76.

18. Margaret Chase Smith, “No Place for a Woman?” Ladies Home Journal (February 1952): 50+; Leona Scannell to “Dear American,” n.d., Reel 13 A100, Right-Wing Collection; Kristina Zarlengo, “Civilian Threat, the Suburban Citadel, and Atomic Age American Women,” Signs: A Journal of Women in Culture and Society 24 (Summer 1999): 941.

19. Laura McEnaney, Civil Defense Begins at Home: Militarization Meets Everyday Life in the Fifties (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 68–101.

20. Ibid, 100.

21. Smith, “No Place for a Woman,” 83.

22. Dee Garrison, “‘Our Skirts Gave Them Courage’ The Civil Defense Protest Movement in New York City, 1955–1961,” 201–226, and Ruth Feldstein, “‘I Wanted the Whole World to See’: Race, Gender, and Constructions of Motherhood in the Death of Emmett Till,” 263–303, both in Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945–1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).

23. “Democrat and Republican Women United for MacArthur for President,” pamphlet, 1952, Reel 13 A100; Maryland Chapter, the Minute Women of the USA, Inc., “What Kind of Country Are You Leaving Us?” pamphlet [1955?], Reel 77 M53, both in Right-Wing Collection.

24. Katharine St. George, address, reprinted in Summary of Proceedings, 22nd Women’s Patriotic Conference on National Defense, 15–17 January 1948 [Washington, DC], Reel 153 W59, Right-Wing Collection.

25. The Minute Women of the USA, Inc., newsletter, March 1962, Reel 76 M19; “Dear Member,” newsletter, New York State Minute Women, Inc., July 1954, Reel 89 N85; Frances P. Bolton, address, reprinted in Summary of Proceedings, 22nd Women’s Patriotic Conference on National Defense, 15–17 January 1948 [Washington, DC], Reel 153 W59, all in Right-Wing Collection.

26. Typed notes, n.d., in “Releases 1966,” File Drawer no. 4, DB Papers; All American Conferences to Combat Communism, Freedom’s Facts, no. 3, December 1952, Reel 56 F40, Right-Wing Collection.

27. Susan E. Marshall, “Ladies against Women: Mobilization Dilemmas of Antifeminist Movements,” Social Problems 32 (April 1985): 356–357; The Minute Women of the USA, Inc., newsletter, June–July 1953, Reel 76 M19; “Fedi-care,” The Spirit, February 1964, Reel 8 A49, both in Right-Wing Collection.

28. For examples, see ECB to Everett Dirksen, 4 September 1951, in “Brown (Mrs. Constantine),” Box 28, Wedemeyer Papers; ECB to Roy Howard, 14 September 1959, in “Howard, Roy W., 1950–1959,” Box 2; correspondence between ECB and Barry Goldwater, 1963, Box 2; both in ECB Papers.

29. ECB to Roy Howard, 14 September 1959, in “Howard, Roy W., 1950–1959,” Box 2, ECB Papers; ECB to Everett Dirksen, 4 September 1951, in “Brown (Mrs. Constantine),” Box 28, Wedemeyer Papers; correspondence between ECB and Barry Goldwater, 1963, Box 2, ECB Papers. For her correspondence with Butler, see ECB to John Marshall Butler, 12 November 1951, and John Marshall Butler to ECB, 18 December 1951, both in “Communism, Anti-Communism,” McCarthy, Joseph, Correspondence, 1951–1952, Box 17, ECB Papers. She also described the exchange in the draft of her book Joe McCarthy and Other Anti-Communists, “Draft #2 Chap. 4,” 43–44, Box 10, ECB Papers.

30. ECB to Henry Regnery, 18 January 1964, in “Brown, Constantine (Mrs.),” Box 10, Regnery Papers; correspondence between ECB and Barry Goldwater, 1963, Box 2; correspondence between ECB and Roy Howard, in “Howard, Roy W., 1950–1959,” Box 2, both in ECB Papers.

31. ECB, “Woman’s Place Is Under the Dome,” Human Events 2, 13 January 1958, 1–4.

32. “A Number of Readers . . .” notice, Human Events, 3 February 1958, 6; ECB to Francesca Rhee, 21 January, 5 March, and 11 February 1958 (dates match order of quotes in text), in “Rhee, Syngman and Francesca, Correspondence with the Browns, 1958,” Box 3, ECB Papers.

33. Smith, “No Place for a Woman?” 50; Dorothy B. Frankton to “Minute Women,” The Minute Women of the USA, Inc., newsletter, December 1952, Reel 76 M19; American Woman’s Party, “MEN . . . Let us call to your attention . . . THESE FACTS,” n.d., Reel 13 A100, both in Right-Wing Collection.

34. “The Lady from Maine,” Newsweek, 12 June 1950, 24–26; S&H Green Stamps Ad, National Business Woman, October 1960, 1; “As Maine Goes . . .” Time, 5 September 1960, 13–16; Doloris Bridges to ?, sample letter, 31 August 1966, in “Sample Letters–Flexowriter 1966,” File Drawer no. 4, DB Papers.

35. “International Affairs Department,” The Texas Clubwoman 35, no. 6 (October 1959): 15; Mrs. John J. Perry, “Texas Clubwomen Get-Out-the-Vote,” The Texas Clubwoman 29, no. 1 (January 1953): 6; both in TWU Women’s Collection.

36. Jo Freeman, A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Politics (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 228; Catherine E. Rymph, Republican Women: Feminism and Conservatism from Suffrage through the Rise of the New Right (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 131–159; Jacqueline R. Braitman, “Legislated Parity: Mandating Integration of Women into California Political Parties, 1930s–1950s,” in We Have Come To Stay: American Women and Political Parties, 1880–1960, ed. Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller, and Elisabeth I. Perry (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999), 181–182; Sandra Baxter and Marjorie Lansing, Women and Politics: The Visible Majority, rev. ed. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983), 21–22.

37. Freeman, A Room at a Time, 22–24, quote on 23.

38. Bolton, address; Margaret Frakes, “One Senator’s Conscience,” Christian Century, 13 May 1953, 570–571.

39. Janann Sherman, No Place for a Woman: A Life of Senator Margaret Chase Smith (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000), 43–57.

40. Ibid., 73–89. For information on women following their husbands into office, see Karen Foerstel and Herbert N. Foerstel, Climbing the Hill: Gender Conflict in Congress (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996), 1–2.

41. ECB, “Mrs. Smith Comes to Washington,” The American Mercury, 1953, 73–76, MCS Scrapbook 129, no. 194, MCS Library; Sherman, No Place for a Woman, 97–98. The controversy surrounding the Declaration of Conscience is discussed more fully in Chapter 5.

42. “After Styles,” Time, 31 August 1962, 18–19.

43. Ibid., 19.

44. May Craig, “No Machinery for Snow Removal,” The Washington Star, 25 January 1961, in “Bridges, Styles,” New Hampshire Congressional Delegation, MCS Papers; Doloris Bridges to “Dear Friend,” n.d., campaign brochure no. 2, in “Misc. Clippings and Campaign Materials,” DB Papers; “Widow Will Run for Bridges Seat,” The New York Times, 11 January 1962, 22; Doloris Bridges to Norman J. Tremaine, 6 February 1962, in “Correspondence on Past Engagements,” Case 1; Doloris Bridges to voter, campaign brochure no. 1, Doloris Bridges for Senate, 1962, in “Misc. Clippings and Campaign Materials,” Case 1, both in DB Papers; John H. Fenton, “New England Has Five Senate Races,” The New York Times, 17 December 1961, 60.

45. “After Styles,” 19; “New Hampshire Contests,” The New York Times, 9 September 1962, 58; Bridges to “Dear Friend,” campaign brochure no. 2.

46. Charles N. Dale quoted in campaign brochure no. 2; “Guest Editorial,” Monadnock Ledger [Jaffrey, NH], reprinted in Hillsborough Messenger [NH], 23 August [1962]; Drew Pearson, “The Influence of Women in U.S. Politics” [Gannett Publishers], 18 December 1961, in “Bridges, Styles,” New Hampshire Congressional Delegation, MCS Papers.

47. William Loeb to Margaret Chase Smith, 18 January 1962; Doloris Bridges to Margaret Chase Smith, 31 January 1962, both in “Bridges, Styles,” New Hampshire Congressional Delegation, MCS Papers; William Loeb to Doloris Bridges, 11 May 1962; William Loeb to Doloris Bridges, 4 May 1962; William Loeb to Doloris Bridges, 13 June 1962, all in “William Loeb 1962,” Case 1, DB Papers.

48. “New Hampshire Picks Moderates,” The New York Times, 13 September 1962, 21; Barry Goldwater to Doloris Bridges, 13 September 1962, envelope, in “Letters/re/campaign,” Case 4, DB Papers; “Bass Wins in Recount,” The New York Times, 3 October 1962, 27; “G.O.P. Feuds Stir Democratic Hopes for New Hampshire Upset,” The New York Times, 3 October 1962, 27; “2 in New Hampshire Upheld in Vote Case,” The New York Times, 11 October 1962, 27.

49. “War Issue Minor in New England,” The New York Times, 21 August 1966, 63.

50. Phyllis Schlafly to Henry Regnery, 25 July 1967, in “Schlafly, Phyllis,” Box 67, Regnery Papers.

51. Mrs. Warren J. Le Vangin, letter to editor, Newsweek, 3 July 1950, 2.

52. The Minute Women of the USA, Inc., newsletter, December 1952, Reel 76 M19, Right-Wing Collection.

53. Mrs. M. Conan, What Do You Think? May 1947, Reel 36 C133, Right-Wing Collection.

54. Ibid., November 1947.

55. See all issues of The Farmer’s Voice, particularly vol. II, no. 2, November 1958, Reel 48 F13, Right-Wing Collection.

56. Ibid, vol. II, no. 2.

57. “Mrs. Bridges Tells Why She Keeps Sharp Eye on Government Affairs,” New Hampshire Sunday News, 20 January 1952, Scrapbook no. 1, DB Papers; “Mrs. Corson Asks Support of Liberty Amendment Which Would Repeal Income Tax Regulation,” Times Herald [Morristown, PA], 21 June 1962, in Alerted Americans, Summer 1962, Reel 13 A73, Right-Wing Collection.

58. Bridges for Senator Headquarters, press release, 16 August 1966, in “Releases 1966,” File Drawer no. 4, DB Papers.

59. Ibid.; Margaret Chase Smith, speech to American Woman’s Association, 15 November 1948, in “Statements and Speeches,” vol. 5, MCS Library; American Woman’s Party, “Platform Issues,” pamphlet, 1952, Reel 13 A100, Right-Wing Collection.

60. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988), 162–167; S&H Green Stamps Ad; J. Warren Kinsman quoted in Ruth Rosen, The World Split Apart: How the Modern Women’s Movement Changed America (New York: Penguin Books, 2000), 11.

61. Heale, American Anticommunism, 184–185.

62. Don E. Carleton, Red Scare! Right-Wing Hysteria, Fifties Fanaticism and Their Legacy in Texas (Austin: Texas Monthly Press, 1985), 154–178.

63. Ibid., 179–223.

64. Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 56–60, 71–74.

65. Heale, American Anticommunism, 185–186. For a discussion of the Red Scare’s impact on higher education, see Ellen Schrecker, No Ivory Tower (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).

66. C. P. Trussell, “Librarian Disputes Panel’s Right to Question Her on Communism,” The New York Times, 16 September 1955, 1; Luther A. Huston, “6 Indicted by US in Senate Inquiry,” The New York Times, 27 November 1956, 22; [no author], “Librarian Jailed in Contempt Case,” The New York Times, 19 January 1957, 18.

67. See items in Alerted Americans, in particular, Mrs. Philip Corson, “The Gist of the Jeanes Library Controversary [sic],” March 1955; “Mrs. Knowles Is Jailed 120 Days,” Times Herald [Norristown, PA], 18 January 1957, both in Reel 13 A73, Right-Wing Collection.

68. “Mrs. Knowles Is Jailed 120 Days.” For a version of the detachable letter, see Corson, “The Gist of the Jeanes Library Controversary [sic].”

69. Anne Smart, “Report of the Tamalpais Union High School District Trustees on Library Books,” 13 September 1954, Reel 127 S65, Right-Wing Collection.

70. Heale, American Anticommunism, 185; McGirr, Suburban Warriors, 74–75; David Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense (New York: Free Press, 1983), 279–282.

71. See various letters and speeches, Anne Smart, June–September 1954, Reel 127 S65, Right-Wing Collection. For a more straightforward account, see “Book Purge Fails in Coast Schools,” The New York Times, 19 September 1954, 127.

72. “Book Purge Fails in Coast Schools”; Anne Smart, “Special School Committee Report,” 7 September 1954, Reel 127 S65, Right-Wing Collection.

73. Anne Smart letter, 18 May 1956, printed in Mrs. Clarence Uhl, The Farmer’s Voice II, no. 10 (December 1959), Reel 48 F13, Right-Wing Collection.

74. To editor, n.d., reprinted in The Farmer’s Voice II, no. 3 (December 1958), Reel 48 F13; “PTA,” and “Should PTA Be Abolished?” Special Education Supplement, The Spirit, July–August 1964[?], Reel 8 A49, both in Right-Wing Collection.

75. Mrs. Philip Corson, “How to Fight Communism,” April 1955, Alerted Americans, Reel 13 A73; John K. Crippen, “And Now ‘McCallism,’” The Minute Women of the USA, Inc., newsletter, November 1952, Reel 76 M19, both in Right-Wing Collection.

76. Audrey Plowden, “As the Twig Is Bent,” American Spirit, February–March 1965, Reel 8 A49, Right-Wing Collection.

CHAPTER 5

1. K. A. Cuordileone, “‘Politics in an Age of Anxiety’: Cold War Political Culture and the Crisis in American Masculinity,” Journal of American History (September 2000): 515–545; John D’Emilio, “The Homosexual Menace: The Politics of Sexuality in Cold War America,” in Making Trouble: Essays on Gay History, Politics, and the University (New York: Routledge, 1992), 57–73; Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988), 20–27, 37–91.

2. Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, and Clyde E. Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1948); Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1953). For a discussion of the impact of the Kinsey reports and the sexualization of America, see K. A. Cuordileone, Manhood and American Political Culture in the Cold War (New York: Routledge, 2005), 83–87; David Halberstam, The Fifties (New York: Villard Books, 1993), 272–281.

3. Philip Wylie, Generation of Vipers (New York: Rinehart, 1942). For a discussion of the book’s impact, see Barbara Ehrenreich, For Her Own Good (New York: Doubleday, 1978), 237–238; Cuordileone, Manhood, 126–129; May, Homeward Bound, 74–75, 116–117.

4. Cuordileone, “Politics in an Age of Anxiety”; Barbara Epstein, “Anticommunism, Homophobia, and the Construction of Masculinity in the Postwar U.S.,” in Cold War Culture and Society: The Cold War, vol. 5, ed. Lori Lynn Bogle (New York: Routledge, 2000).

5. J. Edgar Hoover, “The Twin Enemies of Freedom,” speech delivered to the annual convention of the National Council of Catholic Women, 9 November 1956, in Vital Speeches 23, no. 4 (1 December 1956): 104–107.

6. Adlai Stevenson, “Women, Husbands and History,” Commencement Address, Smith College, 6 June 1955, in Adlai Stevenson, What I Think (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956), 182–189; Russell Kirk, The Intelligent Women’s Guide to Conservatism (New York: Devin-Adair, 1957), 6, 8.

7. Billy Graham quoted in Cuordileone, Manhood, 82; Owen Brewster quoted in Catherine E. Rymph, Republican Women: Feminism and Conservatism from Suffrage through the Rise of the New Right (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 117–118.

8. Richard Fried, The Russians Are Coming! The Russians Are Coming! Pageantry and Patriotism in Cold-War America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 37–38.

9. Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon: The Education of a Politician 1913–1962 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 524.

10. Ibid., 524–526.

11. “Patriotic Societies Alert!” The Spirit, October-November 1964, Reel 8, A49, Right-Wing Collection.

12. “Turning the Searchlight on the Feminine Field,” National Republic Lettergram, no. 211, n.d. [1949?], in “Congress of American Women,” Box 40, Kohlberg Papers.

13. Helen Laville, Cold War Women (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), 52.

14. Francesca Rhee to Elizabeth Churchill Brown, 23 April 1959, in “Rhee, Syngman and Francesca, Correspondence with the Browns, 1959, Jan.–April,” Box 3, ECB Papers; “Communists to Women,” The Spirit, November 1964, Reel 8, A49; “Minute Women Hear Princess,” The Minute Women of the USA, Inc., newsletter, June 1957, Reel 76 M19; The Minute Women of the USA, Inc., newsletter, November-December 1960, Reel 76 M19, all in Right-Wing Collection.

15. All American Conferences to Combat Communism, Freedom’s Facts 3, no. 5 (May 1955), Reel 56 F40, Right-Wing Collection.

16. BPW quoted in ibid.; also see May, Homeward Bound, 19.

17. “The Most Powerful Woman Alive,” cover and story, Time, 20 September 1948.

18. All American Conferences to Combat Communism, Freedom’s Facts 3, no. 5 (May 1955), Reel 56 F40, Right-Wing Collection.

19. Robert Levy, Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 53–54, 64–67.

20. W. H. Lawrence, “‘Aunty Ana,’” The New York Times. 12 October 1947; ibid., 194–221.

21. “Gen. Radescu Here, Warns of Soviet,” The New York Times, 9 November 1947; “Princess Relates Red Plot for U.S.,” The New York Times, 8 May 1954.

22. Veterans of Foreign Wars, “Why People Go Communist,” Guardpost for Freedom 3, no. 2 (15 February 1956), in Committee on Un-American Activities, U.S. House of Representatives, The Communist Conspiracy, Part 1, Section 3, 84th Congress, 2nd session, 1956, 15.

23. “Women’s Front Attempts to Dodge Law of U.S.A.,” National Republic Lettergram, no. 217, n.d., Box 40, Kohlberg Papers.

24. Background on Muriel Draper (1886–1952), in “Finding Aid,” Muriel Draper Papers, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT; available on-line at http://webtext.library.yale.edu/xm12html/beinecke.DRAPER.con.html; accessed January 3, 2005.

25. Joseph R. McCarthy, speech to the Young Republican State Convention, 7 May 1950, quoted in the Milwaukee Journal, 8 May 1950; McCarthy, speech to American Legion, 18 September 1950, quoted in the Houston Post, 19 September 1950, both in “McCarthy and the Press, Research Notes,” Box 12, Edwin Bayley Papers, Wisconsin State Historical Society, Madison, WI [hereafter Bayley Papers].

26. McCarthy, speech to the American Legion, 18 September 1950.

27. Cuordileone, Manhood, 88–92, quotes on 88. See also David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 121–123.

28. Epstein, “Anticommunism,” 21–44; Johnson, Lavender Scare.

29. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, “Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government,” 81st Congress, 2nd session, 27 November, 1950; quotes from Cuordileone, “Politics,” 532–533; D’Emilio, “Homosexual Menace,” 59.

30. Johnson, Lavender Scare, 5–10, 76–77.

31. McCarthy, speech to the Young Republican State Convention, 7 May 1950; McCarthy, speech to the American Legion, 18 September 1950.

32. “Mrs. Styles Bridges Speaker as Unity Club Season Opens,” Coos County [NH] Democrat, 8 October 1952, Scrapbook no. 1, DB Papers; Elizabeth Churchill Brown, Joe McCarthy and Other Anti-Communists, unpublished manuscript, “Draft #2 Chap. 1,” Box 10, ECB Papers.

33. For Pearson’s files, see “33. McCarthy General II [folders 1–3],” Box g222, Personal Papers of Drew Pearson, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, TX; Hank Greenspan, “Where I Stand,” 25 October 1952, in “Communism: Anticommunism, McCarthy, Joseph, Non-printed Material, General, Printed Material, General,” Box 17, ECB Papers.

34. William Benton to John Howe, memo, 23 March 1954, in “General: Jan–March 1954,” Box 4, William Benton Papers, Wisconsin State Historical Society, Madison, WI. See also David Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense (New York: Free Press, 1983), 310–311.

35. Edwin Bayley, research notes, n.d., in “McCarthy and the Press, Research Notes,” Box 12, Bayley Papers.

36. Oshinsky, Conspiracy, 311. Thomas Reeves did a significant number of interviews for his book on McCarthy. Those interviews are available in the Reeves Files, WSHS.

37. Ed Nellor, interview by Thomas Reeves, 1 January 1980, in “McCarthy Interviews III”; Francis A. Werner, interview by Thomas Reeves, 18 August 1975, in “McCarthy Interviews I,” both in Box 1, Reeves Papers; Willard Edwards, interview by Edwin Bayley, 27 June 1977, in “Interviews, 1976–1980,” Box 11, Bayley Papers; Eleanor Harris, “The Private Life of Senator McCarthy,” The American Weekly, 16 and 23 August 1953, in “Aug–Dec 1953 McCarthy Clips,” Box 3, Reeves Files.

38. While grieving his death, Jean vowed to continue her crusade as primary repository of information about McCarthy. As his widow, Jean claimed to be the only person who really understood Joe and what he stood for. She made certain that people knew she was the rightful source of knowledge about her husband. See, for example, Jean McCarthy to Lyndon Johnson, 3 June 1957, in “[McCarthy, Joseph R.],” Box 48, Lyndon Baines Johnson Congressional File, LBJ Library; “Huge Sorting Task Faces Mrs. McCarthy,” Appleton Post-Crescent, 16 August 1957, in “July 1955–1957 + Beyond,” Box 4, Reeves Files. Despite Jean’s marriage to Democrat Joe Minetti, in 1961, she continued to try to control Joe’s memory and reputation. She promised to send Joe’s papers to Marquette University but then held on to them. See Jean Minetti to Raphael N. Hamilton, S.J., 14 June 1972, in “Administrative Files for the Joseph R. McCarthy Papers,” McCarthy Papers, Marquette. She expressed her anger when derogatory images of Joe appeared in the media by writing letters to the editors of major newspapers and venting to fellow conservatives. See “McCarthy’s Widow Denounces TV Show,” The Milwaukee Journal, 13 February 1977, in “McCarthy Interviews I,” Box 1, Reeves Files.

39. For evidence of her willingness to give Joe the credit for her work, see Jean Kerr to Wayne Hood, 30 November 1951, 3 December [1951]; Wayne Hood to Jean Kerr, 6 December 1951, all in Reel 7 microfilm, Hood Papers; Jean Kerr to Tom Korb, 27 October 1951; Tom Korb to Jean Kerr, 29 October 1951, both in “Korb, Tom Papers,” Box 2, Reeves Papers; Thomas C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy (New York: Stein and Day, 1982), 417; Thomas Korb, 6 September 1975, in “McCarthy Interviews I”; Ed Nellor, 7 May 1977, in “McCarthy Interviews III”; Jean McCarthy Minetti, 14 March 1977, in “McCarthy Interviews I,” all in Reeves Interviews, Box 1, Reeves Files.

40. Oshinsky, Conspiracy, 174–176; Reeves, Life and Times, 336, 344–345; Caroline H. Keith, “For Hell and a Brown Mule”: The Biography of Senator Millard E. Tydings (New York: Madison Books, 1991), 418. Despite evidence that Tydings lost because of internal factors, the common belief was that he lost because of McCarthy’s influence. This helped create the myth of infallibility that surrounded the Wisconsin senator. See Robert Griffith, The Politics of Fear (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970), 131.

41. Reeves, Life and Times, 335–336; U.S. Senate, Jon Jonkel testimony, Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections, Maryland Senatorial Election of 1950: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections, 82nd Cong., 1st sess., 2 March 1951, 184–188, 236, 425–427 [hereafter Maryland Hearings].

42. Maryland Hearings, 425–457.

43. Ibid., 257–260, 394–398, 431–435.

44. Ibid., 1103–1128.

45. Ibid., 194–195, 734–738.

46. Ibid., 428–495.

47. See, for example, ibid., 156, 476, 773.

48. Ibid., 737–739.

49. Ibid., 1121–1125.

50. For a discussion of McCarthy’s use of gendered images, see Geoffrey S. Smith, “National Security and Personal Isolation: Sex, Gender, and Disease in the Cold War United States,” International History Review 14 (May 1992): 307–337. For discussions of other groups that similarly use gendered references to advance their causes, see Carol Cohn, “Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals,” Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 717; Laura McEnaney, “HeMen and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism,” Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 47–57; Frank Costigliola, “The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance,” Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 183.

51. U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections, Maryland Senatorial Election of 1950, Report of the Committee on Rules and Administration, 82nd Congress, 1st sess., 20 August 1950, Government Printing Office, in “Maryland Senatorial Election of 1950, Report of the Committee on Rules and Administration,” Mc JR MD Senatorial Election, McCarthy File, MCS Library, Skowhegan, ME; Maryland Hearings, 1105.

52. Maryland Hearings, 695.

53. Ibid., 192, 195.

54. Quoted in Reeves, Life and Times, 365.

55. Margaret Chase Smith to Robert E. Wood, 23 June 1950, in “Out-of-State Reactions 3 of 4”; quote to constituent from MCS to Prescott Dennett, 8 March 1950, in “Correspondence 3 of 10,” both in MCS Library.

56. MCS to Elzada Frost, 10 August 1950, in “Correspondence 5 of 10,” Communism Folders. For explanations of her anticommunism bill, see MCS to Mrs. Elif A. Johnson, 1 October 1954, in “Anti-Communist Propaganda 1 of 2”; [William Lewis?], memo, 18 August 1953, in “Bill to Outlaw the Communist Party 1 of 3”; MCS, “Washington and You” [1953], in “Anti-Communist Propaganda 1 of 2,” all in MCS Library.

57. “Capability v. Credibility,” Time, 29 September 1961, 16

58. “Nikita, the Devil & the Ballplayer,” Time, 20 October 1961, 29.

59. MCS to Wood (source of the quote); MCS to Frost, MCS Library.

60. Janann Sherman, No Place for a Woman: A Life of Senator Margaret Chase Smith (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000), 108–109.

61. All quotations from the Declaration of Conscience speech are from the MCS Library Web site: http://www.mcslibrary.org/program/library/declaration.htm; accessed February 15, 2005.

62. Quoted in Sherman, No Place for a Woman, 111.

63. Ibid., 117–120.

64. “Periscope,” Newsweek, 12 June 1950, 15; Berenice Smalley to MCS, 29 August 1953, in “Criticism of Senator Smith”; James H. Carroll to MCS, 3 December 1954, in “Maine Support for McCarthy,” both in McCarthy, Joseph Raymond Correspondence, McCarthy File, MCS Library; “Smearing Is Evil, but Whitewashing Reds Is Worse,” Saturday Evening Post, 15 July 1950, 10.

65. W. M. Jeffers to MCS, 5 June 1950, telegram, in “Out-of-State Reactions 2 of 4”; Carl T. Smith to MCS, 2? August 1954, in “Maine Support for McCarthy,” both in McCarthy, Joseph Raymond Correspondence, McCarthy File, MCS Library; Sherman, No Place for a Woman, 112.

66. Elizabeth Churchill Brown, “Mrs. Smith Comes to Washington,” The American Mercury, 1953, MCS Scrapbook 129, no. 194, MCS Library; Elizabeth Churchill Brown, Joe McCarthy and Other Anti-Communists, “Draft #2 Chap. 4,” Box 10, ECB Papers.

67. Margaret S. Smith to MCS, 12 September 1953, in “Criticism of Senator Smith,” McCarthy, Joseph Raymond Correspondence, McCarthy File, MCS Library; Paul Clement, letter to editor, Newsweek, 3 July 1950, 2.

68. Viola M. Blumenstock to MCS, 30 January 1951, in “Out of State Support for McCarthy,” McCarthy, Joseph Raymond Correspondence, McCarthy File; Clara Aiken Speer to MCS, 8 June 1950, in “Out-Of-State Reactions 2 of 4,” both in MCS Library.

69. “Smearing Is Evil, but Whitewashing of Reds Is Worse,” Saturday Evening Post, 15 July 1950; Kenneth Colegrove, “Senator McCarthy,” pamphlet, published by Freedom Clubs, Inc.,[1951?], in “Colegrove, ‘Senator McCarthy,’” both in McCarthy, Joseph Raymond Correspondence, McCarthy File, MCS Library.

70. Wouk and Chicago Sun-Times quoted in Sherman, No Place for a Woman, 112; Margaret Frakes, “One Senator’s Conscience,” Christian Century, 13 May 1953, 570–571; Jim Glover to MCS, telegram, 2 June 1950, in “Maine Reactions 12 of 13,” MCS Library.

71. “A Woman’s Conscience,” Time, 12 June 1950, 19; “The Lady from Maine,” Newsweek, 12 June 1950, 24–26; “As Maine Goes . . .” Time, 5 September 1960, 13–16.

72. Elizabeth Z. Cushing to MCS, 6 June 1950, in “Out-of-State Reactions 4 of 4”; Will Beale to MCS, 2 June 1950; Roland McDonald to MCS, 1 June 1950, both in “Maine Reactions 13 of 13,” all in MCS Library.

73. Jack Cottrell to MCS, 21 June 1950, in “Maine Opposition to McCarthy,” McCarthy, Joseph Raymond Correspondence, McCarthy File, MCS Library; Harold L. Ickes, “And a Woman Shall Lead Them,” The New Republic, 19 June 1950, 16; Bernard Baruch quoted in Sherman, No Place for a Woman, 112.

74. Doloris Bridges, questionnaire, n.d., in “Kennedy-Re: Mrs. Bridges—Soft on Communism,” Case 1, DB Papers.

75. “Kennedy Is Called Soft on Communism,” The New York Times, 26 October 1960, 30.

76. William Loeb, “Mrs. Bridges Was Oh, So Right!” Manchester Union Leader, 1 November 1960, in “Kennedy-Re: Mrs. Bridges—Soft on Communism,” Case 1, DB Papers.

77. Editorial, Washington Evening Star, 27 October 1960, attached to Neil to Doloris Bridges, 27 October 1960, in “Pro,” Case 1, DB Papers.

78. Ibid.; Loeb, “Mrs. Bridges Was Oh, So Right!”

CONCLUSION

1. Maureen A. Flanagan, “Anna Wilmarth Ickes: A Staunch Republican Woman,” in We Have Come to Stay: American Women and Political Parties, 1880–1960, ed. Melanie Gustafson, Kristie Miller, and Elisabeth I. Perry (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999), 147–148; Elizabeth Churchill Brown, “Introduction,” n.d., in “Brown, Constantine (Mrs.),” Box 10, Regnery Papers; Doloris Bridges [unlabeled notes], n.d., in “Speech Materials/Background Papers and Notes, 1962,” File Drawer no. 1, DB Papers; Belinda Jelliffe to Margaret Chase Smith, 4 June 1950, in “Out-of-State Reactions 2 of 4,” MCS Papers.

2. Photo, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 1952, reprinted in Catherine E. Rymph, “Neither Neutral nor Neutralized: Phyllis Schlafly’s Battle against Sexism,” in Women’s America: Refocusing the Past, 5th ed., ed. Linda K. Kerber and Jane Sherron De Hart (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 503; Richard L. Strout, “Margaret Smith Speaks on Joe McCarthy,” The Milwaukee Journal, 20 April 1952, in “General Material,” McCarthy, Joseph Raymond Maryland Senatorial Election, McCarthy File, MCS Library. See also, Laura McEnaney, Civil Defense Begins at Home: Militarization Meets Everyday Life in the Fifties (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 78.

3. S&H Green Stamps Ad, National Business Woman, October 1960, 1.

4. Mrs. Robert J. Phillips, “On the Importance of Voting,” National Business Woman, October 1960, 6–7.

5. Catherine E. Rymph, Republican Women: Feminism and Conservatism from Suffrage through the Rise of the New Right (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 131–149.

6. Margaret Chase Smith, “Woman, the Key Individual of Our Democracy,” Commencement Address, delivered 7 June 1953, in Vital Speeches, 15 August 1953, 657–659.

7. Kim Nielsen, “Doing the ‘Right’ Right,” Journal of Women’s History 16 (August 2004): 169. The entire issue of the journal discusses conservative women around the world.