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Legacies of Space and Intangible Heritage : Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and the Politics of Cultural Continuity in the Americas: Index

Legacies of Space and Intangible Heritage : Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and the Politics of Cultural Continuity in the Americas

Index

Index


acai, 217, 224, 231

agrarian reform, 8, 13, 26–27, 153–54

agriculture, 8, 11, 19, 23–24, 71, 82, 101, 152, 161, 189–90, 201, 205, 229, 236; early irrigation, 190; early mechanized, 71; irrigation-based, 196; swidden, 24; traditional, 5, 9

Altamira, 233

Alter do Chao, 218

Amache, 9, 13, 79–95

Amache internees, 85, 89–90, 92

Amazon Frontier, 236

Amazonia, 12, 209–17, 219–21, 223, 225, 227–31, 233, 235–38

Amazonian archaeology, 215

Amazonian Peoples, 209–10, 213–14, 217, 222–23, 225–27, 229–32, 234–37

Amazon women, 225, 227

Anaconda Woman, 225

ancestors, 21, 33, 52, 55–56, 70, 93–94, 101, 139, 159, 179, 227, 230, 232

ancient agroforestry, 217

Ancient Maya, 22, 157, 160

Ancient Zuni, 160

Andean Archaeology, 203–4

Andean Civilization, 196, 199, 204–5

Andean highlands, 198, 201

Andean Late Archaic, 204

Andean region, 189, 196, 199–200

Anderson, Anthony, 214, 236

Andes, 205

Anthropocene, 237

anthropogenic dark earths, 235–36

Anthropological Archaeology, 157, 206

Anthropology, 14, 16, 31, 50–51, 74–76, 88, 94–96, 157, 161, 202–4, 236, 238

Apache, 48, 51, 93–94, 157

Arawakans, 230, 234

Archaeoastronomy, 236

archaeobotanical analysis, 94

archaeology, 14, 16, 79, 88, 90, 95–96, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205–7

Archaic People (Amazonia), 222–23

Armillas, Pedro, 129

Astrocaryum, 217, 220

Attalea, 217, 220, 228

Balee, William, 236

Basso, Keith, 48, 93–94, 132, 157

batab, 8, 17, 134–36, 142–43, 145, 149

Belize, 53, 57–58, 60, 72, 74–76, 161

Belize City, 61, 73–74

Bender, Barbara, 39, 48, 92, 94

BEPCO (Belize Estate and Produce Company), 55–56, 60, 65–68, 70–71, 73–74, 76–77

Binford, Lewis R., 132, 157, 212, 236

Black Mesa, 46; Mine, 40; Project, 39–42, 49

black soil areas, 224

Blue Creek (Belize), 57

Bolivia, 205, 236

Bonfil Batalla, Guillermo, 22–23, 30

Bourbon reforms, 24

Bricker, Victoria, 131, 141, 147, 157

British buccaneers, 57

British Honduras, 53, 59–60, 66, 70, 75–77

Bubul, 134, 147–52, 154, 156

Buikstra, Jane, 213

Burger, Richard, 198, 203–4

Caballete, 198, 206

Cabalzar, Aloisius, 234, 236

cah (Yucatan), 133, 135–36, 142, 150–51, 153

Calancha, Antonio de la, 191, 194, 201, 203

California, 34, 75, 81–82, 84, 95–96, 207

Calkiní, 159

Camal, Florentino, 156

Caral and Chupacigarro Grande (Peru), 198

Cargill Company, 231

Carrasco, David, 102–3, 110–11, 117, 124–25, 127, 129–30

Caste War of Yucatán, 9–10, 17, 25–26, 55–56, 58, 76, 131–33, 137, 139–40, 143, 145–49, 153–55, 160

catfishes, 217, 221

Cayapo, 232–33, 236

Cayo District, 73–74

CDP (Brazilian company), 231

cenote, 8, 133, 135, 147–52, 154, 157

census, 8, 139, 143, 145, 151, 155, 160

Central America, 59

Central Andes, 206–7

Central Coast (Peru), 206

Chaco Canyon, 50

Chan Kom, 31

Chanmul, 18–24, 27, 29

Chan Santa Cruz, 25

characins, 217, 221

Chatino Language: base verb, 170; Eastern, 164, 182; temporal verb, 167

Chatino languages, 10, 23, 163–64, 167, 171, 173, 175–80, 182–88

Chatino region, 166

Chatinos (Chatino speaking people), 171, 178, 182

Chavín, 198, 203, 205

Ch’ibal, 8, 133, 135–36, 139, 153, 159

Chichanhá, 56–58

Chichén Itzá, 18–22, 29, 131–32

Chichicapán, 188

Chichimec, 101, 111

Chichimilá, 145, 155–56

chicle, 65, 67, 73

Chicomoztoc, 129–30

Chilam Balam, 24

chinampas, 98, 102, 112–14, 116–18, 123–25

Chiripa, 198, 205

Cholollan, 109, 111

Cholula, 109, 111

Ch’ortí, 31

Christianity, 16, 137, 163, 182, 194, 229, 231

Chupacigarro Grande, 198

Cibola, 51

Cieneguilla (Oaxaca, Mexico), 10, 13, 164–71, 182

circular courts, 197–98, 200

Closed Corporate Peasant Communities in Mesoamerica and Central Java, 161

Coastal Peru, 203–6

Cocom family, 16

cocosoid palms, 222, 224

Códice Chimalpopoca, 127

collaborations, 9, 21, 56, 90, 215

collective identities, 7–9, 11

collective memory, 4–5, 11–12, 23–26, 137

Colombia, 230

colonialism, 10, 16, 23, 30–31, 53–55, 58, 60, 65, 67–71, 74–75, 97, 102, 105, 152, 158–59; Spanish, 10, 16, 18, 24, 75, 97–98, 102, 104, 133, 135, 139, 182, 206

colonial Mexico, 98, 101, 119

colonial period (Latin America), 9, 26, 100, 105, 133, 135–36, 141, 147, 154

Colonial Yucatán, 158, 160–61

Colonization of Belize, 74

Colorado Plateau, 42

Colorado River, 43–45, 49

compadrazgo, 174

Conlin, Eleanor, 94

conquest, 16, 74, 101–2, 106, 122, 149, 228, 231, 236

cosmology, 12, 49, 214, 226–27, 234

creation myths, 29, 189, 210, 225

Creole mahogany workers, 64, 73

Cuauhtinchan, 103, 109, 127–30

Cuauhtitlan, 111, 127

Cuba, 126

Cuchcabal, 136

cultural complexity, 211, 215

Cultural continuity, 3, 5, 11, 97, 131–32, 190

cultural forest, 214, 224, 231

cultural geography, 4, 42, 209, 214; Amazonia, 209, 214

cultural heritage, 5–7, 9, 11, 13, 30, 53, 79; intangible, 5–8, 12–13, 15, 22, 27–30, 34, 53, 56, 69, 72, 94, 132, 147

cultural heritage objects, 16, 19, 21–22, 29

cultural heritage sites, 4, 11, 18, 81, 92

culture, 4, 7–8, 48–50, 157, 163, 199, 204, 210, 220, 225, 227, 231, 234, 236

Cuncunul, 24, 26, 133–35, 147, 151, 155–57

Cupul, 135

Cupul polity, 134

Curuaia, 233

Curua River, 233

Davis, Christopher, 220, 225–26, 236

Denevan, William, 214, 236

descendant communities, 6, 8, 29, 132

Dine (Navajo) People, 40, 50–51

dispersal, 8

Douglas, Mary, 67

Dumond, Don, 73

Ebtún, 8, 10, 24, 26, 31, 131, 133–37, 139, 141, 143–53, 155–57, 159–61

Edo period, 89

ejido (Mexico), 19–23, 27–29, 149

El Niño effects, 190, 204

Elsie Clews Parsons, 51

encomienda, 159

Environmental Limitation Theories (Amazonia), 210

ethnoarchaeology, 95, 154, 236

ethnography, 34, 46, 51, 116; Amazonia, 214; interviews, 40, 61, 67–68, 72, 234

ethnohistory, 30, 50, 76, 131, 154, 157–58, 160, 201

Euro-American attitudes towards settlement (Amazonia), 229

European conquest of Amazonia, 228

European pathogens, 135

euterpe, 217

factionalism, 30, 157

families, nuclear, 117, 139–40, 154

family names, 163, 179–80

Farriss, Nancy, 25, 30, 132, 135–36, 154, 158

feasting, 206

Fewkes, Jesse Walter, 35, 44, 49

figurines, 195, 226

foragers, early Holocene, 213

forest, 53, 57–58, 61–62, 65, 133, 135, 209, 211–12, 214, 218, 220, 222, 228, 230, 236; closed-canopy tropical, 216; fast-growing secondary, 228; floodplain, 214; high canopy, 216; mature, 58; northwestern, 53; tall, 219, 222

Formative Amazonians, 213

Fortaleza, 190, 206

French Guiana, 234, 238

Gaia Hypothesis, 211, 236

garden, 9, 80, 83–85, 87–89, 91, 93–95, 98, 103, 161, 166, 228, 230

garden features, 83, 85, 87

Glen Canyon, 43, 45; National Recreation Area, 34, 39, 41–43, 46, 50

Granada (Colorado), 80–81, 83–84, 88–89, 94–96

Grand Canyon, 35, 49

Great Anaconda, 225–27, 234

Great Anaconda and Woman Shaman, 237

Great Depression, 55, 68, 70, 72

guacas, 193–94

Guatemala, 6, 14, 57, 60, 65, 160

haciendas, 139–40, 142, 145–47, 149, 153, 155, 161

hallucinogenic drugs, 225

Hanks, William B., 137, 156

Harvey, David, 4, 14

Heckenberger, Michael, 215, 236

heritage management, 4–5, 8, 22, 28, 48

historical archaeology, 96, 157

Hodder, Ian, 11, 14

Holocene foragers in Amazonia, 213

Honduras Land Titles Acts, 58, 64

Hopi, 8–9, 33–51; ancestors, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43–45, 47, 49, 51; Cultural Preservation Office, 33–34, 37, 39–42, 45, 49–51; Hisatsinom, 35; history, 35, 37, 41–43, 45–46, 49; homvìikya, 36–37; Hoopoq’yaqam, 35, 49; Màasaw, 35; Mesas, 34–35, 39–40, 45; Motisinom, 35; oral tradition, 48; Palatkwapi (ancient location), 35, 44; Pisisvayu (Colorado River), 44, 49; place-names, 42, 47; Reservation, 36, 39–41, 46; Sipapuni, 35; Tiyo (oral tradition), 44–45, 50; Toko’navi (Navajo Mountain), 43–45; traditional cultural properties, 37, 49; Tribe, 8, 13, 33–34, 36–37, 39–40, 42, 49–50; Tuuwanasavi, 35; Wupatki (ancient settlement), 45

Hopis, Rattlesnake Clan, 43, 46

Hopi Tribal Council, 39

Hopitutskwa, 33, 35–37, 40, 43, 46, 50–51

households, 3, 26, 112, 116–17, 119, 132–33, 135–37, 139–43, 145–46, 148, 151, 153, 155, 159, 161

houses, 10, 62, 66, 68, 97–98, 100, 103–6, 108–18, 120, 124–27, 135–36, 151–52, 176, 223, 232

house sites, 27, 119

Houston, James D., 85, 95

huancas, 192, 194, 196–98, 201

Huaura, 190, 194, 206

Huitzilopochtli, 101

Hulmal, 24–25

Human Carrying Capacity, 237

Human Rights, 14

Hurricane Gilbert, 148, 151

Hymenaea genus, 220

Icaiché Maya, 58–60, 68, 73

ICC. See Indian Claims Commission

iconography, 215, 225, 227, 234

Inca Empire, 199, 206

INDEMAYA (Yucatan, Mexico), 20

Indian Claims Commission (ICC), 36–37, 50

indigenous attitudes towards mobility (Amazonia), 229

indigenous house plans, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127

Inga feuillei, 192

inheritance, 10–11, 97, 104

Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico (INAH), 16, 18–22, 27–28, 31, 128–29

internment camps, 9, 13, 81, 90, 92

Irrigation, 203

Issei, 82, 85, 90

Itzpapalotl, 129–30

Iximché, 6, 14

Japanese American Internment, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89–91, 93, 95–96

Japanese American National Museum (JANM), 92

Japanese Americans, 9, 79–82, 87, 96

Joseph, Gilbert M., 17, 31

Juquila, 168, 170, 177, 184, 186

Kachinas, 49

Kancabdzonot, 24–25, 152

Kaua, 26, 133, 135, 138, 143–47, 155–57

Kekchi Maya, 161

Kellogg, Barbara, 105, 117, 124, 127

Kirchhoff, Paul, 103, 128

Kiva, 51

knowledge, 3, 5, 8, 23, 26, 39, 53, 55, 87, 90, 174, 179, 225, 227, 231

Kuwanwisiwma, Leigh, 35, 37, 39, 49–51

Lacandon Maya, 60–61, 64–65

Lake Powell, 42, 44

Lake Texcoco, 101, 106

landforms, natural, 41–42

landholding, 133, 137, 141, 146, 154

land management, 34; prehistoric Amazonia, 209, 235

landscape: agricultural, 15, 102; anthropogenic, 13; archaeological, 46; architectural, 199; carceral, 79; coastal, 12; cultural, 33, 37, 39, 42–43, 80–81, 200; historic, 235; historical, 8, 12

landscape ecology, 234, 237

landscape knowledge, 22, 26–27, 142

landscape management, 214, 232

landscape memory, 23, 53–57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69–73, 75, 77

land tenure, 5, 9–10, 23, 45, 53, 72, 97–98, 100–101, 103–4, 118, 135

land title, 10–11, 26, 97, 151

Las Llamas-Moxeke, 198, 205

last names, shared, 163, 174, 178–80

Late Archaic (Peru), 195, 197, 199–200, 202–4, 206–7

late twentieth-century archaeology in Amazonia, 215

Lathrap, Donald, 211, 234, 236

Latin alphabet, 98

Latin America, 6, 187

Latour, Bruno, 7, 14

Lefebvre, Henri, 4, 14

Leventhal, Richard M., 56, 151, 159

Levi-Strauss, Calude, 126–27

liberalismo, 158

linguistics, 206

Little Colorado River, 35, 45

Lockhart, James, 103–5, 111, 118, 123–26, 128

London, 14, 58, 66, 74–77, 157, 203, 236

Los Angeles, California, 83, 92

Lovelock, James, 211, 236

Lower Amazon, 216, 220, 229, 237

lowland neotropics, 205, 236

Lurin Valley, 198

maize, 25, 192–93, 196, 204, 206, 219; beer, 193; dough, 70; gruels, 70; kernels, 62; referred to as corn, 61, 69–70, 72, 102, 116–17, 172, 192, 196; seeds, 61; soaking, 62, 64

Maní (Yucatan, Mexico), 16–18, 20, 22

Manzanar (California, USA), 85, 90, 95

Marajó, 223–24, 226, 228–29, 231

Marajó art, 232

Marajó Island, 224, 227, 232, 234, 237

marine resources, 196–97

marriage patterns, 143–46

masters and mistresses of the animals (Amazonia), 225

matrilineal, 178, 226

Maya, 14, 16, 21, 24–25, 30, 55–58, 60–61, 64–66, 73–74, 132–33, 136, 156, 158–61, 178, 188

Maya calendrical system, 142

Maya Collapse, 157

Maya-language colonial documents, 133–34

Meggers, Betty, 211, 236

Mérida, 16, 20, 29, 158

Meskell, Lynn, 93, 95

Mexicas, 16, 101–3, 123

Mexico, 8–10, 19, 22, 30–31, 57, 59, 97–98, 101–2, 104, 126–31, 157, 159, 161, 163, 187–88; basin of, 101, 123

Mexico City, 29, 31, 97–98, 102, 117–18, 120, 129

Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 98, 100–103, 106, 118, 123

Mexico-Tlatelolco, 101

Michoacán, 158

mid-twentieth archaeology, Amazonia, 210–11

Milky Way, 225

Mixteca, 187

Mixtecs, 178

Moche Valley, 202

Mohave Generating Station, 40

Monte Alegre, 214, 219–20, 228–29, 236

Monte Carmelo, 224

monumental architecture, 197, 200, 206

monuments, 16–17, 20, 29, 160, 190

Moundbuilders, 237

mounds, 197–200, 223–24

Muchukux, 25–26, 29

Museo Yucateco, 15–16

myth, 12, 189–91, 194–96, 200–201, 214, 227

mythic-historical narratives, 227

Nahua Peoples (Mexico), 10, 97, 100–101, 116, 118–19, 157

National Environmental Policy Act, 40

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), 33–34, 37–38, 46; Section 106, 38, 40–41; Section 110, 38, 42

National Park Service (NPS), 42–43

National Register of Historic Places. See NRHP

native alcaldes (Belize / British Honduras), 59

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 6

Native Americans, 6, 127, 160, 232

Navajo Reservation, 40

Neves, Edouardo, 215, 232, 236

New Age, 11

New Archaeology, 4, 209, 212, 215

Nikkei, 87, 96

Noh Cah Santa Cruz, 147

Norá, Pierre, 4, 14

Norte Chico region of Peru, 11–12, 189–91, 195–204, 206

North America, 212

NRHP (National Register of Historic Places), 33, 38–42

Nukak people, 230, 236

Oaxaca, 163, 188

Oaxaca City, 169

Office of Surface Mining, 40

Old Spider Woman, 45

Omagua, 224, 226; female artists, 224

Oncised and Punctate Horizon, 218–19

Ono, Gary, 92–93, 96

O’Odham, 51

Oraibi Wash, 40

oral narrative, 23, 30, 61, 65–66, 69

Orange Walk (Belize), 66, 68–70, 73–75

orchards, 217, 219, 223–24

Oto-manguean languages, 164

Pachacamac, 189, 192–94

Painted Rock, 219–21

Paleo-Indians (Amazonia), 213, 219–22, 226–27, 233–34, 237

Palm Forests, 236

Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke, 198, 205

Panbá, 139

Panixtlahuaca, 178–79, 188

Paramonga, 189–90, 200–202

Pativilca, 190

patriclans, 136, 139

patrilineal, 126, 154, 178

patronym groups, 131, 133, 135–36, 139, 141, 143, 145–46, 148, 151, 153, 156

Pearl Harbor, 81–82

Pearsall, Deborah, 197, 205, 215, 236

Pencuyut, 160

Peón, Juan, 16–17

person reference, 10, 163–64, 170–71, 177, 188

Perú, 11, 189, 195–96, 198, 201–7

Petén, 59, 61–62, 64

pictographic documents, 97, 105, 122, 125

Piperno, Delores, 197, 205, 215, 236

Pisté, 21

place-names, 23, 93, 163, 179–80, 182–83, 186

platforms, 197–200, 204, 217

political centralization, 204

pollen data, 61–62

Polychrome Ceramic Horizon (Amazonia), 223–25, 227, 234

population, 24–25, 116, 123, 133, 137, 152–53, 158, 194, 197, 211, 213, 218, 228–29, 231, 235

Posey, Darrell A., 214, 232, 236–37

postmodernism, 215

poststructuralism, 14, 30

private property, 4, 33, 35, 55, 58, 100, 103, 105, 150

Proto-Chatino, 187

Proto-Zapotec, 188

Puebla, state of, 103, 128

Puerto Rico, 126

pupunha, 217, 230

Qa’toya, 45–46

Quetzalcoatl, 51

Quiahije Chatino, 163, 166–69, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187

Quintana Roo, 161

Rainbow Bridge National Monument, 42–43, 50

Rancho Bubul, 149

Redfield, Robert, 148–49, 151–53, 160

Reed, Nelson, 56–57, 76, 131, 133, 160

Restall, Matthew, 16, 31, 135–36, 142, 160

Río Bravo, 73

Rio Negro, 234

ritual, 6, 12, 111, 124, 129, 176, 207, 226–27, 232, 234

Roosevelt, Anna C., 12, 209–10, 212–16, 218, 220, 222, 224–28, 230, 232, 234, 236–38

Roys, Ralph L., 24, 31, 132–37, 139, 149–51, 156, 160–61, 178, 188

Salati, Eneas, 211, 237

San José Nuevo, 68–69, 73

San José Palmar, 68–69, 72–73, 76

San José Viejo, 55

San José Yalbac, 55–57, 61, 68, 71

San Juan Amanalco, 120

San Juan Amanaldo, 108

San Juan Moyotlan, 98, 120–21

San Juan Necaltitlan, 121

San Juan Quiahije, 10, 12, 163–64, 169–70, 180–81, 183, 187

San Juan Tlatilco, 121

San Juan Xihuitonco, 120

San Juan Yopico, 121

San Marcos Zacatepec, 166, 188

San Pablo Teocaltitlan, 112, 120

San Pablo Zoquipan, 98, 125

San Pedro Belize, 56, 58–62, 64–65, 70, 73–75

San Pedro Maya, 56, 58–59, 63, 75–76

San Pedro Siris, 56, 60, 62–63, 76

San Pedro Valley (Arizona, USA), 49

San Pedro Yalbac, 61

San Sebastián Ahuatonco, 121

San Sebastián Atzacualco, 98

San Sebastián Tzacualco, 98, 114, 121–22

San Sebastián Zacatla, 122

Santa Barbara, 95

Santa Cruz Maya, 57–58

Santa María Cuepopan, 98, 121

Santa María Yolotepec, 166

Santarem, 216–17, 219, 221–23, 227–29, 231–33

Santarem art, 226

Secakuku, Alph, 35, 44, 51

Second Mesa, Hopi, 36–37, 51

Seinan neighborhood of Los Angeles, 82

settlement aggregation, 133, 137, 141

settlement patterns, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 202

Shady, Ruth, 195–96, 198–99, 206–7

shellfish, 197, 213, 221–22

Shipibo people, 226, 234

Sierra Tarahumara, 52

site plans, 98, 100, 102, 104–6, 108–9, 112–14, 116–20

smallholders, 132–33, 139–40, 146, 159

Smith, Nigel, 214, 237

Snake Dance (Hopi Religion), 44, 48

soil, 21, 29, 65, 67, 69, 71–72, 82, 87, 93, 102, 209, 214, 217, 235

soil chemistry, 80, 87–88

Soja, Edward, 4, 14

space: domestic, 112, 119; household, 10, 97, 100, 116; public, 83, 89, 164, 197; social, 67

spirit animal, 225–26

stakeholders, 4–5, 7, 9, 12–13, 15, 18, 195

Stenborg, Per, 218, 238

Sternberg. Hilgard, 214, 238

Steward, Julian H., 206, 238

subsistence, 4, 10, 22, 26–28, 55, 63, 132, 205, 215, 218

sun, 29, 110, 192–95, 212, 220, 225–26

Supe, 190, 194, 203, 205

swidden, 58, 66

Talaswaima, Leonard, 45, 51

Talking Crosses, 158

Tapajos River, 218

Taperinha, 212, 222–23

Tekantó, 136, 156, 161

Tekom, 24–26, 133, 135, 143–48, 155–57

Tenayocan, 110

Tenochtitlán, 16, 101, 117, 123, 127

Teopan, 98, 125

Tepanecs, 101

territoriality, 8–10, 15, 22–24

territories, 7, 11, 27, 35–37, 46–47, 58, 97, 103, 105, 111, 136, 210, 229–30

Teruel, Father Luis, 192

Texcoco, 101, 123

Tezozomoc, 123

Ticul, 16

Tihosuco, 25, 151

Titles of Ebtun, 24, 31, 133–34, 137, 149, 156–57, 160

Tixcacalcupul, 24, 133, 135, 143–48, 155–57

tiyo, 44–45, 50

Tlachcuiltitlan, 121

Tlacopán, 101, 127

Tlatelolco, 101, 123, 127

Tlatilco, 112

Tlaxcala, 103, 129

tones, 164, 183

tourism, 5, 21, 90, 229

traditional cultural properties, 33–34, 37–42, 46, 49, 51; general description, 38

Triple Alliance, 101, 127

Tukanoans, 226, 230

turtles, 220, 223

Tutul Xiu, 16–18

Tzaab, 133–34, 147–49, 151–52, 154

Uayma, 145, 149, 155

Ucayali River, 234

UNESCO, 5

United States, 6, 9, 11, 37, 50, 65–66, 79, 81, 87, 89, 169, 178, 204, 206

urn cemeteries, 224

US Highway 160, 39, 41–42, 49

Valladolid (City in Yucatan, Mexico), 131, 143, 145–46, 155–56

Veracruz, 112, 116, 119, 129

Vichama Raymi, myth of, 11, 189–97, 199–203, 205–7

Villa Rojas, Alfonso, 132, 134, 148–49, 152–53, 161

Visigalli, Egle, 215, 232, 238

walls, 16, 92, 106, 109–10, 125, 152, 199

Wauchope, Robert, 127

Weber, Ron, 234, 238

Wilk, Richard R., 133, 139–40, 159, 161

Wolf, Eric, 152, 161

Woman Shaman, 225–26, 234, 237

Woodbury, Anthony C., 164, 187

World Heritage sites, 13

World War II, 79, 82, 93

WRA (War Relocation Authority), 80–82

Xcalakdzonot, 26, 30

Xingu River, 221, 232–33

Xiu family, 16

Xocén, 156

Xochimilco, 98, 110, 125

Yalbac Hills, 9, 53, 55–56, 58–61, 64–65, 67, 70–74

Yalbac Hills Maya, 9, 53, 61, 63–64, 69, 72

Yaotl, Diego, 106, 108

Yaotl, Gabriel, 106, 108, 124

Yaxá, 159

Yaxcabá, 152

Yaxuná, 152

Ydzincab patronyms, 151

Yolngu, 48

Yucatán, 10, 12, 14–21, 23, 25, 30–31, 59, 70, 72, 74–76, 131–37, 139, 151, 153–55, 157–61

Yucatán Peninsula, 16, 18, 27, 57, 156

Yukatek (Yucatec) Maya, 8–9, 13, 24, 26–30, 53, 55–56, 61, 70, 72–73, 158, 188

Zapotecan branch, 164

Zapotecs, 178

Zongolica, 112, 116, 119, 126, 129

Zuni, 48, 51

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