“Notes” in “Legacies of Space and Intangible Heritage : Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and the Politics of Cultural Continuity in the Americas” on University Press of Colorado Open Books

Appendix 8.A

1. Tones

There are twelve tones in San Juan Quiahije. Table 8.8 provides some examples of words with different lexical and phonetic tones.

Table 8.8. Tones

Level tones	Rising tones	Descending tones
kna^{^{E[ H]}} ‘snake’	kon^{^H[M0]} ‘I will eat’	tla^{^{B[ HL]}} ‘night’
kak^{^[0]} ‘cow’	sqe̹^{^{I[M H]}} ‘scorpion’	kla^{^J[ML]} ‘twenty’
kna^{^C[M]} ‘theft’	ko̹^{^{G[L H]}} ‘tuber’	tyuM^{^[OL]} ‘dear little’
kna^{^A}* ‘sandal’	skwa̹L^{^[L0]} ‘I threw’
	si^{^F[LM]} ‘butterfly’

Note: The letters are the practical representation of the tones: A = [Low], B = [High-Low], C = [Mid], E = [High], F = [Low-Mid], G = [Low-High], H = [Mid-Superhigh], I = [Midhigh], J = [Mid-Low], K= [Superhigh], L = [Low Superhigh], and M = [Superhigh Low].

*This is a toneless tone.

2. Place-names

Table 8.9 Place-names in San Juan Quiahije

Number	Name in Chatino	Gloss
1	neʔ^C yka^E kyji̹^B	people of the kyji̹^B tree
2	tu^C kchi^C neʔ^C yka^E kyji̹^B	place of the kyji̹^B tree
3	tyku^E neʔ^C yka^E kyji̹^B	river of a specific tree
4	sʔe̹^A ndwa^B ksi⁰ tyku^E kwi^E	the cross at tyku^E kwi^E
5	tyku^E kwi^E	pure river
6	tyku^E yaʔ^C kwti^E	river with seven hands
7	twe̹^F nda^F naʔ^A	trail to nda^F naʔ^A
8	twe̹^F xkwa̹^E	trail to xkwa̹^E
9	twe̹^F sʔwe^F	trail to sʔwe^F
10	tyku^E sna^F kchi̹^A	river sna^f kchi̹^A
11	neʔ^A lo^A yu^I nkʔa^H	people of the red land
12	neʔ^A ʔwa^I la^G	people of the front of the church
13	nte̹ʔ^F ntyʔo^H tyu^F	place where they make bricks
14	neʔ^A lo^A ksi^K	people of the cross
15	neʔ^A so̹^G kchi̹^A	people of the bottom of the village
16	neʔ^A yka^A xwa^G	people of the custard apple tree
17	tyku^E ʔo^E ska̹^I	well
18	neʔ^K tyku^E ska̹^I	people of well ʔo^E ska̹^I
19	neʔ^K so̹^G yka^A kyaʔ^A	people of the bottom of the tree
20	neʔ^A tʔwa^A kxi̹ʔ^c	people of the edge of the bushes
21	neʔ^A so̹^G kytye^C	people of the bottom of the pine tree
22	neʔ^A twe̹^F sʔwe^F	people of the trail to Juquila
23	neʔ^A tyku^E kyʔya^J	people of the well
24	tyku^E kyʔya^J	well of kyʔya^J
25	ʔo^F pa̹tiyo̹^B	cemetery
26	tyku^E kyaʔ^B	above the well
27	tyku^E ste̹ʔ^B	curled creek
28	neʔ^A kyaʔ^A yu^I	people of the bottom of the hill
29	ʔwe^B kchi̹⁰	the middle of town
30	tyku^E tʔwa^A la^G	well in front of the church
31	neʔ^A tyku^E la^G	people of the well in front of the church
32	lo^A kchi̹^I nte̹ʔ^F	on flat land
33	neʔ^A lo^A kchi̹^I nte̹ʔ^F	people of the flat land
34	neʔ^A ja^A ke^I	people between rocks
35	lo^A nte̹^I tʔwa^A yka^A xwa^G	edge of custard apple tree mountain
36	tyku^E la^G	church well
37	neʔ^A tyku^E swi^B	people of swi^B river
38	twe̹^F nte̹ʔ^F	trail to flat land
39	twe̹^F ngya^J tyku^E kwi^E	trail that goes to kwi^E river
40	neʔ^A tyku^E ke^A xe^C	people of ke^A xe^C river
41	tʔwa^A yka^A ntya^I	edge of the ntya^I tree
42	neʔ^A tʔwa^A yka^A ntya^I	people of a specific tree
43	ke^G nte̹^A	top of the hill
44	neʔ^A ke^G tykwaʔ^C	people of ant hill
45	twe̹^F ngya^J tyku^E tsa^J	road that goes to the well-founded well
46	neʔ^A tyku^E tsa^J	people of the well-founded well
47	tyku^E tsa^J	well-founded well
48	tyku^E lo^A ykwaʔ^I	pond creek
49	neʔ^A tyku^E lo^A tykwaʔ^I	people of pond creek
50	ke^A ʔo^C	sacred rock
51	tʔwa^A nte̹^A sti^A ʔo^C	edge of sacred father mountain
52	twe̹^F tʔwa^A nte̹^A	trail at the edge of the hill
53	neʔ^A tu^C ke^A	people of rock
54	neʔ^A tʔwa^A nte̹^A	people of the edge of the hill
55	neʔ^A so̹^G ki^G	people of the bottom of the bamboo
56	ykwaʔ^A sʔe̹^A la^E ste̹^J	pond where our father was born
57	neʔ^A neʔ^C ʔo^F	people of the cemetery
58	neʔ^A cho̹ʔ^G la^G	people behind the church
59	ksi^K lo⁰ ʔya^C	cross on top of the mountain
60	ksi^K no⁰ ndwa^B lo⁰ nte̹^I kyʔi̹^C	cross that is on poop mountain
61	neʔ^A lo⁰ nte̹^I kyʔi̹^C	people of poop mountain
62	neʔ^A so̹^G yka^A ksu^I	people of the bottom of a specific tree
63	neʔ^A lo^A ʔya^C	people of the mountain
64	neʔ^A yka^A ksu^C	people of the avocado tree
65	neʔ^A kyʔya^C xʔya^I	people of xʔya^I mountain
66	tʔwa^A nkaʔ^A	edge of leaf
67	tyku^E lo^A yu^C	cascade river
68	twe̹^F si^K ke⁰	trail to flower cross
69	tyku^E ʔya^C tykwe̹ʔ^E	ʔya^C tykwe̹ʔ^E river
70	tyku^E neʔ^C ksu^I lyuʔ^H ti^J	inside-of-a-small-bag river
71	lo^A ykwaʔ^I no^A ngya^A tyku^E xkwa̹^I	pond that goes to xkwa̹^I river
72	nte̹ʔ^F ndywa^B ti^F kweʔ^G	flat land where ti^F kweʔ^G sits
73	tyku^E neʔ^C ksu^I tlyu^C	inside of a small bag river
74	tyku^E tʔwa^A ykwaʔ^A nda^F naʔ^A	edge of pond river
75	twe̹^F ngya^J lo^A nkʔa^H	road that goes to red soil
76	twe̹^F ngya^J lo^A ʔya^C kwa̹^C	road that goes to up high mountain
77	twe̹^F ngya^J ke^G kchi̹^A	road that goes to the top of the village
78	twe̹^F ngya^J sʔwe^F	road that goes to Juquila
79	twe̹^F ngya^J kyʔya^C kcheʔ^B	road that goes to thorn mountain
80	twe̹^F ngya^J tyku^E xkwa̹^I	road that goes to xkwa̹^I river
81	twe̹^F ngya^J ʔwe^B kchi̹⁰	road that goes to the middle of the village
82	ksi^K ʔwe⁰ kychi̹⁰	cross of the middle of the village
83	twe̹^F ngya^J ntyʔo^H ʔo^C cho̹ʔ^G nte̹^A	road that goes around the sacred mountain
84	ksi^K cho̹ʔ^G nte̹^A	cross that is around the mountain
85	ksi^K tʔwa⁰ nkaʔ^A	cross that is at the edge of the leaf
86	lo^F ʔya^C tʔwa^A nda^F naʔ^A	top of the mountain at the edge of nda^F naʔ^A
87	twe̹^F ngya^J cho̹ʔ^G ki^G	road that goes around the bamboo
88	ntʔa̹^A xla^K ʔi̹⁰ no^A xwe^I kcheʔ^H	preschool
89	ntʔa̹^A xla^K primarya^J	elementary school
90	ntʔa̹^A xla^K secundarya^J	middle school
91	ntʔa̹^A xla^K ʔi̹⁰ yebo^J	high school
92	la^G ʔi̹^A kchi̹^A Sa̹^A Jwa̹^J	San Juan Catholic church
93	la^G ʔi̹^A ʔerma̹o^J	Protestant church
94	ksi^K ʔi̹⁰ neʔ^A tu^C ke^A	cross of the cave people
96	twe̹^F ngya^J ke^G nte̹^A	trail that goes to the top of the mountain
97	twe̹^F ngya^J ʔwa^I nte̹^A	trail that goes to the edge of the mountain
98	twe̹^F ngya^J neʔ^C yka^E xwa^G	trail that goes inside the custard apple tree
99	twe̹^F neʔ^C yka^E ntʔwa^I	trail that goes inside the ntʔwa^I tree
Note: The meaning of the symbols are as follows: family with place-name; area; pond, sacred place; well; trail.

Notes

This research was supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation FN-50126-14. I would also like to thank the following people for their contributions to this project: Isabel Cruz Baltazar, Francisca Cruz, Lorenzo Cruz, Wenceslao Cruz Cortes, and Luisa García Baltazar.

1. I use a practical orthography in this article, rather than International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), to write Chatino. The consonant phonemes, in practical orthography and IPA, are as follows: bilabial p = [p], b = [nb], m = [m]; apicodental t = [t], d = [nd], ts = [ʦ], s = [s], n = [n], r =[ ɾ], l = [l]; laminoalveolar ty = [t̻ ], ny = [n̻], ly = [l̻]; alveolopalatal ch = [ʧ], x = [ʃ], y = [j]; Velar k = [k], g = [ng]; labiovelar w = [w]; glottal ʔ = [ʔ], j = [h]. The consonant phonemes, in practical orthography and IPA, are as follows: Oral vowels, as /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, /a/. The nasalized vowel, as /i̹ /, /a̹ /, /e̹ /, /o̹ /.

2. nte̹ʔ^F means ‘flat land’ in Quiahije Chatino. The syntax of the examples a through j are acceptable.

3. The place-name Oaxaca comes from the Nahuatl language and means “land of Leucaena leucocephala.”

4. ‘EC’ stands for the name of the interviewer ‘Emiliana Cruz.’

5. Here the object of the preposition ‘of’ is a third person.

References

Campbell, Eric. 2011. “Del Proto-Zapotecano al Proto-Chatino.” CILLA-V1–11. Memorias del Congreso de Idiomas Indígenas de Latinoamérica. Austin: University of Texas, Austin.

Campbell, Eric. 2013. “The Internal Diversification and Subgrouping of Chatino.” International Journal of American Linguistics 79 (3): 395–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/670924.

Caso, Alfonso. 1977. Reyes y Reinos de la Mixteca I, II. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Cruz, Emiliana. 2011. “Phonology, Tone, and the Functions of Tone in San Juan Quiahije Chatino.” Ph.D. Diss., University of Texas, Austin.

Cruz, Hilaria. 2008. “Notion of Base in Some Motion Verbs in San Juan Quiahije Chatino.” Manuscript, University of Texas, Austin.

Cruz, Hilaria, and Anthony C. Woodbury. 2006. La fonología and tonología comparativa del Chatino: Un Informe de Campo de Zacatepec.” In Las Memorias del Congreso de Idiomas Indígenas de Latinoaméricana-II. Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America. http://www.ailla.utexas.org/site/cilla2/HCruz_Woodbury_CILLA2_chatino.pdf.

Hanks, William F. 2007. “Person Reference in Yucatec Maya.” In Person Reference in Interaction, ed. N. J. Enfield and Tonya Stivers, 149–71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Horcasitas, Fernando. 1973. “Cambio y evolución en la antroponimia náhuatl.” Anales de Antropología 10: 265–83.

Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. “Proto-Zapotec(an) Reconstructions.” Manuscript, University of Pittsburgh.

Mexican Census. 2010. http://www.siegi.oaxaca.gob.mx/app/SIBM/sibm/.

Pride, Kitty, and Leslie Pride. 2004. “Diccionario chatino de la Zona Alta: Panixtlahuaca, Oaxaca y otros pueblos.” In Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves” Número 47. Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C.

Roys, Ralph L. 1940. Personal Names of the Maya of Yucatan. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Schegloff, E. A. 1996. “Some Practices for Referring to Person in Talk-Interaction: A Partial Sketch of a Systematic.” In Studies in Anaphora, ed. B. Fox, 437–85. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.33.14sch.

Smith-Stark, Thomas C. 2000. “Los nombres personales, apellidos, apodos y zoónonimos de Chichicapan.” Presentation at the Third ENAH Colloquium, Mexico City, Mexico.

Villard, Stéphanie. 2007. “Los tonos del Chatino de San Marcos Zacatepec.” CILLA-IV-07. In Memorias del Congreso de Idiomas Indígenas de Latinoamérica-III. Austin: University of Texas, Austin.

Chapter 9 A Culturescape Built over 5,000 Years, Archaeology, and Vichama Raymi in the Forge of History