INDEX
Page numbers in italics indicate figures.
Acalan (Place of the Water Houses or Canoes), 233
Acatepec. See Yucu Yoo
Acatlan. See Yucu Yusi
Achiutla. See Ñuu Ndecu
Adoption, 127
Ah Kin May, 238
Alliances, 82, 124, 280; city-state, 12, 151, 180–81, 198, 272, 281; Lord 8 Deer’s, 178, 216–24, 230, 283, 286; marital, 13, 142, 146, 147–48, 155–56, 164–69, 178, 202–3, 250, 252, 267–68, 269–70, 282, 288, 290; Monte Albán, 122–23; Tollan-Cholollan and Town of Flint, 265–66; with Toltecs, 213, 221, 222–24; Yuta Tnoho, 127, 135, 136–41, 149, 159
Altar of the Seated Man, 163
Altar of White Flowers, 159
Alvarado, Francisco de, 7
Amoltepec (Yucu Nama), 21
Anales de Cuauhtitlan, 108
Ancestors, 44, 46, 65, 75, 76, 96, 258, 266; and epic narrative, 36–37; founding, 80–81, 139, 144, 266, 313(n39); Lord 8 Deer, 178, 343(n49); and Mesoamerican cosmology, 45–46; Ñuu Tnoo, 131, 229; primordial couples, 71, 72; tribute to, 174–75; veneration of, 31, 178–79, 321(n47)
Andevui. See Heaven
Andua (Spiderweb Place), 102–3, 104, 272, 314(n47), 335(n66), 339(n4), 341(n24)
Andua-Chindua (Valley of the Spiderweb), 157, 161, 314(n47), 339(n4)
Animals, iconography of, 58–63
Annals of Cuauhtitlan, 67, 331(n31); on Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, 214, 231, 268
Añute (Magdalena Jaltepec), xiv, 143, 159, 166, 168, 182, 183, 197, 206, 250, 286, 287, 313(nn39, 41), 314(n47), 315(n55), 328(n66); alliances of, 198, 202–3; codex from, 21, 55–57, 56, 57; founding date of, 305–6(n20), 319(n27); and Ñuu Tnoo-Chiyo Yuhu rivalry, 180–81, 188, 224, 281; ruling priests of, 157, 161, 165
Apoala. See Yuta Tnoho
Archaeology, 344(n52); and cultural patrimony, 298–99; as framework for codices, 278–82
Architecture, cosmology of, 51–55, 89–91, 308(n16)
Armies, 11. See also Military campaigns
Arrow-Red Liquid, 161
Arrows, 106. See also Sacred Arrows
Ash River (Yaa Yuta), 85, 140, 187
Assassination: of Lord 12 Movement, 243–44, 244
Atoco (Nochixtlan), 102, 130, 162, 163–64, 322–23(n16), 330–1(n26)
Atonal 1 (Lord 7 Water), 213, 272, 331(n31)
Authority, 27, 77, 332–33(n45); of caciques, 30–31, 294; depicted in Codex Añute, 55–57, 56, 57; of lineages, 49–50; of rulers, 291–92
Ayotlan, 231
Ayotzintepec, 232
Ayutla (Place of the Turtles), 231, 232
Ayuu (Place of Stone), 227, 254
Ball courts, 54, 161, 192, 200, 317–18(n15), 322(n9), 330(n15), 333(n47); as sociopolitical organization, 220–21
Ball court–plaza-pyramid complexes, 54
Ball game(s), 54, 327–28(n64); Lord 8 Deer’s, 186–87, 220–21, 333(n47)
Battles. See Warfare
Beni Zaa (Zapotecs), 15, 70, 103, 117, 146, 203; alliances with, 178, 179, 180; calendrical cycles, 172–73; dynasties of, 175, 325(n40); and Monte Albán, 123, 145
Bent Mountain, 206. See also Monte Albán
Bent Red Mountain, 272
Big Mountain. See Yucu Cahnu; Monte Albán
Birds, hunting, 98–99, 312(n38), 341–42(n31)
Black Mountain. See Monte Negro
Black Town. See Ñuu Tnoo
Bloodletting, 49, 90, 171, 177, 217, 332(n36)
Blood Mountain, Town of Sacrifice at, 209
Blood Town. See Ñuu Niñe
Blue Mountain of the Shell (Yucu Ndaa Yee), 54, 129
Books, 14, 15, 66–67; Borgia group, 16, 18; contents of, 19–20. See also Codices; various codices by name
Book of Death, 19
Book of Night and Wind, 19
Book of Offerings, 20
Book of the Diviner, 19
Books of Wisdom, 16, 47, 312(n35); codex names for, 19–20; structure of, 16–18
Bow and arrow, 11. See also Sacred Arrow
Broken Hill, 129
Burgoa, Francisco de, 22, 72–73, 80
Burials, of rulers, 61–63, 140, 179, 258, 319(n35)
Cacao, offerings of, 90
Caciques, authority of, 30–31, 282, 294
Cactus Men, 106
Cahua Cuaha, 272
Cahua Ndiatu (Cave of Good Fortune), 219
Calendar(s), 38, 317(n12); book organization and, 16–18, 21–22; ritual cycles and, 172–73
Candelaria, Río, 233
Captives, 54. See also Prisoners
Carrying frame, 94; symbolism of, 205–6
Caso, Alfonso, 23
Castillo (Chichén Itza), 237–38
Catholic church, 294; evangelio ceremony, 41–43
Cave of Death, 106, 316(n3). See also Huahi Cahi
Cave of Good Fortune (Cahua Ndiatu), 219
Cave of Origin. See Chicomoztoc Cave
Cave of the Clouds/Cave of the Spring and the Tree, 143
Cave of the Descending Ñuhu, 217
Cave of the Fire Serpent, 248–49
Cave of the Serpent. See Yavui Coo Maa
Caves, 51, 52, 85, 115, 126, 179, 218, 219, 220, 309(n7), 332(nn39, 44), 338(n97), 343(n45); of death, 192–93, 195–96; Lord 4 Wind and, 248–49; Lord 8 Deer in, 184–85; oracle, 189, 309(n7); in Roll of the New Fire creation story, 106, 335(n69); vision quests in, 217, 316(n5); Yuta Tnoho Valley, 100, 101–2, 280. See also Cavua Caa Andevui; Huahui Cahi; various caves by name
Cavua Caa Andevui (Kaua Kaandiui), xi–xii, 71, 72, 76, 85, 96, 100, 119, 123, 140, 142, 148, 328(n1)
Ce Acatl. See Nacxitl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl
Centzon mimixcoa (400 Cloud Serpents), 140
Ceremonial centers, 12, 19, 96, 116, 294; cosmological symbolism of, 51–55; creation stories of, 106–7; founding ceremonies for, 87, 89; history recounted in, 33–34; Monte Albán’s, 121–23; and sacred history, 44–45; Teotihuacan’s, 112–13
Cerro de la Culebra, 218
Cerro de las Minas, 54, 82, 150; mortuary goods in, 61–63
Cerro de la Tortuga, 53
Cerro de los Cervatillos (Hill of the Deer), 206, 258
Cerro Jazmín, 159, 160, 164, 165, 281
Cerro Pachón, 54
Chacahua, 202
Chah Tnio (Chatino), 200, 201–2
Chalcatongo. See Ñuu Ndeya/Ndaya
Chalchiuhtlicue (“Jade is Her Skirt”), 47, 115, 332(n43)
Champoton, 243
Charisma, 39
Chichén Itzá, 66, 232, 237–38, 338–39(n104)
Chicomoztoc Cave, 91, 105, 106, 107, 115, 333(n51)
Chila. See Toavui
Chimalpopoca (“Smoking Shield”), 219
Chinantla region, 232
Chiyo Cahnu (Teozacualco), 21, 129, 130, 270, 272, 288, 290, 311(n23)
Chiyo Yuhu (Santa María Suchixtlan), 159, 161, 163, 281, 287, 323(n19), 326(n53), 327(n55), 336(n76), 341(n24); alliances with, 178, 324(n32); and Ñuu Tnoo alliance, 164–69, 180–81, 188–89, 224, 281, 328(n66); warfare in, 182–83, 184
Chocho-Popoloca. See Tocuii
Chochos. See Tocuii
Cholula (Tollan Cholollan), 3, 10, 11, 67, 105, 106, 221, 241, 243, 253, 260, 263, 278, 329(n11), 332(n38), 333(n51), 334(nn53, 57), 344(n60); Lord 8 Deer’s children in, 254, 255; Quetzalcoatl and, 222–23, 339(n3); Nacxitl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl in, 213, 214, 215–16, 230, 233
Cholula, Valley of, 222, 314(n49)
Christianity, 26, 66; native stories of, 294–95; and native symbolism, 41–42, 294–95, 307(n9)
Churches, 294–95; and pre-Christian sanctuaries, 41, 42, 336–37(n83)
Cihuacoatl. See Lady 9 Grass
Cihuateotl, 209
Cipactonal (“Day Alligator”), 91
Citadel (Teotihuacan), 108, 112
City-states, 9, 10; social and political formation, 11–12. See also Village-states
Classic period, 6, 33, 85, 95, 165, 172, 229, 278; crisis cult during, 125–26, 131–32; lineages of, 280–81; at Monte Albán, 55, 130, 133–34, 149
Cleansing rituals, 86, 89, 334–35(n59); by Lord 8 Deer ‘Jaguar Claw,’ 191–92
Cliff with Waterfall, 224, 334(n57)
Cloud Mountain with Face, 226
Coatepantli, 51
Coatepec, 107
Codex Añute (Selden), xiii–xiv, xvi, 21, 23, 159, 166, 189, 197, 287, 309(n7), 326(n52), 327(n64); on central authority, 55–57; Lady 6 Monkey–Lord 11 Wind marriage in, 203–4, 205, 206; Lord 8 Wind ‘Twenty Eagles,’ family in, 168–69; Ñuu Ndecu in, 73, 81; tree of origin in, 72, 310(n20)
Codex Azcatitlan, 48
Codex Bodley. See Codex Ñuu Tnoo–Ndisi Nuu
Codex Borbonicus, 20
Codex Cihuacoatl, 20
Codex Columbino-Becker. See Iya Nacuaa
Codex Iya Nacuaa, xiii, xiv, xvi, 21, 23, 24, 191, 198, 216, 218, 221, 226, 244, 327(nn59, 60), 329(n13), 330(n16), 334(n58), 335(nn61, 62, 63), 338(n98); Lord 4 Wind in, 260, 265; Lord 8 Deer in, 194, 199, 202, 219, 244–45, 256, 257, 287–88; places described in, 228, 229; Lord 8 Deer and Nacxitl Topiltizin Quetzalcoatl’s journey in, 231–32, 233, 238–39; and Yucu Dzaa, 200, 201
Codex Mictlan (Laud), 19
Codex Ñuu Naha, xiii, 159, 219
Codex Ñuu Tnoo–Ndisi Nuu (Bodley), xiii–xiv, xvi, 21, 23, 124, 142, 171, 183, 253, 259, 260(n97), 324(n32), 325(n40), 326(n46), 327(nn59, 64), 333(n48), 341–42(n31), 343(n51), 344–45(n65); Lady 6 Monkey–Lord 11 Wind marriage in, 202–3, 206; Lady 9 Alligator–Lord 5 Wind in, 94–95; Lord 4 Wind in, 260, 264, 270; Lord 8 Deer in, 192, 214, 219, 220, 223, 286, 338(n102), 340(n14); Ñuu Tnoo rulers in, 132–33, 157; places described in, 228, 305–6(n20), 312(n34), 320(n37), 338(n97), 341(n24)
Codex Ñuu Tnoo–Ndisi Nuu reverse, 132, 287, 344(n56)
Codex Porfirio Díaz. See Codex Yada
Codex Selden. See Codex Añute
Codex Tezcatlipoca, 19, 47, 48, 50, 326(n54), 334(n58), 342(n38)
Codex Tlamanalli, 20
Codex Tonalamatl, 20
Codex Tonalpouhqui, 19
Codex Tonindeye, xiv, xvi, 21, 104, 107, 119, 125, 127, 132, 156, 165, 162, 166, 288, 311(n29), 314(n47), 316(n3), 318(n18), 323(n18), 325(nn38, 39), 326(n46), 328(n1), 330(n16), 333(n48), 335(n63), 338(n98); Lady 3 Flint in, 117, 118; Lord 2 Rain in, 184, 185; Lord 4 Jaguar in, 213, 214; Lord 8 Deer in, 177, 192, 193, 199, 202, 212, 219, 228, 230, 231, 232, 242, 244–45; on Monte Albán, 120, 126; on Monte Negro, 130, 131; Nacxitl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl and Lord 8 Deer’s journey in, 230, 231, 232, 233–34, 238–39; Ñuu Tnoo lineage in, 155, 157, 167, 168; places depicted in, 120–21, 143, 205, 206, 207, 317–18(n15), 336(n75); Stone Men in, 134, 164; visit to Huahi Cahi, 197–98; on Yuta Tnoho’s sacred landscape, 100, 101, 102, 103, 108
Codex Tututepetongo (Yada), xiii, 20, 85
Codex Vaticanus A, 126
Codex Vaticanus 3773 (B), 19
Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I, xiv, xv, 21
Codex Yada (Tututepetongo), xiii, 20, 85
Codex Yecu, 20
Codex Yoalli Ehecatl, 19, 47, 49, 51, 52, 61, 116, 125, 132, 150, 307(nn12, 13), 342(n33); architectural cosmology in, 89–90, 91, 92, 93; Lord 8 Deer in, 177–78, 328(n65); temple rituals depicted in, 109, 110, 338(n101)
Codex Yuta Tnoho, xvi, 21, 75, 83, 110, 124, 138, 144, 172, 173, 210, 287, 311(nn25, 28), 312(nn32, 33), 318(nn18), 344(n55), 345(n67), 346(n79); architectural cosmology in, 90–91; directions in, 84–85, 88, 89; Lady 9 Alligator–Lord 5 Wind marriage in, 94, 94–95, 96; Lord 2 Dog in, 86, 163, 318(n23); Lord 9 Wind in, 73–77, 79, 82, 319(n25);places described in, 70–71, 72–73, 73, 102, 103, 112, 129, 137, 206, 305–6(n20), 312(n34), 318(n20), 333–34(n51), 339–40(n4); Stone Men war in, 136–37; time of darkness in, 68–69
Codex Yuta Tnoho reverse, xiv, xvi, 127, 142, 324(n35), 325(n40), 326(n46); Lord 8 Deer’s story in, 286–87
Codex Zouche-Nutall. See Codex Tonindeye
Codices, 14, 16, 300; archaeological framework for, 278–82; comparison of stories in, 286–89; contents of, 19–20; Ñuu Dzaui, 21–25; sources and naming of, xiii–xiv. See also by name
Coixtlahuaca Valley, 21, 105, 106, 213, 226, 272, 331(n31), 334(n53)
Colhuacan, 292
Collective memory, 44
Colonialism: internal, 6–7, 300–301; pictographic manuscripts and, 23, 294
Colonial period, 324(n29); sacred caves and, 101–2
Commoners, Stone Men as, 135
Communities, 34, 46; Mesoamerican, 8–9; narrative identity of, 36–37, 301; power of, 301–2; spiritual, 124, 280
Conch shell, 108
Conquests, 292, 328(n65), 334(n57); Lord 4 Wind’s, 272–73; Lord 8 Deer’s, 184–89, 206–8, 221–22, 278, 283; Nacxitl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl’s, 229–39
Coo Dzavui. See Quetzalcoatl
Copilco, 231
Corazón del Pueblo (‘Heart of the People’), 85, 125, 148, 280, 309(n7), 328(n68)
Cortés, Hernán, 1, 3, 294, 298
Cosmology, 76, 77, 106, 278; architecture and, 51–53, 89–91; Founding Ancestors and, 45–46; of rulership, 31, 284
Council of Four, 165; Ñuu Tnoo, 158, 174, 271
Creation, 81, 278; of first rituals, 78–79; Ñuu Dzaui’s stories of, 66–67, 72–77; in Roll of the New Fire, 105–7
Creator Couple (Mexica), 91
Crisis cult, 124, 125–26, 132; establishment of, 130–31, 149; Stone Men and, 135–36
Crosses, 346(n4); Christian, 294–95, 307(n9)
Crown of Montezuma, 298
Caucuauhtla. See Yucu Ndeque
Cuanana (Yucu Anana), 207
Cults, 77, 239, 316(n5), 345(n70); Christianity and, 294, 346(n4); crisis, 124, 125–26, 130–31, 132; Lord 9 Wind (Plumed Serpent), 139, 140, 148, 149–51, 310(n14); Sacred Bundle, 170, 277, 279
Cultural heritage, 298; Ñuu Dzaui, 299–300
Culture history, ritual and, 39–40
Cut (Sliced) Mountain. See Ñuu Ñañu
Cuyotepeji. See Ñuu Ñaña
Danama stream, 100
Dark Mountain (Yucu Naa), 84–85, 140, 222
Darkness, 140; primordial, 65–66; time of, 66–72, 93–94; and water, 65–66
Darkness and light, 53, 107; rituals of, 109–10; symbolism of, 49, 52, 87
Dark Speckled Mountain, 167, 169, 192, 254, 327(n59), 339(n4)
Dark Temple of Cihuacoatl, 109
Dates, 25, 147, 148, 334(n57), 339(n1), 345(n75); for Lady 1 Death, 127, 139, 142; Lord 8 Wind ‘Twenty Eagle,’ enthronements of, 161–63; marriage, 165–66, 310(n14), 341(n19); Monte Albán lineage, 144–45; Ñuu Tnoo, 72, 130, 143, 335(n61); for primordial events, 83–84, 141; sacred, 92–93, 105, 237, 312(n31), 313(n40), 322–23(n16), 329(n8); of Stone Men conflict, 135–36, 139, 140; symbolic significance of, 177–78, 321(n46); of town founding, 146, 305–6(n20), 319(n27)
Day count (tonalpohualli), 16–18
Day spirits, 81
Death and life, rituals of, 109–10
Death Priests, 174; Lord 5 Alligator as, 178–79
Death Temple. See Huahi Cahi
Death Town. See Ñuu Ndeya/Ndaya
Deep Cave of the Serpent. See Yavui Coo Maa
Deep Valley, 226
Deities, 58, 290, 309(n6); Earth, 48–49; Patron, 46, 50, 72, 96, 140, 155, 178, 204, 211, 218, 220, 253, 292, 294, 310(n15); temples devoted to, 90–91. See also by name
Deity of Darkness, 109
Deity of Weapons, 171
Descending Ñuhu, 220
Devil, the, 195
Difrasismos, 25, 34, 36, 67, 70, 75, 96, 144, 334–35(n59); in Codex Yuta Tnoho, 68–69, 84–85; shells in, 108, 109; yoalla ehecatl, 50–51
Directions, 140, 204, 278, 309(n7), 318(n19), 334(n58); architectural representations of, 52–53, 89, 90–91; cosmology, 84–85, 106
Diviners, 20
Dog Spirits of Wealth (To-ina), 72
Dominicans, and precolonial manuscripts, 66–67
Double-Headed Eagle, 264
Dynastic records, in Dzaha Dzaui, 25–32, 34
Dynasties, 77, 164, 175, 180, 183, 290, 314(n49); divine origins of, 149, 277–78; female line, 145–46; founders of, 48, 105, 107–8, 148, 149, 163, 319(n28), 345(n72); historiography of, 293–94; Lord 4 Wind’s, 269–71; Lord 8 Deer’s, 178, 251–54; marriage and, 94–100; from Monte Albán, 280–81; Ñuu Dzaui, 80–81, 159; Ñuu Tnoo, 79–80, 132–33, 139, 142–44, 144, 145, 154–58, 166–70, 179–80, 255–56, 269, 344(n55); origins of, 72, 84, 99, 110–11; Xipe, 205, 325(n40)
Dzaha Dzaui, 7, 8, 52; historical record in, 25–32; writing system, 14, 16–18
Dzandaya (Mitlatongo), 156–57, 158, 166, 321(n50)
Dzaui (Rain God), 7, 96, 97, 102, 116, 128, 295, 315(n57), 318(n16), 332(n39); and Lord 8 Deer, 177, 178
Dziñe Yucu (Tepeaca), 227
Dzini Titi (Huaxpaltepec), 206, 207
Eagle, 76, 77, 177; symbolism of, 220, 333(n46), 343(n50)
Early Postclassic period, 85, 108, 150–51, 159
Earth, 107, 149; architectural symbolism of, 52, 141; and rulers, 48, 49
Earthquakes, 117
Earth Spirit, 295
East, 85, 89, 140, 204, 278; architecture and, 90, 91, 106; Nacxitl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl’s journey to, 229–39, 242–43; sacred trees of, 200, 224
El Boquerón, 218
Elements of Nature, 72
Emblem Glyphs, Maya, 34
Emotion: religious, 43–44, 69–70; ritual and, 42–43
Empires, maintenance of, 11–12
Enclosure of Flames. See Ñuu Ndecu
Epic narratives, 36–37, 44; Lord 8 Deer’s, 283–86, 287–88
Ethnicity, 46; class vs., 300–301
Etla (Ñuu Nduchi), 208, 326(n52)
Evangelio ceremony, 41–43, 294
Exchange systems, 290
Eye, symbolism of, 90
Families, 42; ruling, 26–32, 95–100, 263–64, 290. See also Dynasties; Lineages
Fans, 217
Fire, 86–87, 117. See also New fire
Fire Drill, 170, 171, 278, 324(n31)
First Ancestors, 81
First Beings, 72
First Couple. See Primordial couples
First Dawn, 49
First Lords, 307n10; from Apoala, 125, 161; new fire, 85–86; origins of, 79–81, 110, 317(n13); rituals of, 81–82. See also Ancestors
First Sunrise, 65, 67, 82, 138, 278, 294; Ñuu Dzai, 84, 280
Flattened Mountain with Pyramid, 221
Flints, Lord 9 Wind’s, 74, 91, 148, 150
Florentine Codex, 47
Flower Hill, 129
Fonds Mexicain 20. See Codex Yecu
Formative period, 6
Founding Ancestors, 156, 157–58, 266, 271, 281, 305–6(n20); Añute, 161, 181; in Mesoamerican cosmology, 45–46; of Monte Albán, 139, 144–45
Founding Couples, 142, 320(n41)
Founding Hero, 106
Founding Priests, 165
400 Cloud Serpents (centzon mimixcoa), 140
Frontier, 228, 318(n19), 336–37(nn76, 83)
Funerary rituals: for Lord 8 Deer, 257–58; for Lord 12 Movement, 244
Gachupín, El, 195
García, Gregorio, 23, 66–67, 71, 76, 78
Gender, and dynastic powers, 145–46, 169
Geográfica Descripción (Burgoa), 22
Gift giving, 142, 203, 333(n48); by Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, 4, 298; role of, 290–91
Goddess 9 Reed. See Lady 9 Reed
Goddess of Lakes and Rivers (Chalchiuhtlicue), 47, 115, 332(n43)
Goddess of the West (Lady 1 Grass), 188
God of Death, 237
God’s Eye, 77
God the Father, 41
Gourds: acocote, 314(n48); piciete, 61, 90, 91
Grandfather Lord 2 Dog. See Lord 2 Dog
Grandmother of the River. See Lady 1 Eagle
Grass, 191; symbolism of, 176–77, 231
Great Mother Goddess of the West, 106
Green and White Plain (Yodzo Cuii Yaa), 137
Green Lords. See Tocuii
Green Mountain (Yuhui Yume Yucu Cuii), 156
Green Plain of Feathers, 227
Guaxolotitlan. See Yuhua Cuchi
Hallucinogens, ritual use of, 61, 63, 81, 307(n14)
Headdresses, quetzalapanecayotl, 297–98
Head of the Iguana (Dzini Titi), 206, 207
Head Town, 167
Heart of the Earth (Ini Ñuhu), 85
Heart of the People, 85, 125, 148, 189, 280, 309(n7), 328(n68)
Heaven, 85, 107, 115, 140, 241; Lord 12 Wind’s descent from, 119, 119–20, 120, 123–24; symbolic images of, 75–76, 105, 106, 112, 316(n3)
Hill of the Ancestors, 237
Hill of the Birds. See Yucu Dzaa
Hill of the Deer (Cerro de los Cervatillos), 206, 258
Hill of the Doubled Long Leaf, 226
Hill of the Insect; Hill of the Flies. See Yucu Tiyuqh
Hill of the Lord’s Head, 217
Hill of the Moon. See Yucu Yoo
Hill of the Precious Jade Mask, 129
Hill of Vapors, 98
Hill where a Man Crawls Through, 226
Historiography, 46; of dynasties, 293–94; Ñuu Dzaui, xvi, 7, 21–25
History, 2, 33, 65, 74; archaeological framework for, 278–82; epic, 36–37, 277–78, 283–86, 289; lineage, xiv, 153, 154–55; Lord 9 Wind and, 107–8; Monte Albán, 133–34; and new fire, 85–86; Ñuu Dzaui, xii, xv, 7, 25–32, 299–300; precolonial Mesoamerican, 8–12; and rulers’ legitimacy, 285–86; ruling families, 26–27, 94–100; sacred, xv, 44–47, 49, 67, 92–93
House of the Place of Flints. See Mogote del Cacique
House of the Stone Mountain, 206
House of the Sun (Tonatiuh Ichan), 237, 283
House of the Turtle, 232
Houses of the Rain God (Huahi Dzavui), 295
Huahi Andevui. See Temples of Heaven
Huahi Cahi (Cave Temple of Death), 85, 135, 140, 150, 278, 295, 319(n35), 338(n97); guardian of, 146, 206; Lady 9 Grass and, 192, 193, 195, 203; Lord 4 Wind at, 264–65; Lord 8 Deer and, 196, 197–99, 208–9, 221, 226, 235, 283, 285, 289, 338(n98); royal burials in, 258, 319(n35). See also Temple of Death
Huahi Dzavui (Houses of the Rain God), 295
Huajuapan. See Ñuu Dzaui
Huauhtla. See Yucu Ndeque
Huamelulpan. See Yucu Nindavua
Huatulco, 207
Huaxpaltepec (Dzini Titi), 206, 207
Huemac, 214
Huichol, God’s Eye, 77
Huidzo sahu, 149
Huitzo (Town of the Quetzal), 103, 148, 161, 202, 339
Hummingbird (Huitzilin), 219
Hunahpú, 76
Hunting, 98, 191; bird, 98–99, 312(n38), 341–42(n31)
Icxitlan (Ñuu Saha), 136
Identity, 39, 54, 289, 296; community, 36–37, 292
Ihuitlan, 226
Indigenous peoples, 27; culture and history of, 299–300; internal colonialism and, 6–7, 300–301
Ini Ñuhu (Heart of the Earth), 85
Interpretatio christiana, 66, 233
Iquipaltepeque (Throne Mountain), 73
Isla del Carmen, 234
Island of the Red and White Loincloth, 233
Itundujia, 195
Itzpapalotl-Itzcueye (“Obsidian Butterfly,” “She of the Obsidian Skirt”). See Lady 9 Reed
Itztlacoliuhqui (“Curved Obsidian Blade”), 90
Ixbalanqué, 76
Ixtepec (Mixtepec), 176, 178, 226
Iya, 55, 149, 153, 279; nahual of, 58–60. See also Rulers, rulership
Iya Nacuaa. See Lord 8 Deer ‘Jaguar Claw’
Iya Sayo (Lord 7 Serpent), 72, 102, 136, 142, 311(n28), 343(n48)
Iyadzehe, 153
Iya Nacuaa. See Lord 8 Deer
Iya Ndicandii (Lord Sun), 153
Izamal, 238
Iztaccihuatl, 105
Iztepeque (Knife Mountain; Blood Mountain), 73
Jade, 72, 115, 309(n7), 328(n65)
Jade River, 206
Jaguar, in titles and names, 58, 59, 59–61
Jaguar Mountain (Yucu Ñaña), 219
Jaguar Town. See Ñuu Ñaña
Jaltepec. See Añute
Jesus Christ, 41
Jewel of the Toltecs (Yusi Ñuu Cohyo), 28
Jewel of the People of the Rain (Yusi Ñuu Dzaui), 28
Jewel Stone of Ash River, 187–88
Jicayán de Tovar (Ñuu Dzavui), 8, 207
Juquila. See Ñuu Sitoho
Juxtlahuaca (Yodzo Cuiya), 137, 227, 336(n77)
Kaua Kaandiui. See Cavua Caa Andevui
Kinship, 13, 34, 42. See also Dynasties; Lineages
Knives, symbolism of, 70, 77, 91, 230, 263, 264
Knots, symbolism of, 124, 335(n68)
Kukulkan, 338–39(n104). See also Nacxitl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl
Kuu Sau (“Rain Snake”), 74
Ladies, 27–28, 149. See also by name
Lady 1 Death ‘Sun Fan,’ 126, 127, 128, 139, 145, 146, 155, 186, 319(n29), 320(n38); at Ñuu Tnoo, 142–43, 281
Lady 1 Deer, 71, 72, 76, 105, 111, 148, 322(n3), 343(n48)
Lady 1 Eagle ‘Sitna Yuta’ (Grandmother of the River), 85, 87, 116, 117, 120, 188, 189, 204
Lady 1 Flint ‘Fire Serpent Jewel,’ 143
Lady 1 Flint ‘Jewel Face,’ 180, 181, 328(n66)
Lady 1 Flower ‘Quetzal, Jewel of Tollan,’ 254, 269
Lady 1 Grass ‘Flower,’ 253
Lady 1 Grass ‘Goddess of the West,’ 188
Lady 1 Grass ‘Puma,’ 132, 155, 158
Lady 1 Movement ‘Quetzal,’ 143
Lady 1 Serpent ‘Plumed Serpent,’ 130, 132, 143, 155
Lady 1 Vulture ‘Cloud Jewel,’ 145, 146, 147, 320(n41)
Lady 1 Vulture ‘Rain Skirt’ (‘Rain Grace’; ‘Grace of Ñuu Dzaui’), 173, 179
Lady 2 Death ‘Quetzal Feather of Royal Blood,’ 253
Lady 2 Grass ‘Precious Quetzal,’ 181, 182
Lady 2 Grass ‘Sacred Jade,’ 254
Lady 2 Jaguar ‘Flower of (Town of) Death,’ 133, 147, 318(n23)
Lady 2 Serpent ‘Plumed Serpent,’ 162, 164, 166, 168, 169, 182
Lady 3 Flint ‘Jade Beauty,’ 145
Lady 3 Flint ‘Shell Quechquemitl Plumed Serpent’ (‘Jade Quechquemitl’), 115–16, 128, 135; history of, 117, 117–18, 118, 120; marriage of, 122, 126, 127, 132, 163, 170, 176, 321(n49)
Lady 3 Flint ‘Virtue and Strength of the Plumed Serpent,’ 145
Lady 3 Movement ‘Fan of the Earth,’ 180
Lady 3 Serpent ‘Flower of the Rising Ñuhu,’ 97, 100
Lady 4 Alligator ‘Jewel Face,’ 167, 169
Lady 4 Death ‘Jewel of the People,’ 180, 182
Lady 4 Dog, 72, 73–74, 309(n7)
Lady 4 Flint ‘Quetzal Feather Face,’ 167, 169
Lady 4 House ‘Quetzal Flower Fan,’ 133, 147
Lady 4 Rabbit ‘Quechquemitl (Virtue) of Death Town,’ 155–56, 158
Lady 4 Rabbit ‘Precious Quetzal’ (‘Flower of the Valley of the Quetzal Feathers’), 167, 169, 185, 186, 196
Lady 4 Wind ‘Beauty of Flowers,’ 95
Lady 4/5 Jaguar ‘Quetzal Fan,’ 145, 148
Lady 5 Flint ‘Cave Lady,’ 143, 146
Lady 5 Flint ‘Flaming Heads from Heaven,’ 85, 132
Lady 5 Lizard ‘Zacate-Pulque Vessel,’ 269–70
Lady 5 Reed ‘Jewel Pulque-Vessel,’ 99
Lady 5 Reed ‘Rain Quechquemitl,’ 145, 147, 157, 158, 166
Lady 5 Wind ‘Ornament of Fur and Jade,’ 254, 270
Lady 6 Eagle ‘Jaguar Spiderweb,’ 251
Lady 6 Eagle ‘Parrot-Maize Flower’ (‘Jewel Flower’), 95, 98, 99, 100, 136, 234, 235, 236, 258, 270; and Ñuu Tnoo dynasty, 255–56, 286, 341–42(n31)
Lady 6 Flint ‘Precious Fire Serpent,’ 254, 267
Lady 6 Grass ‘Transparent Butterfly,’ 167
Lady 6 Lizard ‘Jewel Fan,’ 176, 178, 179, 198, 247
Lady 6 Monkey ‘Serpent Quechquemitl’ (‘Power of the Plumed Serpent’), 27–28, 28, 161, 181, 182, 203, 222, 245, 275; literary role of, 284–85; and Lord 8 Deer, 283–84, 287, 288, 338(n98); as Lord 8 Deer’s prisoner, 247–48; marriage of, 202–6; at Temple of Death, 193, 194, 196, 197–98, 199
Lady 6 Water, 176
Lady 6 Wind ‘Quetzal Feather of Royal Blood,’ 253, 254, 261, 342(n36); marriage and families of, 259–60, 267
Lady 7 Death ‘Fire Fan,’ 143
Lady 7 Flint, 85
Lady 7 Flower ‘Eagle Wing,’ 143
Lady 7 Flower ‘Jewel of the Town,’ 167
Lady 7 Flower ‘Quetzal,’ 95
Lady 7 Flower ‘White Flower,’ 141, 142
Lady 7 Grass ‘Rain, Maize Tooth,’ 97, 98
Lady 7 Reed ‘Jewel Flower,’ 167, 251
Lady 7 Wind ‘Green Parrot,’ 128
Lady 8 Death ‘Quetzal, Who does the Bloodletting Ritual for the Earth,’ 143, 317(n14)
Lady 8 Deer ‘Decorated Quechquemitl’ (‘Beauty of Mosaic’), 97, 139, 311(n29), 319(n28)
Lady 8 Flower ‘Blood of the Town of Darkness,’ 143
Lady 8 Grass ‘Cloud of Ñuu Dzaui,’ 143
Lady 8 House ‘Jaguar,’ 130
Lady 8 House ‘Visible on Earth,’ 143
Lady 8 Monkey ‘Jade Bowl,’ 128, 136, 163, 318(n16)
Lady 9 Alligator ‘Rain, Plumed Serpent,’ 94, 118, 313(n42); descendants of, 99, 147; history of, 96–97; in Yuta Tnoho, 100, 101
Lady 9 Eagle ‘Cacao Flower,’ 175–76, 179, 325(nn40, 41)
Lady 9 Flint ‘Jewel-Skull of (Lord) 8 Wind,’ 168
Lady 9 Grass (Cihuacoatl), 20, 85, 88, 91, 135, 136, 146, 147, 204, 307(nn12, 13), 319(n25), 321(n2); and Lord 4 Wind, 249, 264–65; and Lord 8 Deer, 198–99, 209, 220, 221, 283; priests of, 227–28; and Temple of Death, 179, 192, 193, 195, 198, 203; temples dedicated to, 45, 109, 170, 325(n38)
Lady 9 House ‘Sacred Seed of the Cave,’ 143
Lady 9 Monkey ‘Jewel Quetzal,’ 176, 178, 179, 196, 234–35, 251, 323(n22)
Lady 9 Movement ‘Jewel Flower,’ 245
Lady 9 Rabbit ‘Jade with Ribbon,’ 132, 146
Lady 9 Reed (Itzpapalotl-Itzcueye), 182, 211, 212, 217, 218, 219, 253, 331(n28); and Lord 4 Wind, 266–67; and Lord 8 Deer, 229, 231; priests of, 227–28
Lady 9 Serpent, 253
Lady 9 Wind ‘Flint Quechquemitl,’ 166, 180, 203; in Añute, 169, 181, 183; marriage of, 167–68, 182
Lady 10 Alligator ‘Jade, Gold,’ 133, 163, 173, 179
Lady 10 Alligator ‘War Jewel’ (‘Skirt of Pearls’), 145, 147–48
Lady 10 Deer ‘Jaguar Quechquemitl,’ 161, 164, 165, 168, 169; marriage alliances, 166, 182
Lady 10 Flower ‘Spiderweb of the Rain God,’ 254; marriage of, 267–68, 269, 270, 284, 285
Lady 10 Vulture ‘Brilliant Quechquemitl’ (‘Beauty of Jade’), 251–52, 254, 270, 344(n63)
Lady 11 Alligator, 183
Lady 11 Monkey ‘Jewel Heart,’ 271
Lady 11 Serpent ‘Flower-Quetzal Feathers,’ 201
Lady 11 Serpent ‘Jewel Mouth,’ 253
Lady 11 Serpent ‘White Flower (Oceloxochitl) Teeth Inlaid with Turquoise,’ 253, 254, 269
Lady 11 Serpent ‘Who Hits the Maize,’ 133, 147
Lady 11 Water ‘Blue Parrot,’ 176, 179
Lady 12 Flower ‘Precious Seed,’ 132, 146
Lady 12 Grass ‘Hand with Jewel and Fur,’ 176, 185
Lady 12 Jaguar ‘Jewelled Spiderweb,’ 167, 169, 179, 325(n39)
Lady 12 Movement ‘Jade Alligator,’ 133, 146–47
Lady 12 Serpent ‘Blood Knife,’ 99, 100, 133, 147, 148, 320(n45), 321(n48)
Lady 13 Eagle ‘Bird with Precious Tail,’ 97, 98, 100
Lady 13 Flower ‘Quetzal,’ 93–94, 95, 99, 139, 144
Lady 13 Flower ‘Precious Bird,’ 269
Lady 13 Rain ‘War Jewel of Tollan,’ 254, 269
Lady 13 Serpent ‘Flowered Serpent,’ 198, 247, 250, 253, 254, 266, 267
Lady Ndoso, 235
‘Lady of the Road, Lady of the Night,’ 195
Laguna de Términos, 232, 233, 234
Landa, Diego de, 243
Land of the Rain God. See Ñuu Dzaui
Landscape, 52, 131; divinatory, 91, 92, 93; Mountain of the Rain God, 137, 138; sacred, 53–54, 234, 295–96; Yuta Tnoho, 100–105, 108
Large Stone of the Fire Serpent, 251
La Soledad, 201
Late Classic period, 82, 128, 138, 146, 280, 312(n31); Cerro Jazmín, 159, 160
Late Preclassic period, 172
La Venta, 108
Legitimacy, of rulership, 30–31
Leveled Mountain, 227
Liberation Theology, 41
Lienzo Coixtlahuaca II (Seler II), 272
Lienzo of Tlapiltepec, xiii, 85, 215, 268, 272, 316(n6)
Lienzo of Yucu Satuta (Zacatepec), 270, 344–45(n65)
Lienzos, xiii, 21, 85, 215, 268, 270, 272, 316(n6), 323(n18), 344–45(n65)
Life and death, rituals of, 109–10
Light, 65, 278; time of, 153–54
Light and darkness, 49, 53, 107; rituals of, 109–10; symbolism of, 49, 52, 87
Lightning, 76
Limpia. See Cleansing rituals
Lineages, 46, 111, 151, 293, 322(n3), 334(n52); female line and, 145–46; histories of, xiv, 34, 153, 154–55; Lord 4 Wind’s, 267–68, 269–71; Lord 8 Deer’s, 253–54; Lord 10 Flower and Lady 2 Serpent, 166–69; marriages and, 95–100, 282, 289; Monte Albán, 280–81; moral authority of, 49–50; Ñuu Tnoo, 142–44, 144, 155–58, 169; symbolic power and, 277–78. See also Dynasties
Literature: epic narrative, 36–37; oral, 35–36
Lord 1 Alligator, 217
Lord 1 Alligator ‘Eagle of the Ball Court,’ 206, 247, 250, 267
Lord 1 Alligator ‘Rain Sun,’ 97, 120, 139, 141, 144
Lord 1 Death. See Sun God
Lord 1 Death ‘Sun Serpent,’ 201
Lord 1 Deer, 71, 72, 76, 105, 111, 148, 322(n3), 343(n48)
Lord 1 Deer ‘Coanacoch,’ 227, 253, 260; as ambassador, 219–20, 259
Lord 1 Dog ‘Feather Ornament–Earth,’ 133, 146
Lord 1 Flint, 218
Lord 1 Flower ‘Quetzal,’ 93–94, 95, 99
Lord 1 House ‘Owl,’ 202
Lord 1 Lizard ‘Serpent-Decorated Shield,’ 253
Lord 1 Movement ‘Venus,’ 99, 187, 221, 327–28(n64)
Lord 1 Rain, 103, 157, 161, 314(n46)
Lord 1 Wind ‘Quetzalcoatl,’ 97
Lord 2 Dog, 86, 91, 106, 128, 133, 139, 146, 147, 158, 163, 173, 178, 204, 311(n25), 318(n23), 323(n19)
Lord 2 Flower, 272
Lord 2 Rain ‘Jaguar-Sun,’ 98, 99, 100
Lord 2 Rain ‘Ocoñaña’ (‘Twenty Jaguars’), 184, 185, 197, 198, 328(nn66, 67); birth of, 182–83, 183; death of, 209–10, 211, 252, 268, 278, 286; and Lord 8 Wind ‘Twenty Eagles,’ 188, 189
Lord 2 Water, 162, 163, 173, 179, 323(n21)
Lord 3 Deer ‘Blood Serpent,’ 219, 220
Lord 3 Eagle ‘Eagle from the Serpent Place,’ 155–56, 158, 161
Lord 3 Flint, 131, 132, 133, 146, 147
Lord 3 Lizard ‘Precious Beard,’ 161–62, 164
Lord 3 Lizard ‘Precious Long Hair’ (‘Jeweled Hair’), 161–62, 164, 328(n66)
Lord 3 Lizard ‘Rope, Knife,’ 198
Lord 3 Monkey ‘Burner of the Pyramids,’ 122, 128, 136, 140, 314(n47)
Lord 3 Rain (from Añute), 161
Lord 3 Rain ‘Staff of Marks in the Ball Court,’ 143
Lord 3 Reed, 176, 185, 329(n6)
Lord 3 Water ‘Heron,’ 176, 202, 325(n41)
Lord 3 Water ‘White Arrow,’ 158
Lord 3 Wind ‘Jaguar Warrior-Bird with Fish Tail,’ 176, 343(n42)
Lord 4 Alligator ‘Blood Eagle,’ 141, 142, 154–55, 156, 305–6(n20)
Lord 4 Alligator ‘Coyote Serpent,’ 72, 85, 120, 142, 311(n28); Ñuu Tnoo lineage and, 143–44, 146, 281
Lord 4 Alligator ‘Sacred Serpent,’ 254
Lord 4 Dog ‘Coyote Catcher,’ 254, 255, 259
Lord 4 Dog ‘Serpent-Maguey’ (‘Cloud’), 157–58
Lord 4 Grass ‘War Eagle,’ 198
Lord 4 House ‘Staff of Strokes,’ 122, 128, 136, 140
Lord 4 Jaguar ‘Serpent.’ See Nacxitl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl
Lord 4 Lizard ‘Rain,’ 130
Lord 4 Lizard ‘Serpent that Carries the Sky,’ 143
Lord 4 Movement ‘Eagle,’ 95, 128, 317(n14), 338(n98)
Lord 4 Rabbit ‘Jaguar, Who Carries 1 Alligator in his Breast,’ 144, 145, 146, 147
Lord 4 Rain, 147, 162, 163, 319(n34)
Lord 4 Rain ‘Quetzal Jaguar,’ 133
Lord 4 Rain ‘Down-ball Quetzal,’ 143, 323(n19)
Lord 4 Rain ‘Pheasant Coyote,’ 163
Lord 4 Reed ‘Rain,’ 260, 342(n38)
Lord 4 Serpent ‘Blood Serpent,’ 272, 343(n48)
Lord 4 Serpent ‘Qhyo,’ 72, 102, 140, 142, 271, 311(n28)
Lord 4 Water, 253
Lord 4 Wind ‘Yahui’ (‘Fire Serpent’), 206, 247, 248, 248–49, 258, 274, 286, 287, 333–34(n51), 345(n66); enthronement and rulership of, 262–64, 264, 266–68, 332–33(n45); as fugitive, 250, 251; and Lady 9 Grass, 264–65; and Lord 4 Jaguar, 259, 260–62; marriages and family of, 267–68, 269–71; and Ñuu Yuchi, 265–66, 285; plot against Lord 8 Deer, 255, 256–57, 284, 288, 342(n33); and Toltecs, 259, 260; uprisings against, 272–73
Lord 5 Alligator ‘Rain,’ 97, 100, 163
Lord 5 Alligator ‘Rain Sun,’ 170, 171, 172, 173, 180, 184, 210, 250, 252, 261, 265, 287, 325(n41); ancestor worship of, 178–79; death of, 189, 210; marriages and family of, 175–77, 177, 178, 268, 288; and 13 House ceremony, 174–75; at Ñuu Tnoo, 183, 274–75
Lord 5 Dog ‘Coyote,’ 259
Lord 5 Dog ‘Plumed Jaguar Serpent,’ 253
Lord 5 Eagle, 253
Lord 5 Flint ‘Jaguar of the Tree,’ 141, 142
Lord 5 Flower ‘Precious Prince’ (‘Stone Man’), 115, 116, 117, 118, 124, 136, 163
Lord 5 Movement ‘Smoke of Heaven,’ 179, 180, 181, 182, 183–84, 228
Lord 5 Rabbit ‘Guacamaya Serpent,’ 265
Lord 5 Rain ‘Smoking Mountain,’ 199, 226, 244, 245, 288
Lord 5 Reed ‘Born in War,’ 143
Lord 5 Reed ‘Valiant Warrior,’ 97, 100
Lord 5 Serpent ‘Who does the Bloodletting Ritual for the Earth,’ 143
Lord 5 Vulture, 251
Lord 5 Wind ‘Rain who came down from Heaven,’ 94, 95, 118, 123, 132, 133, 138, 148, 280, 312(n31), 317(n14); descendants of, 99, 147; history of, 96–97; in Yuta Tnoho, 100, 101
Lord 6 Death, 163, 176, 344(n57)
Lord 6 Dog, 131
Lord 6 House ‘Jaguar that came down from Heaven,’ 253, 258, 270, 286
Lord 6 House ‘Rope, Flints,’ 198, 247, 249
Lord 6 Movement ‘Arrow,’ 143,
Lord 6 Movement ‘Precious Bones,’ 181, 328(n66)
Lord 6 Water, 163
Lord 7 Death ‘Jaguar,’ 130, 132, 143
Lord 7 Flint ‘Cloud Serpent,’ 254
Lord 7 Flower, 245, 249, 266, 317(n14)
Lord 7 Flower ‘Jaguar, Mountain Bird,’ 143, 146
Lord 7 Flower ‘Quetzal Jewel,’ 84, 118, 128, 132
Lord 7 Monkey, 161, 163, 325(n39)
Lord 7 Movement, 139, 140; tribute to, 174–75
Lord 7 Movement ‘Earth Face’ (‘Cave Mouth’), 99, 100, 147–48, 320(n45)
Lord 7 Movement ‘Rain Visible Maize Flower,’ 97, 98, 133
Lord 7 Rain, 103, 157, 314(n46)
Lord 7 Reed ‘White Star,’ 175
Lord 7 Serpent (Iya Sayo), 72, 102, 136, 142, 311(n28), 343(n48)
Lord 7 Vulture, 210
Lord 7 Vulture ‘Red Beard,’ 221
Lord 7 Water (Atonal 1), 213, 272, 331(n31)
Lord 8 Alligator ‘Blood Coyote,’ 176, 196, 234, 251, 257–58
Lord 8 Alligator ‘Coyote-Bird,’ 72, 73–74, 95, 309(n7)
Lord 8 Death ‘Eagle Eye’ (‘Cuauhtlix’), 222
Lord 8 Deer ‘Jaguar Claw’ (Iya Nacuaa), xiv, xvi, 29, 179, 163, 180, 183, 266, 282, 300, 334(n58), 335(n68), 340(n14), 341–42(n31), 343(n49), 344(n63), 345(n70); ball game, 220–21; cleansing ritual for, 191–92; codices’ treatment of, 286–88; conquests and journeys of, 184–89, 206–8, 221–22, 229–39, 242–43, 328(n65), 333(n48), 336(n76), 338(nn98, 102); death of, 255–57, 263; as epic hero, 277, 283–86, 287–88; and Lady 6 Monkey’s family, 247–49, 275; and Lord 12 Movement’s death, 244, 245–47; history of, 184–89, 278; and Lord 4 Jaguar, 216, 229–39, 343(n45); marriages and family of, 250, 251–54, 260, 267, 268, 269, 329(n6); mortuary rituals for, 257–58, 297; at Ñuu Tnoo, 210–13, 277; omens regarding, 176–78; state building by, 288–89; and Place of the Pointed Objects, 249, 339–40(n4); at Temple of Death, 192, 192–93, 193, 194, 196, 197–99, 208–9; at Temple of the Xipe Bundle, 244–45; and Toltecs, 212–13, 214, 220–21, 222–24, 333(n46), 341(n27); prayers and offerings to trees, 199–200, 224–25; rulership of, 225–29; Sun God’s vision for, 241–42; as war leader, 201–2; war ritual, 217–18; in Yucu Dzaa, 200–201, 201, 206, 207, 330(n15), 333(n48)
Lord 8 Deer ‘Plumed Serpent,’ 254
Lord 8 Flower ‘Flint-Hair,’ 176, 245
Lord 8? ‘Great War Fire,’ 198
Lord 8 Wind (of Owl Place), 250
Lord 8 Wind ‘Fire Serpent,” 247
Lord 8 Wind ‘Twenty Eagles,’ 176, 178, 228, 312(n37), 326(n51); and Chiyo Yuhu, 182–83, 210, 281; family of, 168–69, 183; history of, 158–64; and Lord 2 Rain, 184, 188; marriage alliances of, 165, 165–66, 181; and Ñuu Tnoo, 188–89
Lord 9 Deer ‘Jade Bone, Flute,’ 147–48
Lord 9 Flint ‘Stone Man Skull,’ ‘Skull,’ 176
Lord 9 Flower ‘Blood Shield,’ sacrifice of, 234, 236–37
Lord 9 Flower ‘Sacred Arrow,’ 176, 179, 192, 208, 222, 224, 228, 244, 245, 252; and Lord 8 Deer’s journey, 230–31
Lord 9 House, 183
Lord 9 Movement ‘Hummingbird,’ 176, 202, 316(n3)
Lord 9 Rabbit ‘Plumed Sun,’ 253–54
Lord 9 Serpent, 202
Lord 9 Wind, 146
Lord 9 Wind ‘Quetzalcoatl’ (‘Plumed Serpent’; ‘Whirlwind’; ‘Flint Serpent’), xii, xvi, 82, 93, 94, 95, 105, 109, 110, 117, 119, 136, 141, 158, 180, 203, 215, 219, 281, 200, 311(n28); birth of, 73, 74–75, 75, 91, 125; creation of rituals by, 78–79; cult of, 139, 140, 148, 149–50; and First Lords, 79, 80–81, 111; as mediator between Heaven and Earth, 107–8; as nahual-priest, 75–76; Sacred Bundle of, 123, 132, 142, 170, 279, 280, 310(n14); symbols of authority, 77, 227
Lord 9 Wind ‘Serpent,’ 132
Lord 9 Wind ‘Stone Skull’ (‘Skull’; ‘Death of the Stone Men’), 132, 135, 147, 155, 172, 174, 176, 321(nn50, 2); marriage alliances of, 165–66, 252; in Ñuu Tnoo, 157, 164; rulership of, 158, 161
Lord 9 Wind ‘Wind Skull,’ 176
Lord 10 Alligator ‘Eagle,’ 122, 128, 139, 140, 271
Lord 10 Death, 128, 136, 157–58, 163, 317(n14)
Lord 10 Death ‘Cloud,’ 157
Lord 10 Dog ‘Nduvua Yecu,’ 143
Lord 10 Dog ‘Sacred Eagle,’ 198, 247, 248, 249
Lord 10 Eagle ‘Coyote,’ 122, 128, 140
Lord 10 Eagle ‘Stone Jaguar,’ 166, 180, 181, 182, 186, 202–3; marriage of, 167–68, 169; warfare, 188, 189
Lord 10 Flint ‘Skull,’ 143
Lord 10 Flower (ruler of Ñuu Tnoo), 179, 182
Lord 10 Flower ‘Dark Mouth, Bow Tail,’ 167, 169, 185, 196, 263, 266
Lord 10 Flower ‘Jaguar with Burned Face,’ 158, 166, 169, 170, 174, 180, 225
Lord 10 Flower ‘Stone Man, born from the Earth,’ 175
Lord 10 House ‘Jaguar,’ 132, 155, 158
Lord 10 Jaguar ‘Plant Carrier with Twisted Hair,’ 255, 257, 263, 264, 342(n33)
Lord 10 Lizard, 161
Lord 10 Lizard ‘Precious Axe,’ 181, 196
Lord 10 Movement ‘Flower Shield,’ 143, 145, 203
Lord 10 Movement ‘Quetzal Owl,’ 254
Lord 10 Rabbit ‘Blood Jaguar,’ 183, 198, 209
Lord 10 Rain ‘Jaguar,’ 132, 133, 136, 146, 147, 267, 317(n14), 320(n45), 321(n49), 344(nn55, 57)
Lord 10 Reed, 167
Lord 10 Reed ‘Precious Jaguar,’ 167, 169
Lord 10 Wind (hunchback), 216–17
Lord 11 Alligator ‘Jade Serpent,’ 72, 85, 120, 311(n28)
Lord 11 Alligator ‘Jaguar Serpent,’ 142, 343(n48)
Lord 11 Jaguar ‘Fire of Ñuu Dzaui,’ 345(n72); rulership of, 271–72, 345(n66); visit to Lord 4 Wind and Lady 10 Flower, 270–71
Lord 11 Wind, 148, 176, 178, 179,
Lord 11 Wind ‘Blood Jaguar,’ 198, 199, 245, 247, 257, 287, 340(n14); marriage of, 202–4, 206, 321(n52)
Lord 12 Alligator ‘Double-Headed Eagle,’ 139, 316(n8)
Lord 12 Dog ‘Eagle,’ 269
Lord 12 Dog ‘Knife,’ 254
Lord 12 Lizard ‘Arrow Feet’ (‘Nduvua’), 148, 166, 167, 179–80, 182, 183–84, 186, 251, 321(n51), 324(n28)
Lord 12 Lizard ‘Standing Firm on Big Mountain,’ 121–22, 128, 139, 140, 144, 147, 169; death of, 135, 136
Lord/Lady 12 Vulture ‘Quetzal Feather from Sun Mountain,’ 122, 127, 128, 139, 140, 144, 147, 316–17(n8), 320(n38), 335(n63); death of, 135, 136
Lord 12 Movement ‘Blood Jaguar,’ 176, 179, 191–92, 202, 208; and Lord 8 Deer, 221, 222, 225, 227, 230–31, 242, 245–46, 250; murder of, 243–44, 244, 246–48, 283, 286, 287
Lord 12 Serpent ‘Bowl of Blood,’ 265
Lord 12 Vulture, 230
Lord 12 Water ‘Sky Jaguar,’ 180
Lord 12 Wind ‘Smoke-Eye,’ 121, 128, 131, 132, 133, 135, 144, 227, 259, 316(n3), 317(n14), 326(n47), 344(n57); descent from Heaven, 119, 119–20; marriage of, 122, 123–24, 126, 127, 148, 163, 321(n49); and Sacred Bundle cult, 130, 142, 170
Lord 13 Death ‘Setting Sun,’ 167, 251
Lord 13 Dog ‘White Eagle-Venus,’ 173, 179, 234, 235
Lord 13 Eagle ‘Precious Jaguar,’ 158
Lord/Lady 13 Flower, 139, 319(n30)
Lord 13 Grass, 135, 161, 165, 166
Lord 13 Jaguar ‘War Eagle,’ 135, 226, 249, 343(n50)
Lord 13 Lizard, 107
Lord 13 Movement, 266
Lord 13 Reed, 191
Lord Ndoso, 235
Lord Ñucumé, 261
Lord of Blood, 281
Lord of the Mountain (Tova Yucu), 295
Lord of the Smoking Mirror, 50
Lord Pacal (Pakal), 49, 307(n8), 312(n35), 329(n12)
Lord Plumed Serpent, 238
Lords, Sacred, 149. See also First Lords; by name
Lord Sun (Iya Ndicandii), 153
Lord White Venus, 265
Loyalty, 39
Magdalena Jaltepec. See Añute
Maize Flower Maiden (Yoco), 72, 85, 309(n7)
Malinche, 105
Manialtepec, 202
Manuscripts: pictorial, 14–15, 36; structure of, 16–18. See also Codices; various manuscripts by name
Map of Chiyo Cahnu (Teozacualco), 23, 24, 327(n55), 338(n97)
Marriages, 99, 247, 259, 321(n52), 344(n57); alliances of, 13, 146, 147–48, 155–56, 158, 164–69, 180, 235, 266, 269, 282, 287, 288, 289, 290, 328(n66), 329(n6); arrangements of, 94, 97, 120, 142, 145; dates for, 310(n14), 319(nn28, 29), 341(n19); Lady 6 Monkey and Lord 11 Wind, 202–4, 206; Lady 13 Eagle and Lord 5 Alligator, 97–98; Lord 5 Alligator ‘Rain Sun,’ 173, 175–76, 178; Lord 5 Wind and Lady 9 Alligator, 94, 94–95, 96; Lord 4 Wind’s, 267–68, 269–70; Lord 8 Deer’s, 177, 250, 251–54, 284; of Lord 8 Wind ‘Twenty Eagles,’ 161–62; Lord 12 Wind and Lady 3 Flint, 122, 126, 127, 321(n49); Ñuu Tnoo dynasty, 139, 143, 179
Matlalcueye, 116
Matlatzinca, 292
Matrilineality, 146
Maya: historical inscriptions of, 33–34, 338–39(n104); iconography of, 31, 65–66; Nacxitl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl and, 237–38, 283; writing system of, 13
Mazatlan (Place of the Deer), 231
Metaphor, 51; historical interpretation of, 47–48
Mexica, 2, 6, 77, 87, 91, 292; Patron Deities of, 50, 140; Toltecs and, 2–3, 334(n56)
Mexico City, 8
Mexico-Tenochtitlan (Place of the Cattail Reeds), 10, 11, 20, 51, 298
Militarism, 32; Teotihuacan’s, 57–58
Military campaigns, 202, 328(n65); Lord 4 Wind’s, 272–73; Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl’s, 229–39
Miltepec (Ndaa Nduvua), 129, 137, 228
Mirador, Pueblo de (Ñuu Ndito), 176
Mitlatongo. See Dzandaya
Mixcoatl (“Cloud Serpent”), 140, 213, 221, 331(n29)
Mixteca Alta, xi, 7, 20, 145, 207, 213; caves in, 195–96. See also various places by name
Mixteca Baja, 7, 82, 97, 227; geography of, 128, 129; primordial turtle, 134–35; Stone Men war in, 136–38, 149. See also various places by name
Mixtec language, 7. See also Dzaha Dzaui
Mixtecs, xi, 7, 328(n68); victory over the sun, 238–39. See also Ñuu Dzaui
Mixtepec (Ixtepec), 176, 178, 226
Miztepeque (“Puma Mountain”), 73
Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, 292
Mogote del Cacique (Ñuu Yuchi), 70, 129, 150, 264, 266, 270, 271, 286, 316(n5), 344–45(nn52, 65, 74); commemorative carving from, 273–75
Monte Albán, 70, 128, 133, 135, 158, 165, 166, 179, 185, 229, 288, 343(n50); as ceremonial center, 55, 219, 308(n16); Classic-Postclassic transition, 130, 279; in Codex Tonindeye, 120, 121; cult in, 125–26, 149; decline of, 123, 147, 172–73; jaguar depictions at, 58, 59, 61; Lady 6 Monkey at, 203, 205; lineages from, 145–46, 151, 280–81; Lord 8 Deer and, 221, 225; marriages in, 148, 321(n49); place names associated with, 206, 333(n49); priests of, 176, 178; rulership of, 121–22, 128, 139, 144–45, 158, 169; and Stone Men war, 136–41, 281–82; Teotihuacan influence on, 57, 58, 122–23; toponyms for, 117, 120, 126, 245, 249, 316(n4)
Monte Negro (Black Mountain; Yucu Tnoo), 128–29, 130, 131, 137, 139, 142, 143, 162, 165, 170, 273, 318(nn16, 17), 320(n44); ruling dynasty of, 132, 147, 155
Moon, 65
Morning Star, Quetzalcoatl as, 268
Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, 298; speech to Cortés by, 1–2, 4–5
Motecuhzoma Ilhuacamina, 48
‘Mother of Tobacco and Pulque,’ 195
Mother Tree in the Sacred Valley, 72, 124
Mound J (Monte Albán), 55, 308(n16)
Mountain Dedicated to the Rain Deity, 222
Mountain of a Blood Stream, 186
Mountain of Añute, 273
Mountain of Arrows, 228
Mountain of Ashes, 117
Mountain of Blood. See Ñuu Niñe
Mountain of Blood and Sacrifice, 186
Mountain of Blood and White Flowers, 99
Mountain of Earthquakes and Fire, 117
Mountain of Fire, 104, 105, 137
Mountain of Fire-Wood and Moon (Yucu Iti-Nuu Yoo), 271, 345(n67)
Mountain of Flints, 226
Mountain of Heaven. See Cavua Caa Andevui
Mountain of Pearls, 147, 148, 312(n34), 320(n37)
Mountain of Pearls and a Lord, 227
Mountain of Pearls with Face, 97
Mountain of Plants and Flowers, 174–75
Mountain of Ribs, 258
Mountain of Seven Stones (Yuu Usa [Usha]), 234–35, 338(n97)
Mountain of Spikes, 254
Mountain of Staffs (Yucu Tatnu), 70, 167
Mountain of Sustenance (Tonacatepetl), 98, 113
Mountain of the Ball Court in Flames and of the Ball Court of Gravel. See Yuhua Cuchi
Mountain of the Bird. See Yucu Dzaa
Mountain of the Blanket, 226
Mountain of the Claws, 192
Mountain of the Conch, 272
Mountain of the Deer (Cerro de los Cervatillos), 193
Mountain of the Eagle, 106, 224, 229, 249, 334(n57), 337(n84)
Mountain of the Eye (Quia Loo), 176, 178, 226
Mountain of the Eye (Face) and Tail, 176
Mountain of the Face (Yucu Anana), 207
Mountain of the Feathered Ornament, 97
Mountain of the Fire Serpent, 132, 234, 237, 245
Mountain of the Green Plant (Yucu Cuii), 157
Mountain of the Guacamaya, 106, 129
Mountain of the Horn. See Yucu Ndeque
Mountain of the Jaguar, 106, 129, 219
Mountain of the Jar (Yucu Tindoho), 206, 207
Mountain of the Jewel and the Quetzal Feather Tail. See Yucu Yusi
Mountain of the Knot, 106
Mountain of the Lizard’s Head (Dzini Titi), 206, 207
Mountain of the Mask, 206
Mountain of the Monkey, 161
Mountain of the Moon. See Yucu Yusi
Mountain of the Pointed Objects, 102, 103, 157, 161, 200, 339(n4)
Mountain of the Quetzal, 103, 321(n51)
Mountain of the Rain God. See Yucuñudahui
Mountain of the Red Caves and the Red Ball Court, 189
Mountain of the Reed/Mountain of the Moon. See Yucu Yoo
Mountain of the Seated Ruler, 70, 226
Mountain of the Sitting Main with Green Twigs, 226
Mountain of the Standing Arrows (Ndaa Nduvua), 129, 137, 228
Mountain of the Standing Flowers, 272
Mountain of the Stone of the Bird (Yucu Yuu Dzaa), 200, 201, 235
Mountain of the Sun, 251
Mountain of the Temple of Heaven, 191
Mountain of the Throne, 117, 219. See also Monte Albán
Mountain of the Turkey, 132, 146, 266, 344(n55)
Mountain of Words (Tzatzitepetl), 116, 117, 332(n36)
Mountains, 85, 97, 296, 337(n88), 338(n97); animals associated with, 60–61; architectural metaphors for, 51, 52; bird hunting in, 98, 99; Christian crosses and, 294–95; nahual, 234, 236, 283; in Ñuu Dzaui, 128–29; shrines on, 53, 71–72. See also by name
Mountain with Face, 226
Mountain with Face and Tail, 163
Mouth of Dark Speckled Mountain, 185
Mushrooms, rituals using, 81, 307(n14)
Music, in war ritual, 245
Myth. See Sacred history
Nacxitl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl (Lord 4 Jaguar ‘Serpent’; Ce Acatl), 3, 4, 116, 218, 223, 259, 297, 307(n9), 332(n36), 333(n47), 334(nn52, 54), 342(n40); appearance of, 213–14; death of, 268–69; expansionism of, 214–16; and Lord 4 Wind, 259, 260–62, 284; and Lord 8 Deer, 220–21, 223, 223–24, 255, 283, 287–88; conquests and journeys of, 229–39, 242–43; and Sun God, 238–39, 261; and Lord 1 Deer, 219–20; and Lord 8 Deer, 216, 222, 223, 223–24, 229, 286, 343(n45); Sun God’s vision for, 241–42
Nahuales, 46, 51, 75, 120, 201, 231, 318(n18), 322(n3), 326(n54), 343(n48); Lady 3 Flint as, 117–18; Lord 4 Wind’s, 248–49; mountains associated with, 234, 236–37; at Ñuu Yuchi, 274–75; Plumed Serpent as, 3, 116, 150; royal families and, 28, 31; rulers and, 50, 58–63
Nahuatl, 74, 19, 314(nn49, 52)
Names, naming, 18, 42, 89, 141; animal elements in, 59–60; of ruling families, 27–30
Nationalism, 298
Nation of the Rain God. See Ñuu Dzaui
Nature, 51, 69, 82, 295; covenants with, 31–32; Lady 9 Alligator and Lord 5 Wind, 96–97; power from, 300, 301–2, 309(n6); and ruling lineages, 46–47, 293
Ndaa Nduvua (Miltepec), 129, 137, 228
Ndisi Nuu (Tlaxiaco), xiv, 267, 271, 272, 287, 290, 344–45(n65)
Ndoso (Ndodzo), 201, 235, 295. See also Ñuhu
Nduhua Nduq. See Atoco
Nejapa, Río (Yaa Yuta), 85, 140, 187
New fire ceremony, 49, 85–86, 135, 138, 139, 162, 237, 280, 310(n19); ceremonial centers and, 87, 89, 107, 149; in Ñuu Tnoo, 170, 224
Ngigua. See Tocuii
Nobility. See Dynasties; Rulers, rulership
Nochixtlan. See Atoco
Nomads, early rulers as, 96, 98
Nonoalco, 233
North, 84, 86, 140, 204, 212, 278, 310(n17); architecture, 90, 92, 106; sacred tree in, 200, 225
North Acropolis (Monte Albán), 126
Nten Chah Tnio (Chatino), 201–2
Nuu Siya (Tezoatlan), 97–98, 100, 147, 218, 227, 320(n37)
Ñuhu, 53, 75, 97, 102, 134, 171, 197, 295, 324(n35), 329(n8)
Ñuhu bundle, 281
Ñuhu Camaa. See Sun God
Ñuiñe: reliefs from, 58, 60; urns from, 61–62
Ñuu Anima (Yucu Cadza), 195, 196, 236
Ñuu Cahnu. See Chiyo Cahnu
Ñuu Cuisi (Tlalistac), 126
Ñuu Dzaui (Huajuapan), xi, xv, 8, 20, 34, 35, 52, 54, 79, 82, 140, 148, 151, 187, 255, 281, 289, 322(n13); caves in, 220, 309(n7); directions of, 84–85; First Sunrise, 84, 138, 280; founders of, xii, 74, 80–81, 149; historiography, 21–25; history and cultural heritage of, xvi, 7, 299–30; and Monte Albán, 123, 128–33, 146; nobility, 159, 335(n64); origin of royal families, 263–64; pictorial manuscripts, 15, 36; places of origin, 72–73, 81; political and ethnic identity of, 279–80; precolonial histories of, 66–67; rulers of, 26–32, 141; Toltec alliance with, 216–24; tomb artifacts from, 61–63; Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl and, 215, 238–39; as vassal province, 252–53
Ñuu Dzaui Ñuhu (Sacred Land of the Rain), 195, 345(n67)
Ñuu Dzavui (Jicayán de Tovar), 8, 207
Ñuu Naha (San Pedro Cántaros), 21
Ñuu Ñaña (Cuyotepeji), 21, 227; royalty from, 218, 253, 259–60; Toltec influence in, 219–20
Ñuu Ñañu (Tamazola), 169, 173, 192, 226
Ñuu Ndecu (San Miguel Achiutla), 72–73, 74, 125, 127, 129, 159, 164, 165, 251, 287, 290, 317(n9), 327(n57), 337(n89); Heart of the People in, 85, 148, 189, 309(n7); Sacred Tree of, 81, 313(n41)
Ñuu Ndeya/Ndaya (Chalcatongo), xvi, 26, 40, 41, 74, 85, 140, 146, 156, 163, 176, 178, 179, 180, 193, 206–7, 235, 258, 271, 318(n23), 329(n5), 345(n67), 346(n80); Stone Men story in, 134–35; Temple of Death in, 208–9
Ñuu Ndito (Pueblo de Mirador), 176
Ñuu Ndiyo. See Cholula
Ñuu Ndodzo (Huitzo), 103, 148, 161, 202, 339
Ñuu Nduchi (Etla), 208, 326(n52)
Ñuu Niñe (Tonalá; Blood Town), 95, 96, 97, 98, 123, 132, 137, 187, 253, 322–23(n16), 327(n57); Patron Deity of, 211, 212; rock painting in, 217–18; rulers of, 139, 148
Ñuu Ñuu (Town of the Drum; Place of Palms), 143, 324(n32)
Ñuu Saha (Icxitlan), 136
Ñuu Sau, 295
Ñuu Sitoho (Juquila), 200, 201, 202, 207, 245, 330(n15)
Ñuu Tiyaha (Tecomatlan), 180, 326(n51)
Ñuu Tnoo (Tilantongo), xiv, 21, 23, 54, 70, 124, 129, 140, 182, 227, 265, 266, 273, 286, 305–6(n20), 310(n14), 323(n19), 324(n32), 329(n11), 335(n65), 336–37(nn83, 89); alliances of, 169, 198, 281, 328(n66); and Chiyo Yuhu, 164–69, 180–81, 188–89, 224, 336(n76); dynasty, 179–80, 183, 251–52, 255–56, 269, 281; Lady 1 Death and Lord 4 Alligator in, 142–43; Lord 2 Rain’s death in, 209–10; Lord 8 Deer in, 197, 199, 208, 210–13, 224–26, 277, 278; Lord 8 Wind ‘Twenty Eagles,’ conquest of, 188–89; origins of dynasty, 79–80, 146, 149; Owl Year ritual in, 170–75; Patrons of, 102, 142; ruling dynasty of, 77, 81, 141, 142–44, 144, 145, 147, 154–58, 163, 183–84, 290; sacred days, 72, 130; Temple of Heaven, 131–32, 241, 274–75
Ñuu Yuchi. See Mogote del Cacique
Ñuu Yuvui (Petlalcingo), 106, 314–15(n53)
Oaxaca, Valley of, xi, 7, 146, 213, 215, 227, 281; Lord 8 Deer’s conquests in, 208, 225; pictorial texts from, 15, 20, 23. See also Monte Albán
Oceans, symbolism of, 108, 109, 208
Offerings, 46, 87, 90, 96, 117, 142, 150, 171, 290, 307(nn12, 13), 312(n32), 330–1(n26); Lord 4 Wind’s, 264–65, 266–67; Lord 8 Deer’s, 186, 209; to Nature, 31, 337(n88); Owl Year ceremony, 174–75; of piciete, 69, 186, 199–200
Old Coyote, God of Tricks and Conflicts, 178, 237
Oliveros, 35
Omens, 182; regarding Lord 8 Deer, 176–78, 220, 231, 242
Omiteotl, 195
Ontiveros, Diego de, 66
Other World, 54, 234, 236, 237, 284. See also Heaven; Underworld
Owl, as messenger, 287
Owl Arrow, 222
Owl Men, 264
Owl Year ritual, at Ñuu Tnoo, 172–75
Oxomoco (“Force of the Pregnant Woman”), 91
Paintings, 14, 106; rock, 217–18, 332(n42)
Palenque, 49, 312(n35), 329(n12), 346(n4)
Palestra Historial (Burgoa), 22
Panquetzaliztli, 77
Paper Roll, Huahi Andevui, 170, 171
Patrons of the Four Directions, 119
Peña Cerrada, 102
Performance, 34; of oral literature, 35–36; ritual, 37–39, 43
Petlalcingo. See Ñuu Yuvui
Piciete (Nicotiana rustica; Tobacco), offerings of, 69, 90, 186, 199–200, 258
Pico de Orizaba, 72
Pictography, 13–14, 25, 34, 36; introduction of, 278, 284; ruling families in, 26–27
Pilgrimages, 118; Ñuu Tnoho Valley, 102–3
Pinotepa, 207
Place of Bird with Arrow-Pointed Beak, 253, 341(n24)
Place of Ceremonies, 143
Place of Colors (Tlapallan), 233
Place of Dawn, 233
Place of Flint Knives, 70
Place of Flints, 255
Place of Gravel (Sosola), 185
Place of Heaven, 70, 75–76, 85, 105, 107, 119, 131, 140, 142, 148, 170
Place of Origin, 107
Place of Palms (Ñuu Ñuu), 143, 324(n32)
Place of Rain, 207
Place of Reeds (Yucu Yoo), 203
Place of Rulership (Monte Albán), 126
Place of Sand, 143
Place of Staffs, 70
Place of Stone (Ayuu), 227, 254
Place of the Carrying Frame and Sweat-bath (Ñuu Niñe), 95, 311(n29)
Place of the Cattail Reeds (Mexico-Tenochtitlan), 10, 11, 20, 51, 298
Place of the Mountain of Fire, 103
Place of the Owl, 247
Place of the Plumed Grasses, 231
Place of the Pointed Objects, 249, 263, 265–66
Place of the Quetzal Bird, 102
Place of the Throne, 70
Place of the Toltec Ruler (Mogote del Cacique), 265, 333(n51)
Place of the Two Rivers. See Yuta Tnoho
Place of the Turtles (Ayutla), 231, 232
Place of the Water Houses or Canoes (Acalan), 233
Place of the White Flower, 146
Place of the White Lords (Tocuisi), 70
Place of the Yaca tree or Cuezcomate (Yucu Tnuyaca), 227, 336(n78)
Place Where the Faceless Ñuhu Emerges, 245
Place Where the Sacred Arrow is Kept, 143
Plain of Feathers, 227
Plain of the Magueyes, 257
Plain of the White Carrying Frame, 205–6
Plant Men, 116
Plumed Serpent. See Lord 9 Wind ‘Quetzalcoatl’; Naxcitl Topiltizin Quetzalcoatl; Quetzalcoatl
Plumed serpents: imagery and symbolism of, 3–4, 77, 100, 106–7; as Lady 3 Flint’s nahual, 116, 117–18
Pochote trees, 72, 81, 90, 149. See also Trees, sacred
Politics, 285, 290; Classic-Postclassic transition, 126, 279; Postclassic period, xiii, 282
Popocatepetl, 105
Popol Vuh, 65, 66, 76, 134, 223, 238, 312(n38); cosmology in, 45–46
Postclassic period, 6, 22, 97, 126, 129, 321(n46); Monte Albán, 130, 279; Ñuu Yuchi, 273–74; politics, xiii, 282; religious movement, 150–51; sociopolitical organization, 135, 282
Potent Mountain (Yucu Cadza), 195, 196, 236
Power, 39, 106, 108, 291, 293; of divine rulership, 4–5, 30; female line, 145–46, 169; legitimating, 30, 294; nahual, 46, 58; from Nature, 300, 301–2; social and political, 11–12, 282; symbolic sources of, 277–78, 285–86; writing and, 12–13
Powers of the Starry Sky, 81
Preclassic period, 6
Priest of the North, 91
Priests, 47, 75, 91, 101, 109, 116, 117, 139, 165, 198, 214, 246, 251, 267, 280, 311(n25), 325(n38), 326(n47), 332(n36), 344(n57); and dynasties, 145, 146; guidance from, 227–28; hunchback, 216–17; Lady 6 Monkey’s journey and, 204–5; Lord 5 Wind as, 96, 148; Lord 8 Deer’s journeys and, 227–28, 338(n98); from Monte Albán, 176, 178; nahual, 197–98; Ñuu Tnoo, 132–33, 157, 163, 174, 265; Ñuu Tnoho Valley pilgrimage, 102–3, 104; in Roll of New Fire creation story, 106–7; as rulers, 29, 179; 13 House (Owl) ritual, 174–75
Primordial couples (First Couple), 71, 72, 91, 111, 158, 343(n48); twin children of, 76–77
Prisoners, 54; of Lady 6 Monkey, 203, 206; of Lord 8 Deer, 221, 222, 223, 247–49
Programme B (Monte Albán), 57
Protector Spirits, 201
Puebla, 7, 310(n17), 333–34(n51)
Puebla, Valley of, 116, 222, 227, 336(n71)
Pulque ritual, 81, 264, 267, 344(n57)
Pyramid of the Moon (Teotihuacan), 112, 113
Pyramid of Quetzal Feathers, 230
Pyramid of the Sun (Teotihuacan), 52, 82, 113, 122
Pyramids, 51, 54, 82, 87. See also Temples
Qcuañe. See Lady 9 Grass
Qhyo Sayo (Patrons of Ñuu Tnoo), 72, 102
Quetzalcoatl (Plumed Serpent; Coo Dzavui), xvi, 2, 4, 12, 31, 44, 48, 51, 74, 77, 81, 91, 106, 109, 113, 115, 125, 189, 213, 215, 241, 243, 280, 291, 295, 307(n13), 313(n43), 316(n1), 328(n68), 338–39(n104); and Cholula, 222–23, 339(n3), 344(n60); dynastic historiographies, 293–94; manifestations of, 297–98; colonial transformation of, 101–2; cult of, 149–50, 239; sacred landscape as, 100, 313(n42); and Sun God, 238–39; at Teotihuacan, 110–12. See also Lord 9 Wind ‘Quetzalcoatl’; Nacxitl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl
Quetzal Mountain, 106–7, 157, 161, 315(n54)
Quetzal Town (Ñuu Ndodzo), 103, 148, 161, 202, 339
Quia Loo (Mountain of the Eye), 176, 178, 226
Quiché, 65, 238, 334(n52), 342(n38); and Quetzalcoatl, 223, 238
Rain, and Christian symbolism, 294–95
Rain God. See Dzaui
Rain Serpent. See Quetzalcoatl
Realm of Death. See Huahi Cahi
Reciprocity, 9, 31, 46, 290–91
Red Temazcal, 253. See also Ñuu Niñe
Relaciones Geográficas, 23, 106, 121, 141, 156, 157, 238; of Ñuu Tnoo, 174, 309(n6)
Religion, 139; emotional response in, 43–44, 69–70; introduction of new cults in, 124, 125–26; and symbolism, 47–51
Reyes, Antonio de los, 7, 98, 125, 135, 310(n16), 336–37(n83)
Ritual(s), 12, 77, 214, 254, 265, 280, 346(n79); Catholic, 41–42; darkness and light/death and life, 109–10; emotional response in, 42–44; of First Lords, 81–82; hallucinogenic, 61, 63; Lord 9 Wind ‘Quetzalcoatl,’ creation of, 78–79; at Ñuu Tnoo, 171–75; performance as, 37–39; role of, 39–40; sacred history and, 44–47; stones in, 73–74; temple, 119, 120; 13 House, 172–75; war, 217–18, 245
River of 11 Wind, 271, 345(n69)
River of Flames, 251
River of the Drum and the Red Band, 163
River of the Fire Serpent, 227
River of the Seated Lord. See Toavui
River of the Turtles (Yutatio), 134
River of Xolotl, 272
River That Pulls out Feathers. See Yuta Tnoho
River where the Stone Man was Defeated. See Yute Coo (Yuta Coo)
River with a Hand Holding Feathers, 79
River with House (Acalan), 233
Rock of the Eagle, 180, 326(n51)
Rock of the Face, 227
Rock of the Fire Serpent, 249
Rock of the Fly. See Yucu Tiyuqh
Rock of the Quetzal (Ñuu Ndodzo, Huitzo?), 229
Rock of the Seven Caves, 105, 107
Rock paints, war ritual, 217–18
Rock with Death Mouth, 254
Roll of the New Fire (Selden Roll), 85, 112, 320(n37), 335(n69), 345(n74); creation story in, 105–7; Lord 9 Wind in, 91, 111
Rulers, rulership, 9, 108, 139, 149, 159, 163, 222, 252, 284, 343(n44), 345(n66); Añute, 55–57, 56, 57; authority of, 30–31, 291–92; burials, 61–63, 140, 258, 319(n35); divine, 4–5, 55–56; female, 145–46, 169; Jaguar Town, 259–60; legitimacy of, 46–47, 183; Lord 8 Deer as, 225–29, 288; Lord 8 Wind as, 160, 161–62; Lord 11 Jaguar as, 271–72; marriages, 94–99; of Monte Albán, 121–22, 125–28, 135, 139, 140, 144–45, 158; nahuales and, 50, 58–63; Ñuu Dzaui, 26–32, 34; Ñuu Tnoo, 132, 141, 154–55, 163, 174, 179–80; powers of, 285–86, 293; reciprocity of, 290–91; sources of power in, 277–78; Tula, 214–15; torches as symbol of, 86–87; Town of the Xipe Bundle, 147–48; written records of, 12–13
Sabanillos (Tiyusi), 218
Sacred Arrow, 55, 77, 120, 170, 171, 210, 211, 225, 227, 278, 324(n31), 343(n43); keepers of, 176, 325(n38)
Sacred Bundles, 49, 58, 116, 123, 125, 149, 186, 189, 201, 245, 265, 320(n37), 334(n52); at Añute, 56, 166, 169; cult of, 131, 132, 150, 277, 279; of the Flint, 170, 175; Lord 8 Deer and, 222, 228, 249; Lord 9 Wind’s, 107–8, 142; of Lord 9 Wind ‘Quetzalcoatl’, 74, 75, 170, 279, 280, 310(n14); from Ñuu Ndecu, 72–73; Ñuu Tnoo, 131, 171; priests and, 44, 45, 106, 107, 109, 110, 267
Sacred Land of the Rain (Ñuu Dzaui Ñuhu), 195, 345(n67)
Sacred Mother Tree, 72, 81, 83, 151, 210, 277, 278, 289; offspring of, 94–95, 95, 126–27, 162, 281
Sacred objects, 77, 187, 329(n11), 331(n30), 340(n16); at Huahi Andevui, 170–71; of Lord 8 Deer, 198–99, 227
Sacred Place of the Stone Ball Court (Yuhua Cuchi), 128
Sacred Tree of Ñuu Ndecu, 81
Sacred Valley, 149
Sacrifices, 32, 46, 135, 140, 177, 191, 202, 206, 232, 295, 307(n12), 332(n39); Añute royalty, 180–81; Lady 10 Vulture’s, 251–52; by Lord 8 Deer, 225, 234, 236–37, 248; self-, 49, 109, 230
Sahagún, Bernardo de, 4, 47, 108, 308–9(n3)
Saha Yucu (Cuilapan), 66
Saints, as Patron Deities, 294
Saltwater, and First Lords ritual, 81–82
San Agustín Tlacotepec, 35
San Andrés Sabanillos (Tiyusi), 218
Sanctuary of the Rain God, 163
San Jerónimo Sosola (Place of Gravel), 185
San José Mogote, 150. See also Mogote del Cacique
San José Tres Lagunas, 70. See Mogote del Cacique
San Martín Huamelulpan, 52; manuscript from, 299, 345(n67)
San Miguel Achiutla. See Ñuu Ndecu
San Pedro Cántaros (Ñuu Naha), 21
San Pedro Tututepec, 235
Santa Catarina Yuxia (Mountain of Seven Stones), 234–35, 338(n97)
Santa Cruz, feast of, 295
Santa María, 238
Santa Maria Acatepec. See Yucu Yoo
Santa María Suchixtlan. See Chiyo Yuhu
Sayultepec. See Yucu Tiyuqh
Secularization, and ritual, 39–40
Selden Roll (Roll of the New Fire), 85, 328(n66)
Sepulchral Cave (Chalcatongo), 140
Serpent River. See Yute Coo (Yuta Coo)
Serpents, 51, 58, 218, 318(n21); fire, 76, 77, 150; symbolism of, 74, 106, 314–15(nn53, 55); vision, 108, 150, 307(n14). See also Plumed serpents
Seven Caves of Heaven. See Chicomoztoc Cave
Seven Pines, 271
Shamans, 71, 76, 106, 107, 170, 197–98, 311(n25)
Shape shifting, first twins, 76–77
Shells, 191; ritual symbolism of, 108–9, 315(n58), 328(n1)
Shields, 171; power symbolism of, 106, 222
Shrines, 125; mountaintop, 52, 53, 55, 71–72
Sightlines, 53
Sitna Yuta. See Lady 1 Eagle
Skull Mountain, 157
Snakes. See Serpents
Snow Topped Volcano, 222
Sociopolitical organization: ball court as symbol of, 220–21; Postclassic, 126, 135, 151, 282
Sosola (Place of Gravel), 185
South, 85, 88, 192, 204, 278; architecture associated with, 90, 106; caves associated with, 135, 140; sacred trees for, 200, 225
South Platform (Monte Albán), 122
Spanish, Ñuu Dzaui records in, 22–23
Spiderweb Place/Town. See Andua
Spindle, symbolism of, 115
Spirit of the Piciete, 195
Spirits, 81, 102, 201; in Huahi Cahi, 192, 195, 197, 206; of Nature, 82, 96–97; origins of, 72, 281
Spondylus shell, 108, 191, 315(n58)
Springs, 51, 100, 318(n21), 330–1(n26)
Staffs: symbolism of, 70, 77, 105, 116, 120; Tnucucua, 116, 170, 201, 225, 278; Xipe, 106, 116
Staff Town (Yucu Tatnu), 70, 167
Stars, 140
Star Spirits (Mimixcoa), 183
Star Warriors (Celestial Warriors), 140, 155, 156, 175
Stone Men, 133, 175, 343(n49); legend of, 134, 134–35; war, 135–41, 149, 164, 281–82, 338(n98)
Stone Mountain (Yucu Yuu), 206, 207, 338(n97)
Stone of Flames, 73
Stone of the Jewel (Xiutepec?), 74
Stone of Jade (or Jewel), 73
Stone of Sacrifice (Iztepeque?), 74, 327(n57)
Stone of the Fire Serpent, 259
Stone of the Jaguar Man (Yucu Toñaña), 129, 318(n20)
Stone of the Puma (Miztepeque?), 73, 74
Stone of the Xipe Bundle, 143, 163, 228, 323(n19), 326(n53)
Stones: in ceremonial centers, 87, 89; of power, 187–88; symbolism of, 53, 73–74
Stone Shield of the Bird, 228
Storytelling, xv; as art, 34–35; community identity and, 36–37; epic, 277–78, 283–85; Ñuu Dzaui structure of, 68–69
Stream of Dark and Light Waters, 106
Street of the Dead (Teotihuacan), 112
Suchixtlan. See Chiyo Yuhu
Suma de Visitas, 73
Sun, 6, 41, 65, 142, 153, 229, 294
Sun God (Lord 1 Death), 186, 220, 234, 241, 242, 259, 261, 278, 284, 313(n39), 320(n38), 327–28(n64), 338–39(nn102, 104); and Lord 8 Deer, 186, 187, 277, 283; Nacxitl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl’s journey to, 229–39, 237, 342(n40); Ñuu Tnoo history and, 154–55; Plumed Serpent and, 238–39
Sun Mountain, 122, 123, 127, 317(n9), 320(n38)
Supreme Council, Ñuu Tnoo, 157, 209, 210
Sweat bath (temazcalli), 94; Lord 12 Movement’s death, 243–44, 244, 247
Sweathouses, 295
Tail Mountain, 226
Tamazola (Yahua) dynasty, 167, 173
Tapachtli, 108
Tataltepec (Yucu Quesi), 167
Tecamachalco (Yucu Tnuyaca), 227, 336(n78)
Tecciztli, 108
Tecomatlan (Ñuu Tiyaha), 180, 326(n51)
Tecomaxtlahuaca (Yodzo Yaha), 21, 326(n51)
Tehuacan (Yucu Toñaña), 129, 318(n20)
Teicpalli, 74
Temazcal (Ñuu Niñe; Tonalá), 254
Temple of Beams, 108
Temple of Cacao and Blood, 90–91, 267, 344–45(n65)
Temple of Cihuacoatl, 45, 325(n38)
Temple of Darkness (Tlillan), 109, 170
Temple of Darkness and Visions, 109
Temple of Death, 52, 90, 178, 179, 335(n62); burials in, 180, 258; Lady 9 Grass and, 193, 195; Lord 8 Deer at, 192–93, 194, 208–9, 221; Spirit Guardian of, 197, 198, 316(n3). See also Huahi Cahi
Temple of Earthquakes, 106, 141, 320(n37)
Temple of Flames, 159
Temple of Flowers, 267
Temple of Gold, 108
Temple of Heaven and Light, 109
Temple of Jade, 108
Temple of Kukulkan (Chichén Itza), 237
Temple of Ndisi Nuu (Tlaxiaco), 270
Temple of Pearls, 141, 320(n37)
Temple of Quetzalcoatl, 108
Temple of Quetzal Feathers, 108
Temple of the Bowl with Blood, 90, 311(n22)
Temple of the East, 91, 338(n101)
Temple of the Eye, 90
Temple of the Fallen Bird (Potent Temple, Huahi Cadza), 90, 267, 270, 344(n65)
Temple of the Flayed God (Xipe), 77
Temple of the Inscriptions (Palenque), 48–49
Temple of the Jaguars (Chichén Itzá), 238
Temple of the Moon, 90
Temple of the North, 92
Temple of the Plant, 143
Temple of the Plumed Serpent, 118–19, 120
Temple of the River, 106
Temple of the South, 93
Temple of the Spondylus, 108
Temple of the Strombus, 108
Temple of the White Disks, 22
Temple of the Xipe Bundle, Lord 8 Deer at, 244–45
Temple of Yucu Dzaa, 211
Temples, 55, 56, 77, 199, 295, 338(n101), 344–45(n65); cosmology of, 89–91; mountaintop, 53, 189; rituals at, 119, 120; shell symbolism in, 108–9; symbolic representation of, 51–52. See also by name
Temples of Heaven (Huahi Andevui), 52, 91, 150, 224, 241, 273, 311(n23), 324(n29), 327(n61), 342(n36); Guardian Spirit, 206, 209; Ñuu Tnoo, 131–32, 171–75; sacred objects in, 170–71, 186; at Yucu Dzaa, 201, 235
Templo Mayor (Tenochtitlan), 51, 298
Tenan Mountain, 113
Tenayuca, 292
Tenochtitlan, 10, 11, 20, 51, 298
Teoamoxtli Group (Borgia Group, Books of Wisdom), 18, 20, 47; cosmology in, 89–90
Teotihuacan, 3, 10, 11, 67, 82, 233, 312(n38), 326(n48), 331(n29), 338–39(n104); architectural symbolism at, 52–53; ceremonial center at, 112–13; ideological and military expansion of, 57–58; and Monte Albán, 122–23; pictography at, 14, 278; Plumed Serpent and, 4, 108, 110–12; serpent imagery in, 51, 150
Teotlixco, 233
Teozacualco. See Chiyo Cahnu
Tepeaca (Dziñe Yucu), 227
Tepeyac mountain, 53
Tepozcolula (Yucu Ndaa), 7–8, 336–37(nn83)
Tequixtepec (Yucu Ndaa Yee), 54, 129, 272
Tequixtepec Stone 19, 60
Tetaltepec (Yucu Ihni), 137
Tetepec (Yucu Yuu), 206, 207, 338(n97)
Texcoco, 10
Tezcatlipoca (Ome Acatl), 4, 20, 48, 109, 116, 214, 292, 316(n1), 332(n36); as yoalli ehecatl, 50–51
Tezcatlipoca-Huitzilopochtli, 50
Tezoatlan. See Nuu Siya
13 House ceremony, in Ñuu Tnoo, 172–75
Throne Mountain (Iquipaltepeque), 73
Tilantongo. See Ñuu Tnoo
Time, 53, 105, 280; history and, 33–34; worldview and, 25–26
Time of origin, ties to, 49–50
Tinuu, 101
“Tira de Peregrinación,” 47–48
Titles, 76, 306(nn24, 26, 1), 322(n5), 342(n38), 343(nn42, 50); of priests, 174, 175
Tiyuqh. See Yucu Tiyuqh
Tiyusi (San Andrés Sabanillos), 218
Tlachihualtepetl, 230, 315(n54)
Tlacopan, 10
Tlacotepe, 35
Tlalistac (Ñuu Cuisi), 126
Tlaloc, 4
Tlaloc, Mount, 116
Tlapallan (Red or Colored Place), 233, 268
Tlapiltepec (Hill of the Knot), 106, 335(n68)
Tlatlayan (Place of Burning), 268
Tlauizcalpantecuhtli (Venus), 213
Tlaxiaco (Ndisi Nuu), xiv, 267, 271, 272, 287, 290, 344–45(n65)
Tillantonco. See Ñuu Tnoo
Tlillan Tlapallan (Place of the Black and the Colored), 233, 268
Tnucucua staff, 105, 116, 170, 201, 225, 227, 262, 278
Toavui (Chila), 21, 53, 129, 187, 226, 318(n20)
Tobacco (piciete; Nicotiana rustica), offerings of, 69, 90, 186, 199–200, 258
Tocuii (Ngigua), 15, 85, 163, 226, 310(n17), 323(n23). See also Coixtlahuaca Valley
Tocuisi (Place of the White Lords), 70
Tollan. See Tula
Tollan Cholollan. See Cholula
Tollan Xicocotitlan. See Tula
Toltec phase (Early Postclassic), 10
Toltecs, 6, 10, 74, 106, 233, 238, 256, 278, 284, 314(nn49, 52), 331(n29), 332–33(nn38, 45), 333–34(nn51, 54, 56); alliances, 254, 283; and Aztecs, 2–3; in Cholula, 215–16; dynastic connections to, 253, 294; and Lord 4 Wind, 258–59, 287; Lord 8 Deer and, 212–13, 214, 222–24, 225, 286, 289, 333(n46), 341(n27); military campaigns of, 229–39; Ñuu Dzaui alliance with, 216–24, 269; Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl and, 213–14
Tomb 5 (Cerro de las Minas), 61–63, 150
Tonacatepetl (Mountain of Sustenance), 98, 113
Tonalá. See Ñuu Niñe
Tonalamatl Aubin, 20
Tonalpohualli (day count), 16–17
Tonalpouhque, 20
Tonatiuh Ichan (House of the Sun), 237, 283
Topillan, 231
Topiltepec (Yucu Tatnu), 70, 167
Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl. See Nacxitl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl
Torch Mountain (Yucu Quesi), 167, 324(n27)
Torquemada, Juan de, 215
Toto Cuiñe, 219
Totomihuacan (Ñuu Dzaa), 253, 341(n24)
Tova Yucu (Lord of the Mountain), 295
Town of Beans (Ñuu Nduchi), 208
Town of Blood (Ñuu Niñe; Tonalá), 227, 311(n29)
Town of Death, 156
Town of Feathers, 226
Town of Feet (Ñuu Saha), 136
Town of Flint, 241
Town of Flints (Mogote del Cacique), 226, 263, 265, 267, 286; Lord 11 Jaguar in, 271, 272
Town of Hand Holding Feathers, 200
Town of Jade and Turquoise, 72, 73, 74
Town of Sacrifice, 198, 209, 327(n57)
Town of Sacrifice and Blood Mountain, 183
Town of Stairs. See Cholula
Town of Stones (‘Virtue of Town of Stones’), 176
Town of the Cattail Reeds (Ñuu Cohyo; Tollan), 222, 273, 333(n51), 334(n53)
Town of the Cut, 227
Town of the Death-Mouth in the Rocky Surface, 227
Town of the Drum (Ñuu Ñuu), 143, 324(n32)
Town of the Eagle, 224, 334(n57)
Town of the Jaguar. See Ñuu Ñaña
Town of the Lords. See Ñuu Sitoho
Town of the Lying Arrow (Ndaa Nduvua; Miltepec), 226
Town of the Pointed Objects. See Yucu Ndeque
Town of the Quetzal Temple, 148, 321(n51)
Town of the Sacrificed Quetzal, 103
Town of the Spiderweb (Andua), 226
Town of the Throne and the Words, 117
Town of the Xipe Bundle, 99, 100, 132, 166, 175, 176, 206, 245, 257, 321(n51), 326(n53); alliances with, 178, 198; dynasty of, 133, 146; Lord 12 Movement’s death in, 247, 286; rulers of, 147, 148
Town of Trees, 227
Trances, 109, 211, 221; death of Lord 2 Rain in, 209–10; death of Lord 4 Jaguar and, 268–69
Tree in a Plain of Burned Tobacco, 79
Tree in the Sacred Valley, 159
Tree Maiden, 110
Tree of Ash River, 200
Tree of Death Temple, 200
Tree of hand-like leaves, 200
Tree of Lord Sun, 199
Tree of Origin (Yuta Tnoho Valley), 120, 161, 277, 315(n55), 316–17(n8)
Tree of the Emerging Ñuhu, 224
Tree of the North, 225
Tree of the pointed leaves, 200
Tree of the Sacred Valley in Apoala, 157, 317(n13)
Tree of the South, 225
Tree of the West, 224
Tree of Split Hill, 200
Tree of Where the Ñuhu Rises from the Ground, 200
Trees, 154, 334(n58), 336(n79); birth of dynasties from, 79–81, 149, 155, 307(n10), 313(n41), 319(n25); difrasismos, 334–35(n59); dynasty, 110–11; Lord 8 Deer’s rituals for, 199–200, 224–25; sacred, 72, 79, 80, 81, 101, 126–27, 210, 307(nn8, 9); symbolism of, 48, 49, 346(n4); in Yuta Tnoho Valley, 100–101, 161. See also by name
Trees of Origin, 72, 101, 310(n20)
Tribute system, 9, 55, 238, 289, 290–91, 327(n60); to Lord 7 Movement, 174–75; to Quetzalcoatl, 222–23
Tula (Tollan), 6, 10, 11, 12, 117, 223, 233, 238, 278, 332(n38); temples at, 108–9; Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl in, 213, 214–15
Tulane University, 299
Tula Xicocotitlan, 116
Turkey, 90
Turquoise, 108
Tutla, 99
Tututepec. See Yucu Dzaa
Tututepetongo, 20
Twins: in creation stories, 65, 76–77; Lord 8 Wind ‘Twenty Eagles,’ 161–62
Two Mountains with Openings, 103
Tzatzitepetl (Mountain of Words), 116, 117, 332(n36)
Unborn, souls of, 87
Underworld, 65, 192, 199, 237, 285
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 299
Uprisings, against Lord 4 Wind, 272–73
Valley of Gravel, 227
Valley of Mud (Yuta Ndayu), 143
Valley of the Column, 228, 336(n83)
Valley of the Flowering Magueyes, 228
Valley of the Mouth, 272
Valley of the Quetzal Feathers (Valley of the Nobles), 184, 186
Valley of the River with a Tree, 254
Valley of the Spiderweb. See Andua-Chindua
Valley of the Xipe Bundle, 181, 326(n53)
Venus God (Lord 1 Movement), 187, 214
Venus Staffs, 77
Verde, Río, 206
Village-states, 9, 26–27, 151, 279, 290; foundation of, 49, 50, 146
Visible Stones, 181
Visions/vision quests, 217, 274; Lady 10 Vulture’s, 251–52; Lord 8 Deer, 192, 265–66; Lord 8 Deer and Lord 4 Jaguar, 241–42, 263; rituals of, 63, 307(n14), 316(n5)
Volcanoes, 105, 116, 117, 333(n51)
Warfare, 11, 54, 213, 343(nn43, 46); on Chiyo Yuhu, 182–83, 184; Chiyo Yuhu–Ñuu Tnoo, 180–81, 188–89, 224, 281; Lord 4 Wind, 272–73; Monte Albán, 281–82; rituals for, 217–18, 225, 229, 245; against Stone Men, 134, 135–41, 149, 164, 338(n98)
Water, 148; darkness and, 65–66; and seasons, 78, 79
Water and mountain, 70
Water of the Rubber Ball, 202, 330(n16)
Weapons, Mexica, 11
West, 85, 117, 140, 204, 278; architecture of, 90, 92, 106; power associated with, 187–88; sacred trees, 200, 224
White Flint Mountain (Tocuisi or Ñuu Cuisi), 126
White Plain with Palace of the White Carrying Frame at the Foot of the Curved Mountain with Plants Representing Tocuisi (Zaachila), 226
White Town (Zaachila), 70, 126, 226
White Town of Cloud Mountain, 229
Women, and power structure, 145–46
Writing systems, 9–10; Mesoamerican, 13–14; and power structure, 12–13
Xicalango, 232
Xipe Bundle, 170, 228, 322–23(n16)
Xipe staff, 170
Xiuhcoatl, 51
Xiutepeque (“Turquoise Mountain”), 73, 74
Xochicalco, serpent imagery in, 51, 108, 313(n42)
Xochimilco, 20
Xoconochco, 231
Xolotl, 109
Xoxotepeque, 156
Yaa Yuta (Ash River), 85, 140, 187
Yaha yahui, yahui, 197–98, 200, 228
Yahua. See Ñuu Ñañu
Yahua (Tamazola) dynasty, 167, 173
Yanhuitlan Valley. See Yodzo Cahi
Yan Yada, 20
Yavui Coo Maa (Yucuman), xii, 100, 101–2, 120
Yoalli ehecatl (night and wind), 50–51
Yoaltecuhtli, 109
Yoco (Maize Flower Maiden), 72, 85, 309(n7)
Yodzo Cahi (Yanhuitlan Valley), 66, 103, 104, 129, 130, 157, 161, 162, 163–64, 180, 184, 226, 272, 281, 335(n66), 336–37(nn76, 83), 341(n24)
Yodzo Cahi-Atoco Valley, 163–64, 165, 326(n52)
Yodzo Cuiya (Juxtlahuaca), 137, 227, 336(n77)
Yodzo Yaha (Tecomaxtlahuaca), 21, 326(n51)
Yosondua, 195
Young Lord 7 Flower, 204
Yucatan, Nacxitl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl in, 232, 237–39, 243, 339(n3)
Yucu Anana (Cuanana), 207
Yucu Anii, 219
Yucu Cadza (Ñuu Anima), 195, 196, 236
Yucu Cahnu (Big Mountain), 120, 122, 185, 206, 316(n4), 329(n6). See also Monte Albán
Yucu Cuii (Mountain of the Green Plant), 157
Yucu Duha, 54
Yucu Dzaa (Tututepec), 21, 202, 235, 288, 329(n11); Lord 8 Deer in, 200–201, 201, 206, 207, 209, 211, 224, 283, 330(n15), 333(n48); Temple of Heaven in, 241, 345(n70)
Yucu Ihni (Tetaltepec), 137
Yucu Ita, 52
Yucu Iti, 345(n67)
Yucu Iti–Nuu Yoo (Mountain of Fire-Wood and Moon), 271, 345(n67)
Yucuman (Yavui Coo Maa), xii, 100, 101–2, 120
Yucu Naa (Dark Mountain), 84–85, 140, 222
Yucu Nama (Amoltepec), 21
Yucu Ndaa (Tepozcolula), 7–8, 336–37(nn83)
Yucu Ndaa Yee (Tequixtepec), 54, 129, 272
Yucu Ndeque (Huauclilla?), 103, 157, 161, 186, 192, 241, 254, 243, 258–59, 327(n59)
Yucu Nindavua (Huamelulpan), 21, 54, 172, 318(n20), 336–37(n83)
Yucuñudahui (Mountain of the Rain God), 128, 130, 136, 137, 138, 158, 162, 165, 311(n22), 318(nn16, 17), 321(n49), 323(n18); Lord 8 Wind in, 163, 281, 326(n51)
Yucu Ñaña (Jaguar Mountain), 219
Yucu Ñuhu Dzavui. See Yucuñudahui
Yucu Quesi (Tataltepec), 167
Yucu Satuta (Zacatepec), 21, 271, 272, 345(n72)
Yucu Tatnu (Topiltepec), 70, 167
Yucu Tindoho (Mountain of the Jar), 206, 207
Yucu Tisaha. See Yucu Yusi
Yucu Tiyuqh (Sayultepec), 103, 120, 157, 161, 176, 205, 326(n47), 329(n6)
Yucu Tnoo. See Monte Negro
Yucu Tnuyaca (Place of the Yaca tree or Cuezcomate; Tecamachalco), 227, 336(n78)
Yucu Toñaña (Tehuacan), 129, 318(n20)
Yucu Uvui, 35
Yucu Yoo (Santa María Acatepec), 120, 126, 203, 205, 207, 221, 245
Yucu Yuu (Tetepec), 206, 207, 338(n97)
Yucu Yuu Dzaa (Mountain of the Stone of the Bird), 200, 201, 235
Yucu Yusi (Acatlan), 21, 136, 139, 140, 333(n49), 336(n77)
Yuhua Cuchi (Guaxolotitlan), 128, 137, 187, 280, 336(n75)
Yuhui Yume Yucu Cuii (Green Mountain), 156
Yuku Kasa (Yucu Cadza), 195, 196, 236
Yuku Saa. See Yucu Dzaa
Yuta Ndayu (Valley of Mud), 143
Yutatio (River of the Turtle[s]), 134
Yuta Tnoho (Apoala), xi–xii, xiv, 53, 70, 77, 94, 97, 133, 134, 148, 153, 157, 200, 288, 296, 310(n16); alliance, 141, 149, 338(n98); birthplace of Ñuu Dzaui lords, 80, 161; as ceremonial center, 96, 280; Codex Tonindeye depictions of, 120–21; Founding Ancestors from, 125, 135, 281; Lord 8 Wind ‘Twenty Eagles’ and, 159, 160, 165; Lords from, 162–63; mountains near, 71–72, 85; Plumed Serpent in, 108, 149–50, 280, 313(n42); sacred caves near, 115, 328(n1); sacred landscape of, 100–105, 108; Sacred Mother Tree in, 72, 124, 127, 277, 281, 316–17(n8); Stone Men war in, 135, 136–41
Yute Coo (Yuta Coo), 130, 142, 143, 155, 157, 161, 175, 210, 281, 322(n3)
Yutsa Tohonon. See Yuta Tnoho
Yutya Toho, 201
Yuu Usa (Usha) (Mountain of Seven Stones), 234–35, 338(n97)
Zaachila, 70, 72, 117, 126, 204, 206, 225, 257, 288, 310(n14); dynasty of, 81, 175, 178, 325(n40)
Zacatepec (Yucu Satuta), 21, 271, 272, 345(n72)
Zapotecs. See Beni Zaa; Zaachila