Contents

Part 1. Introduction

1. What Do We Know about Warfare on the Great Plains?

Douglas B. Bamforth

Part 2. Emic Views: Warfare in Plains Rock Art

2. Northwestern Plains Contact-Era Warfare as Reflected in Ethnohistory and Rock Art Studies

Mavis Greer and John Greer

3. Warriors and Weapons: Late Prehistoric/Protohistoric–Period Warfare in Bear Gulch Rock Art

James D. Keyser

4. Coup Counts and Corn Caches: Contact-Era Plains Indian Accounts of Warfare

Linea Sundstrom

Part 3. Fortifications as Evidence for Violence

5. Rotten Palisade Posts and Rickety Baffle Gates: Repairing Native Eastern North American Fortifications

David H. Dye

6. Ditches or Earthworks: A Reexamination of Fortified Villages on the Upper Missouri River

Albert M. LeBeau III

7. Why Fortify? Force-to-Force Ratios and Fortification on the Southern Plains

Susan C. Vehik

8. Digging Ditches: Archaeological Investigations of Historically Reported Fortifications at Bryson-Paddock (34KA5) and Other Southern Plains Village Sites

Richard R. Drass, Stephen M. Perkins, and Susan C. Vehik

9. The Alcova Redoubt: A Refuge Fortification in Central Wyoming

Bryon Schroeder

Part 4. Warfare in Society and Plains History

10. Conflict and Culture Change on the Plains: The Oneota Example

R. Eric Hollinger

11. Modeling Middle Missouri Warfare

Mark D. Mitchell

12. Alliances, Clusters, and Spatial Analysis: A Multiscalar Approach to Studying Warfare in the Middle Missouri

Andrew J. Clark

13. The Crow Creek Massacre: The Role of Sex in Native American Scalping Practices

Ashley Kendell

14. Contexts for Conflict: Conceptual Tools for Interpreting Archaeological Reflections of the North Platte Campaign of February 1865

Peter Bleed and Douglas Scott

15. Afterword: War, Peace, and Plains Archaeology

Douglas B. Bamforth and Andrew J. Clark

References Cited

List of Contributors

Index