Index
Key: Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
wp indicates page numbers in the White Paper (Appendix A).
video chp indicates topic contained in videos associated with chapters.
Abajo Peak, lines-of-sight to, 29
abraders, and stone circles, 144, video chp 6
academia, data sharing in, 257–58
ACEC. See area of critical environmental concern
Acoma, 10, 12, 323, wp32, wp53; and Chaco Canyon, 309, 342, wp15, video chp 7 parts 1 and 2; and traditional cultural properties, 319–20; videolink, 183
Acoma, Pueblo of, seal, video chp 7 part 1
Acoma Ethnographic Project, 323–24, 325
Acoma-Zuni rock art style, video chp 5
“acropolis” cluster (Pierre’s), 208
Adams, Aron, 9
Additional Lands Archaeological Survey (ALS), wp35
adobe-and-slab houses, 66, video chp 3
aerial imagery, 12, wp9; access to, 267–68; Casa Cielo, video 13.2; and ethnohistoric data, 271–72; Pueblo Pintado to Chaco Canyon road, 269, 270, 270–71, 271
agriculture, 59, 75, 101, video chp 7 part 2; astronomy and, video chp 12; in Chaco Canyon, 56, 334–35, video chp 8 part 1; at Chaco River, 64, 68; Hopi perspectives, video chp 9; microstrategies, video chp 3; Middle Rio Puerco Valley, 47–48, 50, 52–53, 76–78; Navajo, 72, 73, 74; Willow Canyon Community, 69–70
Ah-shi-sle-pah Canyon/Wash, 68, 208
Ah-Shi-Sle-Pah-Road, 161, 235, wp52, wp54
air quality, wp18, wp63
ak’chin farming, 50
Alfred, Pat, video chp 6
Alfriston Clergy House, 285
alignments, 29, video chp 4, video chp 13. See also lines-of-sight
allotments, Navajo, 31–32
All-Pueblo Council of Governors (APCG), 309, 320–21, video chp 16
ALS. See Additional Lands Archaeological Survey
Altering the Earth (Bradley), 27
American Indian Religious Freedom Act, wp27
Amesbury, 295, wp58
amphitheater (downtown Chaco), 199, wp65, video chp 11
Ana’asazi, Diné relationships to, 184–85, video chp 8 parts 1 and 5
Anasazi Communities of the San Juan Basin survey, 21
ancestors, video chp 7 part 2, video chp 10 parts 1 and 2
ancient monuments: British protection of, 282–84, video chp 15; development around, 288–89
Ancient Monuments Acts, 283, 288, 295, video chp 15
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act, 288
Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act, 286
Ancient Monuments Department, 286
Ancient Order of Druids, 289, 290–91
Andrews community, wp42, wp46, wp48–49; stone circle at, 144, 147, 147–48, wp56, video chp 6
animals, in rock art, 109, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 124, 126, video chp 5
Antiquities Act (1906), wp22
Antrobus, Edmund, 295
APCG. See All-Pueblo Council of Governors
ArcGIS, 199, 219, 237; soundscapes, video chp 11
archaeoastronomy, 196, 291, 337–38, wp9, wp16, video chp 12; ERFs and, video chp 6; feature alignments, video chp 4
archaeological legacy data, roads, 271–72
Archaeological Records Management Section (ARMS), 251
archaeological sites: Diné perceptions of, video chp 8 parts 1, 2, and 5; feature degradation, video chp 14; Hopi perceptions of, wp15; Zuni perceptions of, video chp 10 part 2
Archaeology Southwest, 13; and Greater Chaco Landscape, 33, 309, 311–12, 316, 321–23, wp9, video chp 16
Archaic period, 100–101
architecture, 231, 337; Bonito style, wp4, wp6, wp12, wp13, wp21, wp34; British preservation laws, video chp 15; great kiva, video chp 10 part 3; Hopi perspectives on, video chp 9; National Register criterion C and, wp25; orientation of, video chp 3; vernacular and designed, wp27–30
Architecture With Unknown Function (AWUFs), 162
area of critical environmental concern (ACEC), 318, 319
ARMS. See Archaeological Records Management Section
Arroyo Chico, 47
A:shiwi. See Zuni
astronomy, astronomical phenomena, 252, 291, 337–38, wp16; alignments, wp27; enigmatic rock features and, 164–65; lunar and solar, 232, wp63–65, video chp 9; rock art and, 107, 109, video chp 5; viewscapes and, 194, 196
atalayas, 135, 138, 150, 155, 336, wp35, video chp 6; at Escalon, wp49–50; at Pierre’s, 209, 211, 213, video chp 11
Atkinson, Richard, 294
Atlatl Cave, 107
avanzadas, 135, 138, 150, 152, 153, 336, video chp 6
Avebury, as World Heritage Site, 292, 299, wp56–59
AWUFs. See Architecture With Unknown Function
axe-grinding grooves, at Pueblo Bonito, 96, 99
Aztec Airport Mesa Road, 239; LiDAR documentation of, 237, 238, 240, video chp 13
Aztec Ruins National Historic Monument, 8, 21, 61, 339, wp8, wp12, wp21, wp22, video chp 2; and Chaco Meridian, wp29; great kiva at, wp65; and Great North Road, wp53; lines-of-sight to 169, wp61; as World Heritage site, wp23
Baldy Peak, lines-of-sight to, 29
Bane, Barbara, 99, video chp 5
Bannister, Bryant, 18
Barddas (Morganwg), 289
basins, 138; pecked and ground, 148–50, 188–89, video chp 10 part 2, video chp 13
Basketmaker II (Early Agricultural) period, rock art, 100, 101–2, 107
Basketmaker III period, 64, wp14, wp50, video chp 3, video chp 4, video chp 13; communities, wp45, wp46; roads, 234; rock art, 96, 103–5, 107, 120, video chp 5
Battle of the Beanfield, 298
Bears Ears, ancestral remains, video chp 7 part 2
Beaulieu Palace House, 289
Bee Burrow, wp53, video chp 5
Begay, Richard, 9
Begay, Robert, 9
Bennett Peak, visibility of, 71
Benson Enquiry, 288
berms, 28
Bertsch, Hans, 99
bighorn sheep, in Pueblo I rock art, 106
Binghamton University dataset, 263, video chp 14
Bingler, Robert, 262
birds, as rock art motifs, 106, 117
Bis sa’ani, 13, 21, 49, 169, 323, wp5; LiDAR and satellite images, 195, 322; protection of, video chp 16; sensory landscapes at, 165, 194, 200–208, 218, 338, wp60, video chp 11, video 11.1
Blackhorse, Taft, 20, 28, video chp 2, video chp 11, video chp 13
Black Lake, and Ah-shi-sle-pah Road, 235, wp54
Black Mesa, wp61
Blake, William, Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion, 289
Blanco Canyon, rock art, 97
Blessingway Song, 185
Blick Mead, 301
Blom, Frans, 96
Blue J site, rock art at, video chp 5
Bluff Great House, wp29, video chp2
Bocinsky, R. Kyle, video chp 6, video chp 11
Bodiam Castle, 287
Bokerley Dyke, 279, video chp 15
Bonito phase, 18, 41, wp4, wp12; immigrant communities, 73–75
boulders, with cupules and grind slicks, video chp 6
boundaries: of Chaco, wp11–12; roads and, 269–70; sound, 13, 206, 215, 217
boundary markers, ERFs as, 162, video chp 6
Bradley, Richard, 27
Breternitz, David, 22
Brian Head, lines-of-sight to, 29
Britain. See Great Britain
British Worker’s Sports Federation, 285
Broken Flute Cave, gender divisions in, 103–4
Browne, Henry, 294
buffer zone, around Chaco Canyon, video chp 16
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 32, 319; and cultural protection zone, 316–18, 341; and Greater Chaco Landscape, 311, 312, video chp 16; tribal engagement, 313–14, 320–21
Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 32, 266, 268, 319; and cultural protection zone, 316–18, 341; cultural resource management, 25, video chp 16; digital data ecosystems, 257, 263; and Greater Chaco Landscape, 309, 312, 341; and energy development, 14, 266, 311; LiDAR data, 271, 323; roads studies, 25, 150, 234, wp53, video chp 2; tribal engagement, 313–14, 320–21
burials, 67, video chp 7 part 2
Burnt Corn Pueblo, rock art at, video chp 5
Butler Wash rock art, 104
Cabezón Peak, 43, wp15, wp32, 169; lines-of-sight to, 29, 47, 82(n2); shrines, 81(n1), wp61, video chp 3
Cabezón village, 50, 52, 83(n4), video chp 3
cactus, and Hopi architecture, video chp 9
cairns, 12, 135, 138, 163, 164, 165, 336, wp10, wp55, video chp 6; characteristics of, 158, 158–60; eagle traps, 170–72; Hopi perspectives of video chp 9; viewsheds from, 169, 196, wp55; on West Mesa, 64, 65
canines, in Pueblo II rock art, 117
Canyon de Chelly, rock art, 106, 110
Captain Tom Wash, 72
cardinal directions, 232, wp21, wp32; Chaco architecture, wp27, wp64–65; Hopi and, video chp 9; markers for, 162–63; roads and, wp53; and solar alignments, wp63–64
Carrizo Mountains, 42, wp61
Carson Divide, 211
Casa Chiquita, rock art near, 99, 100, video chp 5
Casa Cielo, video chp 13; Pole Aerial Photography at, 246–48, video 13.2
Casa del Rio Great house (LA17221), 42, 65, 68, 335, video chp 3; architecture of, 66–67
Casa Hormiga (Bis sa’ani), 201, 203, video chp 11, video 11.1
Casamero community, 8, wp8, wp23, wp42, wp46–48
Casa Morena, wp22
Casa Quemada (Bis sa’ani), 201, 203, video 11.1
Casa Rinconada: Acoma perspectives, 183, video chp 7 part 1; Zuni perspectives, 189, video chp 10 part 3
Castle Rock Pueblo, 162
celestial bodies, landmarks and, 194, 196, 337
Center for Advanced Land Management Technologies (UNL), 263, video chp 14
center place, wp32, wp53, video chp 10 part 1; Chaco Canyon as, wp13, wp21, wp52; kivas as, video chp 10 part 3
centipedes, in rock art, 117
ceramics, wp13, wp14; Bonito phase, 50, 61, 74; Falcon House, video chp 4; in Pueblo Pintado community, 54, video chp 3; Pueblo I, 105, 106
ceremonialism, 193, wp15; Hopi, video chp 9; natural world and, video chp 12
CESU. See Cooperative Ecosystems Study Unit
Chaco: as cultural landscape, 29, 333–34, wp4, wp25–26; origins and boundaries, 10–11; wp11–12; studies of, 31–32, video chp 2. See also Greater Chaco Landscape
Chaco Additions survey, wp11, wp55
Chacoan community: characteristics of, 28–29, wp27–28
Chacoan Designed Historic Landscape, wp27, 28–29
Chacoan Great House Community dataset, 263, 264(table)
Chacoan Road Confidence Map, 274
Chacoan settlements, in San Juan Basin, 43–46(table)
Chaco Archaeological Sites Protection System, 313, wp22
Chaco Basin, 76
Chaco Canyon, 5, 28, 66, 80, 83(n7), 164, 195, 199, 225, wp4–5, wp8; agriculture, 56, 334–35; as central place, wp13, wp21; as cityscape, 19–20; climate in, 79, 82(n3), video chp 3; Diné perspectives on, 184–85, video chp 8 parts 1–4; early archaeology in, 17–18; enigmatic rock features and, 166, wp55, wp56; Hopi and, video chp 9; landscape, wp26–30, video chp 13; overflights, video chp 16; Pueblo people and, 308–9; roads from, 11, wp52, wp53; rock art, 95, 97, 98–100, 102, 103, 105, 107–10, 110, 111, 112, 112–20, 127, video chp 5; viewsheds, 76, 213, wp61, wp62–63; Zuni and, video chp 10 part 1
Chaco Canyon Cross-Cutting project, 264–66
Chaco Cultural Heritage Area Protection Act (HR 2181), 314–16
Chaco Culture, 331–32; National Register significance criteria and, wp25–27
Chaco Culture Archaeological Protection Sites, 8, wp8, wp22–23
Chaco Culture Heritage Area Protection Act (H.R. 2181), 10
Chaco Culture National Historical Park (Chaco Canyon National Monument), 5, 6, 8, 42, 159, 186, 258, 268, 308, 335; as cultural protection zone, 314–18, 320, 341; Diné perspectives on, video chp 8 parts 1 and 2; establishment of, wp22; management of, 339–40, wp8, wp19; slab boxes in, 160–61; survey of, wp34–35; visitor experiences at, 313, video chp 12; Zuni on, video chp 10 part 2
Chaco East Community, 42, 60, 81(n1), video chp 3; great house in, 57–58; precipitation in, 58–59
Chaco GIS Summit, 262–63
Chaco Halo, wp6, wp7, wp27
Chaco Heritage Tribal Association, 13
Chaco Meridian, wp12, wp29, wp53
Chaco Protection Sites group, 211, wp19, wp27, wp44, video chp2
Chaco Protection Zone, 315, 341
Chaco Research Archive (CRA), 31, 262, 263, wp9, wp35, video chp 14
Chaco River, 64, 66, 68, 76, video chp 3; Great Bend, 72, video chp 4; groundwater, 77–78
Chaco Roads Project, 150, 208, 267, 273, video chp 2
Chaco Sites Risk Map, 264–66, video chp 14
Chaco Synthesis, wp9
Chaco Wash, 99, wp54; agriculture, video chp 3; Diné relationships with, video chp 8 part 5; in Wild Horse Canyon, 58–59
Chaco West Cairn Complex (29SJ 1088), 158, 166, 167; viewshed, 168–69, video chp 3
Chaco World Conference, 261–62
Chaco World Database, 262, 262–63, wp9, video chp 14
Chacra Mesa, 53, 163, 164, wp9, wp11, wp34, wp55; Diné and, video chp 8 part 4; visibility of, 81(n1), 168, 205, 213, wp21, video chp 3, video chp 11, video 11.1. See also West Mesa
Chama River valley, 77
Changing Woman, wp32, video chp 8 parts 1 and 4
Chetro Ketl, 5, 17, 18, 169; lunar alignment of, 232, wp64; rock art near, 96, 99, 100, 118, video chp 5
Chimney Rock, Chimney Rock Pueblo, 21, 26, wp22, wp60; Indigenous perceptions of, wp15; lines-of-sight to, 29, 61, 169, wp29, wp61, video chp 2; lunar standstills at, 196, 232, wp64; rock art, video chp 5; stone basins at, 149, 150, video chp 6
chipped stone, 61, wp14, video chp 3
Chubb, Cecil, 295
Churchill, Arabella, 297
Chuska Mountains, 41, 76, wp6, wp10, wp44, video chp 4; resources from, 65, 72, wp13–14; roads to, 11, 335; visibility of, 69, 168, 194, 205, 213, wp61, video chp 11, video 11.1, video 11.2
Chuska wares, video chp 4
Cibola region, wp12; Chaco origins, 10–11
Cibola white ware, video chp 3, video chp 4
circle maps, 197–98; Bis sa’ani, 203–4, 204, video chp 11; Pierre’s, 211–12
cityscape, Chaco Canyon as, 19–20
clans: Acoma, video chp 7 part 1; Diné, video chp 8 parts 1, 2, and 4; Hopi and Navajo, wp15; rock art symbols of, 118–19, video chp 5
Classic Bonito phase, 41, wp4, wp52
Cliff Dwellers Canyon, rock art, 97, 103, 121, video chp 5
climate, 83(n8); Middle Rio Puerco Valley, 51, video chp 3
coal-burning plant, at Farmington, wp63
coal mines, 126; video chp 9, video chp 12, video chp 16
collaboration, video chp 14
Colorado Plateau, wp4, wp60
Comb Ridge, Basketmaker III rock art, 104
Commons Preservation Society (CPS), 284
communication, video chp 11. See also visual communication systems
communities, 18, 54, 70, 72, 74, 75, 334; ancestral relationships to, 234–35; Chacoan, wp27–28, video chp 2; defining, 28–29; diversity of, wp42–51; great house, wp6, wp34. See also various sites
Companion Rock, wp15
conch shell trumpets, 198–99, 206, 215, 338, video chp 11
confidence indexes, road mapping, video chp 14
Conservation Lands Foundation, 321
consultations, with Indigenous peoples, video chp 7, video chp 16
Contemporaneous Community (Chaco Canyon), 19
Cooperative Ecosystems Study Unit (CESU), Rocky Mountain, 260–61
corn, 334, wp14, wp65; Diné and, video chp 8 part 1; Hopi and, video chp 9
Cornucopia, G. B., 9, video chp 12
corporate greed: Diné perspectives on, video chp 8 parts 1 and 4; Zuni perspectives on, video chp 10 part 3
cosmographies: day and night skies, wp63–65; ERFs and, 162–63; Great North Road, video chp 2; viewscapes and, 194
cosmologies, 232, 236, wp27, wp29; Diné, video chp 8 part 2; and landscape features, 168, 233; and rock art, video chp 5
Council for British Archaeology, 301
Countess Farm, and Stonehenge, 296
court kiva, 48, video chp 3
Coyote Canyon Road, wp52
CPS. See Commons Preservation Society
CRA. See Chaco Research Archive
Cranborne Chase, wp57
Crawford, O.G.S., 279, 296, video chp 15
crescents, 12, 135, 138, 143, 143–44, 165, 336, wp10, wp55, video chp 6
CRM. See cultural resource management
crop production, 64, 68; and water sources, 76–78; Willow Canyon Community, 69–70
Crotty, Jay, 98
Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, 8–10, 24, 32
Crown Point, Section 8 great house near, wp50
Cruz, Dashiell, video chp 14
C-shaped (fishhook-shaped) shrines, 81(n1), 136, 163, 336
cultural landscapes, National Register and, wp25–26, video chp 16
cultural preservation laws, 13–14
cultural protection zone, around Chaco Culture NHP, 314–18, 320, 341, wp19
cultural resource management (CRM): data sharing, 257–58; Section 106 and, video chp 16
cultural resources, protection of, video chp 7 parts 1 and 2
cultural sensitivity/respect, and enigmatic rock features, video chp 6
culture: loss of, video chp 8 parts 1 and 3; preservation of, video chp 9, video chp 10 part 2
cumulative viewshed analysis (CVS), wp61
cupules, video chp 6
cupule shrines, 161
Curved Rock That Speaks (Tse’ Biinaholts’a Yalti), 199, video chp 11
CVS. See cumulative viewshed analysis
Dalton Pass, video chp 11, video 11.2
Danish Royal Commission for the Preservation and Collection of Antiquities, 281
dams, Hispanic, 52
dark skies, wp18, wp27, video chp 12; threats to, 224, 339
data: management of, 11, video chp 14; segregation of, 257–58. See also digital data ecosystems
Davidson, Dale, 312
Davis, Katilyn, 9
deer, 111, wp14
Defiance Plateau, rock art, 101, 105, video chp 5
DEMs. See digital elevation models
Denazin Wash, 208
Department of the Environment (Britain), 288–89
Department of the Interior, 319, 321. See also Bureau of Indian Affairs; Bureau of Land Management; National Park Service
Department of Transport (Britain), and Stonehenge, 299
Designed Historic Landscape, wp27–28, wp29
De Smet, Timothy, 9, video chp 11
development, 345; around ancient monuments, 288–89; around Stonehenge, 295–96
digital elevation models (DEMs), 236, 238
digital data ecosystems, 256, 275, video chp 14; architecture of, 258–60; data segregation, 257–58; on roads, 266–73, 274
digital records, 268; of viewscapes, 197–98
Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), of roads, 236–37
digital viewing platforms, 259
Dinas Oleu, 285
Diné (Navajo), 10, 12, 24, 183, 194, 199, 236, wp65; agriculture, 55, 64, 72, 73, 74, 83(n6); and archaeological sites, video chp 8 part 5; and Chaco Canyon, 333–34, wp15, wp24, wp28, video chp 6, video chp 7 part 2; irrigation ditches, video chp 3, video chp 13; in Middle Rio Puerco valley, 43, 49, 50; perspectives, 184–85; raptor trapping, 170–72; relationships with earth, video chp 8 parts 1–4; rock art, 96, 98, 125, video chp 5; sacred mountains, 168, wp32
Diodorus Siculus, 289
directional shrines, 162–63
Directorate of Ancient Monuments and Historic Buildings, 28
disease, from energy extraction, video chp 10 part 3
ditches: Hispanic, 50, 52; Navajo, 72, 73
Dolores, video chp 7 part 2
domestic pueblos, 5. See also small sites
Dorset Cursus, wp57
downtown Chaco (central Chaco), 6, 72, 78, 81(n1), 118, 199, 205, 232, wp6, wp58, video chp 2. See also Chaco Canyon
Doxtater, Dennis, 29
Doyel, David E., 27
Druidry, Druids: modern, 289–90; and Stonehenge, 290–91, 295, 296, 299, video chp 15
drums, acoustics, wp65
dryland farming: Hispanic, 50; Hopi, video chp 9
DTMs. See Digital Terrain Models
dualism, landscape features, wp21
Duff, Andrew, 24
Dugan Production Corp Hoss Com #95, 211, 212, 215, video chp 11, video 11.2
Durrington Walls, 300, wp57
Dutton Plateau, 41, wp53; rock art, 95, video chp 5; visibility of, 69, 194
eagle traps, 170–72, 336, video chp 6
Early Bonito phase, 72, wp4, wp46
earth, relationships with, video chp 7 part 2, video chp 8 parts 1–4, video chp 9, video chp 12
earthen architecture, earthworks, 28, wp10, wp16, wp35
Eastern New Mexico University, 98; Rio Puerco Valley Project, 48–49
Eastern Pueblos, 80, wp15, wp60
East Great House (Bis sa’ani), 201
East Road, wp54
EcoFlight, chp 16
ecosystems, disturbance to, video chp 9
Eleven Most Endangered Places (National Trust designation), 236
El Faro (LA 16514), 196, 208, 211; viewshed, 213, video chp 11, video 11.2
elk, in rock art, 111
Ellis, Andrea, 170
Ellis, Florence, 170
El Llano (Old Escalon), 93, wp49, wp50, video chp 4
El Malpais, wp61
emergence places/stories, wp53; Diné, video chp 8 part 4; Hopi, video chp 9; Zuni, video chp 10 part 1
Enchanted Mesa (La Mesa Encantada), 47
energy extraction, 21, 345, wp8, wp18, video chp 16; Acoma views on, video chp 7 part 1; and Chacoan roads, 11–12, 25–26; Hopi views of, video chp 9; Navajo allotments, 31–32; Navajo concerns, video chp 7 part 2, video chp 8 part 5; and night skies, video chp 12; and roads, wp53; in San Juan Basin, 5–6, 8, 14, 30; sound pollution, wp65–66; Zuni concerns, video chp 10 parts 1–3. See also oil and gas industry
England. See Great Britain
English Heritage, 289, video chp 15; and Stonehenge, 292, 299, wp57
enigmatic rock features (ERFs), 12, 135–36, 137, 205, 336, wp55–56, video chp 6; and astronomical alignments, 164–65; classification of, 138, 139(table); as eagle traps, 170–72; Indigenous peoples and, 172–73; and roads, 150–55, 163–64; visibility of, 161–62, 165–70; Zuni on, video chp 10 part 2. See also atalayas; avanzadas; cupule shrines; crescents; gateway shrines; herraduras; J-shaped (Windes’) shrines; slab boxes; stone basins; stone circles; zambullidas
ENMU 848 (small house), 50
Enterprise Neptune, 288
environment: and interconnectedness, video chp 9; protection of, video chp 8 part 5
environmental assessments: oil and gas development, 214–15, 218–19, wp18
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), development of, 311, 312, 314, 321
epiphenomena, 20
equinoxes, 196, wp64; Newcomb great house, video chp 13
ERFs. See enigmatic rock features
Escalon, 93, 94, wp10, wp42, wp49–50, wp54, video chp 4
Escalon Atalaya, 155, video chp 6
Escalon West Road, wp49, wp50, video chp 4
Escavada Wash, 66, 76, 316, wp6, wp54; Bis sa’ani on, 201, 205, wp5, video chp 11, video 11.1
ethnographic landscapes, wp25–26, wp31–33, video chp 11
ethnohistoric data, roads, 271–72
exchange and interaction, wp13–14; Diné perspectives on, video chp 8 part 4
extractive industries, night skies and, 224, video chp8 part 4. See also oil and gas industry
Fajada Butte, 233, 323, 324; and Bis sa’ani, 205, video chp 11, video 11.1; lines-of-site to, 61, 63, 169, wp55; roads and, wp54; Sun Dagger, 98, 163, video chp 5; visibility, 194, 213, wp21, wp61, video chp 11
Fajada Gap, 164
Falcon House, 93, video chp 4
Farmer, James, 99
farming. See agriculture
Farmington, coal-burning plant at, wp63
Farmington Field Office (BLM), GIS metadata set, 263
Far View House, 22, wp6
Father Sky, 185, 333, video chp 7 part 2, video chp 8 part 1; respect for, video chp 8 part 3
federal government: and Pueblo burials, video chp 7 part 2; roles and responsibilities, 343–44, video chp 10 part 2, video chp 16. See also various agencies
festivals, at Stonehenge, 296–98
Field, Sean, 264, 321, video chp 14
Field Museum, rock art study, 100
fire boxes, on Huerfano Mesa, 26
fire pits, and signaling, 169, wp60
First Man and First Woman, wp32
First Mesa, 18
flare-ups, 26
Fletcher, Roland, 29
Flinders Petrie, William, 295
flute players, in rock art, 110–11, 115, 117, 119
footprints, ancestral, video chp 7 part 2
Ford Butte, visibility of, 71
Four Corners area, rock art, 110
Fowler, Andrew, 28, wp5
fracking, video chp 16; Hopi concerns, video chp 9; Navajo concerns, video chp 8 parts 1, 4 and 5; Zuni concerns, 188, video chp 10 parts 1 and 2. See oil and gas industry
Fraley, David, 312
France, commission on national monuments, 281
Frederik VI, 281
Freeman, Katie, 26
Fremont culture, 23
Friedman, Richard, 20, 28, 199, 321, wp54, video chp 2, video chp 11, video chp 13, video chp 14
Fritz, John M., “Paleopsychology Today,” 20
Gallegos Crossing (LA 34303), 152, 153, video chp 6
Gallina towers, signaling between, 170
García, Nasario, video chp 3
Garcia-Richards, Stephanie, 316
gateway shrines, 138, 156–58, 164, 336, video chp 6
GCL. See Greater Chaco(an) Landscape
gender patterns, Basketmaker, 103–4, 107
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), 13, 14, 31, 199, 237, 256, 260, 262, 263, 336, wp8, wp30; data sharing, video chp 14; great house database, 264, wp5; reconciliation project, 261, wp54, video chp 2; viewshed modeling, 27, 193–94, 196–97, wp17–18, wp61
geometric designs, 103, 106; Chaco Canyon rock art, 107, 108, 118, video chp 5; San Juan Basin rock art, 123, 124
Georgia State University, Chaco World Database, 262
geospatial data, 12, 262–63, wp30, video chp 4, video chp 14; research and preservation, 260–61
Gillespie, William, 21
Gilpin, Dennis, video chp 5
GIS. See Geographic Information Systems
Glastonbury Fayre, 297, video chp 15
Glen Canyon, flute player depictions, 110–11
Glen Canyon Linear Style, 101
Gobernador Canyon, rock art in, 97, 125
Google Earth, LANDSAT imagery, 270
Google Maps, 262
governmentality, property and, 285
Grand Canyon: Hopi origins, video chp 9; Zuni origins, video chp 10 part 1
Great Bend (Chaco River), road from, 72
Great Bend East, 93, video chp 4
Great Bend great house (LA6419), 68
Great Bend West, 93, video chp 4
Great Britain, 14, 339, video chp 15; access to land in, 284–85; ancient monuments protection, 282–84; Department of the Environment, 288–89; land ownership, 292–93; landscape preservation, 27, 279–80, 291–92, wp27; modern Druidry, 289–90; National Heritage collection, 286–87; national landscape in, 280–82; National Trust, 287–88; tourism, 285–86. See also Stonehenge
Greater Chaco(an) Landscape (GCL), 6, 7, 33, 236, 344, wp7, video chp 13; advocacy and preservation, 309, 311–12, 324–25, video chp 16; digital data management, 256; LiDAR data, 321–22; management of, 273, 308, 310–11, 339–41, wp19–20; traditional cultural properties, 319–20
Great Gambler (Nááhwiilbiihi; Noqoilpi), 184, wp15, wp24, video chp 8 part 1
great houses, 5, 6, 7, 20, 22, 49, 55, 61, 72, 74, 150, 229, 231, 249, 252, 266, 334, wp5, wp10, wp29, wp35; astronomical alignments, 196, wp64–65; at Bis sa’ani, 201–2, 205–6, video 11.1; Casa del Rio, 65–68; in Chaco Canyon, 18, 83(n7); Chaco East community, 57–58; and communities, wp6, wp27–28, wp34, wp42–51; data aggregation, video chp 14; early, 41, 75–76; and important figures, wp24–25; intervisibility of, wp61–62; and oil and gas development, video chp 16; at Pierre’s, 208, 210, 211, 212–13, 215; Pueblo I, video chp 3; and roads, 234, 235; rock art near, 99, 107, 120, 121(table), video chp 5; in San Juan Basin, 42–43; at Skunk Springs, 70, 71, wp44–45; and small sites, 28–29; viewshed and soundshed analysis, 169, 196, 318–19, wp29; visibility of, 166, 167, 196, wp60, wp62–63, video chp11
great kivas, 61, 70, 72, wp10, wp12, wp28, wp35, wp47, wp49, wp50, wp65; communal rituals, 103, 104; and stone circles, video chp 6; Zuni perceptions on, video chp 10 part 3
Great North Road, 8, 14, 154, 161, 164, 214, 232, 233, 323, wp8, wp21, wp23, wp29, wp52, wp53, video chp 2, video chp 16; characteristics of, 235–36; LiDAR documentation, 237, 238–39, 240, 243, 268, video chp 13; Pierre’s and, 208, 209, 211, 320, video chp 11; protection of, 318, 341
Great Panels (Chaco Canyon), 99, 117, video chp 5
Great Stonehenge Cursus, wp57
Great West Road, 66, 68, 72, video chp 3
Grebinger, Paul, 19
Grey Ridge community, wp52
Griffin, Rob, video chp 14
grinding slicks, video chp 6
groundwater: Chaco River, 77–78; protection of, video chp 10 part 3
growing seasons, Upper Chaco Canyon, 56
Guadalupe Ruins (LA 2757) community, 42, 43, 47, 47–48, 76, 78, 169, 335, video chp 3; rock art at, video chp 5; signaling, wp60, wp61; structure of, 49–50
Guernsey, Samuel, 96
Haaku. See Acoma
Hadrian’s Wall, quarrying around, 288, video chp 15
Halfway House (LA 15191), 8, 154, 323, wp8, wp23, wp53, video chp 2, video chp 6, video chp 16
handprints, in rock art, 101, 106
Hano, 18
Harkin, Bill, 297
Haskie, Presley, 189, video chp 10 parts 1–3
Hawley, Colonel, 295
Hayes, Alden, 2, video chp 6; and line-of-sight observations, 2
Haymes, Geoff, 9
HBMCE. See Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England
Hearths, Bis sa’ani, video 11.1; and signaling, 169, 211, wp60
Heilen, Michael P., video chp 2
Heitman, Carrie C., 9, video chp 5, video chp 14
Herndon, Kelsey, video chp 14
hero twins, and Curved Rock That Speaks, 199, video chp 11
herraduras, 12, 68, 135, 138, 151, 151–52, 336, wp10, wp35, wp55, video chp 6; Pierre’s, video chp 11, video 11.2; and roads, 150, 163, video chp 4; viewsheds, 168, wp56
Hervey, Francis, 282, video chp 15
Hesperus, Mt. (Dibe Nitsaa; Big Mountain Sheep), wp32
Hewett, Edgar, 17–18, 24, wp22
Hicks, Dan, 301
highways: rock art and, 125; Stonehenge and, 299, 300–301, wp58
hiking, country walking, 285, video chp 15
Hill, Octavia, 284, video chp 15
Hispanos, Hispanics, in Middle Rio Puerco valley, 43, 49, 50, 52–53, 83(n5), video chp 3
Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England (HBMCE), 288–89
historic landscape, Chaco Cultural system as, wp26–30
Historic Preservation Bureau (New Mexico), 21
Historic Vernacular landscapes, National Register, wp27–28
Holmes, William Henry, 96, 121, 127
Holmes Group, 23–34, 268, video chp 13
Holsinger, Stephen H., 24, wp22
Holy People Way ceremonies, video chp 8 part 1
holy place, Chaco Canyon as, 184, video chp 8 part 1
homesteads, Hispanic, 50
hooghans, video chp 8 part 1
Hopi, 18, 80, 99, wp53, wp65; and Chaco Canyon, 309, 342, wp15, video chp 9; origins and migrations, wp32–33; perspectives of, 186–87; at Pueblo Bonito, video chp 9
Hopi Cultural Preservation Office, 186
Hopi Cultural Resources Advisory Task Team, 186
Hopi Salt Trail, clan symbols, 118–19
Hopi Tribe, 12
Hoss Com #95, 211, 212, 215, video chp 11, video 11.2
Hosta Butte, 233, wp32, wp48, wp56; and South Road, 234–35, wp53; visibility of, 69, 81(n1), 145, 146, 168, 194, 196, 213, 214, wp21, wp61, video chp 11, video 11.2
Hosta Butte phase, 18
House A (Pierre’s), 208, 210, 211, 212–13, 215, video chp 11, video 11.2
House B (Pierre’s), 208, 210, video chp11, video 11.2
Huerfano Mesa, 83(n6), 169, wp32; lines-of-sight from, 26–27, 69, wp29, wp61, video chp 2; lines-of-sight to, 61, 63, 167, 168; visibility of, 194, wp21, wp61, video chp 3
human figures: in Basketmaker to Pueblo I rock art, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 105–106, 106, video chp 5; in Chacoan rock art, 116, 125, video chp 5; flute players, 110–11, 115
human remains: Puebloan, video chp 7 part 2
Hunter, Robert, 284, video chp 15
Hunters Point, rock art at, video chp 5
Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer (HyTES) imagery, 266, 268, 337
IDA. See International Dark-Sky Association
identity, 340; of place, video chp 11
ideologies, 194, wp12; place and, wp31
immigration, immigrants: Bonito phase, 73–75; British, video chp 15
iMovie, 198; Bis sa’ani viewscape, 204–5
Indigenous peoples, 11, 14, wp4, wp14; and Chacoan landscape, 12–13, 342; collaboration with, wp15–16; landscape relationships, wp31–32; and skies, video chp 12; unified voice of, video chp 10 part 2
insects, in rock art, 109, 117, video chp 5
Interagency working group, 314
International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)-UK, 301
International Dark-Sky Association (IDA), wp65, video chp 12
International Dark Sky designation, 13, 224, wp18, wp27, wp65, video chp 12
intervisibility, 12, 196, 218, wp55, wp60, video chp 2; ERFs and, 138, 170, video chp 6; great houses, wp29, wp61–62; Hopi perspectives of, video chp 9
irrigation systems, 29, 72; Hispanic, 50, 52, video chp 3; Newcomb great house, video chp 13
Irwin-Williams, Cynthia, 21; Rio Puerco Valley Project, 48–49; Salmon Ruins, video chp 2
Isle of Wight Festival, 297
Itiwanna (Middle Place), wp32
Jemez Mountains, 41; lines-of-sight to, 43, 55; precipitation, 82(n3), video chp 3
Jemez Pueblo, 50, video chp 16
Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion (Blake), 289
JMP. See joint management plan
Joe, Tristan, 184, 185, 333, video chp 8 parts 1–4
joint management plan (JMP), Chaco Culture Archaeological Protection Sites, 8, wp8, wp22–23
joint planning documents, and cultural protection zone, 314–18
Joyce, D. J., 100
J-shaped (Windes’) shrines, 136, 138, 140–42, 163, 165, wp10, wp55, video chp 6; viewsheds, 169–70. See also enigmatic rock features
Judge, James, 21, video chp 2
Kana’a Black-on-white, bighorn sheep depicted on, 106
Kana’a Gray, 74
katsinas, sacred knowledge and, video chp 6
Kayé, 161
Keiller, Alexander, 296; Wessex from the Air, 279, video chp 15
Kendrick, T. D., 291
Keres, 163, wp32, wp53
Kerr, Andrew, 297
Kiatuthlana Black-on-white, 50, 74, video chp 3
Kidder, Alfred, 96
Kin Bineola, 6, 8, 83(n7), wp5, wp8, wp9, wp11, wp22, wp23, wp34; rock art, video chp 5; stone circles at, 144, wp56; visibility at, 167, 197, wp62
Kinder Scout moor, mass trespass on, 285, video chp 15
King, Keegan, video chp 16
Kin Hoch’oi, wp16, video chp 5
Kin Kletso, 96; 3D models, 248, 248–49, 250, video chp 13
Kin Klizhin, 65, 66, 93, 158, 197, 335, wp9, wp11, wp34, video chp 3; alignments, video chp 4; tower kiva at, 167, wp63
Kin Klizhin Wash, 68
Kin Nahasbas, 83(n7)
Kin Nizhoni, 8, wp8, wp23
Kintigh, Keith, 24
Kin Ya’a, 6, 8, 26, 197, wp5, wp8, wp22, wp23, wp34; South Road and, 267, wp53; tower kiva at, 166–67, 169, wp62–63
Kit’s Coty House dolmen, 283, video chp 15
Kiva Point, rock art at, 120, video chp 5
kivas: Hopi perspectives on, video chp 9; Zuni perspectives on, 189, video chp 10 part 3
Kluckhohn, Clyde, 97
Knickerbocker Peaks, lines-of-sight to, 169, wp61
knowledge: cultural, video chp 10 parts 1 and 2; production of, 258, 342; responsibilities for, video chp 8 part 3; sacred, video chp 6
Knowlton, wp57
Kolber, Jane, 99, 126, wp10–11, video chp 5
Kutz Canyon, 208, 211, 232; cosmography of, 233, 235; stairway at, 236, wp53
Kuyvaya, Sue, 187
Kyrle Society, 284
Laboratory of Anthropology, 100
Laboratory of Anthropology sites: LA 6419, 68; LA 8779 (Casamero great house), wp46; LA 13801, wp48; LA 15191, 154; LA 16508 (Pierre’s House B), 208, 210, video chp11, video 11.2; LA 16509 (Pierre’s House A), 208, 210, 211, 212–13, 215, video chp 11, video 11.2; LA 16514 (El Faro), 208, 211, 213, video chp 11; LA 16515, 209, 211–12, 213; LA 16518, 209; LA 16519, 209, 211, 213, video chp 11, video 11.2; LA 17221. See Casa del Rio great house; LA 34303, 152; LA 35417, 151, 151–52; LA 35423, 208; LA 37676, 156; LA 41088, 157, 157–58; LA 51167, 164; LA 67158 (Casamero great kiva), wp47; LA 67369/NM-W-29-62, 121, video chp 5; LA 130801, 147, 147–48, video chp 6; LA 139389, 68; LA 139390, 68
Ladrón Peak, lines-of-sight to, 43
Laguna, wp15, wp32
Lake District, 284
Lake Valley outlier, wp54
La Mesa Encantada (Enchanted Mesa), 47
land: Navajo relationships with, video chp 8 part 1; protection of, video chp 7 part 2, video chp 10 part 2
landforms, and roads, wp54
land management, video chp 16; data segregation and, video chp 14; of landscapes, 266–67; linear features and, 259; remote sensing and, video chp 13; sensory landscape and, 219, video chp 11; Zuni concerns about, video chp 10 part 2
landmarks: celestial bodies, 194, 196; and Designed Historic Landscapes, wp29; Indigenous peoples and, wp14–15, wp31–32
land ownership/jurisdiction: Greater Chaco area, video chp 16; Stonehenge, wp57, video chp 15
land rights, British, 284–85
LANDSAT imagery, 270
landscape(s), 6, 11, 13, 219, 232, 233, 252, 260, wp8, video chp 13; British, 280–82, 284–85, 287, 291–92; canyon-outlier models, wp21; Chacoan, 17, 30–31, 333–34, wp9–10; cultural, wp25–26, wp31–32; designed and vernacular, wp27–30; Diné relationships to, video chp 8 part 5; documenting, wp17–19; environmental concerns, video chp 7 part 2; historical, wp26–30; interactions with, wp16–17; and land management, 266–67, wp58–59, video chp 16; long-term decision making, video chp 8 part 5; monumental, 287–88, wp57–58; natural and social, 29–30; protection/preservation of, 14, 332, video chp 8 part 2, video chp 15; ritual/sacred, 27–28, wp32–33, video chp 2; secular, 28–29; sensory, 165, 193, 214–15; Stonehenge, 292–93, 301–2; and visitor experience, video chp 12. See also soundscapes; viewscapes
landscape archaeology, video chp 11; in Britain, 279–80
landscape-scale datasets, 229–30
language, loss of, video chp 8 part 1
La Plata Mountains, 42; visibility of, 69, wp61, wp63
Largo Canyon, rock art in, 97, 125, video chp 8 part 4
Larkhill, and Stonehenge, 292, 295–96, wp58
Late Bonito phase, wp4
laws, cultural preservation, 13–14
Leckman, Phillip O., video chp 2
Lees-Milne, James, 287
Lefevre, Shaw, 282
legacy data, incorporating, video chp 14
Lekson, Steve, 9, video chp 2, video chp 14; Cooperative Ecosystems Study Unit, 260
ley lines, 291, video chp 9, video chp 15
LiDAR. See Light Detection and Ranging
life, as prayer, video chp 8 part 5
life-cycle rituals, 101
light angles, roads and Pueblo Alto, video 13.1
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), 12, 14, 195, 230, 250, 251, wp9, video chp 13, video 13.2; in Greater Chaco Landscape, 321–22; management use of, 323–24; methodology, 237–38; NASA DEVELOP program, 263–64; road documentation, 236–37, 238–43, 244, 245, 268, 270, 271, 272, wp54
Lincoln, Tom, video chp 2; Cooperative Ecosystems Study Unit, 260; NASA and, 263
linear features: digital recording of, video chp 14; NMCRIS and, 259
lines-of-sight, 12, 13, 26, 60, 167, wp16–17, wp29, wp55, wp60, video chp 2; Bis sa’ani, video 11.1; from Cabezón Peak, 43, 81(n1); enigmatic rock features and, 169–70; GIS modeling, 196–97; to Pierre’s, 209–10; to Pueblo Pintado, 55–56; from South Fork–Fajada Wash community, 61, 63
literacies, and knowledge production, 258
Little Colorado River, rock art, 101, 124
Little Hosta Butte, visibility of, 213, video chp 11, video 11.2
lizard man, in rock art, 114
Lobo Mesa, wp6
Lockyer, Norman, 291
Lodore Falls, 284
Long-View Library, 336–37
Loose, Richard, 20, 21; shell trumpet experiments, 198–99, video chp 11
Los Aguages, wp54
Los Aguayes, 163
Lower San Juan–Mesa Verde style rock art, video chp5
Lowenthal, David, 280
Lowry Ruin, 21, wp22
Lubbock, John, ancient monuments protection, 282, 287, video chp 15
Lukachukai Mountains, 42
lunar astronomy, video chp 4, video chp 11; cycles, wp63–64, video chp 9; standstills, 196, 232, wp64, video chp 6
Luvall, Jeffrey, video chp 14
Màasaw, 186, video chp 9
MacStond, video chp 5
Madalena, Joshua, video chp 16
magnetometry, Padilla Wash Community, 64
Maiden Castle, wp57
Majestic Basketmaker style, 102
Maltwood, Katharine, 297
management: of Chaco Culture National Historical Park, 313, wp8, wp19; of Greater Chaco Landscape, 273, 308, 310–11, 339–41; integrated, wp19–20; land, 219, 259, 266–67; remote sensing and, 323–24; of Stonehenge and Avebury landscape, 298–300, wp58–59
Mancos-Gallup Shale, oil and gas development, 194, 201, 309, video chp 16
Manifold GIS, 237
Manuelito Canyon, 234
mapping: with pole aerial photography, video chp 13, video 13.2; roads, video chp 14
Marek-Martinez, Ora, 312
Marshall, Michael, 21, 28, 93, video chp 4, video chp 6
Martinez, Mark, video chp 16
Massingham, H. J., 291, video chp 15
Master Leasing Plan (MLP) approach, 219, video chp 16
Mathien, Joan, 98
Mathews, Tom, 18
medicine curing houses, kivas as, 189, video chp 10 part 3
“Medicine Hogan” (LA 41088), 155, 157, 157–58, 160, video chp 6
Melokik, Katherine A., video chp 14
memorials, ERFs as, video chp 6
Menchengo, Tim, 312
meridians, and migrations, video chp 9
Mesa Chivato, 47
Mesa Verde National Park, 22, 42, 162, 339, video chp 7 part 2
Michell, John, 297, 298, video chp 15; The View over Atlantis, 291–92
middens, at Casa del Rio, 66, 67
Middle Place, Zuni, 188, wp64
Middle Rio Puerco valley (MRPV), 83(n4), video chp 3; Guadalupe community, 43, 47–50; Hispanic farming in, 52–53, 68, 83(n5)
migrations: Acoma, 183, video chp 7 parts 1 and 2; Hopi, video chp 8; and origin stories, wp32–33; Puebloan, 78, 80, video chp 6; rock art records of, 188, wp10; in San Juan Basin, wp11, video chp 3; in US Southwest, 73–74; Zuni, video chp 10 parts 1 and 2
Mimbres, emulation in, 23
mineral leases, federal jurisdiction, video chp 16
Ministry of Defense (British), and Stonehenge, wp57
“Ministry of Tidy Monuments,” video chp 15
Mirage Boy and Mirage Girl, 32
mirrors, signaling with, 170, 196, 209, 211, wp60
missionaries, video chp 8 part 5
Mitchell, Mark, video chp 16
mobility, of ancestral Puebloans, 78–79
Modified Basketmaker–Developmental Pueblo period, rock art, 106
modified stones, 161
Montagu, Lord, 289
monumentality, 20; of rock art, 117, video chp 5
monuments. See ancient monuments
Moore, Roger, 9
Morenon, Pierre, video chp 2
Morganwg, Iolo, Barddas, 289
Morris, Earl, road studies, video chp 2
Morris 39, LiDAR mapping of, video chp 13
Morris, William, “antiscrape” campaign, 287
Morton, H. V., In Search of England, 285–86, video chp 15
Mother Earth, 333, video chp 7 part 2, video chp 8 part 1; harm to, 184–85, 188; respect for, video chp 8 parts 3 and 4
motoring, 286, video chp 15
mountain lions, in rock art, 117, 124, 126
mountains: and lines-of-sight, 13, 29; sacred, 168, wp32. See also by name
mountain sheep, in rock art, 111, 124
Mount Pleasant henge, wp57
Mummy Cave, 106
musical instruments, 198, video chp 11
Must England’s Beauty Perish? (Trevelyan), 287
Nááhwiilbiihi (Noqoilpi; the Great Gambler), 184, wp15, wp24, video chp 8 part 1
Nacimiento Mountains, wp6
NAGPRA. See Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
Narbona Pass: chert from, wp14; visibility of, 213, video chp 11, video 11.2
NASA, 337; collaboration with, 256, video chp 2, video chp 14; DEVELOP program, 263–66, 268
NASA ECOSTRESS, 266
NASA HyspIRI mission, 266
Nascimiento Mountains, 194
National Center for Preservation Training and Technology, 262
National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), 321
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 14, 313, 339–40, 343; environmental assessments, 214–15; landscape elements, video chp 16
National Footpaths Preservation Society, 284
National Geographic Society, 18, 24, 96
national heritage, 281–82
National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), 313; Section 106, 13–14, 100, 321, video chp 16
nationalism: and British historic preservation, 280–82, video chp 15
National Motor Museum, 289
National Park Service (NPS), 18, 21, 258, 260, 263, 273, 313, 314, 317, 319, 341; Chaco landscape surveys, 30–31, video chp 2; Division of Remote Sensing, 24–25
National Parks Conservation Association, video chp 16
national past, video chp 15
National Register of Historic Places, 344; cultural landscapes, wp25–26; historical landscapes, wp26–30; significance criteria under, wp23–25, video chp 16
National Trust (Britain), 284–85, 287–88, video chp 15; and Stonehenge, 299, 301, wp57
National Trust Act, 287
National Trust for Historic Preservation, Greater Chaco Landscape, 236, video chp 16
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), wp27
natural resources, protection and preservation of, video chp 8 part 5
nature: Diné views of, video chp 8 part 3; relationships with, video chp 12
Navajo-Gallup project, wp15
Navajo Nation, 11, 314, 321; cairns and, video chp 6; Chaco Archaeological Sites Protection System, 313, video chp 2; cultural knowledge, video chp 8 part 3; data sovereignty, 260, video chp 14; energy development and, 31–32, video chp 8 part 5; and Greater Chaco Landscape, 324–25, 332, 342, wp15, video chp 8 parts 1 and 2, video chp 16xSee also Diné
Navajo National Monument, video chp 8 part 5
Navajo Nation Heritage and Historic Preservation Department, video chp 4; database, video chp 6; eagle trapping sites, 171–72
Navajo Reservoir, rock art, 97, 125
Navajos. See Diné
Navajo Springs, 70, video chp 2
NCAI. See National Congress of American Indians
Neeley, Sydney, video chp 14
NEPA. See National Environmental Policy Act
Neville, Paul, video chp 14
New Archaeology, 20
Newcomb: great house landscape, video chp 13; irrigation ditches at, 72, 73, video chp 3
New Mexico, 32, 256, 316; Archaeological Records Management Section (ARMS), 251
New Mexico Archaeological Society Rock Art Recording Field School, 98
New Mexico Cultural Resource Information System (NMCRIS), 257, 258, 259, video chp 6
New Mexico Historic Preservation Division, 8, wp8
Nials, Fred, road studies, video chp 2
Nighthorse, Lake, video chp 7 part 2
night skies, 214, 224, 313, 317, 339, wp18, video chp 12, video chp 16; cosmography and, wp63, wp64–65; harm to, video chp 8 part 4
Night Skies program, 224, video chp 12
NMCRIS. See New Mexico Cultural Resource Information System
Normanton Down burial mounds, 301
north, symbolism of, wp53, wp64
Northern Chaco Outliers project, 24
Northern Rio Grande pueblos: cosmological shrines, 162–63; sacred landscapes, wp32
Northern San Juan: and Chaco origins, 10–11; migrations, 78, 80, wp11, video chp 3
North Road. See Great North Road
north-south axis, in Chaco Canyon, 20
North Star, wp64
notch phenomenon, 26
observatory, astronomical, 224, video chp 12
offerings, Zuni, video chp 10 part 3
Office of Works (Britain), 286, 287, 288, 295, video chp 15
oil and gas industry, 224, 309, 311, 321, 322, 325, 334, 341, 345, wp9, wp14, video chp 16; Acoma concerns, 183, video chp 7 part 1; Diné concerns, 184–85; environmental issues, 218–19, 317–18; Hopi concerns, 186, video chp 9; infrastructure as threats, 265–66; light and sound pollution, 217–18, wp18; Navajo concerns, video chp 7 part 2, video chp 8 parts 1, 4, and 5; near Pierre’s, 200–201, 211–13, video chp 11, video 11.2; sensory landscapes, 194, 214–15, 318–19; Zuni concerns, 188, video chp 10 parts 1 and 2
O’Keefe, Evan, video chp 14
Old Escalon. See El Llano
Old Uppsala, video chp 15
open-air movement, 285
open space movement, 284
oral traditions/history, 13, 250–51, wp33, video chp 4; and cultural landscapes, wp9, wp15–16, video chp 7 part 2; Diné, video chp 8 parts 1–5, video chp 13; Hopi, video chp 9; Zuni, video chp 10 part 1
Order of the Golden dawn, 289–90
Ordnance Survey, maps, 284, 286; video chp 15
organicism, 291
origin stories: Diné, 184, video chp 8 parts 2 and 4; Hopi, video chp 9; and migrations, wp32–33; Zuni, video chp 10 part 1
orthophotographs, from SfM, video chp 13, video 13.2
Ortiz, Alfonso, shrine system, 162
Ortiz Mountains, lines-of-sight to, 43, 82(n2)
Outah, Terrance, 186, 187, video chp 9
outliers, 6, 7, 206, 231, wp5, wp6, wp10, wp35–41; Archaeology Southwest, video chp 16; diversity of, wp42–51; extent of, 22–23; Hopi perspectives of, video chp 9; and landscapes, wp9, wp19, wp21; research on, wp11; rock art at, 120–25, video chp 5; and shrines, wp55; stone basins at, 150; stone circles at, 144; surveys of, 8, 21–22, wp8, video chp2; viewsheds, wp17, wp62–63
Pablo family, video chp 4
Pablo House, 93, video chp 4
Padilla Wash (Padilla Well) Community, 42, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 234, 335, video chp 3, video chp 13; cairns above, 166, 167
paganism, and ancient monuments, video chp 15
Palavayu Linear style, 102
Palavayu region (Petrified Forest) rock art, 101
paleoclimate reconstruction, 82(n3)
“Paleopsychology Today: Ideational Systems and Human Adaptations in Prehistory” (Fritz), 20
Palmer, Doug, and lines-of-site experiments, 209, 211, wp60, video chp 11
PAP. See Pole Aerial Photography
Paquimé, wp12, video chp 9
Parking Lot Site (5AA 88), 150
Partnership for Responsible Business, video chp 16
Peach Springs, 21, wp10, wp42, wp43–44, wp52, video chp 2; rock art at, 120, 121, video chp 5
Peñasco Blanco, 65, 66, 76, wp54, wp64, video chp 2, video chp 3; rock art at, 118, wp65
Pepper, George, 24
petroglyphs. See rock art
Petroglyph Trail (Chaco Canyon), 99, 100, video chp 5
phenomenology, 13, 14, 20, wp33–34, video chp 15; documenting, 197–98, wp57
Phenomenology of Landscape (Tilley), 27
Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, 96
Pictured Cliffs Site. See Waterflow Site
Pierre’s community, 8, 13, 14, 21, 195, 316, 320, 323, wp8, wp23, video chp 2, video chp 16; description of, 208–9; fire pit at, 169; Great North Road and, 236, wp53; lines-of-sight from, 170, 196; sensory landscapes at, 165, 194, 200–201, 209–18, 319, 338, wp18, video chp 11, video 11.2
pilgrimages, 146, wp13, wp15, wp52, video chp 6; rock art and, 118–19, video chp 5
Pino, Peter, 26
Pitt-Rivers, Augustus, 279, 284, video chp 15
place: concept of, wp31; relationships to, video chp 8 part 3
place-making, 162, 163, wp30, wp33
planner-preservationism, video chp 15
platforms, 28, wp49
Poco Site, firepit at, 169, wp60
Point site, rock art at, video chp 5
Pole Aerial Photography (PAP), 245–46, 246, video chp 13; at Casa Cielo, 246–48, video 13.2
Pongyesva, Georgiana, 186, 187, video chp 9
Pot Creek Pueblo (T’aitöna), 163
pot drops, wp48
powerlines, in viewsheds, video chp 16
Powers, Robert, 21
prayer: Navajo concepts of, video chp 8 part 5; Zuni concepts of, video chp 10 parts 2 and 3
Prayer Rock–Alcove Canyon rock art style, video chp 5
Prayer Rock District, Basketmaker rock art, 102, 103, 104, 105
precipitation and temperatures, 61, 82(n3), video chp 3; Chaco Canyon, 56, 58–59, 79, 82(n3); Middle Rio Puerco Valley, 51, 53
Prehistoric Society, 301
Pretty Rock (Tse Nizhoni; LA 37676), 156, 168, video chp 6
Primeau, Kristy, 199, video chp 11
private property, in Britain, 281, video chp 15
processional ways, wp16, wp49; rock art as, 100, 104, 118, 120, 122, 124, 127
pronghorns, wp14; in rock art, 111, 113
property rights, British, 284–85
prophecy, Hopi, video chp 9
proto-great houses, 72, 74; at South Fork–Fajada Wash community, 61, 62
public outreach, importance of, video chp 16
Public Service Company of New Mexico (PNM), 21; outlier surveys, 8, wp8, video chp 2
Public Works Administration, Chaco Canyon rock art study, 97
Pueblo Alto, 141, wp63, video chp 16, video 13.1; fire pits, 169, wp60; and Great Gambler, wp24; and Great North Road, 209, wp53; lines-of-sight, 26, 170, 196, 211, wp61, video chp 2; remote sensing data, 242, video chp 13
Pueblo Alto Landscape, LiDAR documentation, 237, 238–39, 241
Pueblo Alto Trail, 5
Pueblo Bonito, 5, 14, 17, 18, 23, 72, 83(n7), 169, 198, 231, 232, 235, 309, wp5, video chp 16; Acoma perspectives, 183, video chp 7 part 1; alignments with, video chp 4; Diné perspectives, video chp 8 part 1; Hopi at, video chp 9; mapping, video chp 13; rock art at, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 118, video chp 5; Zuni perspectives on, 188, 189, video chp 10 part 2
Pueblo del Arroyo, 18, 146, wp53, wp56, wp64
Pueblo Pintado (29Mc 166) Great House Community, 6, 8, 42, 53, 81(n1), 323, wp5, wp8, wp22, wp23, video chp 3; Chaco Canyon Road, 268–71, wp54; subcommunities, 54–56
Pueblo Pintado Roadway: aggregating data on, video chp 14; signature of, 268–71
Pueblos (people), 43, 236, wp15, wp30; agriculture, video chp 3; and Casa Rinconada, video chp 10 part 3; center places, video chp 10 part 1; and Chaco Canyon, 308–9, 332, video chp 7 part 2; Diné relationships with, video chp 8 part 2; and Greater Chaco Landscape, 324–25; landmarks and, 194, wp32; raptor trapping, 170–71; rock art, video chp 5; shrines, video chp 6; sound in ritual, wp65. See also by group
Pueblo I period, 66, 78, 110, wp11, wp14, wp46, wp50, wp52; architecture, video chp 3; Communities, 54, 72, 74, 75, wp45; Padilla Wash Community, 61, 64; rock art, 105–6, 120, 125, video chp 5; Willow Canyon, video chp 4
Pueblo II period, 22, 61; communities, 70, 72, 75, wp44, wp50; rock art, 99, 107, 110, 111, 117, 120, 124, video chp 5
Pueblo III period: communities, wp44, wp45; rock art, video chp 5
pumpjacks: environmental impacts of, 214–15, 217–18; visible from Pierre’s, 211, 212, 212–13, video chp 11, video 11.2
quadrupeds, in rock art, 101, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 124
Quam, Curtis, 189, video chp 10 parts 1–3
Rabbit House (Bis sa’ani), 201, 203, video chp 11, video 11.1
Rambler’s Association, 285
rampways, in Chaco Canyon, 164, 235, wp5
raptors, trapping of, 170–71
Rawnsley, Hardwicke, 284, 295, video chp 15
reciprocity, importance of, 186–87, 343
Red Dog shale and selenite, 64
Red Mesa pottery, video chp 3
Red Mesa Valley, wp10
Red Rock State Park, 100
Red Willow, 234, wp34
Reed, Paul, 9, 33, video chp 16
relationships, intertribal, video chp 7 part 2
remembrance, places of, video chp 8 part 1
remote sensing, 13, 242, 266, 337, video chp 13, video chp 14; and management and, 323–24; Pueblo Pintado to Chaco Canyon road, 271–72. See also various techniques
reptiles, in rock art, 114, 117
research: Chacoan boundaries, wp11–12; Chacoan communities, 80–81; data segregation and, video chp 14; “dwelling in places,” wp16–17; exchange and interaction, wp13–14; Indigenous relationships, wp14–16; non-destructive, wp10; rock art, 126–27; sociopolitical organization, wp12–13
reservoirs, wp48, video chp 13
Reservoir Site, road segment, 241, 244, video chp 13
Resource Management Plan (RMP), BLM-BIA amendment of, 311, 312, 314
Ridge Ruin, wp12
Rio Grande pueblos, 170
Rio Puerco, 43, 49, 83(nn4, 5), video chp 3; agriculture on, 47–48, 76
Rio Puerco of the West, rock art, 95, 97, 124, video chp 5
Rio Puerco Valley Project, 48–49
ritual(s), wp12; Basketmaker communal, 103, 104; sound and, wp65
roads, road systems, 61, 66, 68, 72, 161, 211, 230, 232, 251, 252, 335, wp5, wp9, wp10, wp16, wp22, wp29, wp35, wp52–54; aggregating data on, 266–73, 274, video chp 14; at Casa Cielo, video 13.2; Chaco East community, 57, 60; characteristics of, 233–34, 235–36; energy extraction and, 11–12; and enigmatic rock features, 136, 150–55, 163–64, wp48, video chp 6; at Escalon, wp49, wp50, video chp 4; Hopi perspectives on, video chp 9; LiDAR documentation of, 236–37, 238–43, 244, 245, video chp 13; light angles, video 13.1; and Pueblo Pintado community, 53, video chp 3; studies of, 24–26, video chp 2; symbolism of, 234–35, wp23; Zuni perspectives on, video chp 10 part 2
Roberts, Frank, 97
rock art, 12, 95, 96, 188, wp10–11, wp35, wp48, video chp 5; Archaic-Basketmaker, 102–5; in Chaco Canyon, 98–100, 107–10, 110, 111, 111–18; clan symbols, 118–19; destruction and threats to, 125–26; Diné, video chp 8 parts 1 and 4; documentation of, 126–28; flute players in, 110–11; Pueblo I, 105–6; regional styles, 101–2, 124–25; San Juan Basin, 120–24; Schaafsma’s work on, 97–98; Zuni perspectives, 188, video chp 10 part 1
room tiers, at Skunk Springs, 70, 71
Roney, John, 25, 93; on roads and road features, 150, wp54, video chp 2, video chp 4
Rosa style rock art, 105–6, 125, 127, video chp 5
Royal Commissions on Historic Monuments, 284
rural landscapes: in England, video chp 15; Greater Chaco as, video chp 16
Ruskin, John, 284, video chp 15
Russell, Phil (Wally Hope), 297–98
sacred places, 43, 137, 321, 325, wp32; and BLM practices, video chp 16; Casa Rinconada as, 189, video chp 10 part 3; Chaco Canyon as, video chp 8 part 1, video chp 9; Diné, video chp 8 part 2; ERFs as, video chp 6; protection of, video chp 8 part 5
Salmon Ruins, 21, 61, wp53, video chp 2, video chp 16
salt pilgrimage, and rock art, 118–19
Sandia Mountains, lines-of-sight to, 26, 43
San Francisco Peaks (Doko’oosliid; Abalone Shell Mt.), wp32; and Diné, video chp 8 part 4
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, lines-of-sight to, 43
San Juan Anthropomorphic Style, 101–2
San Juan Basin, 11, 75, 233, wp6, wp9, wp21, video chp 2; boundaries of, 41–42; Chaco landscape surveys, 30–31; Chacoan settlements in, 43–46(table), wp5, wp10; development infrastructure in, 265–66; energy extraction in, 5–6, 8, 14; great houses in, 42–43; Pueblo migrations, 78, 80; outliers in, 21–22; population movements, video chp 3; rock art in, 102, 105–6, 120–24, 127, video chp 5; viewscapes, 69, 194, wp61
San Juan College, 31
San Juan Mine, 102
San Juan Mountains, 42, wp53; visibility of, 168, 194, wp63
San Juan River, 102, wp6, wp53; rock art sites, 95, 96, 98, 102, 127, video chp 5
San Juan Valley Archaeological Project, video chp 2
San Luis village, 50, 52, 83(n5)
San Pedro Mountains, 47
Santa Ana pueblo, 43, 50, 82(n2), 309
Santo Domingo, 82(n2)
Scandinavia, 281, 282, archaeological nationalism, video chp 15
Schaafsma, Polly, rock art studies, 97–98, 99, video chp 5
Schick, Ryan, video chp 14
Search of England, In (Morton), 285–86, video chp 15
seasons, experiencing, video chp 12
Section 8, wp10, wp42, wp50–51
Section 106, 13–14, 100, 321, video chp 16
sense of place, 338
sentries, cairns as, 166
Seowtewa, Octavius, 146, 189, video chp 10 parts 1–3
settlement patterns, 10, wp30; Chaco East Communities, video chp 3
Sever, Tom, video chp 2, video chp 14
SfM. See Structure from Motion Photogrammetry
Shabik’eschee Village, 18, 64; stone basins associated with, 148, 150
Shalako, wp63
shamans, in rock art, 101
Shell trumpets, 198–99, 206, 215, 338, video chp 11
Shiprock (Tsé Bit’ a’i), wp32; visibility of, 71, 167, 168, 194, wp61
shrines, 12, 68, 81(n1), 135, 196, 232, 336, wp5, wp9, wp10, wp17, wp32, wp35, wp55, video chp 6; archaeological definition of, 136–37; on Cabezón Peak, 43, video chp 3; cupule, 161; functions of, 162–63; gateway, 156, 156–58; Indigenous use of, 172–73; J-shaped, 138, 140–42; as signaling systems, wp60–61; visibility of, 26, 60, 61, wp18, wp61–62; on West Mesa, 64, 65
Sierra Blanca Peak (Tsis Naasjini; White Shell Mountain), wp32
signaling, signaling systems, wp55, wp60–61, video chp 2; enigmatic rock feature, 169–70
Significance of Monuments (Bradley), 27
Simpson, James H., 17
Sinclair, Leigh, video chp 14
sipapus: Hopi origins, video chp 9; north and, wp53, wp64
Sisnathyel Mesa, 55
Sitsmovi, 18
site names, video chp 4
skies, wp18; cosmography, wp63–65; night, 13, 224, 225; relationships with, video chp 12
Skunk Springs Community, 29, 42, 70–72, 74, 76, 93, 169, 335, wp10, wp42, wp44–45, wp46, video chp 3; alignments with, video chp 4; rock art at, video chp 5
slab boxes, 138, 160–61, 336, video chp 6
Slab House, 83, video chp 4
slab-lined houses, at Pueblo Pintado, 54
Sleeping Ute Mountain, 42; visibility of, 69, 71, 168, wp61, video chp 3
small sites, 5, 18, 20, wp10; and great houses, 28–29, wp34
Small Unmanned Aerial System (sUAS), 245, 249–50
Smith, Howard, rock art study, 98, video chp 5
Smith, Joseph, III, 269
Smithsonian Institution sites: 5AA 88 (Parking Lot Site), 149, 150; 29SJ 184, 164, 168, video chp 6; 29SJ 423, 138, 140–41, wp55, video chp 6; 29SJ 706, 169, video chp 11, video 11.1; 29SJ 710, 144, video chp 6, video chp 11, video 11.1; 29SJ 1088, 64, 65, 158, 164, 166, 167, 168–69, wp56, video chp 3, video chp 6; 29SJ 1207, 169; 29SJ 1565, 146; 29SJ 1572, 145, 146, 168; 29SJ 1882, 64; 29SJ 1976, 145, video chp 6; 29SJ 2429, 159, video chp 6; 29SJ 2859, video chp 11, video 11.1; 29Mc 184, 62, video chp 3; 29Mc 560, 57; 29Mc 765, 54
Snead, James, 25
social networks analysis, wp14
Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, 287
Society of Antiquaries (London), 295
sociopolitical organization, wp12–13
Sofaer, Anna, 98, wp54, video chp 2, video chp 6
Soil Conservation Service (SCS), aerial imagery, 268, 269, 270
soils, in Chaco Canyon, 56
solar astronomy, 232, wp63–64, video chp 11, video chp 13; ERFs, video chp 6
solar cycles, video chp 9, video chp 12
Solstice Project, 21, 26, 160, 208, 232, video chp 2; crescents in, 143–44; and Great North Road documentation, 238, 239
solstices, 196, wp63, wp64; at Stonehenge, 294–95
songs, Hopi perspectives on, video chp 9
soundscapes, 13, 165, 193, 198, 338, wp18–19, wp65–66, video chp 11; ArcGIS models, 199–200; at Bis sa’ani, 206, 207; environmental assessments of, 218–19; around great house communities, 318–19; and oil and gas operations, 317–18; at Pierre’s, 215–18; at Stonehenge, wp58
soundshed analysis, 199
South Addition, wp9, wp34
South Fork–Fajada Wash community, 42, 61, 62, 63, 72, 75, video chp 3
South Gap, 164, wp56; visibility through, 145, 146, 168, 196, 213
South House (Bis sa’ani), 201, 203, video chp 11, video 11.1
South Mesa, 163; line-of-sight features, 169, 205, wp55; visibility of, 168, 213, video chp 11, video 11.1
South Road, 214, 233, 267, wp52, wp53, video chp 2; landforms and, 234–35, wp21; LiDAR documentation, 241, 245, video chp 13; viewshed, 146, 168
Southwest Social Networks dataset, 263, video chp 14
sovereignty: Native lands, video chp 14; property rights, 285
Sowers, Ted, 97
spatial modeling, 13
spatial perceptions, 11, wp33, wp34
spirals, in Chaco Canyon rock art, 99, 118, video chp 5
spirit lines, 186
spirit world, Diné views, video chp 8 part 5
springs, and roads, wp54
stabilization work, Navajo crews, video chp 8 part 5
stairways/scaffolds, wp10; in Chaco Canyon, 164, 235, wp5; Escalon, wp49, wp50, video chp 4; Kutz Canyon, 236, wp53; Peñasco Blanco, wp54
Standing Rock, rock art at, video chp 5
Steed, Paul, 98
Stein, John, 20, 93, video chp 11, video chp 13; outlier surveys, 21–22, wp5; on ritual landscape, 27, 28; road research, video chp 2, video chp 4; soundscape experiments, 199
Stewart Canyon: Basketmaker II-III rock art, 102–3, 104; rock art in, 108, 121; Rosa style rock art, 106
Stone, William, video chp 6
stone basins, 138; pecked and ground, 148–50, 188–89, video chp 6, video chp 10 part 2, video chp 13
stone circles, 12, 68, 135, 136, 138, 166, 336, wp10, wp35, wp55–56, video chp 6; descriptions of, 144–48; and roads, wp48, video chp 4; visibility of, 168, 196; Zuni interpretations, 188–89, video chp 10 part 2
Stonehenge, 280, video chp 15; Druids and, 289, 290–91; festivals at, 296–98; highway construction, 300–301; landscape of, 292–94, 301–2; land use around, 295–96; management of, 298–300; solstice celebrations at, 294–95; as World Heritage site, wp56–59
Stonehenge Alliance, 301
Stonehenge People’s Free Festival, 297, 297–98, video chp 15
Stonehenge Master Plan, 299
Stonehenge Research Framework, 299–300
Stonehenge Riverside Project, wp57
Structure from Motion (SfM) Photogrammetry, 229, 230, 243–44, 251, video chp 13; Casa Cielo, video 13.2; Kin Kletso, 248, 248–49; Pole Aerial Photography, 245–48; and Small Unmanned Aerial System, 249–50
Stukeley, William, 289
sUAS. See small Unmanned Aerial System
subsistence practices, Hispanic, 50, 52–53
Sun Dagger, 98, 118, 163, 196, 232, wp10, wp64, video chp 5
sunwatchers, wp63, video chp 12
“supernova” petroglyph, wp65
surveillance, video chp 11; enigmatic rock features and, 166–67, video chp 6
survey, LiDAR and SfM Photogrammetry, 230
Tadpole House, video chp 4
T’aitöna (Pot Creek Pueblo), 163
Talking God, video chp 8 part 4
Taos, 309, wp15
Tapia Canyon, video chp 3
Taylor, Mount (Tsoodził; Turquoise Mt.), 41, 47, wp6; lines-of-sight to, 26, 29, 168; Pueblo I migration from, video chp 3; Navajos and, wp15, wp32; visibility, 194, 213, wp61, video chp 11, video 11.2
Taylor Springs, 234
technocracies, video chp 14
Tecolote Mesa, wp47
Teec Nos Pos, wp29
Tesuque, 309, video chp 16
Tewa, wp32, wp63, wp64, 236; shrines, 161, 162, 163
textile designs, in rock art, 108
Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner, video chp 2
Threatening Rock fall, video chp 10 part 2
three-dimensional (3D) models, 229, 230, 243–44, 248, video chp 13; Casa Cielo, video 13.2; and Kin Kletso, 249, 250; and LiDAR data, 237–38
Thomas, Julian, 9, video chp 15
Throgmorton, Kellam, 9
Tilley, Christopher, Phenomenology of Landscape, 27
timbers, 72, wp14
time, video chp 12, video chp 13; Diné concepts of, video chp 8 part 2
time bridges, roads as, 234
Tiwa, directional shrines, 162–63
Tohlakai, rock art at, video chp 5
Topophilia (Tuan), wp33
Town and Country Planning Act, 286, video chp 15
tourism, in Britain, 281–82, 285–86
tower kivas, 169; visibility of, 166–67, wp62–63
towns, Chaco Canyon great houses as, 18
Tozzer Expedition, 160
trade, Diné perspectives on, video chp 8 part 4
traditional cultural properties (TCPs), 321, 325, wp9, wp26; Acoma, 319–20, 323; National Register protections and, wp24, wp25, wp27, video chp 16
trail markers, cairns as, 163
Transwestern Pipeline Extension project, wp49
Travelers, New Age, 298
tree-ring datasets, paleoclimate reconstruction, 82(n3)
Trevelyan, G. M., Must England’s Beauty Perish?, 287
Tse’ Biinaholts’a Yalti (Curved Rock That Speaks), 199, video chp 11
Tse Nizhoni (“Pretty Rock”; LA 37676), 156, 168, video chp 6
T-shaped doorways, Hopi perspectives on, video chp 9
Tsin Kletsin: line-of-sight signaling, 169, 170, wp60; visibility of, video chp 11, video 11.1
Tsoodził. See Taylor, Mt.
Tsosie, William B., Jr., 9, 10, 12, 182, 183, 184, 185, 233, 332, 333, 334, video chp 7 part 2, video chp 8 parts 1–5
Tuwaletstiwa, Philip, 9
Turner, Christy, 97, video chp 5
Turquoise Boy, wp15
Tutuveni (Willow Springs), 118
Tuuwanasavi, wp33
Tuwaletstiwa, Phillip, 93, 94, video chp 4
Twin Angels, 8, 323, wp8, wp23, wp53, video chp 2, video chp 16; stone circles at, 144, wp56
Twin Peaks, 47
Twin War Gods, Chimney Rock and Companion Rock, wp15
Two Gray Hills, 72, video chp 13; road network, 234
Tyler, Major, 291
Tzoodził (Tsoodził). See Taylor, Mt.
UAVs. See Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Una Vida, 83(n7), wp64
UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS), 296, 339; Chaco Culture National Historical Park, 308, 340, wp4, wp8, wp19, wp23; Stonehenge and Avebury, 292, 299, wp56–59
US House of Representatives, Chaco Cultural Heritage Area Protection Act, 314–16
unit pueblos, at Skunk Springs and Yellow Jacket, 29
Universal Bond, and Stonehenge, 290–91
University of Colorado, 22
University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), 269; Chaco Research Archive, 263, video chp 14; GIS datasets, 31, 261, wp54; Salmon research datasets, video chp 16
University of New Mexico, 19, 97
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), wp9
Upper Kin Klizhin, wp9, wp34
Upper San Juan (Rosa) style rock art, video chp 5
Upper Twin Angels, wp53
uranium extraction, Hopi concerns, 186, video chp 9
Utah: great houses in, wp5; road systems in, wp22; rock art in, 101, 105
Vallo, Ernest, 9, 183, 332, 334, video chp 7 parts 1 and 2
Vallo, Fred, 312
vandalism, 125
Van Dyke, Ruth, 9, 24, video chp 1, video chp 6, video chp 11, video chp 14
Van West, Carla, video chp 3
vernacular architecture, Chaco, wp27–28
videolinks, 12–13; Acoma perspectives, 183; Bis sa’ani viewscape, 205; on Bonito phase sites, 41; on British monuments protection, 279; on Chaco landscapes, 17; digital data, 256; Diné perspectives, 184; on enigmatic rock features, 135; Greater Chaco landscape, 9–10; Hopi perspectives, 186; introduction, 5; LiDAR and 3-D Digital modeling, 229; on linear alignments, 93; on night skies, 224; on rock art, 95; on sensory landscapes, 193; Zuni perspectives, 188
viewnets, wp61, video chp 11, video 11.1
View over Atlantis, The (Michell), 292
viewscapes/viewsheds, 13, 26–27, 69, 71, 76, 193, 338, wp11, wp16–17, wp29, wp32, wp60–61, video chp 11, video chp 16; astronomy and, 194, 196; Bis sa’ani, 203–6, video 11.1; Chaco Canyon, video chp 10 part 2; documenting, wp17–18; enigmatic rock features and, 165–70, wp56, video chp 6; environmental assessments of, 218–19; GIS modeling, 196–97; around great houses, 318–19; oil and gas development and, 317–18; of outlier communities, wp62–63; Pierre’s, 209, 209–15, video 11.2; protecting, video chp 16; and Pueblo Pintado, 53, 55–56; South Fork–Fajada Wash community, 61, 63; stone circles, 145, 145–46; West Mesa, 64, 65; Zuni on, video chp 10 part 2
Vigil, Travis, video chp 16
Village of the Great Kivas, 21, wp22; rock art, 97, video chp 5
visibility, 12, 69, 71, 76, 194, wp55, video chp 11; of enigmatic rock features, 136, 155, 156, 157, 161–62, 165–70, video chp 6; GIS studies, wp17–18; at Pierre’s, 209–15; and Pueblo Pintado, 53, 55–56; Pueblo Pintado to Chaco Canyon Road, 268–69; shrines, 138, 141; South Fork–Fajada Wash community, 61, 63; stone circles, 145, 145–46; West Mesa, 64, 65
visual communication systems, 82(n2), wp60–61, video chp 2; and Cabezón Peak, 43, video chp 3; enigmatic rock features, 169–70, video chp 6; shrines and, 81(n1), 136, wp10, wp17, wp55
Vivian, R. Gwinn, 19; and Chaco roads, 24, 150, video chp 2; and lines-of-sight, 209, 211, wp60
Vivian’s Staircase, wp54
Wadsworth, Ronald, 186, 187, video chp 9
watchtowers. See atalayas
water, 72, 148, 334; Acoma concerns, 183, video chp 7 parts 1 and 2; and early great house communities, 76–78; Hopi concerns, video chp 9; Zuni concerns, video chp 10 part 3
Waterflow Site (Pictured Cliffs site), 96, 97, 100, 121, 122–24, 335, video chp 5; recording of, 125, 127
Watkins, Alfred, 291
waypoints, 163
Weiner, Robert S., video chp 6
Weritos Crescent (29SJ 710), 144, video chp 6
Wessex from the Air (Crawford and Keiller), 279, video chp 15
West Great House (Bis sa’ani), 201, 206
West Mesa (Na’nishzhin), 64, 157; cairns on, 160, 166, wp56; viewshed of, 168–69, 213, video chp 3; visibility of, video chp 11, video 11.2
West Road, wp54
Wetherill, Richard, 14, 24, 160, wp22
Wheeler, Mortimer, 291
Whirlwind House, cairns near, 159–60
Whirlwind Lake, 167, wp34, wp62
White House, wp15; rock art at, video chp 5
White Mound Black-on-white, human figures on, 105, 106
White Rock: viewnet of, video 11.1; visibility of, 167, 168, 205–6, wp61, video chp 11
WHS. See UNESCO World Heritage Site
Wicken Fen, 285
Wijiji: rock art at, 99, 100, 188, video chp 5, video chp 10 part 1; Zuni at, video chp 10 part 1
Wilderness Society, video chp 16
wilderness values, wp18
Wild Horse Canyon, 57; precipitation in, 58–59
Williams-Ellis, Clough, 286, 296
Willow Canyon Community, 42, 68, 72, 93, 335, video chp 3, video chp 4; farmland, 69–70
Wilson, Daniel, 282
Windes, Tom, 9, 11, 26, 136, 138, 144, 148, 157,1 66, 169, video chp 3, video chp 6
Windes’ (J-shaped) shrines, 136, 138, 140–42, 163, 165, video chp 6
Winstead, Daryl Ann, video chp 14
Witt, David, 199, video chp 11
world-quarter shrine systems, 162
worldview, 11, wp21, wp31
Worthy Farm, 297
Wupatki, wp12
Yazzie, Denise, 184, 185, 333, video chp 8 parts 1–5
Yazzie, Eurick, 184, 185, 333, video chp 8 parts 1–5
Yellow Corn Girl, wp15
Yellow Jacket, 22, 29, video chp 7 part 2
Yellow Point herradura (LA 35417), 151, 151–52
Yoder, Donna, 99, 126, wp10–11, video chp 5
youth, leadership roles of, video chp 8 part 5
Youth Hostels Association, 285
Yupköyvi. See Chaco Culture National Historical Park
zambullidas, 135, 138, 150, 152, 154, 165, 336, video chp 6
Zeilik, Michael, 98
Zuni, 41, 80, video chp 10 parts 1–3, video chp 16; and Chaco Canyon, 309, 342, wp15; cosmography, wp64; perspectives of, 188–89; video, 10, 12–13; rock art interpretation, 97, 99; sacred places, wp32; solstice ceremonies, wp63
Zuni Cultural Resource Advisory Council/Team, 12–13, 146, 188
Zuni Mountains, resources from, 61, wp14