Index
agrarian reform, 8, 13, 26–27, 153–54
agriculture, 8, 11, 19, 23–24, 71, 82, 101, 152, 161, 189–90, 201, 205, 229, 236; early irrigation, 190; early mechanized, 71; irrigation-based, 196; swidden, 24; traditional, 5, 9
Altamira, 233
Alter do Chao, 218
Amache internees, 85, 89–90, 92
Amazon Frontier, 236
Amazonia, 12, 209–17, 219–21, 223, 225, 227–31, 233, 235–38
Amazonian archaeology, 215
Amazonian Peoples, 209–10, 213–14, 217, 222–23, 225–27, 229–32, 234–37
Anaconda Woman, 225
ancestors, 21, 33, 52, 55–56, 70, 93–94, 101, 139, 159, 179, 227, 230, 232
ancient agroforestry, 217
Ancient Zuni, 160
Andean Archaeology, 203–4
Andean Civilization, 196, 199, 204–5
Andean Late Archaic, 204
Andean region, 189, 196, 199–200
Andes, 205
Anthropocene, 237
anthropogenic dark earths, 235–36
Anthropological Archaeology, 157, 206
Anthropology, 14, 16, 31, 50–51, 74–76, 88, 94–96, 157, 161, 202–4, 236, 238
Archaeoastronomy, 236
archaeobotanical analysis, 94
archaeology, 14, 16, 79, 88, 90, 95–96, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205–7
Archaic People (Amazonia), 222–23
Armillas, Pedro, 129
Balee, William, 236
Basso, Keith, 48, 93–94, 132, 157
batab, 8, 17, 134–36, 142–43, 145, 149
Belize, 53, 57–58, 60, 72, 74–76, 161
Bender, Barbara, 39, 48, 92, 94
BEPCO (Belize Estate and Produce Company), 55–56, 60, 65–68, 70–71, 73–74, 76–77
Binford, Lewis R., 132, 157, 212, 236
Black Mesa, 46; Mine, 40; Project, 39–42, 49
black soil areas, 224
Blue Creek (Belize), 57
Bonfil Batalla, Guillermo, 22–23, 30
Bourbon reforms, 24
Bricker, Victoria, 131, 141, 147, 157
British buccaneers, 57
British Honduras, 53, 59–60, 66, 70, 75–77
Buikstra, Jane, 213
cah (Yucatan), 133, 135–36, 142, 150–51, 153
Calancha, Antonio de la, 191, 194, 201, 203
California, 34, 75, 81–82, 84, 95–96, 207
Calkiní, 159
Camal, Florentino, 156
Caral and Chupacigarro Grande (Peru), 198
Cargill Company, 231
Carrasco, David, 102–3, 110–11, 117, 124–25, 127, 129–30
Caste War of Yucatán, 9–10, 17, 25–26, 55–56, 58, 76, 131–33, 137, 139–40, 143, 145–49, 153–55, 160
Cayo District, 73–74
CDP (Brazilian company), 231
cenote, 8, 133, 135, 147–52, 154, 157
census, 8, 139, 143, 145, 151, 155, 160
Central America, 59
Central Andes, 206–7
Central Coast (Peru), 206
Chaco Canyon, 50
Chan Kom, 31
Chan Santa Cruz, 25
Chatino Language: base verb, 170; Eastern, 164, 182; temporal verb, 167
Chatino languages, 10, 23, 163–64, 167, 171, 173, 175–80, 182–88
Chatino region, 166
Chatinos (Chatino speaking people), 171, 178, 182
Ch’ibal, 8, 133, 135–36, 139, 153, 159
Chichanhá, 56–58
Chichén Itzá, 18–22, 29, 131–32
Chichicapán, 188
Chicomoztoc, 129–30
Chilam Balam, 24
chinampas, 98, 102, 112–14, 116–18, 123–25
Ch’ortí, 31
Christianity, 16, 137, 163, 182, 194, 229, 231
Chupacigarro Grande, 198
Cibola, 51
Cieneguilla (Oaxaca, Mexico), 10, 13, 164–71, 182
Closed Corporate Peasant Communities in Mesoamerica and Central Java, 161
Coastal Peru, 203–6
Cocom family, 16
Códice Chimalpopoca, 127
collaborations, 9, 21, 56, 90, 215
collective identities, 7–9, 11
collective memory, 4–5, 11–12, 23–26, 137
Colombia, 230
colonialism, 10, 16, 23, 30–31, 53–55, 58, 60, 65, 67–71, 74–75, 97, 102, 105, 152, 158–59; Spanish, 10, 16, 18, 24, 75, 97–98, 102, 104, 133, 135, 139, 182, 206
colonial period (Latin America), 9, 26, 100, 105, 133, 135–36, 141, 147, 154
Colonization of Belize, 74
Colorado Plateau, 42
compadrazgo, 174
Conlin, Eleanor, 94
conquest, 16, 74, 101–2, 106, 122, 149, 228, 231, 236
cosmology, 12, 49, 214, 226–27, 234
creation myths, 29, 189, 210, 225
Creole mahogany workers, 64, 73
Cuauhtinchan, 103, 109, 127–30
Cuba, 126
Cuchcabal, 136
Cultural continuity, 3, 5, 11, 97, 131–32, 190
cultural forest, 214, 224, 231
cultural geography, 4, 42, 209, 214; Amazonia, 209, 214
cultural heritage, 5–7, 9, 11, 13, 30, 53, 79; intangible, 5–8, 12–13, 15, 22, 27–30, 34, 53, 56, 69, 72, 94, 132, 147
cultural heritage objects, 16, 19, 21–22, 29
cultural heritage sites, 4, 11, 18, 81, 92
culture, 4, 7–8, 48–50, 157, 163, 199, 204, 210, 220, 225, 227, 231, 234, 236
Cuncunul, 24, 26, 133–35, 147, 151, 155–57
Cupul, 135
Cupul polity, 134
Curuaia, 233
Curua River, 233
Davis, Christopher, 220, 225–26, 236
descendant communities, 6, 8, 29, 132
Dine (Navajo) People, 40, 50–51
dispersal, 8
Douglas, Mary, 67
Dumond, Don, 73
Ebtún, 8, 10, 24, 26, 31, 131, 133–37, 139, 141, 143–53, 155–57, 159–61
Edo period, 89
ejido (Mexico), 19–23, 27–29, 149
Elsie Clews Parsons, 51
encomienda, 159
Environmental Limitation Theories (Amazonia), 210
ethnoarchaeology, 95, 154, 236
ethnography, 34, 46, 51, 116; Amazonia, 214; interviews, 40, 61, 67–68, 72, 234
ethnohistory, 30, 50, 76, 131, 154, 157–58, 160, 201
Euro-American attitudes towards settlement (Amazonia), 229
European conquest of Amazonia, 228
European pathogens, 135
euterpe, 217
families, nuclear, 117, 139–40, 154
Farriss, Nancy, 25, 30, 132, 135–36, 154, 158
feasting, 206
Fewkes, Jesse Walter, 35, 44, 49
foragers, early Holocene, 213
forest, 53, 57–58, 61–62, 65, 133, 135, 209, 211–12, 214, 218, 220, 222, 228, 230, 236; closed-canopy tropical, 216; fast-growing secondary, 228; floodplain, 214; high canopy, 216; mature, 58; northwestern, 53; tall, 219, 222
Formative Amazonians, 213
garden, 9, 80, 83–85, 87–89, 91, 93–95, 98, 103, 161, 166, 228, 230
Glen Canyon, 43, 45; National Recreation Area, 34, 39, 41–43, 46, 50
Granada (Colorado), 80–81, 83–84, 88–89, 94–96
Great Anaconda and Woman Shaman, 237
Great Depression, 55, 68, 70, 72
guacas, 193–94
Guatemala, 6, 14, 57, 60, 65, 160
haciendas, 139–40, 142, 145–47, 149, 153, 155, 161
hallucinogenic drugs, 225
Heckenberger, Michael, 215, 236
heritage management, 4–5, 8, 22, 28, 48
historical archaeology, 96, 157
Holocene foragers in Amazonia, 213
Honduras Land Titles Acts, 58, 64
Hopi, 8–9, 33–51; ancestors, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43–45, 47, 49, 51; Cultural Preservation Office, 33–34, 37, 39–42, 45, 49–51; Hisatsinom, 35; history, 35, 37, 41–43, 45–46, 49; homvìikya, 36–37; Hoopoq’yaqam, 35, 49; Màasaw, 35; Mesas, 34–35, 39–40, 45; Motisinom, 35; oral tradition, 48; Palatkwapi (ancient location), 35, 44; Pisisvayu (Colorado River), 44, 49; place-names, 42, 47; Reservation, 36, 39–41, 46; Sipapuni, 35; Tiyo (oral tradition), 44–45, 50; Toko’navi (Navajo Mountain), 43–45; traditional cultural properties, 37, 49; Tribe, 8, 13, 33–34, 36–37, 39–40, 42, 49–50; Tuuwanasavi, 35; Wupatki (ancient settlement), 45
Hopis, Rattlesnake Clan, 43, 46
Hopi Tribal Council, 39
Hopitutskwa, 33, 35–37, 40, 43, 46, 50–51
households, 3, 26, 112, 116–17, 119, 132–33, 135–37, 139–43, 145–46, 148, 151, 153, 155, 159, 161
houses, 10, 62, 66, 68, 97–98, 100, 103–6, 108–18, 120, 124–27, 135–36, 151–52, 176, 223, 232
huancas, 192, 194, 196–98, 201
Huitzilopochtli, 101
Hulmal, 24–25
Human Carrying Capacity, 237
Human Rights, 14
Hymenaea genus, 220
ICC. See Indian Claims Commission
iconography, 215, 225, 227, 234
INDEMAYA (Yucatan, Mexico), 20
Indian Claims Commission (ICC), 36–37, 50
indigenous attitudes towards mobility (Amazonia), 229
indigenous house plans, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127
Inga feuillei, 192
Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico (INAH), 16, 18–22, 27–28, 31, 128–29
internment camps, 9, 13, 81, 90, 92
Irrigation, 203
Itzpapalotl, 129–30
Japanese American Internment, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89–91, 93, 95–96
Japanese American National Museum (JANM), 92
Japanese Americans, 9, 79–82, 87, 96
Juquila, 168, 170, 177, 184, 186
Kachinas, 49
Kaua, 26, 133, 135, 138, 143–47, 155–57
Kekchi Maya, 161
Kellogg, Barbara, 105, 117, 124, 127
Kiva, 51
knowledge, 3, 5, 8, 23, 26, 39, 53, 55, 87, 90, 174, 179, 225, 227, 231
Kuwanwisiwma, Leigh, 35, 37, 39, 49–51
landforms, natural, 41–42
landholding, 133, 137, 141, 146, 154
land management, 34; prehistoric Amazonia, 209, 235
landscape: agricultural, 15, 102; anthropogenic, 13; archaeological, 46; architectural, 199; carceral, 79; coastal, 12; cultural, 33, 37, 39, 42–43, 80–81, 200; historic, 235; historical, 8, 12
landscape knowledge, 22, 26–27, 142
landscape management, 214, 232
landscape memory, 23, 53–57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69–73, 75, 77
land tenure, 5, 9–10, 23, 45, 53, 72, 97–98, 100–101, 103–4, 118, 135
land title, 10–11, 26, 97, 151
last names, shared, 163, 174, 178–80
Late Archaic (Peru), 195, 197, 199–200, 202–4, 206–7
late twentieth-century archaeology in Amazonia, 215
Lathrap, Donald, 211, 234, 236
Latin alphabet, 98
Leventhal, Richard M., 56, 151, 159
Levi-Strauss, Calude, 126–27
liberalismo, 158
linguistics, 206
Lockhart, James, 103–5, 111, 118, 123–26, 128
London, 14, 58, 66, 74–77, 157, 203, 236
Los Angeles, California, 83, 92
Lower Amazon, 216, 220, 229, 237
Lurin Valley, 198
maize, 25, 192–93, 196, 204, 206, 219; beer, 193; dough, 70; gruels, 70; kernels, 62; referred to as corn, 61, 69–70, 72, 102, 116–17, 172, 192, 196; seeds, 61; soaking, 62, 64
Maní (Yucatan, Mexico), 16–18, 20, 22
Manzanar (California, USA), 85, 90, 95
Marajó, 223–24, 226, 228–29, 231
Marajó art, 232
Marajó Island, 224, 227, 232, 234, 237
marine resources, 196–97
marriage patterns, 143–46
masters and mistresses of the animals (Amazonia), 225
Maya, 14, 16, 21, 24–25, 30, 55–58, 60–61, 64–66, 73–74, 132–33, 136, 156, 158–61, 178, 188
Maya calendrical system, 142
Maya Collapse, 157
Maya-language colonial documents, 133–34
Mexico, 8–10, 19, 22, 30–31, 57, 59, 97–98, 101–2, 104, 126–31, 157, 159, 161, 163, 187–88; basin of, 101, 123
Mexico City, 29, 31, 97–98, 102, 117–18, 120, 129
Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 98, 100–103, 106, 118, 123
Mexico-Tlatelolco, 101
Michoacán, 158
mid-twentieth archaeology, Amazonia, 210–11
Milky Way, 225
Mixteca, 187
Mixtecs, 178
Moche Valley, 202
Mohave Generating Station, 40
Monte Alegre, 214, 219–20, 228–29, 236
Monte Carmelo, 224
monumental architecture, 197, 200, 206
monuments, 16–17, 20, 29, 160, 190
Moundbuilders, 237
Museo Yucateco, 15–16
myth, 12, 189–91, 194–96, 200–201, 214, 227
mythic-historical narratives, 227
Nahua Peoples (Mexico), 10, 97, 100–101, 116, 118–19, 157
National Environmental Policy Act, 40
National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), 33–34, 37–38, 46; Section 106, 38, 40–41; Section 110, 38, 42
National Park Service (NPS), 42–43
National Register of Historic Places. See NRHP
native alcaldes (Belize / British Honduras), 59
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 6
Native Americans, 6, 127, 160, 232
Navajo Reservation, 40
Neves, Edouardo, 215, 232, 236
New Age, 11
New Archaeology, 4, 209, 212, 215
Noh Cah Santa Cruz, 147
Norte Chico region of Peru, 11–12, 189–91, 195–204, 206
North America, 212
NRHP (National Register of Historic Places), 33, 38–42
Oaxaca City, 169
Office of Surface Mining, 40
Old Spider Woman, 45
Omagua, 224, 226; female artists, 224
Oncised and Punctate Horizon, 218–19
O’Odham, 51
Oraibi Wash, 40
oral narrative, 23, 30, 61, 65–66, 69
Orange Walk (Belize), 66, 68–70, 73–75
Oto-manguean languages, 164
Painted Rock, 219–21
Paleo-Indians (Amazonia), 213, 219–22, 226–27, 233–34, 237
Palm Forests, 236
Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke, 198, 205
Panbá, 139
Pativilca, 190
patronym groups, 131, 133, 135–36, 139, 141, 143, 145–46, 148, 151, 153, 156
Pearl Harbor, 81–82
Pearsall, Deborah, 197, 205, 215, 236
Pencuyut, 160
Peón, Juan, 16–17
person reference, 10, 163–64, 170–71, 177, 188
Perú, 11, 189, 195–96, 198, 201–7
pictographic documents, 97, 105, 122, 125
Piperno, Delores, 197, 205, 215, 236
Pisté, 21
place-names, 23, 93, 163, 179–80, 182–83, 186
political centralization, 204
pollen data, 61–62
Polychrome Ceramic Horizon (Amazonia), 223–25, 227, 234
population, 24–25, 116, 123, 133, 137, 152–53, 158, 194, 197, 211, 213, 218, 228–29, 231, 235
Posey, Darrell A., 214, 232, 236–37
postmodernism, 215
private property, 4, 33, 35, 55, 58, 100, 103, 105, 150
Proto-Chatino, 187
Proto-Zapotec, 188
Puerto Rico, 126
Qa’toya, 45–46
Quetzalcoatl, 51
Quiahije Chatino, 163, 166–69, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187
Quintana Roo, 161
Rainbow Bridge National Monument, 42–43, 50
Rancho Bubul, 149
Redfield, Robert, 148–49, 151–53, 160
Reed, Nelson, 56–57, 76, 131, 133, 160
Restall, Matthew, 16, 31, 135–36, 142, 160
Río Bravo, 73
Rio Negro, 234
ritual, 6, 12, 111, 124, 129, 176, 207, 226–27, 232, 234
Roosevelt, Anna C., 12, 209–10, 212–16, 218, 220, 222, 224–28, 230, 232, 234, 236–38
Roys, Ralph L., 24, 31, 132–37, 139, 149–51, 156, 160–61, 178, 188
San José Palmar, 68–69, 72–73, 76
San José Viejo, 55
San José Yalbac, 55–57, 61, 68, 71
San Juan Amanalco, 120
San Juan Amanaldo, 108
San Juan Necaltitlan, 121
San Juan Quiahije, 10, 12, 163–64, 169–70, 180–81, 183, 187
San Juan Tlatilco, 121
San Juan Xihuitonco, 120
San Juan Yopico, 121
San Marcos Zacatepec, 166, 188
San Pablo Teocaltitlan, 112, 120
San Pedro Belize, 56, 58–62, 64–65, 70, 73–75
San Pedro Maya, 56, 58–59, 63, 75–76
San Pedro Siris, 56, 60, 62–63, 76
San Pedro Valley (Arizona, USA), 49
San Pedro Yalbac, 61
San Sebastián Ahuatonco, 121
San Sebastián Atzacualco, 98
San Sebastián Tzacualco, 98, 114, 121–22
San Sebastián Zacatla, 122
Santa Barbara, 95
Santa Cruz Maya, 57–58
Santa María Yolotepec, 166
Santarem, 216–17, 219, 221–23, 227–29, 231–33
Santarem art, 226
Seinan neighborhood of Los Angeles, 82
settlement aggregation, 133, 137, 141
settlement patterns, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 202
Shady, Ruth, 195–96, 198–99, 206–7
Sierra Tarahumara, 52
site plans, 98, 100, 102, 104–6, 108–9, 112–14, 116–20
smallholders, 132–33, 139–40, 146, 159
Snake Dance (Hopi Religion), 44, 48
soil, 21, 29, 65, 67, 69, 71–72, 82, 87, 93, 102, 209, 214, 217, 235
space: domestic, 112, 119; household, 10, 97, 100, 116; public, 83, 89, 164, 197; social, 67
spirit animal, 225–26
stakeholders, 4–5, 7, 9, 12–13, 15, 18, 195
subsistence, 4, 10, 22, 26–28, 55, 63, 132, 205, 215, 218
sun, 29, 110, 192–95, 212, 220, 225–26
Talking Crosses, 158
Tapajos River, 218
Tekom, 24–26, 133, 135, 143–48, 155–57
Tenayocan, 110
Tenochtitlán, 16, 101, 117, 123, 127
Tepanecs, 101
territoriality, 8–10, 15, 22–24
territories, 7, 11, 27, 35–37, 46–47, 58, 97, 103, 105, 111, 136, 210, 229–30
Teruel, Father Luis, 192
Tezozomoc, 123
Ticul, 16
Titles of Ebtun, 24, 31, 133–34, 137, 149, 156–57, 160
Tixcacalcupul, 24, 133, 135, 143–48, 155–57
Tlachcuiltitlan, 121
Tlatilco, 112
traditional cultural properties, 33–34, 37–42, 46, 49, 51; general description, 38
Tutul Xiu, 16–18
Tzaab, 133–34, 147–49, 151–52, 154
Ucayali River, 234
UNESCO, 5
United States, 6, 9, 11, 37, 50, 65–66, 79, 81, 87, 89, 169, 178, 204, 206
urn cemeteries, 224
Valladolid (City in Yucatan, Mexico), 131, 143, 145–46, 155–56
Vichama Raymi, myth of, 11, 189–97, 199–203, 205–7
Villa Rojas, Alfonso, 132, 134, 148–49, 152–53, 161
Visigalli, Egle, 215, 232, 238
walls, 16, 92, 106, 109–10, 125, 152, 199
Wauchope, Robert, 127
Wilk, Richard R., 133, 139–40, 159, 161
Woman Shaman, 225–26, 234, 237
Woodbury, Anthony C., 164, 187
World Heritage sites, 13
WRA (War Relocation Authority), 80–82
Xiu family, 16
Xocén, 156
Yalbac Hills, 9, 53, 55–56, 58–61, 64–65, 67, 70–74
Yalbac Hills Maya, 9, 53, 61, 63–64, 69, 72
Yaxá, 159
Yaxcabá, 152
Yaxuná, 152
Ydzincab patronyms, 151
Yolngu, 48
Yucatán, 10, 12, 14–21, 23, 25, 30–31, 59, 70, 72, 74–76, 131–37, 139, 151, 153–55, 157–61
Yucatán Peninsula, 16, 18, 27, 57, 156
Yukatek (Yucatec) Maya, 8–9, 13, 24, 26–30, 53, 55–56, 61, 70, 72–73, 158, 188
Zapotecan branch, 164
Zapotecs, 178