Index
Locators followed by f indicate figures, followed by n indicate endnotes, and followed by t indicate tables.
ABM. See agent-based model
Achnatherum hymenoides, 351
Ackmen Loam, 60
Adams, E. Charles, 17, 20, 21, 23, 185
Adult Vocational Training Program, 111
agency decision making, tribal consultation, 362–63
agent-based model (ABM), 38
aggregation, villages, 170–72, 258–59, 310
agriculture, 37, 40, 57; environmental changes and, 336–37; and land forms, 59–60; Pueblo, 65–66. See also Pueblo Farming Project
AIO. See Americans for Indian Opportunity
Alaska Native Corporations, 362
Albert Porter Pueblo, 308, 329
Alkali Ridge sites, 240
ALP. See Animas–La Plata Archaeological Project
Amelanchier sp., 353
Americans for Indian Opportunity (AIO), 363
Anasazi Heritage Center. See Canyons of the Ancients Visitor Center and Museum
ancestral sites: knowledge and wisdom in, 89–90; as living places, 84, 85–86; as memory aids, 86–87; as world benefit, 87–88
Aneth, bi- and tri-walled structures, 269
Aneth Road Cultural Resources Survey, 208
animal populations, human impacts on, 335–36
Animas–La Plata Archaeological Project (ALP), 59
Antilocapra americana, 329
archaeobotanical record, 347, 349–50t
archaeo-education, 16
archaeology, 20, 31, 133; contemporary relevance, 84, 90–91; STEM curricula, 135–38; transforming, 361, 362; wisdom and experience in, 89–90
architecture, 153; Cedar Mesa, 293–94, 296–97
Artiodactyl index, 340
artiodactyls, 339; use of, 340, 342, 343
assimilation: Spanish colonial, 107–8; US policies, 108–11
astronomical observations, bichrome murals, 297
Atriplex sp., 353
Aztec Pueblo (Ruins) (Hoo’ovai), 9, 76, 77, 78; as planned city, 275–76
Aztec Ruins National Monument, 269f; bi-wall and tri-wall structures, 269, 277
Badger Clan, 67, 77, 80n5, 81n9
Barker Arroyo village, 170
barley, little (Hordeum pusillum), 351, 353
Basketmaker Communities Project (BCP), 147–48, 240, 329; multicultural communities, 152–54; social integration, 157–59
Basketmaker III period, 147, 240, 353; communities, 8, 148–49; great kivas, 150–52; land use, 336–37; multicultural communities, 152–54; pottery production, 154–57; social integration, 157–59
Basketmaker III Pithouse Learning Center, 126–27, 128
BCP. See Basketmaker Communities Project
Beaglehole, Ernest, 66
beans (Phaseolus sp.), 58, 351
Beardsley, Amanda, 359
Bears Ears National Monument, 9, 77, 283
Bear Strap Clan, 77
Berger, Edward F., 15, 18, 19f, 20, 21, 23, 24; Interdisciplinary Supplemental Education Programs, 16–17, 123
Berger, Joanne Hindlemann, 17, 18, 19f, 20, 21, 24
bichrome murals, Cedar Mesa, 293f, 295–97
bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), 339
Binford, Lewis, 29
biotic communities, Mesa Verde region, 348, 351
bitterbrush (Purshia sp.), 353
bi-walled structures, 268–70, 279f; distribution of, 276–77; function of, 274–75; as kivas, 271, 273–74
Blackburn, Fred, 17
boarding schools, 109
Boerhaavia sp., 353
Bradley, Bruce A., 17, 20, 23, 185
Breternitz, Dave, 31
Brush Basin chert, 246, 250, 252n6
bulrush (Scirpus sp.), 351
Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 22, 27
Burke, Charles H., 110
burning, in structure decommissioning, 264
CAA. See Center for American Archaeology
Cactus Ruin, simulated paper excavation, 137–38
calendrical observations, bichrome murals, 297
Canyons of the Ancients Visitor Center and Museum (CAVM), 27
Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, 185, 194
canyon head communities, 194, 309
Carlisle Industrial School, 108–9, 109f, 110f
Castle Rock Pueblo, 22, 36, 246, 251n2, 308; violence at, 36, 312
Catholicism, Pueblo ritual and, 108, 113, 114
CAVM. See Canyons of the Ancients Visitor Center and Museum
CCHS. See Cherry Creek High School
CDG. See Check Dam Garden
Cedar Mesa area, 9, 284f, 285f, 290, 291, 298; bichrome murals in, 295–96; communal architecture, 296–97; cotton production, 293–94; defensible sites, 291–93; depopulation, 283, 286–88, 288t; Hopi histories of, 297–98; Pueblo III period, 298–99
Cedar Mesa Project, 286
Cedar Mesa Wood Project, 287, 290
Center for American Archaeology (CAA), 6, 15–16, 18, 26–27, 124; Crow Canyon Campus, 19, 20, 23, 30
Cercocarpus sp., 353
Cerro de Moctezuma, 279
Cervus elaphus, 339
CETA. See Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
Chaco Canyon, 8, 35, 76, 78, 240
Champagne Springs site, LTC, 169, 172
Check Dam Garden (CDG), 60, 62, 63, 64, 66
Cherry Creek High School (CCHS), 16, 17, 23
chert: Brushy Basin, 246, 250, 252n6; Narbona Pass, 153, 242, 246, 250
Chimney Rock Pueblo, 78
Christianization, Pueblo ritual and, 108, 113, 114
citizen science, 124–26
clan migrations, Hopi, 72–73, 75–76, 80–81n8
Coffey, Mike, 60
cognitive constructivism, 121
Cole, Sally, 17
collaboration, 55, 183, 185; with Indigenous groups, 91, 128–29; Native American Advisory Group, 129–30
College Field School, 115
colonialism, 361; Spanish, 107–8; US, 108–11
colonization, Basketmaker III, 148–49
Colorado academic standards, and Pueblo Farming Project, 55
Colorado Endowment for the Humanities seminars, 17
Colorado State University, 17
communities, community centers, 7–8, 204, 308; Basketmaker III, 148–49; distribution of, 190–98; dual structure of, 93–95; Long Tenth Century, 167–68; organization of, 92, 239–40; population estimates, 216f; reconstruction, 214–18; research on, 183, 184t, 185, 187–90, 364
communities of practice: Basketmaker III, 152–54; Goodman Point Community, 233–34
Community Center Database, 8, 190, 19f
Community Center Reassessment Project, 189
Complete Archaeological Service Associates (CASA), 208
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA), 17
conflict. See violence
conservation archaeology, 141
consultation, Indigenous groups, 128–29
Cortez Black-on-white, 173, 175
cotton production, Cedar Mesa, 293–94, 297
cottontails (Sylvilagus sp.), 340, 341, 342
Cowboy Wash Pueblo, 8, 204, 206, 208–9, 210f, 211; raw material use at, 215–16; violence at, 217–18
CRATT. See Cultural Resources Advisory Task Team
cross-curricular lessons, 138
Cultural Explorations program, 22, 115
Cultural Resources Advisory Task Team (CRATT), 56
curricula: ethical considerations, 139–41; I-SEP, 123–24; STEM-based, 135–38, 142
Cuyamunge, 94
DAP. See Dolores Archaeological Program
databases, 4, 31, 33, 38; accessible, 24, 363–64; community center, 190, 191f
debitage, 251n3; analyses of, 247, 248f, 249f
deer (Odocoileus hemionus and O. virginianus), 339
defensible sites, 310; Cedar Mesa, 291–93, 294–95, 299
demographics: Goodman Point and Sand Canyon Pueblos, 226–27, 259; population viability, 313–14; Yellow Jacket, 309
dendrochronology, 169, 207, 274, 313; and Cedar Mesa depopulation, 282–83, 286–88, 288t, 292f
descendant communities, 8–9, 92; consultation and collaboration, 128–30. See also Pueblo people
depopulation, 9; dendrochronology of, 282–83, 286–88, 288t; ninth and tenth century, 166–67, 169, 171; regional, 40, 66, 300; San Juan region, 262–63, 307; subsistence stress, 311–12
Descurainia sp., 351
design motifs: Basketmaker III, 155, 157, 159t; Sand Canyon and Goodman Point, 230, 231t, 232f
Dewey, John, 122
diets: rodents in, 325–26; and subsistence stress, 311–12
Dillard site (5MT10647), 153, 159, 240; great kiva at, 150–52, 157
Dolores Archaeological Program, (DAP), 6, 15, 24, 26, 31, 36, 41, 166; history of, 27–30; experimental gardens, 58–59; personnel, 32–33t
Dolores Valley, 192; depopulation of, 169, 171
Dove Creek, Long Tenth Century, 169
Dozier, Edward P., 114
Dr. Scholl Foundation, 22
drought, 66–67, 308. See also Great Drought
dry farming (direct-precipitation farming), 56, 61–62, 79, 173
dualism, dual structure, 177; Pueblo architecture, 261–62
Duckfoot Site, 20, 24, 31, 35, 166, 251n2; description of, 33–34; lithic analyses, 242, 251n4
e-books, The Pueblo Farming Project, 55
education, 20, 55, 365; philosophy, 4–5, 7
elk (Cervus elaphus), 339
Ellis, Florence Hawley, 72
engagement, public, 119–120
environment, 88, 310; caretaking, 95–96
environmental archaeology, 21–22, 96
Ericameria sp., 353
Escalante Ruin, 240
ethics, 24; curriculum implementation, 139–41
Farley, Paul, 29
farmsteads, relocation of, 311
faunal assemblages, 9, 241, 338t; changes through time, 340–43; human impacts on, 335–36; recovery of, 337, 339
Fewkes, Jesse Walter, 72, 73; on Yucca House, 206–7
fields, relocation of, 311
5MT8899, 174f
5MT20921, 214
Flannery, Kent, 29
Flute Clan, 77
food: ancestral Puebloan, 347, 351–54; insecurity/stress, 167, 354–55; wild, 310, 330, 339–42
Fort Lewis College, and Morris 25, 189
42SA5004, 290
42SA5814, 290
42SA6678, 290
Fossett, Peggy, 31
Fossett, Steve, 31
Foundation for Illinois Archaeology, 15–16
Ganado, bi- and tri-walled structures at, 276
gender, knowledge and, 106
Gillota-Johnson site, 67
Gnatsville, 174f
Goodman Point Archaeological Project, 56
Goodman Point Pueblo/community, 8, 22, 173, 176, 198, 223f, 241, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 329; description, 224–26; pottery at, 222, 227–34; and Sand Canyon, 94, 194
goosefoot (Chenopodium sp.), 351, 354
Gould, Ronald, 16
gourds (Lagenaria sp.), 351
Government Mountain obsidian, 153
grasses (Poaceae), 351
Grass Mesa, 166
Greasewood Clan, 73–74, 77; migrations, 76, 78
Great Drought, and depopulation, 262, 311
Great Gambler, 92
great houses, 8, 177, 240, 276, 278f; eleventh century, 175–76; Long Tenth Century, 167–68, 173
great kivas, 157, 262, 264, 278f; in community centers, 192, 194; Dillard site, 150–52; Long Tenth Century, 170, 172
Great Sage Plain, 169
Green Lizard site, 35–36
Greyeyes, Willie, 87
Grinnell College, 207
Grinnell site, 217
groundcherry (Physalis sp.), 351, 354
growing season, maize, 61–62
Hampton Ruin, 198
Harlan Great Kiva, 228
Harris, LaDonna, 363
Harris, Laura, 363
Haynie site, 125f, 167–68, 173, 240
Heath, Meg, 21
historical thinking, 122
history: accurate Pueblo, 364–65; conceptualizing, 122–23
History Colorado State Historical Fund, 185, 206
Holmes, W. H., Yucca House, 206
Homol’ovi, 78
Hopi, 113; and Cedar Mesa, 297–98; history, 74–75; maize and, 53, 55, 57–58; and Mesa Verde region, 7, 67, 72–74, 75–80, 80–81n8, 81n11; Pueblo Farming Project, 56, 115; resistance, 110–11
Hopi Cultural Preservation Office (HCPO), 55; and Pueblo Farming Project, 56–57
Hovenweep National Monument, 58, 185, 309
Hubbard Site, 269f, 270; tri-walled structure at, 273–74, 276
Huber, Edgar, and Green Lizard site, 35–36
human past, conceptualizing, 122–23
human remains, evidence of violence, 166, 207, 217–18, 311, 312
ICR. See Indian Camp Ranch
igneous minette, Cowboy Wash, 216
immersive experiences: Pithouse Learning Center, 126–27; teaching tools, 127–28
immigration, Ute Piedmont, 217
Indian Camp Ranch (ICR): Basketmaker Communities Project, 148, 149–50; great kiva, 150–52; lithics, 153–54; multicultural communities, 152–53; pottery, 154–57; social integration, 157–59
Indian Non-intercourse Act, 113
Indian Relocation Act (Public Law 959), 111
Indian Termination, 111
Indigenous societies, 360. See also Native Americans; Pueblo people
information management, DAP, 31
Insights into the Ancient Ones (Berger and Berger), 17
Institute for Scholarship in the Liberal Arts (Notre Dame), 185
Interdisciplinary Supplemental Education Programs, Inc. (I-SEP), 6, 15, 19, 23, 24, 30; curricula, 123–24; establishment of, 16–17; programs offered by, 17–18
Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 88
Introduction to Dendrochronology, 136–37
IPCC. See Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change
I-SEP. See Interdisciplinary Supplemental Education Programs, Inc.
jacal construction, Cedar Mesa, 293, 297
jackrabbits (Lepus sp.), 340, 341, 342
jasper, red, 153, 242, 246, 250
Jemez, 56
Jemez Mountains obsidian, 153
Jennings, Jesse, 31
juniper (Juniperus sp.), 353, 354
Kayenta region, and Cedar Mesa, 293, 294
Keres, 72
kinship terms, Tanoan, 94–95
kivas, 217, 262, 264; bi- and tri-wall structures, 271, 273–74; isolated, 213–14
knowledge, 96, 112, 113, 129; in ancestral sites, 89–90; constructing public, 120–22; and Spanish colonialism, 107–8; Western and Pueblo, 106–7
Knowledge Keepers, 105
knowledge making, 41
Kobti, Ziad, 39
laboratory standards, Dolores Archaeological Project, 29
Lagenaria sp., 351
lagomorphs, 336, 340; accessibility of, 341–42; Mesa Verde region, 327–28; regional use of, 328–29
land forms, 86; and agriculture, 59–60
landowners, collaboration with, 185
landscape, 86, 177; care for, 95–96
land use, 9; changes in, 336–37
La Plata Archaeology Consultants, 208
learning, 132; inquiry-based, 134–35, 136–38
Lee Scott site, 16
Lehi, Malcolm, 87
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 93
lithic assemblages, 239, 241, 251; debitage, 247–49, 249f; Cowboy Wash, 215–16; Indian Camp Ranch, 153–54; McElmo–Yellow Jacket district, 242–47; sociopolitical organization and, 249–50
Lizard Clan, 77
Lomayestewa, Lee Wayne, 55f
Long House, 309
Long Tenth Century (LTC), 8, 165–66; great houses, 175–76; at Haynie site, 167–68; settlement patterns, 168–75
Lopez-Whiteskunk, Regina, 95
Lowry Pueblo, 92
LTC. See Long Tenth Century
Luebben, Ralph, 207
Lupine Ridge site, 228
MAÍS. See Maize of American Indigenous Societies
maize (Zea mays), 53, 351, 354, 355; dependency, 310, 313; experimental farming, 58–66; Hopi kinship with, 57–58, 75; varieties of, 55, 56
maize gardens: experimental, 7, 53, 58–59; Pueblo Farming Project, 56–57, 60–61. See also Pueblo Farming Project
Maize of American Indigenous Societies (MAÍS), 59
Mancos Black-on-white, 173, 175
Mancos Corrugated, 175
Manuelito, bi-and tri-walled structures, 276
Martin Site 1, 174f
Masa Negra (5MT4477), 170
matrilineal moieties, Tanoan, 95
McElmo Black-on-white, 213, 230, 274
McElmo Intensification, 192
McElmo Towers, 270–71
McElmo–Yellow Jacket district, lithic analyses, 243–45
MCG. See Mike Coffey Garden
McPhee Pueblo (5MT4475), 166, 170, 171f
megadrought, modern, 66
Meleagris gallopavo. See turkeys
memory aids, ancestral sites as, 86–87
Mesa Verde Black-on-white, 211, 213, 230, 274
Mesa Verde loess, 59–60
Mesa Verde National Park (MVNP), 58, 73, 173, 174f, 183, 309, 312; community centers, 188, 192, 194; lithic assemblages, 250, 252n6; small mammals, 327–28
Mesa Verde region, 3–4, 28f, 91, 153, 186f; drought, 66–67; dual community structure, 93–95; Hopi traditions, 7, 72–73, 76–80; ninth and tenth century, 166–67
Mexico, and Pueblos, 108
migrations, migrants, 8, 240, 263; from Cedar Mesa, 296–97, 299; Hopi clan, 72–73, 75–80; summer and winter people, 93–94
Mike Coffey Garden (MCG), 40, 60, 61; productivity of, 65–67; soil moisture and yields, 62, 63, 64–65
Mitchell Springs Ruin Group, 169, 271; great house, 173, 175f; Long Tenth Century, 169, 172
Montezuma Valley, 169, 171, 194
monumental architecture, 268. See also bi-walled structures; great houses; great kivas; tri-walled structures
Moon House Complex: bichrome murals, 296–97; defensible location, 294–95; dendrochronology, 287, 290
Moqui Springs Pueblo (5MTUMR2803), 8, 204, 206, 208, 209f, 210t, 218; description of, 211–13; isolated kivas, 214, 217
Morefield Canyon Great House Village, 194
More Than Planting a Seed (film), 55
Morley, Sylvanus, 35
Morris 25, 189
Morrison Formation, stone from, 244–45, 246
mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus sp.), 353
Musangnuvi, 79
Mustoe site, 16
NAAG. See Native American Advisory Group
NAGPRA. See Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
Narbona Pass chert, 153, 242, 246, 250
National Geographic Society, 185
National Historic Preservation Act, 84
National Park Service, 206
National Science Foundation, 37, 188
Native American Advisory Group (NAAG), 22, 128, 129–30, 140, 362
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 22–23, 56, 83
Native Americans, 5–6, 140, 359; history, 364–65; as partners, 5–6, 96–97
Neolithic (Agricultural) Demographic Transition, 39
Northern Rio Grande Pueblos, 263; settlement patterns, 259–60
Nùutungkwisinom, 75, 80n1, 80n5
oak (Quercus sp.), 353
obsidian, 153, 242, 244, 250, 251n1
Occasional Papers of the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, 31
Odocoileus spp., 339
OFT. See optimal foraging theory
Ohkay Owingeh, 56
oil and gas development, archaeological survey, 38
Old San Juan Pueblo (Áyibú’oke’ówinge), flood story, 86–87
optimal foraging theory (OFT), 327
oral histories, 91, 92, 263; on Cedar Mesa, 297–98
Ortiz, Alfonso, 22
Ovis canadensis, 339
Pajarito Plateau, 263
Palatkwapi society, 77, 80n1, 81n9
PaleoWest LLC, 183, 189, 206, 208, 209
Pamöstukwi (Fog Mountain), 78
paper excavation, simulated, 137–38
Pasqual, Theresa, 362
Paul’s Old Garden (POG), 60, 61; soil moisture and yields, 62, 63, 64
PBL. See Problem or Project Based Learning
Pecos Pueblo, 263
Peraphyllum (Peraphyllum sp.), 353
Petty Ray Geophysical 8507 Project, 208
Phillips, Philip, 29
photography, 112
Piaget, Jean, 121
pigweed (Amaranthus sp.), 351, 354
pilgrimages, to Mesa Verde, 80
pinyon pine (Pinus edulis), 353, 354
Pipe Shrine House, 175
pithouses: Basketmaker III, 157–58; replica, 126–27
Pithouse Learning Center, 126–27, 128, 129
Plains tribes, 78
plants, food, 351–53
PLC. See Pueblo Learning Center and Garden
Poaceae, 351
POG. See Paul’s Old Garden
Pojoaque, 94
poplar (Populus sp.), 353
population density, 227; Village Ecodynamics Project, 240
population estimates, 216f, 342; and community viability, 313–14; Pueblo III period, 241
Portulaca sp., 351
post-and-adobe compounds, Long Tenth Century, 173
postprocessualism, 89
Pot Creek Pueblo, 8, 256, 257–58, 263; description of, 259–61; dual structure, 261–62; structure decommissioning, 264, 265
pottery, 8, 211, 212, 294; Basketmaker III, 154–57, 158t; cooking, 34–35; Goodman Point and Sand Canyon, 227–32, 232f
Powamuy (Bean Dance), 80n5; origin of, 76, 77
Pratt, Richard Henry, 108–9
precipitation, 310; and maize farming, 61–62
prey choice model, 327
prickly pear (Opuntia sp.), 351, 354
Problem or Project Based Learning (PBL), 122
processualism (New Archaeology), 26
pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), 329
“Protect Bears Ears” brochure, 87
public architecture, 152; in community centers, 192, 194. See also great houses; great kivas
Pueblo Cultures in Transition, 37, 187
Pueblo del Arroyo, tri-walled structure, 270–71, 277
Pueblo Farming Project (PFP), 7, 40, 115; field productivity, 65–66; gardens, 54f, 56–57, 59–60, 66–67; growing season, 61–62; Hopi and, 53, 55–56, 57–58; soil moisture and yields, 62–65; soils, 60–61; website content, 138, 139
Pueblo Farming Project, The, 55
Pueblo Learning Center and Garden (PLC), 60, 61, 127, 128; soil moisture and yields, 62, 63, 64
Pueblo I period, 36, 240, 337; Duckfoot site, 33–35; lithic assemblages, 242, 251n4
Pueblo II period, 228, 337, 352; food plants, 354, 355; lithic assemblages, 245, 247
Pueblo III period, 207, 217, 241, 337, 293; Cedar Mesa area, 298–99; community center layouts, 196, 198; faunal assemblage, 329, 340–41, 342; lithic assemblages, 245, 247, 250; plants, 354, 355; pottery temper, 228–29; Sand Canyon Pueblo, 35–37
Pueblo people, 22, 92; accurate history, 364–65; collaboration and consultation, 128–29; and cultural properties, 115–16; defiance, 114–15; dual organization, 93–95; knowledge, 105, 106–7, 113–14; maize farming, 53, 65–66; and Native American Advisory Group, 128–30; tourism, 111–12; Western colonialism and, 107–9
Purshia sp., 353
purslane (Portulaca sp.), 351
quadri-walled structures, 268; at Aztec Ruins, 275–76
Quercus sp., 353
rabbitbrush (Ericameria sp.), 353
rain spirits, at Chaco Canyon, 92
reciprocity, 365
Red Willow bi-wall (LA 4470), 271, 274
religion: concealing Puebloan, 107–8, 110–11; and tourism, 111–12
Religious Crimes Code, 110–11
remote sensing, STEM-based lessons, 137
Research Institute, 41
resistance: Indian, 108–9; Pueblo religious, 107–8, 110–11
resources, concentration and redistribution of, 91–92
ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), 351
Rio Grande Pueblos, 73, 113; settlement pattern, 259–60
Robinson Site (LA46326), 326
rodents: dietary role of, 9, 325–26; in Mesa Verde region, 327–28; regional use of, 328–30
Rohn, Arthur, 16
Rohr, Art, 31
Sacred Ridge sites, 240
sagebrush (Artemisia sp.), 351, 353, 354
Salix sp., 353
salmon, as convergence place, 78
saltbush (Atriplex sp.), 353
Sand Canyon Archaeological Project Site Testing Program, 36
Sand Canyon locality/community (SCL), 185, 225f, 226, 242, 261; pottery at, 227–32, 232f; work in, 35–37
Sand Canyon Pueblo (SCP), 8, 20, 22, 35–37, 187, 198, 223f, 224, 241, 256, 257, 264, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 329, 340; depopulation, 262, 263; description of, 258–59, 261; and Goodman Point, 94, 194
Sand Clan, 77
San Jose State University Southwestern Archaeological Program, 58
San Juan region, depopulation, 262–63, 307–8
Schwab, Angela, 21
science, human side of, 132–33
Scirpus sp., 351
SCL. See Sand Canyon locality/community
SCP. See Sand Canyon Pueblo
serviceberry (Amelanchier sp.), 353
settlement clusters, 308
settlement patterns, 36; Cedar Mesa, 291–94; Long Tenth Century, 167, 168–75; mesa top, 59–60
settler colonialism, 83–84
Shalako ceremony, 111–12
shields: basketry and rock art, 293f
Shields Pueblo, 225–26, 307, 329; lithic analyses, 242, 244, 251n4
shrines, Yucca House, 214
Simplicio, Dan, 130f
site-formation processes, 34
site reports, accessible, 24
small mammals, in Mesa Verde Region, 327–28
small sites, 36–37
Snake Clan, 77
social boundaries, protection of, 114–15
social constructivism, 121
social networks, 276; bi- and tri-wall structures and, 277–78
social sciences, 133–34
social/sociopolitical organization: dual divisions, 93–95, 261–62; integration, 157–59; and lithic procurement, 249–50
soils, 58; agriculture and, 59–60; composition and moisture, 61–65; maize gardens, 60–61
Somaykoli katsinam, 77
Songòopavi, 79
Southwestern Archaeological Program, 58
Southwest Social Networks Project, 276–77
Spanish colonialism, 112; and Pueblo knowledge, 107–8
spiderling (Boerhaavia sp.), 353
spirit world, and ancestral sites, 85–86
Spoonful of Dirt, 136
springs, 312–13
Spruce Tree House (Salapa), 76
Square Mug House (Yellow Jacket), 274
squash (Cucurbita sp.), 58, 351
STEM, 142; archaeological curricula, 135–38; and social sciences, 133–34
stereotypes, disrupting, 121
Stix and Leaves Pueblo (5MT11555), 171f, 170, 173
structure decommissioning, 263–66
students: immersive experiences, 126–28; learning contexts, 139–41; STEM curricula, 135–38
Struever, Stuart, 15–16, 20, 21, 23, 30–31, 183
subsistence, 355–56; stress, 311–12, 354–55
surveys, 22, 38, 188, 189; Sand Canyon, 35, 37; Yucca House National Monument, 207–8
sustainable development, 88; Native values, 95–96
Swentzell, Rina, 22
Taïtona, 263
Tanoans, dual kin terms, 94–95
tansy mustard (Descurainia sp.), 351
Taos region, architecture, 261–62
Tawtaykya, 76
Taylor, Mount, obsidian, 153
temper, pottery, 155, 156t, 227–30, 232–33
Termination era, 111
Tesuque, 56
Tewa Basin, 263
Thompson, Ian (Sandy), 21, 22, 24, 31
Tohatchi, bi- and tri-walled structures, 276
tourism, and Pueblo ceremonies, 111–12
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 108
tri-walled structures, 268–69, 279f; Aztec Ruins, 275–76; distribution of, 276–77; excavation of, 270–71; function of, 274–75; as kivas, 273–74
trust, knowledge and, 106–7
Tsama, 94
Tsegi Canyon, 299
T-shaped doorways, 76
turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), 9, 330, 339–40; dependence on, 310, 313, 336; use of, 341, 342–43
Two Horn ceremonies, 77
Udick, Lynn, 31
UMUILAP. See Ute Mountain Ute Irrigated Lands Archaeology Project
United States: Indian policies, 108–14
US Forest Service, 185
University of Colorado, Boulder, 209
University of North Texas, 64
University of Notre Dame, 183
Upper Cross Canyon cluster, Long Tenth Century, 169, 170, 172, 173, 176
Ute Mountain Ute Irrigated Lands Archaeology Project (UMUILAP), 208
Ute Mountain Ute Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO), 183, 189, 206
Ute Mountain Ute Tribal Park, 17, 76, 78
Ute Mountain Ute Tribe, 17, 24, 189; cultural resource work for, 208–9
Ute people, 78
Ute Piedmont, 204, 205f; violence, 217–18
Village Ecodynamics Project (VEP), 37–39, 40, 166, 188, 240, 286, 287; community centers, 188, 190; community structures, 214–18; website content, 138–39
Village Mapping Project, 187
villages, 8, 94; aggregated, 170–72, 258–59; layouts, 194, 196; thirteenth-century, 308–9
violence, 8, 36, 66, 78, 262, 311, 312; ninth and tenth centuries, 166, 167; Pueblo III communities, 35, 217–18, 299
Vygotsky, Lev, 121
Wallace Ruin, great house at, 173, 240
Wàlpi, 79
warfare, 308. See also violence
Washington State University (WSU), 18–19, 183
water, access to, 312–13
water control features, 58, 86
webquest, simulated excavations, 138
website content, 138–39
Wetherill, Richard, 207
Wetherill Loam, 60
Wetherill Mesa, 250
White House, 92
Wichita State University, 16
Wild Horse Canyon obsidian, 153
Willey, Gordon, 29
willow (Salix sp.), 353
wisdom, in ancestral sites, 89–90
Woods Canyon Pueblo, 187, 241, 242, 307
Wupatki, 78
Yaya’t (Hopi Magician Society), 77
Yellow Jacket Pueblo (5MT5), 79, 187, 198, 241, 307, 309, 329; bi- and tri-walled structures, 269–70; Great Tower, 271, 272f, 274; lithic assemblage, 242–43
YouTube channel, 138
Yucca House, 8, 198, 204, 210t, 217, 218; description of, 213–14; Fewkes on, 206–7
Yucca House Mapping Project, 207
Yucca House National Monument, 206; survey, 207–8
Zea mays. See maize