Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Aarne, Antti, 57
Abonde du Four, 216
accountability, in international adoption, 189
adoption, 189; birth countries and, 186–87; birth families and, 182–86; children’s rights and, 174–75; children’s stories, 181–82; ethical negotiation over, 175–76; and ethics of responsibility, 176–77, 180–81; international, 5, 8, 172–74, 190(nn1–4); moral hierarchy of, 179–80
adoptive parents/families, 175; and birth families, 184–86, 188–89; identity formation, 177, 187–88; stories of, 178–81
Adriansen, Inge, 237
adulthood, transition to, 31–32
advertising, Amagerbanken, 233–36
Ae Ran Won home, 183
African Americans, 47; masculine performance style, 118–19; rhythm and blues, 112, 120–22
agency: Mennonite sexual, 30–31
agriculture, 7, 25, 54(n7), 143; crops understood as culturally male and female in, 44–46; diversification of, 51–53; masculine identity in, 38, 39; tobacco, 38, 46–51
Albania, “Shift of Sex” story in, 66
alcohol use, Mennonite, 31
Alexander Keith’s brewery, 196
Alice in Wonderland (Carroll), 98
Altona (Manitoba), 20
Amagerbanken, 243(n6); ad campaign, 233–36
Amager Dutch: carnival, 236–39; costumes of, 227–28, 229–30, 235; history of, 231–32; identity, 242–43
Amager Island, 226; ad campaign on, 233–36; description of, 232–33; Dutch on, 227, 231–32
Amager Museum, 226, 228, 243(n2); costumes in, 236–37; historic properties, 232–33; immigration project, 240–41
American Family: Just Your Typical American Family . . . Sorta, 181
Andersen, Hans Christian, “The Little Mermaid,” 98
Angelo, Gretchen, 210
“Animal Bride, The” (ATU 402), 96
animal bride/bridegroom, 95, 96, 100, 107, 108; women’s otherness and, 93–94
animals, 10, 107; cross-dressing, 9, 71(n3); transformations into, 82, 83. See also animal bride/bridegroom; seal folk
animism, 245
aprons, as symbols of domesticity, 104–5
aristocracy, as gendered, 79
Armenia, “Shift of Sex” story in, 64–65
Arnaudin, Félix, 134
Arnould, Eric, 150
artisans, golden age of, 48
assimilation, 242
asylum seekers, in Denmark, 241–42
ATU 312, 63
ATU 400, 96
ATU 402, 96
ATU 425A, 95
ATU 425C, 95
ATU 440, 95
ATU 514, 57; sex change in, 68–70; versions of, 58, 63, 64–67
ATU 711, 64
ATU 720, 63–64
Aubin, Carol, 187
audience, for Distaff Gospels, 210–11
Austin Powers movies, 196
authenticity, 8, 92(n14); of Distaff Gospels, 211, 212–13; documentary, 131, 135; romanticism and, 133–34
authority, 79, 94, 132, 214; female, 83–84, 85, 208
authorship, 131
autoethnography, 5–6
Avalon (film), 151–52
Bacchilega, Cristina, 106
“bad girls,” 199
Baesler, Alice, 52
bagpipes. See pipe bands
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 176, 177, 185, 198
ballads, trans imagination, 56–57, 72(n10)
Barreca, Regina, 199
barrel king, 239
Barrett, Susan, 187
Bartholet, Elizabeth, 173
Barzaz Breiz (Villemarqué), 130, 133
Basile, Giambattista, “The Three Crowns,” 63
Bauman, Richard, 144
“Beauty and the Beast” (ATU 425C), 95
Beeton, Isabella, 169(n4); Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Household Management, 151
behavior: homosocial, 112–15, 125–27, 204–5; inappropriate social, 29–30
beliefs, 3; medieval French, 208, 209, 211, 213–14
“Belle Belle or the Knight Fortuné” (d’Aulnoy), 65, 71–72(n9, n10); description of, 58–59; sex/gender identity in, 59–63, 69–70, 72(n12, n15, n16, n18, n19)
Bendix, Regina, 132
Bennett, Judith M., 221
Bergthal colony, 23
Berry, John M., Jr., 43
Berthe de Corne, 216
Bettelheim, Bruno, 69
Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (Sedgwick), 112–13
Bhabha, Homi, on mimicry, 194, 199–200
Big Oak bar, 126–27
biology, and culture, 10
birth cultures, 187
birth parents/families, 175, 177; adoption stories of, 182–84; and adoptive parents, 184–86, 188–89
blackness, cultural forms of, 119
Blacks. See African Americans
Bladé, François, 8, 129–30, 146–47(nn3–9); Contes populaires de Gascogne, 136–37; Études sur l’origine des Basques, 134; on folklore collecting, 132–33; folklore collections of, 134–35; on Guillaume Cazaux, 135–36, 144, 146; “My Uncle from Condom,” 137–41, 146; romanticism of, 133–34; and sense of place, 142–43
blogs: adoption, 181, 182; “The Turkey Man,” 164–65
“Bluebeard” (ATU 312), 63
“Blue Suede Shoes,” 123
Blumenfeld (Manitoba), 20
borders, interactions on, 106–7
Borosenko colony, 23
boundaries, 9, 109, 200; of Amager Dutch, 229, 230; and cultural interactions, 106–7; homosocial/homosexual, 127–28
Bourghet, Marie-Noelle, 131
boyhood: and transgender tales, 69–70; transition from, 31–32, 46
boys, White teenage, 119–20
brewery, Scottish identity, 196
British: Christmas tradition, 150–51; and Scottish resistance, 193–94
British Highland regiments, 194
Brocklebank, Lisa, 59–60
Brokeback Mountain (film), 170(n8); patriarchal symbolism in, 152–55
Brommtopp, 11, 12, 13, 20, 37(n18); boyhood to manhood transition in, 31–32; costumes, 17, 18–19; fear of, 32–33; gender transgression in, 29–31; identity in, 33–36; performances, 25, 26, 27–28
Bronner, Simon, Manly Traditions, 117
Brothers Grimm, The. See Grimm brothers
Brothers Grimm, The (film), 8, 76; themes in, 84–89
Brown, W. Norman, on transgendering, 67–68
“Brown County Superstitions: The Structure of Superstition” (Dundes), 212
Bruford, Alan, 95
Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 168
Burgundian court, Distaff Gospels, 211
Burley Auction Warehouse Association, 43
burley tobacco, 39; production of, 44–48, 49–51, 54–55(n13)
Butler, David, 152
Butler, Judith, 194; gender theory, 43, 145–46, 253–54
By the Light of the Silvery Moon (film), 152
Cahill, Susan, 88
Cajuns, Mardi Gras, 32
Cambodia, 179
Cambray, Fouquart de, 210
Campbell, Norman, 76
Canadian Women’s Army Corps Pipe Band, 197–98
cannibals, cannibalism, 86, 141, 142, 145
Cape Verde Islands, “Shift of Sex” story in, 66–67
carnival, Amager Dutch, 227, 236–39
carnival-riding ritual, 238–39
Carroll, Lewis. See Alice in Wonderland
Castletownbere, 98
Cazaux, Guillaume, 8, 145; as informant, 130, 135–36; “My Uncle from Condom,” 137–41; sense of place, 142–43; sense of time, 143–44
Cénac-Moncaut, Justin, 134–35
Certeau, Michel de, 131
Chadha, Gurinder, What’s Cooking?, 148–49
Chaho, Augustin, 134
cheating songs, 115–16
children, 77, 79; adopted, 172–73, 177, 181–82, 188, 190(n1); and birth families, 183–84; development of, 68–69; rights of, 174–75
Children’s and Household Tales (Grimm brothers), 74
children’s literature, 90–91(n3); Grimm brothers’ tales as, 75, 79
China: adoption from, 179, 180, 188, 190(n2); female ghosts in, 9, 244, 248–50, 254–59; marriages for the dead in, 251–52; zhiguai tradition, 245–46
Chinese, 35; sex and sexuality, 256–57
Chinese language, 244
Chornoboy, Eleanor, Faspa with Jast, 29, 32
Christian III, King, 231
Christine de Pizan, 214
Christmas season: British traditions of, 150–51; mumming in, 16–17
Chunqiu fanlu, 251
church, medieval, 224(n7); authority of, 214, 219–20
citizenship law, Denmark, 229
City of St. John’s Pipe Band, 193, 194–95, 196; harassment of, 199, 200–201; kilt humor, 198, 203–4
civilization, women and, 122
class, and masculinity, 145–46
Classical Chinese Supernatural Fiction: A Morphological History, 246
clubs, men-only, 7
Cocchiara, Giuseppe, The History of Folklore in Europe, 131
Colombia, birth mothers from, 183–84
colonial/colonialism, sexual fantasies, 101
comedy, as queer, 75. See also humor
commercialization, of fairy tales, 80–81, 86–87
communication, mass vs. personal, 5
community networks, 5
competition, in tobacco cutting, 47
“Constanza/Constanzo” (Straparola), 63
contact zones, cultural interactions in, 106, 107
Contes populaires de Gascogne (Bladé), 136–37
Copenhagen, and Amager island, 226, 231, 232
“Corpse Eater, The” (ATU 363), 57, 64
cosmology, Chinese, 245
costumes: Amager Dutch, 227–28, 229–30, 235, 236–37, 238, 239; Brommtopp, 17, 18–19, 30, 33–34
country music, 120; erotic triangles in, 115–16
Crew Cuts, 119
crops, understood as culturally male and female, 44–45, 54(n7)
cross-dressing, 11, 12, 37(n14), 56, 57, 71(n3), 72(n17), 200; in “Belle Belle or the Knight Fortuné,” 58–63; Brommtopp performers, 20, 29–31; in fairy tales, 63–67; Grimm brothers, 81, 85; and heterosexuality, 82–83; and identity, 9, 37(n15)
cultural institutions, ideology of, 148–49
cultural interactions, 3, 110; boundaries and, 106–7
cultural representation, song and memory, 117–18
cultural transcendence, of Brothers Grimm, 75
culture, 12, 93, 108, 245; birth, 187; Celtic, 98, 108; expressive, 2, 3; lad, 204–5; popular and traditional, 1, 4, 10, 131
culture camps, 187
Currin, John, Thanksgiving, 160–61
cyber humor, visual, 191–93
dance music, African American, 122
Danish Cultural Heritage Board, 241
Danish People’s Party, 228
Dannebrog, 236–37
Daoism, 245
d’Arras, Jean, 210
d’Aulnoy, Marie-Catherine, “Belle Belle or the Knight Fortuné,” 58–63, 72(n12)
Davies, Christie, 204
Davis, Karen, 167
daydreaming, as fantasy, 247
dead, 9, 150; marriages for, 251–52, 259(n6)
Deceit, Desire, and the Novel: Self and Other in Literary Structure (Girard), 115
decentering, adoptive parents and, 187–89
Defrance, Anne, 61–62
Dégh, Linda, 141
DeGraff, Amy Vanderlyn, on self-development, 60–61
deities, communion with, 245
de la Villemarqué, Théodore Hersart, Barzaz Breiz, 130, 133
Denmark, 13; Dutch immigration to, 226–27, 231–32; immigration to, 230, 240–42; and Netherlands, 228–29
de Witt, Nelson Ward, 182
distaff, 209
Distaff Gospels, The. See Evangiles des quenouilles
divination, in medieval France, 216, 217–28
division of labor: gendered, 149–50, 154, 169(n3)
domesticity, 169(n4), 104, 147(n10), 154
domestic violence, in medieval France, 209–10, 221, 222
dominion, male, 94
Doty, Alexander, 75
dowry, medieval France, 217
Doyle, Christopher, 98
drag, 1, 9, 12; gender, 17, 19, 20, 29–30, 34. See also ethnic drag
Dragør, 243(n3); pre-Lenten carnival, 238–39
dress, 3, 9, 11, 37(n10), 199; Amager Dutch, 227–28, 229–30, 231; Highland, 193, 194; pipe bands, 197–98
drinking, 31; in American South, 112, 115, 124; rockabilly songs, 120–22
“Drinkin’ Wine Spo-dee-o-dee,” 120–22, 123, 125
Duggan, Anne E., 60
Dundes, Alan, 114, 245; “Brown County Superstitions,” 212; “Into the Endzone for a Touchdown,” 113
Dutch, immigration to Denmark, 226–27, 228, 231–32. See also Amager Dutch
Dutch language, 232
Dutch Village. See Store Magleby
du Val, Anthoine, 210
Eastern Europe, as other, 110
“East of the Sun and West of the Moon” (ATU 425A), 95
East Reserve (Manitoba), 22, 23
ecclesiastical tradition, mockery of, 208–9
Edley, Nigel, 202
Eggerz, Solveig, 97; Seal Woman, 10, 95, 102–5
Eight Words for the Study of Expressive Culture (Feintuch), 2
elites: in France, 132, 213–14
Eminem, 119
employment: gender and, 39–40; language use and, 24–25
emulation, of Black performance styles, 118–19
English language: Distaff Gospel editions, 210–11; and Mennonite colonies, 23–25; “Shift of Sex” stories in, 64
Erie, Lake, 48
erotic triangles, 127; in country songs, 115–16
ethics, of adoption, 175–76, 188, 189
ethics of responsibility, in adoption, 175–77, 180–81, 186
ethnic competence, 229
ethnic drag: Amager Dutch, 229, 239; Brommtopp performers in, 17, 18, 19, 30, 34, 35; in Germany, 12–13; Scottish, 194, 196. See also drag
ethnicity, 15(n16); and Brommtopp performances, 35–36; Dutch, 13, 229; reconstructed, 195–96; in tobacco production, 47, 54(n11)
ethnography, and autoethnography, 5–6
ethnology, 1, 2, 8, 14(n1). See also folklore
Études sur l’origine des Basques (Bladé), 134
Europe: cultural and national identity, 105–6; folklore collecting in, 129–32
Evangiles des quenouilles, 4, 8, 224(n12); audience for, 210–11; authenticity of, 212–13; contents of, 213–14; as humor, 211–12; as mockery, 208–9; sexual issues in, 209–10, 216–23; women in, 215–16
Ever After (film), 76; women in, 79–80
expressive culture, 2–3, 6, 14
extramarital relations, in medieval France, 221–22
Fadersminde farmstead, 233
fairies, communion with, 245
fairy tales, 57, 106, 109, 256; commercial importance of, 80–81, 86–87; gendered language in, 65–67, 73(n31), 247–48; gendered schema in, 63–64; Grimms’, 4, 78, 79, 89–90; masculine and feminine, 63–64, 68–69; narrative conventions of, 88–89; sex/gender identity in, 59–65, 70–71. See also folktales; zhiguai tales
fallibility, female, 94
family, 3, 8, 108, 180; adoption and, 181, 188; seal legends and, 96, 97
fang-shi, 245
fantasy, 101, 247; sex/gender identity and, 70–71
farmers, farming, 131; Dutch, 228, 231–32; Icelandic, 103–5; Kentucky burley tobacco, 38–39, 42–43, 45–53, 54(n8, n11, n12), 54–55(n13), 55(n15); Mennonite, 25, 26, 27
Faroe Islands, selkie stories, 95, 102, 111(n7)
Faspa with Jast (Chornoboy), 29, 32
fastelavn, 227
fastelavnsriding, 238–39
fear, of nontraditional behavior, 32–33
federal tobacco program, 39
Fehr family, 23
Feintuch, Burt, Eight Words for the Study of Expressive Culture, 2
female, 94, 104. See also women
female body, turkey and, 156, 158–65
female-to-male transsexuals (FTMs), 68
feminine: children’s literature as, 90–91(n3); oral tradition as, 75, 78, 79, 91(n6)
femininities, 6–7, 9, 63, 68, 99; of Brommtopp performers, 29–30; medieval life, 4, 8
feminism, postmodern, 41
feminist scholarship, 117
Feng Menglong, Qingshi, 250
fetish, turkey as, 164–65
fiction, boundaries of, 109
fictionalization, 118
fighting, 125; American South, 112, 115, 126; rockabilly songs, 116, 120, 121, 122, 124
films, 196; American biographical, 75–76; on Grimm brothers, 4, 8, 76–89; seal women, 95–96; on Thanksgiving, 148, 151–55, 158–59, 165–67
First Battalion of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 191, 205
First Nations, 35
fishermen, 100; in Newfoundland, 42, 45
Flanders, medieval folklore from, 211, 213, 214
Foley, Red, “Tennessee Saturday Night,” 120
folklife, occupational, 3
folklore, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 14(n1), 133, 144, 211, 223(n1); French medieval, 208–9, 213–14; gender as performance in, 43–44; interpretation of, 220–21. See also folklorists; folktales
folklorists, 5; European, 129–32; Grimm brothers as, 74–75; scholarship of, 134–35
folk revival, 37(n8); Brommtopp, 20, 29
folktales, 3, 4, 76, 79, 108; authority in, 83–84; collections of, 129, 130–32, 134–35; commerciality of, 86–87; of seal wives, 94, 98; sex change in, 67–70. See also fairy tales; zhiguai tales
football: homosocial behavior in, 113–14; as Thanksgiving ritual, 154, 169–70(n6)
forestry, 23
Foster, Jodi, Home for the Holidays, 152
Fox, Jennifer, 131
France, 143; folklore collection in, 129–32; medieval folklore, 208–9, 216–23; medieval literature, 58, 215–16; publishing of Distaff Gospels, 210–11; “Shift of Sex” stories from, 64, 66
Fredericton (New Brunswick), 7
Frederik I, King, 231
freedom, women’s, 94
Freedom from Want (Rockwell), 148, 149, 168
French language, “Shift of Sex” story in, 64, 66, 71–72(n9, n10), 73(n31)
French Revolution, 143
Friend, Craig Thompson, on passionate manhood, 116–17
Friends, Thanksgiving show, 159–60, 170(n12)
Friendship Circle, 238
“Frog King, The,” 95
frontiers, cultural transactions in, 106–7
Frow, John, 106
Fry, Rosalie K., The Secret of the Ron Mor Skerry, 98
FTMs. See female-to-male transsexuals
Fussell, Paul, 204
Gallagher, Clarence, 50
Garay, Kathleen, 210
Garrad County Tobacco Cutting Contest, 47
Gates, Laura Doyle, 210
gender, 1, 2, 6–7, 8, 15(n4), 25, 37(n14), 54(n7), 117, 118, 143, 158, 251; and Brommtopp tradition, 27–28, 29–31; as constructed status, 253–54; division of labor, 149–50; and employment, 39–40; in fairy tales, 59–60, 63–67, 247–48; in folktales, 4, 145–46; Grimm brothers, 75–76; performance of, 6, 42, 43–44, 90(n2), 154; tobacco farming and, 39, 46, 47, 52–53, 54(n12), 55(n16); zhiguai tales, 246–47
gender conflict, in medieval France, 216–17
gender drag, 12; Brommtopp performers in, 17, 19, 20, 29–30, 34
gendering, 4; in Sou shen ji, 252–53
genderqueers/genderfuckers, 56, 57, 71(n2)
gender relations, 239; in “Belle Belle or the Knight Fortuné,” 59–60; in medieval France, 209–10, 216–23
gender roles, 39, 103; Amager Dutch performances, 230, 238–39; kilt-wearing and, 198–99
genre/generic, 106; complexity of, 108–9
George IV, King, 194
Germans, as other, 75
Germany, 98, 108; ethnic drag in, 12–13, 230; nation-building, 76–77
“Ghostly Wedding Nights, The” (Tale 395), 248–49, 251, 252–53
ghost princess/wife, 9, 244, 245, 246, 248–50, 252–53, 254–56; marriage to, 257–58, 259
Giesbrecht, Alvina, 28, 30, 32
Gilliam, Terry, The Brothers Grimm, 8, 76, 84
Girard, René, Deceit, Desire, and the Novel, 115
girls, R & B and, 120
Glassie, Henry, 52
global economic system, and international adoption, 180, 188–89
Goldman, Eric, 152
Gomberde la Faee, 216
grandparents, and adopted children, 185
Great Recession, 39
Greek language, “Shift of Sex” stories in, 64, 65, 66
Green Man, 144; legend of, 142, 143
Grigson, Dan, on tobacco men, 48–49
Grimm, Dortchen, 76
Grimm brothers (Jacob and Wilhelm), 4; authority of, 89–90; as con artists, 84–89; film representations of, 8, 77, 80–81; gender and sexuality of, 75–76, 78–79, 81–83, 91(n6, n7, n9, n10); misconceptions about, 74–75
Grindhouse (film), 10
Guatemala, adoption from, 179–80, 182, 183, 184, 186, 190(n2, n5)
Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption, 173, 175
Halberstam, Judith, 69–70, 73(n34)
Handler, Richard, 43
Harris, Jason Marc, 107
Harris, Trudier, 96
Hay, Jennifer, 200
hegemonic masculinity. See masculinities, hegemonic
hegemony, destabilizing male, 94
Heiniger-Casteret, Patricia, 130, 137
Heloise, 214
Henson, Martin, 50
Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 131
hermaphrodites. See intersexuals
heterosexuality, 1; and gender relations, 61–62; obligatory, 113, 114; in Once Upon a Brothers Grimm, 81–83
hierarchy, gendered, 79
High German, Mennonite use of, 23, 24, 35, 37(n12), 37(n18)
Highland Games, male bonding, 204
Highland regiments, 194, 206–7(n1)
Highland Scots, 193
Highland Societies, 194
Hildegard of Bingen, 214
Hindu narratives, 67
Hispanic societies, and transgender tales, 68–69, 73(n26)
historic properties, Amager Island, 232–33
History of Folklore in Europe, The (Cocchiara), 131
Hjorth, Birte, 231
Hochfeld School, 24
hockey, as homosocial experience, 114–15
Holbek, Bengt, 156; gendered schema of, 63–64, 248, 253; Interpretation of Fairy Tales, 247
Home for the Holidays (film), 152
homoeroticism, in fairy tales, 58, 72(n16, n22)
homophobia, 113, 125, 127, 153, 169(n5); and homosocial behavior, 114, 128; of kilt wearers, 200–201
homosexuality, 82, 91(n6), 200; in “Belle Belle or the Knight Fortuné,” 61–62; boundaries, 127–28; and homosociality, 113–14, 125; and turkey-carving ritual, 152–53
homosocial behavior, 113, 124; hockey as, 114–15; lad culture, 204–5
homosocial desire, 7, 112–13, 115, 127, 127, 256
homosociality, 7, 8, 11, 15(n11), 49, 117, 118; boundaries, 127–28; British, 112–13; continuum, 113–14, 125; in “Drinkin’ Wine Spo-dee-o-dee,” 120–22; of rock ‘n’ roll bars, 126–27; of teenage boys, 119–20
honky-tonk music, 118
honky-tonks, 115; violence in, 123–24
Hooker, Jessica, 68
Horned Men, 143–44
Horstman, Dorothy, 116
housekeeping, gendered work, 27–28
house visits, 16–17; Mennonite weekly, 26–27, 37(n13). See also Brommtopp
“How to Recipe for a Bikini Tanned Turkey by Dear Miss Mermaid,” 156
humor, 3; cyber, 191–93; in Distaff Gospels, 211–12, 214; kilt wearing and, 4, 198, 201, 202, 204; rebellious, 205–6; women’s sexual, 199–200
Huntington, Rania, 250
hybridization, 106
Iceland, 106, 108; gender roles, 103–5; seal folk stories in, 94, 95, 96, 102
Ide et Olive, 58
identity, 12, 13, 20, 94, 227; and adoption, 172, 181, 187–88; Amager Dutch, 242–43; in Brommtopp performances, 33–36; female ghost, 251, 252; gender, 15(n4), 37(n14, n15), 54(n9), 62; in Ondine, 105–6; Scottish, 194, 195, 196; in Seal Woman, 102–3; self as other, 1, 9–10; sex/gender, 56, 59–63, 65–66, 69–71, 72(n20); tobacco farming, 48–51
ideology, of Thanksgiving, 148–49
immigrants, 107; Amager Dutch as, 226–27, 230
immigration, 100; to Denmark, 226–27, 228, 230, 231–32, 240–42; women’s roles in, 107–8
India, adoption and, 175
informants, 129, 130, 132, 133, 136–37, 141, 142
Internet, cyber humor on, 191–93
Interpretation of Fairy Tales (Holbek), 247
intersectionality, 12
intertext/intertextual/intertextuality, 3, 109
“Into the Endzone for a Touchdown: A Psychoanalytic Consideration of American Football” (Dundes), 113
intoxication, in Mennonite culture, 31
Ireland, 106, 108; Neil Jordan’s films of, 97–98; seal folk stories from, 95, 96, 110(n5)
Irish Film Board, 98
I Want to Stuff You (music video), 163
I Wish for You a Beautiful Life, 183
Jackson, Wanda, 118
Jagger, Mick, 119
Jeay, Madeleine, 210, 213; Savoir faire, 211, 212
Jin Dynasty, marriage of the dead in, 251–52
John/Joan case, 62
joke(s), joking, 8; kilt, 202, 204; rebellious, 205–6; women’s sexual, 199–200
Jones, Christine, 62
Jordan, Neil: films of, 97–98; Ondine, 10, 95, 97
Julia, Dominique, 131
“Juniper Tree, The” (ATU 720), 63–64
Kao, Karl S. Y., 245
Karras, Ruth Mazo, 221
Kazakhstan, 180
Kehler, Menno, 31
Kentucky, 52; tobacco farmers in, 6, 7–8, 38–39, 44–48, 53(n2)
Kentucky Women in Agriculture, 52, 55(n15)
keying, 198
kidnapping, 183
kilt wearing: cyber humor and, 192–93; gender roles and, 198–99; and lad culture, 204–5; and masculinity, 11, 201–3; and pipe bands, 196–97; Scottishness and, 193–94; sexual gaze and, 199–200; wearing of, 4, 5, 191, 203–4, 207(n2, n3); women’s pipe bands, 197–98
Kim, Eleana, 182
Kimmel, Michael, Manhood in America, 117
Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Grimm brothers), 79, 90(n1)
King, Sid, 121
King’s Amagers, 232
Kingsolver, Barbara, on turkey breeding, 155–58
knife, as phallus, 166–67, 170(n8), 171(n20)
knowledge, of elderly women, 208–9, 215, 216–23
Korea, adoption from, 182, 183, 188, 190(n2)
Kotthoff, Helga, 198
Lacaze, Pauline, 137
lad culture, 204–5
Lanclos, Donna, 68–69
land: French dower, 217; Dutch ownership of, 231
landmarks, in legends, 142–43
language, 104, 227, 232; gender shifts in, 65–67, 72(n12), 73(n31)
Larsen, Elizabeth, 185
Latin America, 185, 190(n2). See also Guatemala
Latinos, as tobacco cutters, 47, 54(n11)
Lawson, Mary Katzman, 213
Lee, Ang, Brokeback Mountain, 152–55
Lefkowitz, Paula, 150
Le Folk-lore de France (Sébillot), 211
legend(s), 3, 109, 213; as debates, 141–42; and place, 142–43
Legros, Elisée, 58
Lehning, James, 131
Leinaweaver, Jessaca, 173
Les fileuses et le clerc: Une étude des “Evangiles de quenouilles,” Les (Paupert), 212–13
letters, from birth mothers, 183–84
Levinson, Barry, Avalon, 151
Lewis, Jerry Lee, 112; “Drinkin’ Wine Spoo-dee-o-dee,” 120–21, 122
“L’homme vert,” 142. See also Green Man
Linnekin, Jocelyn, 43
literary heritage, 93(n6), 224(n6); Grimms’ preservation of, 78, 79
literary tradition, 75, 78, 80, 91(n13), 214; zhiguai, 244–47
literature, 4; childrens’, 75, 79, 90–91(n3); medieval, 58, 215–16; vs. oral tradition, 214–15; scholarly vs. popular, 211
“Little Mermaid, The” (Andersen), 98
Lloyd, Timothy, 48
Lott, Eric, Love and Theft, 119
Love and Theft: Blackface Ministrelsey and the American Working Class (Lott), 119
Low German, 232; Mennonite use of, 23, 24, 35
Lunbeck, Elizabeth, The Psychiatric Persuasion, 122
Lu Xun, on sex and sexuality, 256–57
Luzel, François-Marie, 130, 134
MacAulay, John M., 97
MacCannell, Dean, on reconstructed ethnicity, 195–96
Macdonald, Angus L., 194
MacNamaras (family), 96
“Maiden-Killer [Bluebeard],” 63
male bonding, 113, 116–17, 122, 127, 204
maleness, forms of, 7
males, 94; emotions of, 116–17. See also men
Malone, Bill, 118
mancession, 39–40
manhood, 6, 26, 69, 115, 122; Mennonite succession to, 31–32; passionate, 116–17
Manhood in America: A Cultural History (Kimmel), 117
Manitoba: Brommtopp performances, 11, 17–20, 27–28; ethnoracial minorities in, 34–35; Mennonite communities in, 21–25, 37(n11)
Manitoba School Attendance Act, 23–24
Manly Traditions: The Folk Roots of American Masculinities (Bronner), 117
“Man on a Quest for His Lost Wife, The” (ATU 400), 96
Mardi Gras, Cajun, 32
marginalization, marginality: of ethnoracial minorities, 34–35; of tobacco farmers, 7–8
Marie de France, 214
marketing, tobacco, 51
Marre, Diana, 174
marriage, 94, 259(n7); animal spouses, 93, 95, 100, 107; Chinese ghost, 9, 252–53, 254–58; to the dead, 251–52; gender conflict in, 216–17; in medieval France, 217–18, 224(n16)
Martin, Janis, 118
masculine continuum, 70, 73(n34)
masculinities; 9, 54(n4), 68, 90(n2), 127, 206, 215, 257; African American, 118–19, 122; Brommtopp performers, 29–31; changing status of, 48–51; and class, 145–46; in fairy tales, 60, 63; female, 11, 69–70, 73(n34); French bourgeois, 132, 135; Grimm brothers, 75, 77, 83; hegemonic, 6, 15(n6), 20, 37(n9), 114, 201–4; kilt-wearing and, 197, 198; literary heritage as, 79, 91(n6); Mennonite, 25, 32; multiple, 41–42; southern White, 112, 117, 124–25; in tobacco farming, 7–8, 38–39, 42–43, 44–51, 53, 54(n12)
masquerade, 12
matriarchy, in films on Brothers Grimm, 83–85
McGhee, Stick, “Drinkin’ Wine Spo-de-o-dee,” 120–22
McKay, Ian, 194
media, 4; on international adoption, 172–73
medieval period: antifeminist writing, 209, 211–12; femininity in, 4, 8; French folklore, 208–9, 213–14; women’s knowledge and beliefs, 215–23; writing vs. oral tradition in, 214–15
memories, as cultural representation, 117–18
Memphis, 112
men, 7, 42, 94, 129; and Great Recession, 39–40; homosocial behavior, 112–13, 125–27, 204–5; rockabilly and, 117, 118–19, 124–25; sexual gaze on, 199–200; Thanksgiving role, 149, 150–51; in tobacco farming, 44–51
Men in Groups (Tiger), 116
Mennonite Heritage Village, 20
Mennonites, 37(n10, n11, n12); boyhood to manhood transition, 31–32; Brommtopp, 11, 13, 17–20, 27–28, 33–36; ethnoracial minorities and, 34–35; gender identity and, 29–31; history of, 22–23; house visiting (faspa), 26–27, 37(n13); in Manitoba, 21–22, 23–25
men of color, invisibility of, 7
merry tartanism, 194
Message from an Unknown Chinese Mother: Stories of Loss and Love (Xinran), 183
metaphors, animal, 10
Middle Ages. See medieval period
middle class, 125
midwives, 215
migration, 110. See also immigration
military service, in Russia, 23
mimicry, in dress, 194, 199–200
Ming Dynasty, 246
Minghun, 251
minstrelsey, blackface, 119
Miracle de la fille d’un roy, 58
misogyny, 212; and homophobia, 114, 128
Miss Drumstickz pageant, 161–62, 170(n15)
mockery, Distaff Gospels as, 208–9
modernization, in rural areas, 143
modesty, in Mennonite society, 22–23
Møller, Lisbeth, 236
Money, John, on sex/gender identity, 62, 72(n20)
moral hierarchy, of international adoption, 179–80
morality, in adoption, 185–86
mothers, birth, 183–85, 190(n2, n5)
Motion Picture Association of America Ratings Board, and Thanksgiving, 167
Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Household Management (Beeton), 151
Mullen, Patrick, 48
mumming, mummering, 3, 16–17, 37(n3)
Murat, Henriette Julie de, “The Savage,” 63
music, 3, 120, 194; American vernacular, 118–19, 127, 128. See also songs
music video, I Want to Stuff You, 163
Myers, Mike, Scottish characters, 196
“My Uncle from Condom” (Bladé), 8; Cazaux’s telling of, 137–41, 143, 146
Napoleonic period, 143
nationalism, German, 76–77
Nazi occupation, of Denmark and Netherlands, 228–29
necromancers, 245
Nerval, Gérard de, 136
Netherlands, and Denmark, 228–29
Neubergthal (Manitoba), 20
New Brunswick, men-only clubs, 7
Newfoundland: Christmas mumming, 16–17; fishermen, 42, 45; pipe bands in, 193, 194–95, 196
New Year’s Eve, Brommtopp performances, 17–18, 20
Noonan, Emily, 180
North Atlantic, 95
North Carolina, 44
nostalgia, 131, 194; for place, 98, 106, 134, 143; for tobacco men, 48–49
Nye, Robert, 135
Olsen Gang on the Track, The (film), 226
omens, 245
Once Upon a Brothers Grimm (film), 76, 88; themes in, 80–84
Ondine (film), 10, 95, 96, 104; identity in, 105–6; immigration in, 107–8; rescue from other in, 109–10; selkie lore in, 98–99; themes of, 99–101, 106–7
oral tradition, orality: authenticity and, 92(n14), 134; as feminized, 75, 78, 79, 91(n6); vs. writing, 211, 214–15
Osre, 58
other, otherness, 75, 101, 176, 227, 252; mimicry of, 199–200; rescue from, 109–10; of women, 93–94, 250–51
“Otherworld,” Celtic, 98
Outer Hebrides, 97
Papachristophorou, Mariléna, on “Shift of Sex” story, 64
parenthood, 8
parents. See adoptive parents/families; birth parents/families
Paris Manuscript (Distaff Gospels), 208, 212, 215
parody, 196
pastoralism, nostalgia for, 106
patriarchy, 1, 94, 206; Grimm brothers’ work, 79, 84; of Thanksgiving, 149–54, 162–63, 168
Paupert, Anne, Les fileuses et le clerc, 212–13
peasants, 131, 133, 213–14, 231
“Peg Bearskin” (ATU 711), 64
people of color, employment and, 40
People of the Sea: A Journey in Search of the Seal Legend, The (Thomson), 96–97
performance, 12, 132, 133, 144, 196; African American, 118–19; Amager Dutch, 230; at borders, 107; Brommtopp, 25, 26, 27–28, 33–36; of gender, 6, 42, 43–44, 59–60, 90(n2), 154; of masculinity, 45, 53, 201–4; Thanksgiving as, 149–55; of tobacco men, 48–49, 53, 54(n8); turkey-carving ritual, 150–55
Perkins, Carl, 112, 120, 123–24
Perrault, Charles, 60
personal experience narrative, 3, 118
phallus, 94, 168, 170(n8); female possession of, 61, 67, 72(n19); Thanksgiving symbols of, 159, 160, 166–67
photoshops, and cyber humor, 191–92
Picardy, folklore in, 211, 213
Pind, Søren, 242
pipe bands, 4, 5, 11, 12, 205; kilt wearing in, 196–97, 203–4; in Newfoundland, 193, 194–95; women’s, 197–98
Pittman, Barbara, 118
place, 255; in legends, 142–43; nostalgia for, 98, 106, 134
Pleck, Elizabeth, 149
Plum Coulee (Manitoba), 19, 20
popular culture, 1, 4, 10, 131
portents, 245
poultry farming, commercial, 25
Pour Some Gravy on Me (video), 162, 162–63, 168
Pratt, Mary Louise, 107
Presley, Elvis, 112, 119, 120, 123
priests: misbehavior of, 212, 216, 220
Princess Ch’in-nü, 252, 253, 255
“Princess of Sui-yang and Scholar T’an” (Tale 396), 254–56, 257
property, women’s dowers, 217
Prussia, 19; Mennonites in, 22–23
Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender and Power in Modern America, The (Lunbeck), 122
Qing Dynasty, 246
Qingshi (Feng), 250
queering, 32
queerness, of Grimm brothers, 75, 79
race, 15(n16), 173; and Brommtopp performances, 35–36; marginalization of, 34–35; theatrical representation of, 12–13
Raisch, Roger, 156
Ray, Celeste, 204
recession, and gendered employment, 39–40
recipes, Thanksgiving, 150
Red Cross Center, asylum seekers, 241–42
remedies, 209
repetition compulsion, 168
resistance, Scottish, 193
Revel, Jacques, 131
revival, 37(n8); Brommtopp, 20, 29
rhythm and blues, 112, 115, 119, 120
Rich, Adrienne, 113
Ridee, Marotte, 220
Rieder, John, 106
rites of passage, homosocial, 114
Robidoux, Michael A., 114–15
rockabilly, 7, 112, 116, 124–25; and R & B hits, 120–22; White teenage boys, 119–20; women and, 122–23
rock ‘n’ roll bars, homosocial environment of, 126–27
Rock n Roll Trio, 121
Rockwell, Norman, 4; Freedom from Want, 148, 149, 168
Rodgers, Jimmie, 119
Rodriguez, Robert, Grindhouse, 10
romance, 246; Chinese ghost wife, 257–58; Icelandic gender roles, 104–5
Roman de Silence, 58
romanticism, 131; and authenticity, 133–34
Roth, Eli, Thanksgiving, 165, 165–67, 171(n19)
Rotundo, E. Anthony, passionate manhood, 116–17
royal family, Danish, 227
rural communities, rural culture, 5, 131, 143; in Distaff Gospels, 213–14
Russia, 179; Mennonites in, 22, 23
Sachs, Dana, 183
sacrifice, Thanksgiving turkey as, 167–68
St. John’s, pipe band, 193, 194–95
Salles-Loustau, Jean, 136
salon women, 60
Salvation of Yasch Siemens, The (Wiebe), 29–30
Sanjek, David, 118
“Savage, The” (Murat), 63
Savoir faire: Une analyze des croyances des “Evangiles des quenouilles” (Jeay), 211, 212
sayings, medieval French, 209, 218–20
Sayles, John, The Secret of Roan Inish, 98
schools, in Manitoba, 23–25
Schutte, Ofelia, 176
Scotland, selkie stories, 95, 98
Scots, 195
Scott, Walter, 194
Scottish Isles, 95
Scottishness, 193–94
Scotts Miracle-Gro, 196
seal folk, 107; in Ondine, 100, 101; stories of, 94, 95, 96–97, 98, 105, 110(n2). See also selkies
“Sealskin, The,” 94
Seal Woman (Eggerz), 10, 95, 96, 101, 109; gender roles in, 103–4; identity theme in, 102–3; immigration theme, 107–8; themes of, 102–5, 106–7
seasonal cycle, 143–44
Sebile des Mares, 216
Sébillot, Paul, 224(n12); Le Folk-lore de France, 211, 212
Secret Burial Classic of the Great Han Dynasty, The, 252
Secret of Roan Inish, The (film), 98, 99, 110(n5)
Secret of the Ron Mor Skerry, The (Fry), 98
secrets, family, 97
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, 115, 256; Between Men, 112–13; on homosocial continuum, 113–14, 256
Seifert, Lewis C., 70
self-development, “Belle Belle or the Knight Fortuné,” 60–61
self-representation, 13
selkies, 107, 109; legends/narratives of, 4, 10, 95, 105, 111(n7). See seal folk
sense of place, gendered, 143
sense of time, cyclical, 143–44
“sept belles demoiselles, Les” (“The Seven Beautiful Fairies”), 142, 143
Sereine, 136
“Seven Beautiful Fairies, The.” See “sept belles demoiselles, Les”
sex, 2, 6–7, 56, 245, 253; changes in, 63–70; Chinese, 256–57; medieval French writing on, 209–10, 218–23; patriarchal fantasy of, 162–63; turkey, 9–10, 170–71(n16)
sex change, in fairy and folk tales, 63–70, 73(n27)
sex/gender systems, 9; in fairy tales, 63–64, 248, 253
sexual agency, Mennonite, 30–31
sexual appetites, women’s, 214, 215–16
sexual gaze, kilt wearers and, 199–200
sexuality, sexualization, 2, 4, 114, 119, 214, 246; Chinese, 256–57; in Distaff Gospels, 218–19; Grimm brothers’, 75–76; kilt wearing and, 197–201, 202–3, 204; Mennonite, 30–31; and self-development, 60–61; turkey, 4, 9–10, 155–65, 168; and violence, 166–67; of widows, 215–16
sexual orientation, in fairy tales, 59–63
Shetland Islands, 96
“Shift of Sex, The” (ATU 514), 57, 58, 63, 73(n26, n31); transsexuality in, 67–70; versions of, 64–67
Shit Island. See Amager Island
shorelines, interactions on, 107
Sid King and the Five Strings, 121
Sieg, Katrin, ethnic drag, 194, 230
Sigur Rós, 100
silence/silencing, subaltern, 105
“sirènes, Les,” 142
Six Dynasties, 257; zhiguai tales, 244–45, 246, 247, 251
“Slipping Around” (Tillman), 116
“Snow White,” 98
social bonds, same sex, 113
social change, and seal legends, 96–97
social duties, 107
social order: and “Belle Belle or the Knight Fortuné,” 59–60
social relationships, Mennonite, 30–31
social roles, 60
socioeconomic class, 257; and American vernacular music, 118–19; and homosocial behavior, 125–27; and masculinity, 145–46
So I Married an Axe Murderer (film), 196
Song Dynasty, 246
songs, 3, 112, 163, 171(n17), 202; Brommtopp, 33, 35, 37(n18); cheating, 115–16; and cultural representations, 117–18; trans imagination in, 56–57
Sophie Amalie, Queen, 227
Sou shen ji, 244–45, 246; female ghosts in, 248–50, 252, 254–56
Soviet Union, 108
So You’re Going to Wear a Kilt!, 201
spirits, and seasonal cycle, 143
Spivak, Gayatri C., 105
Steed, Virgil, 45
Steinbach (Manitoba), 20
stereotyping, 226; Scottish, 195–96
Store Magleby, 226, 227, 231, 237, 238, 240; Amager Dutch costumes in, 236, 239
stories: adopted childrens’, 181–82; adoptive parents’, 179–81; birth family, 182–86; parent-to-parent, 178–79
storytellers, 97, 247–48; female, 78, 79–80; male, 129, 130
storytelling, 78; context of, 177–78, 185–86
Stove-side Conversations—The Meal Across Cultures, 241
Straparola, Giovan Francesco, “Constanza/Constanzo,” 63
subaltern, silencing of, 105
suicide, as Seal Woman theme, 103
Sule Skerry, 101
Sunflower Festival, 20
Sun Records, 112
supernatural beings, in French legends, 143–44
superstitions, 131, 212, 224(n13)
Sustrac, Catherine, 136
Sweeney, Sean, 96
symbolism, Thanksgiving, 150, 151
taboos, animal, 10
Tale 395, Sou shen ji, 248–49
Tale 396, Sou shen ji, 254–56
Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja, 214
Tang Dynasties, 246
Tangherlini, Timothy, 141
Tannen, Deborah, 177–78
Tarantino, Quentin, Grindhouse, 10
teenage boys, homosociality of, 119–20
Tennant, Andy, 76
“Tennessee Saturday Night” (Foley), 120
Thanksgiving, 5, 169–70(n6, n12); as contested ritual, 151–52; division of labor in, 149–50, 169(n3); ideology of, 148–49, 170(n11); as sacrificial ritual, 167–68; sexuality of, 158–60, 169(n5); turkey-carving ritual, 150–51, 152–55; violence of, 165–68
Thanksgiving (Currin), 160–61
Thanksgiving (film trailer), 165–67, 168, 171(n18, n19)
theater, representation of race, 12–13
“Thirteen Flies, The.” See “treize mouches, Les”
Thomson, David, The People of the Sea, 96–97
“Three Crowns, The” (Basile), 63
Thurah, Laurids de, 232
Tiger, Lionel, Men in Groups, 116
Tillman, Floyd, “Slipping Around,” 116
time, seasonal cycle and, 143–44
Titon, Jeff Todd, 118
tobacco production, 5, 6, 7–8, 38–39, 54–55(n10, 11, 13); diversification and, 51–52; masculinities of, 42–48, 54(n12); nostalgia in, 48–51; women and, 52–53, 55(n15)
tobacco men, 7, 45–46, 52, 54(n8); idealized view of, 48–49
tobacco warehouses, 49
tradition(s), 1, 5, 42, 132, 133; gendering of, 52–53, 55(n16)
traditionnistes, 131
transbiology, 9–10
transethnicity, 20
transgender, 10–11, 20, 56; in Brommtopp performances, 29–31; in fairy tales, 57, 61, 68–69; in folktales, 4, 67–68
transphobia, 69
transracial identity, 20
transsexual imagination, 56; in fairy tales, 57, 64, 69–70
transsexuality, 4, 57, 64–65; in “Shift of Sex” tale, 68–70
transvestites, 56
“treize mouches, Les” (“The Thirteen Flies”), 145
trickery, in Brommtopp performances, 30
turkey, 4, 151, 170(n11), 171(n17, n21); as fetish, 164–65; mating behavior of, 155–58, 170(n9); sacrifice of, 167–68; sexuality, 9–10, 158–65, 170–71(n16)
turkey-carving ritual: patriarchal prerogative of, 150–51, 152–55; violence of, 165–67
“Turkey Man, The” (blog), 164–65
Turkey Trot Festival (Yellville, Arkansas), 161–62
unemployment, Great Recession, 40
UNICEF, and international adoption, 174–75
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 8, 173, 174–75
upper-middle class, and violence, 125–26
vegetable production, Dutch, 231
Vietnam, 183
violence: in honky-tonks, 123–24; and socioeconomic class, 125–26; of Thanksgiving, 154, 165–68
Visser, Margaret, 150
voyeurism, 82
wage market, Mennonites in, 24–25
Walker, Margaret Urban, ethics of responsibility, 175, 180–81, 186
Wallendorf, Melanie, 149–50
Warner, Marina, 70–71
warriors, women, 65–66, 68, 72(n17)
water, femininity of, 99
Wayne, Elsie, 7
Weber, Eugen, 143
websites: and cyber humor, 191–93; Welcome?, 241. See also blogs
Welcome? project, 240–41
West, Simon, 191, 192, 196, 203, 205, 206
West Cork, 98
West Reserve (Manitoba), 20, 22, 23
West Zhou Dynasty, 251
Wetherell, Margaret, 202
What’s Cooking? (film by Chadha), 148–49; sexuality in, 158–60
Whiteley, Sheila, 118
White men, 7; emulation of Black performance style, 118–19; masculinity, 112, 117; rockabilly and, 124–25
widows, sexuality of, 215–16
Wiebe, Armin, The Salvation of Yasch Siemens, 29–30
Wieder, Ane Mette, 238–39
Williams, Hank, 120; “Your Cheatin’ Heart,” 116
Williamson, Duncan, 97
wish fulfilment, fairy tale, 256
womanhood, idealized, 258
women, 4, 30, 42, 90–91(n3), 101, 102, 103, 114, 118, 127, 129, 147(n10), 213, 259; in “Belle Belle or the Knight Fortuné,” 58–63; and Brommtopp, 27–28; cross-dressing, 57, 58–67; in Distaff Gospels, 213–14, 216–23; elderly, 208–9; exclusion of, 122–23; and Great Recession, 39–40; immigration, 107–8; as meat, 162–64; otherness of, 93–94, 250–51; sexual appetites of, 215–16; sexual humor of, 199–200; silencing of, 104, 105; as storytellers, 78, 79–80; Thanksgiving role, 149–50; in tobacco farming, 44, 45, 52–53, 54(n12), 55(n15); turkey symbolism and, 162–64. See also ghost princess/wife
Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm, The (film), 76; themes in, 77–80
wonder tales, 57
work, 54(n4, n9); in tobacco farming, 47–48
Worth 1000, 192
writing, vs. oral tradition, 214–15
Wynkyn de Worde, 210
Xinran, Message from an Unknown Chinese Mother, 183
yang/yang qi, 246, 258; as male, 250–51
yearly cycle, 143
yin-yang, 246, 250–51, 252, 253, 258
yin/yin qi, 246, 258; as female, 250–51
Yngvesson, Barbara, 183–84
Youhun, 251
“Young Woman Disguised as a Man Is Wooed by the Queen, A,” 58
“Your Cheatin’ Heart” (Williams), 116
YouTube videos: kilt-wearing parodies, 202; Pour Some Gravy on Me, 162, 162–63
Ysengrine du Glay, 215, 216, 217
Yu, Anthony C., 250
Yuan Dynasty, 246; marriage of the dead in, 251
Zeitlin, Judith, 252
zhiguai tales, 244–45; as male tradition, 246–47. See also Sou shen ji
Zipes, Jack, 63; on Grimm brothers, 76, 90
Zuerner, Adrienne E., 60