Index
Ab Urbe Condita Libri, 81
Accipitriformes, 173. See also eagles; falcons; hawks
Acheulian lithics, 106
acquisition values, Chacoan birds, 178–79, 180
adaptability, adaptations, 81; to hurricanes, 40–41; at Pompeii, 83, 84
Afghanistan, Harappan civilization, 52
agency, 9, 10–11, 13, 200, 202, 240; animal, 164–65, 218–25; biotic, 14–16; of birds, 165–66; defined, 216–18; domestication and, 215–16, 225–26, 227; fire, 107–10; of reindeer, 20–21, 236–37; vegetative, 140–42; of weeds, 137, 138
agriculture, 13, 15, 36, 49, 109, 118, 119, 127, 148, 187, 202; ecosystem engineering, 190–91; Harappan, 53–54; in India, 51–52, 58–60, 62, 67; Mayan, 117, 145–46; selective pressures in, 199–200; slash-and-burn, 104, 105f
agroforestry, Marquesas Islands, 196–97
Aguateca (Guatemala), 109
AIDS, 263
Amazon, swidden agriculture, 147
amensalism, 214
American Southwest, fire and warfare in, 109
Ammianus Marcellinus, 87
Anastasius, 86
Anatolia: domestication in, 222, 223; earthquakes in, 89, 91. See also various locations
ancestors, Maori, 5
animals, 15, 17, 117, 165, 227; commensalism, 220–21, 222–23; defensive mechanisms, 218–19; domesticated, 6, 16, 20, 54, 126, 215–16, 221–25; ecosystem engineering, 189, 190–92; feral, 20, 226; genetic manipulation of, 4–5; mutualism, 213–14; niche construction, 217–18; personality traits, 219–20
Anthemios of Tralles, 78
Anthropocene, 3, 4; definition of, 5–8
anthropogenic soils, 187
Antioch (Antakya), 18; earthquakes, 77, 86–87; post-earthquake reconstruction, 88, 89–90
archaeobotany, Harappan diet, 53–54, 55
archaeology: collapse literature in, 261–62; domestication analogies, 240–41
Archangel Michael, Church of (Antioch), 90
architecture, 67; hurricane-adapted, 29, 39–40; post-earthquake, 83–84, 89–90
Arctic, reindeer in, 241–42
aurochs, extinction of, 215
Australopithecus afarensis, 215
Baluchistan, Harappan sites, 55
bats: ecosystem services, 191, 201; Polynesia, 188, 197
Bc 57 (Chaco Canyon), 164, 168; birds in, 172–73, 176, 177, 178, 180
Bc 58 (Chaco Canyon), 164, 168; birds in, 172–73, 176, 177, 178, 180
beavers, niche construction, 218f
Belize, hurricanes, 36
Bhubaneswar, 57
biotic phenomena, agency, 14–16, 17
birds, 15, 20, 163–64, 214, 220; agency of, 165–66; in Chaco Canyon, 172–81; ecosystem engineering, 191–92, 200–201; life histories and physical traits, 168–69; in Polynesia, 188, 198–99; and tree crops, 196–97. See also seabirds
Black Death, 21, 257, 259, 263–64, 265; religion and, 260–61
boars, human commensalism, 222–23
botflies, reindeer nose (Cephenemyia trompe), 243, 244
bovine rinderpest, 118
Brahmins, 63
Brazil, 141
breadfruits, in Marquesas Islands, 196
bronze, oxidation, 12
bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis), 257
Buddhist monasteries, water systems in, 57–58
burials, macaws and parrots in, 177
burning, ritual, 109
Burnt Corn pueblo, 109
busk ceremony, 109
Byzantium, earthquakes, 78
California, human managed fires in, 104
Caligula, and Antioch, 89–90
camelids: domestication of, 120–21, 126, 225; parasites, 128
camels, feral, 226
canals, 57, 68; Vijayanagara, 61–62
canine distemper, 118
capitalism, 266
catastrophes, 256–57
catastrophism, 262
cattle, 54, 214f; domestication of, 215, 223, 225
Çayönyü Tepesi, pigs at, 222
cenotes, 37
Central America, hurricanes in, 35
Central Iranian Plateau, goat domestication on, 224
Cerén, house gardens, 142
Chaco Canyon, 164, 166–68; birds in, 20, 163, 172–81
Chaco phenomenon, 167
chaîne opératoire: fire use, 106–7; stone tools, 105–6
Chalukya dynasty, 61
Chenopodium study, 138
chestnut, Tahitian (Inocarpus fagifer), 197
Childe, V. Gordon, Neolithic Revolution, 238
children, 108, 120, 121; immune system development, 118–19
Chinchilla, 225
Cholistan, 55
Christchurch, people-plant interactions, 140–41
Christianity, and earthquakes, 18
Christmas Tree, West Australian, 141
Chunchucmil, 145
circumpolar societies, pastoralists, 249
cisterns: Harappan, 53; in India, 57–58f, 66
Classic period (Maya), 29; spirit and personhood, 142–43
clear-cutting, 8
climate change, 34, 41; monsoons and, 60–61
climate cycles, 101
coastal regions, hurricanes, 28
Coatrisque, 37
Coba, 19, 142, 143–44f; houselots, 137, 138, 145–47; LiDAR survey, 147–52; plant communities in, 153–54
coevolution, domestication as, 140
colonialism, Russian, 234–35
commensalism, 139; in domesticated animals, 222–23; human-animal, 220–21, 237
communities, earthquake response, 87
complex technological system, fire as, 103
Constantinople, 78
container gardening, Yucatec Maya, 145
Cook Islands. See Mangaia
Cordyline fruticosa, 197
coronavirus (Coronaviridae), 117, 118
corvids, Chaco Canyon, 173f
cosmology, Maya, 35
coyote, 219
craft specialization, Harappan, 52
crisis, 257, 264; definition of, 258–59
crop/weed complex, 138
Cuba, 27; Los Buchillones, 37–39
cultivation, 13, 146, 201; environmental modification, 187–88; of grains, 13–14; Harappan, 53–54; Marquesas Islands, 196–97; on Rapa Nui, 194–95
cultural change, and hurricanes, 29
culture, and Holocene, 6–7
curation, fire, 102
Cusco, 120
cyclones, tropical. See hurricanes
dams, peninsular India, 57, 61
decommissioning, with fire, 109
deer, white-tailed, 221
defensive mechanisms, animal, 218–19
deforestation, Rapa Nui, 195
deities, Taino hurricane, 37
destruction, with fire, 109–10
Dholavira, 54
diet: agricultural, 127; Harappan, 53–54, 55
dingos, 225
Dio Cassius, 86
disability, fire and, 108
diseases, 19, 21, 116, 118, 119; and human settlements, 10, 15; malnutrition and, 121–22
dolphins, human mutualism, 15
domestication, domesticates, 6, 13, 126; analogies, 240–41; animal agency in, 215–16; animals, 16, 221–22; commensal, 222–23; directed, 124–25; Neolithic Revolution and, 238–40; of plants, 120–21, 140; prey, 223–24; reindeer, 237, 241–42
Dominican Republic, hurricane, 31
donkeys, domestication, 225
doves, Marquesas Islands, 196
dung, camelid, 126
Dust Bowl, 12
dwellings, 15; niche construction, 190, 201
dynamics of iteration, 8
eagles: bald, 172; bald and golden, 173, 175, 176–77, 178–79
Early Horizon (EH), 121; paleopathologies, 123–25, 126; stature and health, 127–28
Early Intermediate Period (EIP), 121; paleopathologies, 123–25, 126; stature and health, 127–28
earthquakes, 11, 17, 18, 28, 77; effects of, 81–82; in Pompeii, 79–81; reconstruction after, 83–84, 89–92; social responses to, 78–79, 85–89
earthworms, ecosystem engineering, 190–91
Ebla, 109
ecological inheritance, 189–90
ecological knowledge, houselots, 153
ecology, Maya, 35
economy, and pandemics, 21
ecosystem engineering, 188; by animals, 189, 190–92; birds and bats, 200–201
ecosystems, 17, 189; Marquesas Islands, 196–97; Rapa Nui, 194–96
ecosystem services, birds and bats in, 198–99, 200–201
ecotones, cities as, 14
El Niño, and typhoons, 33
embankments, 61; peninsular India, 57, 59–60, 64–65, 66
emu, 225
England, Black Death in, 257, 259
environment: cultivation and, 187–88, 201; earthquakes and, 78–79; human impact on, 4–5; Rapa Nui, 194–95
environmental niches, human-made, 15
epidemics, 118; Black Death, 257, 259, 261; social change and, 263–64
Escherichia coli, 117
ethnographies: of Pueblo peoples, 166; of Siberian peoples, 234–35
Eurasia, bubonic plague in, 257
Europe, socio-economic crises, 257
evolution, human, 101
extinctions, 16, 198; and domestication, 215–16
falcons, in Chaco Canyon, 173, 175, 177
fallow, in milpas, 152–53
farming, farmers, 19, 266; in Titicaca Basin, 123–26
fault lines, Mediterranean, 85
faunal data: American Southwest, 164, 169–72; Brazil, 141; Harappan, 55–56; Mexico, 141; New Zealand, 140; Oceania, 194–95
feedback loops, 21
felids, zoonotic diseases, 117, 128
ferret, 225
Fertile Crescent, domestication in, 222, 239–40
fertilizer, waste, 126
fire, 17, 19; agency of, 107–10; chaîne opératoire, 106–7; human use/control, 102–3; and landscapes, 99–100, 103–4; natural and cultural, 110–11; predictability of, 100–101
fire-stick farming, 104
fish, 121, 225; parasites, 120, 128
Fishborne, 109
fleas, Titicaca Basin, 120
flies, and reindeer, 243–44
floods, flooding, 5, 33, 69; hurricanes, 28, 29; India, 59, 60; monsoon, 49, 55, 56–57
food culture, Harappan, 55
food procurement, and hurricanes, 29
food production, 187–88, 195, 196
foragers, foraging, 19, 223; in Titicaca Basin, 120, 123–26
forests, Maya concepts of, 143
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 258
fox, silver, 225
frame analysis, in anthroposcape, 7–8
free will, 217–18
freshwater supplies, Maya, 36
fuel, camelid dung as, 126
fuel wood, Marquesas Islands, 197
fungi, 19
Gabbur, 68; water infrastructure, 63–66
galliform/Galliformes, 173. See also quail; turkeys
Gambier Islands. See Mangareva
game management, game keeping, 223, 237; reindeer and, 241–42
Ganweriwala, 53
gardens, gardeners, 13, 195; at Coba, 143, 145; houselot, 146–47; Maya, 36, 142
Gatauba, 37
gazelles, 224
gender, 242
genetic manipulation, plants and animals, 4–5
geoarchaeology, 39
geological proxies, 31
Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, 101
Giardia lamblia, 120
global warming, and hurricanes, 28
goats, 54, 226; domestication, 216f, 223–24, 239
grasslands, sub-Saharan Africa, 101
grass pollen, Vijayanagara agriculture, 62
Great Britain, bubonic plague in, 257, 259
Great Church (Cathedral) of Antioch, 90
Great Famine, 257
Great Fire of 1665, 263
great houses, Chaco Canyon, 168
Great Plains, drought, 12
Greece, ancient, 5
Guabancex, 37
guano, nutrient redistribution, 191–92, 198–99
Guatemala, 146
Gujarat, Harappan sites, 54, 55
Hagia Sophia, 78
Hallan Çemi, 222
Han Dynasty, 78
Harappan civilization: climate, 52–53; dietary patterns, 53–56
hare, and coyote operation, 219
Haryana, Harappan sites in, 55
hawks, Chaco Canyon, 173, 175, 177
Hazor, 109
health, 101; Titicaca Basin peoples, 123–26, 127–28
hearths, 102
Helicopter pylori, 117
herders, reindeer, 233–34, 240, 242–43, 245–48
herd management, and domestication, 223, 224
Hesiod, Works and Days, 5
Hierapolis, 18, 77, 93f, 94; post-earthquake reconstruction, 89, 91–92
Himalayas, monsoon, 52
history, and change, 265–66
Holocaust, 260
Holocene, divisions of, 6–7
hominids, homonims, 6, 102, 214–15, 219
Homer, 5
horses, domestication of, 16, 215, 225
households, landholding, 153
houselots: Coba, 137, 138, 145, 147–54; gardens, 142, 146, 147
Hoysala dynasty, 61
human-animal relationships, 214–15; commensal, 220–21; domestication and, 227–28
human-bird relationships, 163–64, 168–69; avian agency, 165–66; physical and biological aspects, 169–72
human-environmental dynamics, 3–4, 13, 19–20
human waste, 10
hurricanes, 18, 27; archaeological evidence, 40–41; documentation of, 30–31; global distribution of, 29–30; impacts of, 28–29, 32–33; Maya civilization and, 35–37; medieval Japan, 33–35; Taino and, 37–40
hydrocarbons, 111
hydrology, earthquakes and, 78
hyenas, spotted, personality traits, 220
Hypoderma tarandi, and reindeer, 243–44
iconography, Maliabad, 67
Iliad, 5
incremental agents, incrementalism, 17, 19
India, 18; Harappan civilization, 52–56; monsoon, 50–51, 56–57; rainfall variability, 51–52; reservoirs, 59–60; water management, 57–58, 61–68
Indra, 51
Indus Culture, 18; cities, 54–55
infections: childhood, 118–19; skeletal remains, 121–22
infields, at Coba, 145
Inocarpus fagifer, 197
inscriptions, 57, 67; Gabbur, 64, 65–66, 68; Pompeii and Herculaneum, 82–83
Indigenous people, Siberian reindeer herders, 233, 234–35, 242–48
insects, ecosystem modification, 189–90
interaction factors, human-bird interactions, 169–70, 171f
interaction score, 171
International Chronostratigraphic Chart, 6
International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), 6–7
Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), 53
invention cascade, fire and, 103
irrigation, in India, 53, 56, 59, 61–62
Isabella (Dominican Republic), 31
ITCZ. See Inter-tropical Convergence Zone
Japan, medieval, 18, 27, 41; hurricanes and, 29, 33–35, 40
jays, 173
Joya de Cerén. See Cerén
Jubaea sp., syn. Paschalocos disperta, 194
Junagarh, 57
Juracán, 37
Kalibangan, 55
Kanheri, cisterns in, 57–58f
Karnataka, water management in, 61–68
Kerkenes Dağ, 109
Kola Peninsula, Sami herders in, 224
Koryak, 242
Kot Diji, 109
Kublai Khan, 27; fleet destruction, 33, 34
labor: Indian agriculture, 59; Maya household gardens, 146
Lacandon Maya, 146
Lampedusa, Tommaso di, The Leopard, 265
landesque capital, Gabbur, 65
landholdings, in Coba, 145, 153
landscapes, 18, 188, 196; and fire, 99–100, 103–4; and microbe-scapes, 116–17; human-managed, 141–42; vegetative, 137–38; weeding and, 145–46
land tenure, 187; Black Death and, 263–64
land use, 19; and environmental change, 187–88
Laodicea, 88
Late Antique period, 85
Late Harappan period, subsistence, 55–56
Leopard, The (di Lampedusa), 265
Levant, 224
LiDAR, Coba houselots survey, 147–52, 153–54
life history processes, fire and, 103
Lima, 120
linear enamel hypoplasia, 121, 126
lithics, creation of, 105–6
Little Ice Age, monsoon and, 61, 68
livestock, Harappan, 55–56. See also cattle; goats; sheep
llama, gut bacteria and viruses, 120
locusts, and prairie dogs, 214
Lomekwian tradition, 105
London, Great Fire of 1665, 163
Los Buchillones, excavations of, 37–39, 41
macaques, rhesus, 221
macaws, scarlet (Ara macao), 174, 177–78, 182n2
magpies, black-billed, 173
Mahendravarman I, 61
malaria, 117
Maliabad, water infrastructure, 63, 66f–68
malnutrition, and disease, 121–22
Mangaia, 20, 188, 193f; ecosystem changes in, 198–99
Mangareva, 20, 188, 193f; ecosystem changes in, 198–99
Maori, 5
Marquesas Islands, 20, 188, 193f; ecosystem change on, 196–97; ecosystem engineering on, 200–201
masters of the forest, 248, 249
Mature Harappan era, 53
Maya, 19, 29, 137, 146; hurricane impacts, 35–37, 40; plant personification, 142–43; Terminal Classic collapse, 18, 27, 41
measles (Variola spp.), 118
Mediterranean, earthquakes in, 18, 77, 78, 85–89
medieval Christianity, 260–61
medieval period: Indian, 18, 60; society in, 260–61
Medieval Warm Period, South India, 60, 61
Meghalayan, 7
Meleagris gallopavo merriami, in Chaco Canyon, 20, 173f, 175, 177, 179
Mexico, weeding in, 146–47
microbe-scapes, 19; and landscapes, 116–17; in Titicaca Basin, 120–25
Middle East, pastoralism, 248–49
milpa, 146; vegetative regeneration, 152–53
minimal self, and agency, 216–18
mink, domestication, 225
Mr. Micawber’s dictum, 258–59
mollusks, 120
Mongolia, 241
Mongols, and Kamikaze typhoons, 33, 35
monocrops, monocropping, 13
monsoons, 49, 63; climate changes and, 60–61; and Harappan civilization, 52–53, 55; India, 50–51, 68; water capture during, 56–57
Morinda citrifolia, 197
mouflon, 216
mouse: common (Mus musculus), 220; Macedonian (M. macedonicus), 220
Mueller, Gerhard Friedrich, on Siberian history, 246–47
mutualism, 200; animal-animal, 213–14; animal-human, 15, 20; cultigen-weed, 152–53; nature-human, 9–10
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 117
Naples Bay, earthquakes, 79, 80–81
Naranjal, 145
natural phenomena, 3; incremental, 12–14; mass events, 11–12
Natural Questions (Seneca the Younger), on earthquakes, 78, 79–81
nature, 4, 5, 141, 240; and culture, 6–7
nature-culture divide, Western, 164–65
Near East, 222, 239; pastoralism, 248–49; prey domesticates in, 223–24
Neolithic: Europe, 109; South Asia, 52–53
Neolithic Revolution, 238–40
neophobia, birds, 220
Nesoluma nadeaudii, 197
New Fire ceremony, 109
New Guinea, pigs in, 223
niche construction, 188, 189, 190, 200, 201; animals, 217–18f; human-animal relationships, 220–21, 227
Nicomedia, 87
NISP, in faunal analysis, 178–80
non-architectural space, 145
noni (Morinda citrifolia), 197
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), 63f
North America, 12, 221; reindeer in, 241–42
North Atlantic Basin, paleotempestological reconstructions, 31–32
Nuku Hiva, 196
nutrient redistribution/cycling, 200–201; seabirds, 191–92, 198–99
Oceania, 188
Odisha, 58
Odyssey, 5
Ogallala aquifer, 12
oka, 121
Oldowan tools, 105–6
opossums, 221
Opramoas of Rhodiapolis, 89
orchards, at Coba, 145
osteomyelitis, 121, 123, 125, 126
ostrich, 225
owls, Chaco Canyon, 173, 175, 177
Pacific Ocean, typhoons, 33
Pakistan, Harappan civilization, 52
paleoanthropocene, 6
palaeobotany, Harappan sites, 54, 55
paleoethnobotany, 140
paleopathology, 116; periosteal reactions, 123–25; skeletal evidence, 122–23
paleotempestology, 18, 29, 34, 40, 41; documentation in, 30–31; North Atlantic Basin, 31–32
Pallava dynasty, 61
palm trees, Rapa Nui (Jubaea sp., syn. Paschalocos disperta), 194
palynological studies, Harappan sites, 55
Pandanus, 197
pandemics, 21; Covid-19, 259–60, 263
parasites, parasitism, 19, 117, 120, 214; intestinal, 118, 127; Titicaca Basin, 120, 128
parrot: thick-billed (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha), 174, 177, 180, 182n2
pastoralism, 248–49
pathogens, 116, 257; and human relationships, 117–19; Titicaca Basin, 122–23, 128
patriarchy, pastoralism, 248–49
people-plant interactions, 140–41
Persia, 78
personality traits, of animals, 219–20
personhood, Maya, 142–43
Peru, swidden farming, 147
Petén, weeding in, 146
Picyu’čin, 248
pigeons, Marquesas Islands, 196
pigs: domestication of, 222–23; feral, 226
pile dwellings, 39
plants, 19, 119; agency of, 140–42; disturbed earth, 13–14; domestication of, 6, 121; genetic manipulation of, 4–5; personification of, 142–43; useful, 146–47; volunteer, 138, 139
plague, 5, 15, 21, 87, 90, 120, 256–60
Plasmodium (P.) falciparum, 117
Polynesia, 20, 193f. See also various islands
Pompeii: earthquake in, 77, 79–81; post-earthquake reconstruction, 83–84; resilience, 82–83
ponds, farm, 56
potatoes, 121
prairie dogs, 214
Preceramic (PC) peoples: health of, 123, 124t, 125–26; Titicaca Basin, 120–21
predator-prey interaction, 219
predators, humans as, 215
pregnancy, and stature dimorphism, 127–28
prey, humans as, 215
prisoners, in Siberia, 246
problem solving, domestication and, 225
productive crisis, 262–63
Proyecto Sacbe Yaxuna-Coba, 148
Puebloans, 166
Pueblo Bonito, 164, 167–68; birds in, 172–75, 176–77, 180
Pueblo del Arroyo, 177
Pueblo II period, Chaco Canyon, 163, 164
pulses, 54
purification, ritual, 109
Pylos, 109
Pyrocene, 110
quail, scaled, 171–72, 173, 175, 176
quelites, 139
quinoa, 121
Quintana Roo, 138. See also Coba
raccoons, 221
radiocarbon dating, 33; Chaco Canyon, 168
Rakhigarhi, 53
Raichur Doab, 18, 60; water management, 62–68
raids, fire and, 109
rainfall, 18; hurricanes, 28, 37; India, 50–52, 59–60; South Asia, 49–50, 69
Rapa Nui, 20, 188, 193f–94; environmental change, 194–95
rapid-onset events, 17
raptors, 181; Chaco Canyon, 20, 173, 175, 176–77, 178
rats, Polynesian (Rattus exulans), 188, 194, 195, 197, 198, 200
Ravenna, 86
reconstruction: post-earthquake, 82–84; Roman Mediterranean, 84–85f, 87–92
reefs, and hurricanes, 39
reindeer: agentive practices, 20–21, 236–37; flies and, 243–44; herd behavior and, 224, 240, 242–44; as partial domesticate, 241–42; in Siberia, 233–34, 245–48, 249–50; and Siberian peoples, 244–45
Reindeer Being, 247–48
Reindeer Chuckchee, 247
religion, and Black Death, 260–61
reservoirs, 59; Maliabad, 66, 67; Raichur Doab, 63, 64–65, 68; Tamil Nadu, 60–61; Vijayanagara, 61–62
resilience, 18, 81, 82f, 92, 258, 261; Pompeii, 82–83; Taino, 37–38
Rhodes, 86
Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, 174, 177, 180, 182n2
Rig Veda, rain in, 50–51
rinderpest, 118
Rojdi, 55
Roman Empire: earthquake responses in, 18, 77, 79–81, 84, 85–89; post-earthquake restorations, 89–92. See also Pompeii
Roman period, 85
ruderal ecologies, 14
Russia, and Siberia, 235
Sabana-Camagüey, Archipiélago de, 40
St. Mary, Church of (Ephesus), 91
salt, reindeer and, 244
salt efflorescence, 12
Sami herders, 224
Sanchi, 58
sandalwood (Santalum spp.), 197
Sapotaceae, 197
Sardis, 88
SARS-CoV-2, 118. See also Covid-19
sascaberas, and Coba gardens, 143
scavenging, fire, 102
Scholastikia Baths (Ephesus), 91
Scriptores Historiae Augustae, 81
seabirds: nutrient redistribution, 191–92, 198–99; on Rapa Nui, 194, 195
seasonality, 11; and typhoons, 34
sea surface temperatures (SSTs), 30
sedimentary indicators; sedimentology: cenotes, 37; of hurricanes, 31, 32f
seed dispersal, 191; in Marquesas Islands, 196–97, 201
seismic events, Roman region, 85–86. See earthquakes
selective pressures, 189; agricultural systems, 199–200
self, and animal agency, 216–18
selfhood, 217–18
Seneca the Younger, 83; Natural Questions, 78, 79–81
settlement organization, earthquake response, 78–79
settlements, and human-nature mutualism, 9–10
sexual dimorphism, and agriculture, 127
sheep, 54, 120; domestication of, 223, 239
ships, Kublai Khan’s, 27, 33, 34, 35
Siberia, 20; reindeer domestication in, 241, 242–43; reindeer herders in, 233–34, 240, 245–48
silkworms, 225
skeletal remains, 127; disease evidence in, 121–26
slash-and-burn agriculture, 104, 105f
small house sites, Chaco Canyon, 168
social contract, animal-human, 227
social groups, and pandemics, 21
social organization: agriculture, 58–59; changes in, 263–64; earthquake response, 78–79, 86–89; reindeer herders, 242, 247
society, nature and, 141
soil nutrient cycling, Marquesas Islands, 197
souls, of plants, 143
South Asia, 16, 48, 49, 52, 69. See also India
Spanish Flu, 263
species preservation, 16
speleothems, hurricane records, 31, 36, 37
spirits: Maya, 142–43; Siberian reindeer, 247–48
spirit-world interaction, fire and, 104
Sri Lanka, elephants in, 16
SSTs. See sea surface temperatures
stable isotope analysis, goat domestication, 224
stature, and agriculture, 127
stone tools, development of, 105–6
storms, and landscape strategies, 18
Strabo, 86
Strigiformes, 173. See also owls
structures, burning of, 109
Sub-Saharan Africa, grassland evolution and, 101
Sudarshana Lake, 57
swidden farming, Peruvian Amazon, 147
symbiosis, human-animal, 227
Syria. See Antioch
Tacitus, on Pompeii earthquake, 80, 81
Taíno, hurricane strategies, 27, 29, 37, 39–40
Tamil Nadu, 18; water management, 60–61, 68
tarpan, extinction, 215
taxation, earthquake reconstruction and, 88
Teenek, 141
teeth, malnutrition and, 121
Temple of Hadrian (Ephesus), 91
temples: Ephesus, 91; Gabbur, 63, 64, 65–66; Maliabad, 67; rhesus macaques in, 221
Terminal Classic period: hurricanes during, 36–37; Maya, 18, 27, 36, 41
Tiberius, 88
ti plants (Cordyline fruticosa), 197
Titicaca Basin, 116; ecology, 119–20; health in, 123–28; microbe-scapes, 120–23
Titicaca, Lake, ecology of, 119
Toluca, Valley of, 146
Total Procurement Score, 181; Chaco Canyon birds, 173, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180; birds, 171–72
trade networks: Harappan, 52, 54; Maliabad, 67–68
Trajan, Antioch earthquake, 86–87, 90
transformation, 81, 84, 92, 99
transportation, reindeer and, 243
tree crops, Marquesas Islands, 196–97
tree rings, hurricane records, 37
Tsunamis, 28
Tungabhadra River, 61
Turkey, goat domestication in, 223
turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo merriami), in Chaco Canyon, 20, 173f, 175, 177, 179
Tuva region, 247
typhoons, Medieval Japan, 33–35, 40
Tzotzil Maya, 143
University of Houston, National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping, 148
urban renewal, earthquakes and, 18, 77
urine, and reindeer, 244
Valens, 90
Variola spp., 118
vegetation, 13, 14, 19, 101; agency of, 140–42; as cultural landscapes, 137–38; nutrient cycling and, 198–99. See also weeds; by type
Veracruz, 147
Vespasian, 82–83
Vibrio cholerae, 117
Vijayanagara, 18, 60, 68; water management, 61–62
Virgin Mary, Church of the (Antioch), 90
visibility factors, human-bird interactions, 169, 170, 171f
visibility score, 171
warble fly (Hypoderma tarandi), and reindeer, 243–44
warfare, 36, 199, 263; fire and, 109–10
waste, agricultural use of, 126
water management, 18, 53; peninsular India, 56–60; Raichur Doab, 62–68; Tamil Nadu, 60–61; Vijayanagara, 61–62
weeds, weeding, 13, 19; agency of, 137, 140–41, 143; and cultigens, 152–53; defining, 138–40; management of, 146–47; Maya houselots, 145–46
wells, 56; Gabbur, 64–65; Maliabad, 66, 67; Mohenjo-Daro, 53
Western Disturbances, in Pakistan, 52
wildfires, 100f
wildlife, zoonotic diseases, 117, 119. See also animals
Works and Days (Hesiod), 5
World War II, 260
wrasse, cleaner, 213–14
yaks, 225
Yamuna River, 55
Yersinia pestis (plague), 257. See also plague
Yucatec Maya, container gardening, 145
Yukaghir, 242
Zagros Mountains, goat domestication in, 223, 224
Zhang Heng, 78
zoonotic diseases, 19, 118; Titicaca Basin, 120, 126, 128; wildlife and, 117, 119