Index
African arrival and immigration, 106–9
African descent, 102, 108, 110
African inferiority, 110
African slaves, 108
Afro-Yucatecans, 108–9, 223, 243, 265, 268, 271
agricultural: community, 246; productivity, 224, 234; territory, 102
alcalde, 37
alliances, 267, 270; Chibal, 102; in Honduras, 236; between Itzas and others, 78; in Naranjo area, 175; between Xiu and Spaniards, 48
Altun Ha, 172
Amazonia, 12–13
Anasazi, 158
Appadurai, Arjun, 5
Arawak, 9, 12; language family, 13
architecture, 4–5, 9–10, 15, 151, 161, 193–98, 204, 223–24, 227, 235, 250; amalgamated, 175; city, 172; elaborate, 220; monumental, 195, 206, 221, 226; Petén, 195; religious, 162; sacred, 272; typologies, 193. See also house; patio; platform; structure; substructure; superstructure; sweatbaths; and temple
Aztec, 53, 166, 173, 202. See also Mexica
Aztlan, 202
Baking Pot, 173
ballcourt, 162
Barth, Fredrik, xiv, 5–6, 120, 157, 160–62, 166, 187–89, 191, 193, 205, 222, 230–32, 267–68
Belize, 16, 30, 73, 79, 157–76, 205, 245–47
Berdan, Frances, 12, 190, 192–93, 206
bioarchaeology, 16, 224, 243–61
Blanton, Richard, 11, 190, 192
border, 11–12, 16, 32, 36, 63, 79, 104, 113, 160, 168, 175, 219–20, 228, 231–32, 268
Bourdieu, Pierre, 48, 50, 55–56, 163, 189, 192, 222, 273
British Industrial Revolution, 62
burial and burials, in Actuncan, 173–74; in Catholic church, 248, 256; in Copan, 245; customs and practices, 15, 151, 163–64, 173, 244, 256–57, 272; in K’axob, 256–57, 260; and osteological data, 205; in Palenque, 195; in Peten, 173; in Xunantunich, 170; in 9N8, 258, 260
cah, 8, 94, 97–98, 101–7, 109, 116, 118, 268
Cahal Pech, 173
Calakmul, 142–43, 162, 166, 175, 199–200
Cambodia, 201
Campeche, 42, 79, 105, 108–9, 111–12, 120–21, 123–24, 205
Caribbean Sea, 169
Caribes, 79
Carrier, James, 7
Castañeda, Quetzil, 9–10, 48, 52, 91
ceramic and ceramics, 151, 205, 246, 260; bowl, 256, caches, 227; complexes, 170; economy, 228; elite, 232; fine-ware, 233; isolation, 195; jars, 227; local, 228; as mortuary offerings, 195; Palenque, 194–95; spheres, 170, 220; style, 221; Teotihuacan-inspired, 245; traditions, 194; utilitarian distribution, 206. See also pottery and pottery styles; vessel
ceramic assemblage, 10
Chase, Arlen, 11, 52, 170, 192, 206
Chiapas, 8, 16, 32, 36, 42, 61, 74, 77, 106–7, 133, 165, 187, 189, 194, 205
Chichén Itzá, 48, 63, 73, 77, 100, 140–41, 146–47, 150–51, 161
Chilam Balam of Chumayel, 53, 63, 73, 77, 85, 93–94, 96, 100
Chilam Balam of Maní, 99
Ch’ol, 85, 133–35, 137–38, 199
Ch’olan, 74, 77, 79–81, 85–86, 132–33, 136, 139–41, 144, 147, 149, 168, 198–99
Chontal, 93, 106–7, 110, 121, 123, 133, 140–41, 198–99
Christianity, 36. See also church
church: Catholic Church, 42, 248; church census, 108; Presbyterian church, 37; separation of church and state, 39
class, 57, 101, 163, 173, 175, 192, 206, 222, 269, 272; and dress, 112; and identity, 16, 98–99, 101–2, 114, 161, 18, 191–94, 200–201, 203–4, 221; within K’iche’ society, 37; macehual, 103, 105; and marriage practice, 113, 124, 203; opposed to race, 110, 114, 119, 123; Yucatec, 98–99, 101–2, 123
class culture, 124, 191–92, 198, 204, 206, 221, 257
Classic Period, 3, 10, 15–16, 73–74, 84, 131–32, 139–42, 144, 147, 150–52, 157–59, 161–62, 164, 166–70, 172–73, 175–76, 187, 189–96, 198–99, 203–4, 206, 223–24, 228, 230–32, 234, 236, 243–46, 258, 260–61, 268
coast, 28
Cohen, Ronald, 5–7, 16, 157, 159, 222, 267
collapse, 36, 59, 105, 174, 236, 245
Colonial Period, 15, 32, 59, 85, 91–92, 100–101, 104–5, 107–8, 111, 115–16, 118, 120, 124, 198, 248
colonies, 62, 108; Spanish 59, 98, 106, 108–11; Montejos, 106; Toltec, 237
Comaroff, John, 160
commoner, 8, 11–12, 93, 98, 101–3, 116, 119, 161, 188, 192, 200, 202, 204, 206, 221, 231, 245, 250–51. See also elite and elites, -commoner distinctions
community of practice, 12, 159, 163, 169, 172–73
consciousness, community, 114–15, 118–19; double-consciousness, 65; ethnic, 109, 115, 118–19; group, 166; historical, xiv–xv; race, 108; self-, 92
Copador polychrome, 228
Copán, 16, 150, 161–62, 165, 198, 219, 224–26, 228–31, 244–61, 269
Copán-style: architecture, 228, 233; ceramics, 232–33, mosaic sculpture, 226
costume, 111, 113, 123, 161. See also dress
covert markers of identity, 7; implied ethnicity, 104
cranial deformation, 206
cranial metrics, 247–48
cross, 28, 116–17, 119, 201–2, 206, 272
cultural capital, 61, 192, 206
dancer, 171
defensive works, 166
deities, 141, 158, 161, 165, 191, 194, 197, 200–203, 206
Demarest, Arthur, 11, 161–62, 220, 244
dental mutilation, 206
descent, 99, 111, 113, 119, 121, 202, 246; African, 102, 108; common, 5, 119, 122, 151; parallel, 9. See also kinship
diacritics, xiv, xv, 14, 159, 175, 222–23, 229–30, 232, 234–36
disease epidemics, 106
diversity, xiv, 11; cultural, 8, 14; ecological, 190; ethnic, 11–12, 106–7, 109; and identity construction, 8; of material culture, 190; social and economic, 12, 14, 159; stylistic, 175; of traditions, 8; of warriors and porters, 106
divisions: cultural, 5; ethnic, 16, 116, 188, 191, 203; geographic, 158, 200–201; language, 203; of region and class, 114, 192, 203–4; Seven Division, 167–68; social and racial, 114, 116, 267; of society, 60, 112, 266
DNA, 247
domestic economy, 11
Dos Pilas, 147, 149–50, 199–200, 260
dress, 4–5, 7–8, 37–38, 58, 111–13, 118, 120, 123, 172, 189. See also costume
dzul, 8, 102–3, 111, 116, 123. See also foreigner
Early Classic, 139, 151, 161, 223, 260
Edmonson, Munro, 77, 93–34, 100, 121–22
El Cafetal, 225, 228–29, 231, 233–35, 237, 246, 269
El Chayal, 169. See also obsidian
elite and elites, 6, 12, 99, 101, 103, 113, 119; 151, 202, 233, 245; Aztec, 202; -commoner distinctions, 11, 113–14, 160, 188, 190–92, 200, 203–4, 206, 221, 231, 251, 258, 260–61, 268; and connection to deities, 194, 202; control, 6, 12, 190, 192–93, 221; in contrast to ethnicity, 198, 202; culture, 16, 36, 175, 190–92, 194–95, 206, 243, 256; dynasties, descent, and lineage, 106, 121, 150, 246, 250–51; foreign elites, 11, 99, 203; interaction, 191–93, 203–4, 206, 220, 224–26, 233–35, 260–61, 268–69; interaction with foreign groups, 190; interaction with Spaniards, 100, 103–4; isotope research on, 161–62, 251; marriages, 113, 203, 250; material culture, 10, 16, 164, 172, 191, 194–95, 200, 203, 220, 232, 235, 237, 243, 246, 256; pilgrims, 161; power, 39, 163–64, 203–4, 234, 269; prestige, 166, 233; residences and architecture, 197, 224, 226, 235, 237, 248, 250; Spaniards, 118; Spanish-speaking, 111–13, 118–19; women, 150, 161–62. See also burial and burials
emblem glyph, 142, 158, 164–65, 173–74, 194, 200–201, 206
endogamy, 113, 122–23, 161, 244, 250
essentialism, 33, 41, 65; anti-, 31
ethnic group, 4, 6, 8–9, 11, 13–17, 32, 36, 73, 76–78, 85, 91, 110, 119, 132, 157–58, 160–62, 164–65, 175–76, 188–90, 192–93, 203, 220, 230, 233–34, 244, 266, 272
ethnicity markers, xvi
ethnicity, 3–4, 6–7, 10–17, 31, 33–36, 100, 118–20, 122, 157–58, 173, 176, 188–90, 193, 202–3, 205–6, 224, 230, 234, 236, 243–44, 266–67, 270
ethnicity definition, 3–6, 10, 13, 17, 34, 38, 104, 120, 157, 162–63, 176, 188–89, 230, 243–44, 267, 271
ethnoexodus, 4, 15, 48–51, 53–57, 63–66, 268
ethnogenesis, xiii, xiv, 4, 8–9, 11, 13–14, 30–33, 35–36, 47–53, 56, 62–66, 78, 80, 92, 100, 104–6, 115, 118–19, 131, 151, 158–62, 165–67, 169, 175–76, 222, 225, 230–34, 244, 270, 272
ethnohistoric, 7, 9, 12, 39, 42, 73, 190, 243, 245, 250
ethnohistory, 64
evangelical, 33–37, 42, 53, 63
exogamy, 77, 102, 108–9, 113, 124, 244, 268
exoticization, 28
factionalization, 222. See also ethnogenesis
food, xv, 39, 163, 172, 189, 227
foreign, 11, 62, 99, 132, 142, 150, 159, 163–64, 174, 176, 190, 203, 220, 243, 246, 269
foreigner, 8, 73, 102, 110, 116, 149, 219, 237, 244
foreign speaker. See nun
Formative, 244–47, 256–58, 260. See also Preclassic
Franciscan, 59, 63, 92, 97, 100
French, 198; Enlightenment, 62; Revolution, 99, 119
frontier, 12, 15–16, 159, 161–62, 223, 225, 229, 244–46
gender, 60, 62, 101, 124, 161, 164, 173, 230, 243; engendered, 116
genocide, 31
Graham, Elizabeth, 11
greenstone, 256–60
habitus, xv, 15, 50, 55–57, 63–64, 163–64, 189, 193, 195, 204, 206, 273
Hanks, William, 49–50, 52, 59, 63–64
hegemonic processes, 50, 159, 165–66, 169, 173–75; hegemonic discourse, 266
heterarchy, 12
heterogeneity, 9, 11, 14, 74, 116, 247, 250
hieroglyph, 10, 15, 73–74, 131–32, 140, 143, 147, 150–51, 158, 162, 165–68, 171, 173, 176, 194, 198–200, 203, 245
highland, 8, 10, 27–28, 31–32, 34, 40, 74, 133, 150, 158, 161–62, 169, 220
Hill, Jonathan, xiv, xvi, 9, 11, 13, 47, 78, 244
Hindu, 201
Hodder, Ian, 14, 16–17, 158–59, 162–64, 166, 172, 270–72
homogeneity, 3, 78, 92, 106, 113, 115, 151, 158, 170, 227, 271
Honduras, 16, 30, 106–7, 169, 205, 219–20, 224, 229, 236–37, 245
house, xv, 139–40, 144, 146–47, 165, 169–70, 188; assemblages, 169; building technique, 164, 189–90; householder, 103; K’iche’, 173; layout, 159; noble, 233; orientation, 165
Huehuetenango, 34
huipil, 173
hybridity, 142, 158–59, 162, 167, 261
hypergamy, 124
Iberian colonialism, 62
iconography, 10, 16, 28, 164, 204, 221, 236, 245
identity politics, xiii, 8, 56–59, 61, 175, 231, 234
immigration, 108
indígenas, 32, 51, 65, 111, 113
indios, 32, 38, 56, 59, 63, 99, 111–14, 116, 118, 123–24
Inka, 166
Inomata, Takeshi, 12, 150, 161, 166–67, 194
instrumental approach to ethnicity, 5–6, 10, 13, 35, 189, 205, 221, 233, 268, 270
Itza (colonial), 73, 75, 77–79, 83, 85, 100
Itza dialect, 106
Itzaj (language and culture), 15, 73, 75, 78–85, 133
Itzajs (people), 74, 77–79, 81, 84–85
Itzas (precontract), 73, 77–79, 85, 94, 100, 157, 176, 266
Ixtepeque, 169
jade, 162, 195, 256, 258. See also greenstone
Jones, Grant, 40, 73–74, 78, 83–84, 122, 167
Jones, Sian, 10, 157–59, 163, 166–67, 189, 192–93, 205–6, 244, 271
Juancy vase, 171
Kaqchikel, 30, 33–34, 37, 80, 107
Kaminaljuyu, 161
Kenya, 164
K’iche’, 34, 36–37, 80, 107, 150, 173. See also Q’eqchi
kin and kin group, 122, 160, 164–65, 175, 220, 222–23
kinship, 97, 120, 176, 221, 268; and identity, 33; in relation to ethnicity, 122; structure, 11
Kukulcan, 161. See also Quetzalcoatl
labor, 12, 52, 60, 62–64, 110, 112–13, 160, 162, 164, 167, 192–93, 235
La Florida, 232
Lakandon, 78
Landa, Diego de, 48, 92–93, 97, 109–10, 121–23
landscape, 9–10, 39, 158, 160, 170, 172; cultural, xv, 9, 159; ethnic, 4, 223–24, 234; post-Colonial, 13; religious, 34; social and political, 5, 34, 166, 174, 188, 234, 247
Late Classic, xiv, 16, 166–67, 170, 172–73, 175, 198–99, 210, 223, 225–26, 228, 233, 235, 244–46, 249–50, 257–61, 269, 272
Latin, 198
Levene test, 255
low culture, 220
lowland, 10, 27, 40, 74–75, 77, 131, 139, 142, 147, 150, 158, 161–62, 166–67, 169–73, 175, 187, 189–98, 202–3, 205–6, 233, 245–46, 249, 256–58, 265–66, 268, 270–71
macehual, 8, 103–6, 111, 114, 116, 118. See also commoner; masewal
maize, 58, 188, 201–2. See also corn
Marcus, George, 11
Marcus, Joyce, 11, 161, 173, 192, 206, 268
masewal, 59, 116–18. See also commoner; macehual
Mayapan, 48, 73, 77, 92–94, 97, 100–101, 105, 121, 161
Mayathan, 92–93, 103, 105, 120–21, 123
McAnany, Patricia, 11, 169–70, 189, 192, 206, 246–47, 250, 256–57, 260
Mérida, 27, 52, 58, 60, 104–6, 108–9, 112, 124
mestizo, 28, 36, 41, 59–60, 63, 105–6, 108, 111–12, 123
Mexica, 10. See Aztec
midden, 232
military, 234; precolonial captain, 150
military conflicts, 47; precolonial, 166
missionary, Franciscan, 59
Mopan, 15, 73–75, 77–85, 133, 167–68, 175, 266
moreno, 108. See also negro
mortuary treatment, 244–45, 249, 256–61
Motul Dictionary, 94–95, 97, 148
mountain(s), 73, 150, 162, 174, 201
Mount Maloney, 172–73
mulato, 108–9, 116. See also mulatto; pardo
mulatto, 59, 103, 108, 116. See also mulato; pardo
multiethnic, 4–5
multivariate analysis, 249, 251, 255–56
myth, 4, 7; and historical past, 94, 97; and identity construction, 14, 39; mythic history, 7; mythical tradition of foreign origin, 99; mythical trees, 53; mythic place, 188; mythological birth, 197, 201
Nahua, 12, 122, 144, 151; allies, 106; speakers, 37, 110, 144, 161
Nahuas, 106–7
Nahualization of culture, 36
Naranjo, 143–50, 167, 171, 173, 175
narrative, xiv, 15, 28, 49, 62–64, 172, 237
Nash, June, 32
nation-states, 119; and confusion with pre-Columbian identities, 10; expansion, xvi; formation of, 60; ideology of, 60, 99; and indigenous peoples, xiii, xiv, 9, 36, 38, 249; rise of independent, xv
negro, 59, 108. See also moreno
nested identities, 164, 175, 205, 230
networks, 11, 42, 159, 163, 175, 236, 270; identity, 12, 66, 190–91, 266, 269–70; multi-polity, 11, 167, 236, 269; social, 13, 102, 162, 167, 204, 220, 267–73
9N-8, 248, 250–52, 255–56, 258–61
obsidian, 162. See also El Chayal; Ixtepeque
overt expressions of identity, 4, 7, 104–5, 115–16, 120, 266
Pacbitun, 173
Palenque, 16, 141–43, 145–47, 187, 189–90, 194–203, 206, 272
Pan-Mayanism, 9, 15, 28, 30–31, 33, 36, 58, 61, 118, 188, 202, 243, 266
pardo, 108–9. See also mulato; mulatto
patio, 226, 246, 250; enclosed, 233
patronym, 8, 77–78, 83–84, 97, 100–101, 103, 112–14, 118, 121, 124, 268; Itza, 83, 100; Itzaj, 83–84; Kejach, 83; Kowoj, 83–84; Mopan, 83–84; Tipuj, 84; Yucatec, 100
periphery, 3, 16, 159, 167–70, 172–73, 176, 190, 194, 219, 245–46
Peru, 159
Petén, 15–16, 73–74, 78–79, 84–85, 95, 100, 122, 142, 147, 150, 159, 162, 167–70, 172–73, 195, 199, 245–46, 269
Petén Itzá, 73, 78–79, 85, 170
plantations, 59; and slaves, 108
plaster, 233, 235. See also stucco
platform, 172, 226, 228, 235; basal, 246; residential, 257. See also substructure
polity, 11, 97, 120, 160, 166–67, 172, 188–89, 192–93, 200–202, 204, 206, 221, 231–33, 236, 245–46, 250
Postclassic, 10, 84, 100, 104–5, 151, 157, 161, 173, 176, 228
Portuguese, 107
pottery and pottery styles, 4, 159, 164, 172, 175, 195, 204, 206, 220, 228; and abstract motifs, 165; assemblage, 170; Classic period motifs, 172; common, 172; Copán-type, 220; costume ornaments, 161; dichotomously colored, 172; exchange, 170; fine-ware, 172, 221; international-style, 171; luxury, 170; Olmec-style, 161; Preclassic, 228. See also ceramic assemblage; ceramic and ceramics; Copador polychrome; Garbutt Creek; Mount Maloney; polychrome; Surlo wares; vessel
power: agentive, xv–xvi, colonial, 50, 58, 60–62, 176; communicative, xv–xvi; and construction of scientific knowledge, xvi; defense of, 270; of elites, 39, 269–70; and ethnic identity, 11, 50, 55, 57, 63, 166, 192, 271, 273; and language, 8, 34; legitimization of, 194; of nation-state, 41; powerlessness, 9; relations of, 7, 56–58, 63, 65, 204, 247; securing of, 270; shamanic, 34; and site hierarchy, 246; supernatural, 164
power struggles, 11, 59, 64, 166
practice theory, 34–36, 50, 55–57, 162–67, 175, 189, 223
Preclassic, 10–11, 139, 151, 161, 170, 172–73, 175, 220, 228, 246
prestige, 36, 132, 150–51, 161, 166, 198, 206, 220
prestige economy, 12, 161, 206, 220
Price, Barbara, 11
primordial, 163
primordialist view of ethnicity, 5–7, 13–14, 66, 157, 164, 189, 205, 220, 230, 233
processualist approach, 34, 220–21
proto-classic, 245
Puuc, 27
Quetzalcoatl, 161, 169. See also Kukulcan
Quetzaltenango, 33–34
Quiché, 122, 245. See also K’iche’
quincunx, 51, 53–54, 60, 63, 65–67
Quintana Roo, 28–29, 42, 51, 65, 118, 205
Quiriguá, 16, 219, 224–25, 229, 231, 234–37, 269
race, 47, 57–58, 108, 110–11, 119, 123–24; Indian race, 110–11; Maya race, 124; mixed, 110–11; pure, 111; and Spanish conquest, 47, 108, 110, 119; war, 114–15, 119
racial, 15, 57–60, 62, 67, 92, 99, 103–5, 108, 111, 114, 116, 119, 279
racialization, 57
raids and raiding, between indigenous peoples, 78, 116, 175; between indigenous peoples and Europeans, 116
rank, 201, 203, 206; and alliance formation, 268; and identity, 243; of settlements, 11; socio-racial, 108, 110
Raxruja Viejo, 162
relational identities, 6, 189, 268
religion, 34–36, 39, 41–42, 160–61, 163. See also religious
religious: architecture, 162; cult, 119; groups, 6; pluralism, 42; practice, 35–39, 269, 272; landscape, 34; ties, 116; traditions, 256
repúblicas de indios, 111–13, 123
resistance, 41, 106; and Caste War, 28; Classic Maya, 167; ethnic, 28; and ethnogenesis, 230; leadership, 8
revitalization, of language, 77; movements, 80
ritual, 12, 14, 99, 121, 147, 164, 169, 191–92, 194, 198, 202, 205–6, 256, 260, 272; symbols, 16, 192, 204
river, 169, 236; Río Amarillo, 231; Mopan River, 79, 165, 167, 169, 175; Motagua River, 169; New River, 167–68; Pasión River, 162; Sittee River, 168; Upper Belize River, 16, 159, 167–73, 175; Usumacinta River, 147, 195, 198–99
San Bartolo, 170
Sandstrom, Alan, 35–36
Schortman, Edward, xvi, 159, 161, 163–65, 189–92, 220–22, 236, 265–73
sculpture, 172, 175, 194, 202, 224–26, 233, 235
settlement, 112, 118, 165, 229, 233, 246, 268; density, 167, 169; forced, 85; hierarchy, 11, 170; patterns, 79, 165, 169–70, 205, 225–26, 228, 234; urban, 112
serpentine, 256
sex of skeleton, 248, 250–51, 255–56, 258
sexual dimorphism, 255
Shapiro-Wilk test, 251
shell, 161–62, 169, 201, 256–60
situational ethnicity, 5–7, 13–14, 66, 157, 164, 189, 205, 222
slave, 107; Atlantic slave trade, 107–8, 110; brought by Montejos, 106, importation into Mexico, 107; inter-Maya slave trade, 166
sociopolitical: complexity, 220; divisions, 267; ideology, 51; kingship system, 170; landscape, 234; world, 116, 223
South Africa, 164
Spanish: alliance with Xiu, 48; arrival, 132; Caste War, 28, 47, 74, 78, 91–92, 110, 114–15, 118–20, 124; colonial accounts, 74, 92, 94, 98, 110; colonial census, 108; colonial rule, 8, 105, 109, 122, 269; conquest and invasion, 47–48, 62, 91–92, 97, 99, 105–6, 120; crown, 108, 223, 249; identity, 63; indigenous perspectives on, 8, 98; language and terminology, 41, 78, 100–102, 104–6, 110–13, 118–19, 124; peoples, 74, 77–79, 99, 103, 106–7, 116, 122, 248; political and social strategies, 14–15, 59, 77, 92, 98, 102–4, 110, 119, 223, 269; Spanish-American colonies declare independence, 59; unity with Portuguese empire, 107–8
Staats, Susan, 7
status, 8, 15, 49–51, 54–59, 61, 64–67, 98–99, 111–14, 116, 118–19, 122, 124, 150, 158, 161–62, 166–67, 170, 175, 192, 202, 204, 221–22, 225, 230–31, 250, 256–58, 260
structure, 198; burials within, 260; funerary, 172; low, 228; monumental, 206; range, 172; residential, 222, 257; stone-faced, 226; temple, 197; vaulted, 197. See also architecture; house; patio; platform; substructure; superstructure; sweatbaths; and temple
stucco, 172, 194, 198, 226, 235; unstuccoed, 233. See also plaster
substructure, 228. See also platform
symbolic capital, 31, 50, 55–57
temple, 187, 197, 202, 272; facades and roofcombs, 202; plans, 196; roofing style, 195
Teotihuacan, 10, 150–51, 161–62, 245
Terminal Classic, xiv, 16, 166–67, 170, 173–75
termination ritual, 175, 260. See also vessel, smashed
territory, 49, 57, 79, 85, 102, 118, 160, 164, 173, 189, 219, 223, 233, 266–68, 271
third ethnicity, 35–36
Tikal, 143–44, 150–51, 161–62, 166, 169, 172, 175, 187, 245, 261
Tlaxcalans, 106
Tonina, 195
trade routes, 166, 169, 220, 224, 229, 234; communication route, 231
transactionalist approach, 221, 223, 229–30
transnational, contexts, 15, 34–35; migration, 39; space, 39
triad, 146, 170–71, 202–3, 206, 272
Tulan, 42
Tzeltal, 107, 133–39, 141–42, 187, 189
uinic, 59, 93–94, 98, 103, 121–22. See also winik
univariate analysis, 249, 251, 255
vessel, 165, 172; as gifts, 172; locally made, 228; as mortuary offerings, 195, 257, 260; in Pakal’s tomb, 195; prestige, 206; smashed, 175; utilitarian, 232. See also ceramic and ceramics; pottery and pottery styles; termination ritual
Voss, Barbara, 9, 11, 222, 230
water, 13, 162, 165, 167, 200, 224, 226, 256
Watanabe, John, 8, 29, 42, 60–61, 181, 190
winik, 78, 121, 167–68. See also uinic
Xiu, 27, 40, 48, 77, 85, 93–94, 99
Xunantunich, 165, 167, 169–70, 172–74
Yaxchilan, 143, 150, 195, 198, 225
Yucatán, 3, 15, 27, 31–32, 36, 42, 48, 51–52, 59–60, 63, 73, 77–79, 81, 85–86, 91–124, 132, 169, 176, 205, 219, 237, 272
Yucatec, 47–52, 58–60, 91–93, 98–111, 113, 117, 119–20, 122–23