Index
abandonment, 13, 113, 123–25, 151, 153–57, 159–64, 178, 180–83, 188–89, 193–99, 202–6, 209, 306
abra, 245–52, 254–55, 260–61, 299
access, 12, 22, 26–27, 38–39, 45, 67–71, 107–9, 111–12, 116–20, 130–31, 135, 137–38, 144, 151, 153, 157–59, 163, 179, 184, 198–99, 202, 228, 302, 306
actant, 242
Acullico, 246
agency, 7, 14, 241–43, 254, 261, 270, 289
Aja, 155–56
Albornoz, Cristobal de, 246, 297–98, 300
altar, 56, 61–62, 194, 197, 221, 224, 230, 233, 245, 248–49
Altiplano, 223, 232, 244–45, 248, 256–57, 259
Alto Piura, 180
Amazonia, 85
Anaconda, 85–86
Andahuaylillas, 223
Andean Christianity, 217–19, 232, 235
Andes mountains, 154
animism, 243
Apacheta, 10, 246–50, 257, 260–61. See also cairn worship
Araucanian. See Mapuche
architecture, 5, 10–13, 21, 23, 25, 27, 39, 46–47, 51–56, 59, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 80, 84–85, 87–88, 95, 97–99, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113–15, 117, 119–20, 125–32, 134–35, 139, 144–45, 156, 179–81, 183, 195–96, 208, 217, 219–24, 226–27, 231–35, 278–79, 300–3, 306, 308; ceremonial, 10, 12, 27, 51, 56, 59, 67, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 84, 87, 95, 107, 144, 301, 308, 309
ArcMAP, 135
Argentina, 6, 10, 14–15, 190, 248, 256–59, 261, 299
Arriaga, Pablo Jose de, 298, 300, 308
Atacama Desert, 248, 251, 254–55
authority, 5, 12, 14, 44, 65–66, 71–72, 124, 127, 141, 207, 209, 271, 305
Bahía de Samanco, 131
Bautista, Stefanie, 164, 235, 288, 297, 306
beads, 32, 113, 182, 203, 248–50, 252–53, 255–61, 299
Bell, Catherine, 6–8, 93, 224, 233, 242, 245, 307–8
blackware, 46
Bolivia, 6, 10, 14, 244, 248, 251, 272, 284
bones, 24, 28, 30, 35, 43, 112, 177–78, 182–83, 258, 308
Bonnier, Elisabeth, 51, 55–56, 58, 62, 66, 73, 83–85, 95, 301, 308
Bourdieu, Pierre, 6, 104, 169, 177, 190
Bradley, Richard, 7, 152, 164, 270–71, 307–8
Braudel, Fernand, 271
Bray, Tamara, 5, 11, 160, 164, 297, 308
Brown, Linda A., 84, 193–94, 308
built environment, 217, 220, 232, 299–300, 303
Burger, Richard L., 21, 46–47, 52, 55–56, 59, 61, 65–68, 73, 93, 95, 109, 113, 125–26, 135, 145, 301
cairn worship, 10
Cajamarca, 85–87, 93, 97–99, 172
Cajamarquilla, 179
canals, 10–11, 25, 27–28, 30–31, 35–45, 53, 69–70, 89–90, 174, 300. See also canal systems
canal systems, 35–37, 39, 43–44, 174
Cañete Valley, 13, 170, 173–74, 305
Capilla Gallery, 35
Caracoles Gallery, 58
Caral, 56, 59, 61–62, 85–86, 97–98, 221
caravan, 244–45, 255–57, 260, 299
Central Coast, 13, 59, 135, 155, 186, 188–89, 193, 199, 207
ceremony, 21, 23, 56, 66, 69, 124, 132, 139, 151, 153–55, 157, 159–64, 169–70, 176, 178, 190, 193, 197–98, 205–6, 208–10, 219, 221, 227, 244–45, 247, 295–96, 304–5
Cerro Blanco, 87–88, 94, 97–98, 125–29, 134, 136–42, 144–45, 248–49, 280, 286, 301–2; legend, 286; phase, 94, 126, 128, 129, 137, 138, 139, 141, 144, 145; site, 97, 98, 100, 121, 125, 127, 128, 129, 134, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 145, 147, 148, 301, 302
Cerro de Oro, 13, 169–79, 181–85, 187–90, 305–6; occupation, 170, 172, 175–76, 181, 183–84
ch’alla, 245–46
chapel, 13–14, 35, 217, 219–24, 227–33, 235–36, 302
Chavín de Huántar (site), 3–4, 11, 21–24, 26–27, 42, 46, 51, 94, 98, 300–301
chicha, 3, 197–98, 250, 296, 298
Christianity, 13–14, 217–21, 223, 231–32, 235, 260, 302
church, 3, 14, 218–24, 232–35, 302
Colca Valley, 224
Colla (culture), 227
Collao, 222
collapse, 29, 151, 161, 163–64, 199, 210
Colonial period, 80, 199, 218–19, 221–22, 224, 227, 231–32, 234–36, 299. See also Early Colonial period
colonnaded patios, 126, 130–31
Complejo Maranga, 180
compounds, 130–32, 134, 138, 171–72, 180–81, 183–84, 188, 199, 201
concentric cline, 67–68
conopas, 298
Contreras, Daniel, 6, 11, 26, 29, 36, 42, 44, 46–47, 51–52, 54–56, 58–59, 63–66, 68, 70, 72, 125, 144–45, 301
controlled landscape, 175
Copper, 252, 256, 258–59, 276–77, 279, 299
Coricancha, 223
Corpus Christi (festival), 219
cosmology, 7, 11, 14, 79, 85–86, 89, 96–97, 99, 221, 241, 261, 303
Crumley, Carol L., 72
cueltun, 304
Cupisnique, 87–88, 90, 93–94, 123, 125–27, 141, 301
Cusco, 219–20, 223, 227, 286, 296–97
daily (quotidian) life, 6–7, 151, 169, 176–78, 288, 297
Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 135
Dillehay, Tom, 5, 180, 190, 304
dismounted architecture, 180
disposal space, 176
diversity, 11, 36, 42, 44, 51, 59, 65, 68, 70–71, 73, 125, 127, 145, 301–2
Early Colonial period, 13–14, 199, 217–18, 221–24, 232–35, 246
Early Horizon, 66–67, 73, 124, 276, 301
Early Intermediate Period, 127, 155, 170
elites, 13, 45, 99, 193, 195, 203–10, 301, 303, 305
El Niño, 44
environmental, 9, 44, 179–80, 190, 271
epicausto, 83–84
Estrella, 172
feasting, 5, 32, 127, 164, 177, 197, 204, 206, 208, 227
fills, 11, 27–30, 33, 37, 55, 57–58, 61, 83, 91, 134, 159, 177, 180–83, 202, 306
Formative, 12, 21, 43, 45–46, 51, 66, 71, 79–80, 85–87, 93–94, 103–4, 109–10, 119–20, 123–29, 131–37, 139–41, 145, 181, 224, 226–28, 231, 256, 259, 301–3
friezes (murals), 97–98, 112, 125–26, 130–31, 133–34, 138–39, 144, 171, 180, 302
galleries, 11, 21, 25, 30, 33–36, 52, 67–71, 157–59
Gamma Analysis, 103, 107, 108, 116, 117
Garrow, Duncan, 307
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), 6, 12, 124
Gold, 12, 88–93, 99, 254, 276–77, 296
González Moreno, Marino, 24
Gose, Peter, 10, 153, 218, 234–35, 272
Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe, 273, 295
Guarani, 219
Hanson, Julianne, 103, 107–8, 116, 158
hearth, 5, 23, 55, 58–59, 61, 64–65, 81, 83–85, 176, 205
hierarchy, 42, 65–66, 67, 68, 71–72, 103, 107–8, 115, 116, 119–20, 139, 158, 175, 208, 210
Higuchi, Tadahiko, 134
Hillier, Bill, 103, 107–8, 116, 158
Horton, Robin, 241
Huaca 20, 180
Huaca de los Reyes, 94
Huacaloma, 62, 85–88, 93–94, 97–99
Huaca Malena, 175, 186, 188, 190
Huaca Partida, 125–26, 128–29, 134, 136–42, 144–45, 302
Huacas de Moche, 180
huaico, 44. See also landslides
Huallaga, 59, 65, 79–80, 97, 303
Huambocayán (phase), 125–26, 144
Huanca, 197
Huancarpón, 126, 132–34, 136–39, 141, 143, 145
Huancavelica, 275–76
Huaycán, 208–9
Huaycoloro (or Jicamarca), 179
Huaytara, 220
hybridization, 172
Ica Valley, 14, 267–69, 271, 273–77, 279–80, 284–85, 287–89, 299
ideology, 8, 11–12, 14, 65, 79, 94, 97–99, 109, 125, 127, 152–53, 155, 164, 301–4
Idolatry, 232–33, 235, 295, 298, 308
Idolo phase, 87, 89, 94–95, 98
Inka, 5, 8, 10, 13, 45, 197, 199, 205–9, 218–19, 221, 224, 227–31, 247–48, 250–52, 254–56, 260, 267–68, 274, 295–99, 305
intrusive funerary contexts, 181, 183, 186
isovistas, 12, 135–39, 141, 144. See also viewsheds
Janabarroid/Janabarroide, 29–30, 46, 56
Jicamarca. See Huaycoloro
Kalasaya, 225, 227–8, 230–33, 235–6
Kembel, Silvia, 24, 47, 56, 59, 66–67, 70–72
Kertzer, David, 104–6
kichira, 245
kipu, 175
Kolar, Miriam, 34
Kolata, Alan, 67, 180, 190, 226
Kotosh religious tradition, 55, 59, 64–67, 95
kowaco, 245
Kroeber, Alfred, 170
kuel, 304
Kuntur Wasi, 12, 79, 86–89, 91–92, 94, 97–99
Kushipampa, 126, 132–34, 136, 138–39, 141, 143–45
La Galgada, 51, 56, 60, 65, 86
Laguna Pozuelos, 256
landscape, 7, 10–12, 25, 37, 47, 123–24, 134–35, 141, 174–75, 188, 195, 204, 207, 209, 217, 219–20, 224, 233–35, 245, 267–76, 278–79, 284–89, 297, 299, 304–5, 307–8
La Quinta chapel, 13, 229–30, 235
Late Formative period, 51, 66, 123, 224, 256
Late Horizon, 13, 170, 181, 199, 206–7, 209, 299, 303–4
Late Intermediate Period, 13, 139, 159, 170, 176, 181, 199, 227, 251, 276, 299, 304
Lima, 47, 90, 99, 163, 172, 180, 190
Lípez, 244, 248, 251, 252, 254, 256
lithic (art/sculpture), 52, 68, 159, 249–50, 254, 257
llameros, 244
Lockhart, James, 273–74
Loco Gallery, 35
Los Amarillos, 255
Lucero, Lisa J., 308
Lumbreras, Luis, 21, 24–25, 30, 33, 36–37, 44, 46, 52, 58, 65–66, 68, 109, 125, 156, 236
Lurin Valley, 305
Magdalena de Cao, 224
maize, 125, 182, 203–4, 245–46, 255, 258, 296, 306
Mala, 174–75
mamacocha, 298
mamapacha, 298
Manchay, 135
Mapuche, 304
Marcone, Giancarlo, 199–200, 208
Mass, 3, 175, 195, 221–23, 229, 231
Mauricio, Ana Cecilia, 164, 180
Megalithic architecture, 52, 132, 134
Mexico, 231
Middle Horizon period, 13, 155–58, 160–61, 170, 173, 179, 181–82, 186, 190, 197, 226, 305
mining, 6, 11, 13–14, 46, 267–68, 272–74, 275–84, 286–89, 299
Mito structure/tradition, 11, 51, 55–60, 65–69, 70–72, 300–301
Moche, 10, 58, 85, 127, 180, 196, 303
monumental, 6, 11, 21, 23–24, 26–29, 39, 42, 46–47, 51–56, 58, 67–68, 70, 107, 109, 125–34, 137–38, 145, 170–71, 174, 181, 195–96, 199, 208, 210, 227, 300–302
Moore, Jerry D., 4–6, 10, 14–15, 21–22, 66, 68, 73, 106, 127, 134–35, 139, 141, 164, 195, 219–21, 226, 295–96, 298–302, 304, 306–8
mountain pass shrines/ritual, 14, 243, 246, 256–57, 259, 261
mountain worship, 10
Moyes, Holly, 308
ñan, 245
Narvaéz, Joaquín, 179
Nasca, 10, 13, 151, 154–56, 161, 163–64, 172, 181, 198, 278, 286, 306
Nash, June, 10, 158, 162–63, 268, 272, 275
Nave, 221–22, 227, 229–33, 302
Nepeña phase, 126, 128–29, 136–40, 145
Nepeña Valley, 12, 123, 127–29, 135, 141, 144, 301
nguillatun, 304
niche (architecture), 5, 55, 79–84, 97, 112–13, 117, 159, 184, 227–29, 231, 273
non-human agency, 14, 241, 261
obsidian, 28–29, 42, 44, 58, 160, 178, 250, 254, 257, 301
Ochatoma, José, 178
offering, 5, 7, 13–14, 24, 26, 30, 33, 38, 42, 45, 47, 58–59, 65, 71, 93, 106, 124, 151, 154, 159, 161–62, 178, 181, 183–85, 197, 201, 205–6, 208, 227, 243, 247–48, 252–53, 255–61, 272, 275, 296, 298–300, 304–7
Ofrendas Gallery, 24, 33, 58, 70
ontology, 15, 190, 241, 243, 270
Open-air worship, 221–23, 230–31, 302
Open chapel, 222–24, 231, 233, 302
pacarinas, 298
Pachacamac, 180, 199, 205–8, 305
palca, 246
Pampa de Flores, 205
Pampa de las Llamas–Moxeke, 12, 63, 103, 110–11, 113, 115, 117, 119–20, 302
Pampa Grande, 180, 196, 198, 209, 305
Panquilma, 13, 193, 195, 197, 199–210, 304–5
Paredones, 126, 132, 134, 136, 138–39, 141, 143–45
Pataraya, 13, 151, 153–64, 198, 306–7
Pauketat, Timothy, 4, 15, 46, 259
performance, 9, 12, 86, 96, 103–4, 106, 113, 117–18, 130, 139, 144, 152, 162–63, 193, 197, 243, 245, 286, 307
pericausto, 83–84
Peru, 3–4, 6, 10–14, 21, 46–47, 64, 73, 79, 92, 123, 135, 145, 151, 155–56, 163, 217, 219, 221, 223–25, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235–36, 267, 269, 271, 273–75, 277, 279, 285, 287, 289, 298–300, 302–4, 308
PIACO, 170, 172, 176, 182, 184
platforms, 9, 85, 88–89, 97–98, 113, 115, 132–33, 158, 171–72, 175–76, 188, 200, 202–3, 205–6, 208–10, 305
Plaza Mayor, 30, 32–33, 37, 69, 131–32, 144
plazas, 23, 27, 37, 42, 59, 67–69, 71, 110, 113, 126, 130–33, 136, 139, 199–202, 205–6, 208–9, 220–21, 223–24, 226–27, 230, 300, 304
plurality, 68
polity, 13, 71, 111, 120, 123, 127, 145, 196–99, 206–7, 209–10, 225–26
pottery, 13, 24, 28–30, 32, 35–37, 44, 46, 80, 87–88, 91, 93–94, 97–99, 151, 161–62, 194, 251, 300. See also blackware
Practice theory, 6
pragmatism, 242
priest, 23, 219–20, 222–23, 229, 232, 289, 295–96
private, 66–67, 69, 104–5, 132, 159, 163, 204, 207–8, 234–35
processions, 24, 42, 58, 68–71, 106, 137–38, 151, 284, 295, 300
Proulx, Donald, 127, 132–33, 155, 181
public, 3, 10, 59, 66, 69, 85, 95, 97, 99, 104–5, 107, 109–10, 115, 123–25, 127–28, 130, 135–37, 140–41, 144, 193, 195, 199–203, 206, 208, 219, 221, 227, 234, 296–97, 301–3
Pukara, 13, 217, 224, 226–27, 232–36, 260, 302; culture, 226, 227, 236; site, 13, 217, 224, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 302
Pucará (town), 224
Pulgar Vidal, Javier, 80
Punkurí, 144
Puno Region, 14
Qhaya, 7
Quebrada de Humahuaca, 15, 190, 247–48, 251, 254, 256
Quechua, 222, 246, 259, 274, 277–78, 280–84, 289
Quelccaya ice cap, 180
Rappaport, Roy, 4–5, 9, 104–6, 233
Recuay, 127
rehuekuel, 304
Religion, 4, 8, 15, 58, 66, 73, 79, 99, 105, 123–25, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 145, 152–53, 155, 217–19, 221, 232, 235–36, 241–42, 254, 297, 303
Religious center, 23–24, 123, 199, 206–7
Religious tradition, 55, 59, 64–67, 95, 217, 219, 221, 232
reproduced, 175, 177, 183, 188–89, 260, 271, 276, 286
Richards, Colin, 243, 258, 307
Rick, John W., 5–9, 11, 21–22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 51, 55–56, 58–59, 64, 66–72, 123, 125, 144, 157, 193, 242, 300
ritual, 3–15, 21–39, 41–47, 51–53, 55–56, 58–59, 65–73, 79, 81, 83, 85–87, 89, 91, 93–99, 103–9, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119–20, 124–25, 127–30, 135–41, 144–45, 151–53, 157, 160, 162–64, 169–70, 175–76, 178, 183, 188–90, 193–99, 201–10, 217–21, 223–27, 229–35, 241–46, 248, 254–56, 258–61, 267, 269, 271–73, 275–77, 279, 285–89, 295–308; appropriation, 189; architecture, 11, 21, 51–53, 55, 59, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 107, 109, 301, 303; gesture, 242, 260, 288, 299, 306; landscape, 308
Rosenfeld, Silvana, 3–6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 65, 158, 164, 178, 235, 288, 297, 306
Rossel Castro, Alberto, 286
Rostworowski, María, 3–4, 170, 199, 207
sacred, 5, 7, 51–52, 65, 67–69, 71, 144, 170, 178, 197–98, 210, 217, 220, 224, 235, 242, 275, 286, 289, 297, 300, 304, 308
sacred landscape, 217, 220, 224, 235
Sacrifice, 5, 11, 31, 38, 42, 44, 93, 295–96
Saint Michael, 284
Samanco, 125–28, 131–32, 134, 136–42, 144–45; phase, 126, 128, 132, 141, 145; site, 127, 131, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145
San Miguel de Piura church, 224
San Pedro de Atacama, 252, 256
Santa Barbara, 256
Santa Isabel Church, 233–34
Schmidt, Peter, 271
Segura, Rafael, 179
semiotic analysis, 243
settlement pattern, 123, 127, 145, 174–75
shrine, 6, 9, 13–14, 124, 197, 220, 241, 243, 245–48, 251, 253–57, 259, 261, 296, 308
slash-and-burn agriculture, 12, 79, 85, 96, 99
social action, 6, 9, 188, 241, 298
social memory, 11, 14, 267–69, 271, 273, 275, 277, 279, 285–87, 289
Solórzano, Juan de, 275
South America, 4–6, 92, 221, 224, 273
Southern Andes, 226, 235, 241, 243, 247, 255, 258, 260, 299
Southern Nasca Region, 13
Space syntax analysis, 158
Spanish conquest, 214, 217, 219, 221, 267, 273–74, 292
Stanford Project, 24–26, 34, 52, 70, 72
stone sculpture, 12, 88–91, 98
storage, 23, 34, 112–13, 158, 160, 172, 176, 178, 199–200, 203, 205, 305
Strombus galeatus, 34
structured deposition, 11, 13, 258, 305, 307
Stumer, Louis, 170
sunken court, 13, 88–89, 221, 223, 226–28, 231, 302
Supay, 272
supernatural, 4, 7, 127, 144, 194, 272–73, 287
syncretic practice, 220
syncretism, 66, 72, 219–20, 272, 274, 277–78, 284
talvarita, 244
Tello, Julio C., 25, 52, 58–59, 98, 112, 115, 125, 127–29, 170, 179–80
Tello’s Obelisk, 98
Tembladera, 94
Temple of the Crossed Hands, 80–84
Temple of the Small Niches, 80, 83–84
tenoned head, 52
terminal ritual, 13, 162, 193–97, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209–10
terrace, 28, 30, 37, 53–57, 69, 80–81, 83, 88, 97–98, 131–34, 200, 227–28, 231
Thomas, Julian, 243, 258, 269, 285, 302, 307
Tierras Blancas, 154–55, 157, 161
Torata Alta, 224
Tres Cerrillos, 245
Tringham, Ruth, 271
tropical forest/rain forest, 12, 85–86, 92, 94, 98–99, 190
Tucker, Gene, 270
Tulán 54, 259
Turner, Victor, 4–5, 26, 105–6, 153
ukhupacha, 259–60
unku, 186
U-shaped architecture, 42, 59, 70, 88, 112, 115, 119, 128
viewsheds, 12, 135, 141, 144–45. See also isovistas
Vilcashuaman, 220
Virahuanca Bajo, 126, 133–34, 136, 138–39, 141, 143–45
Virgen del Carmen, 3–4
Virgin of the Mineshaft, 272
Wacheqsa River, 39–40, 47, 300
Wari Empire, 13, 151, 161–63, 306
White Temple, 80–81
yunga, 80
Yungas, 248