Figures

1.1. Procession of Virgen del Carmen, Chavín de Huántar, Peru, 2015

2.1. Current interpretation of the architectural layout of Chavín de Huántar at about 600 BC cal.

2.2. Map of relevant parts of the monumental core of Chavín de Huántar

2.3. Sample of smashed, hammered, and scratched obsidian angular debris illustrating intentional destruction of this material in a number of Building C contexts

2.4. Rare intact example of sacrifice ware found in a Building C subterranean canal below a vertical chimney

2.5. Exploration of deep pit below the floor of the Plaza Mayor, capped by a huge spalled and burned boulder 33

2.6. Location of galleries mentioned in text, and general gallery distribution in Buildings A-C

2.7. Segment of Rocas Canal just west of the Circular Plaza

2.8. Known canals in the north esplanade of Building C as of 2013

2.9. Isometric drawing of Canal CE2 of the north esplanade of Building C

3.1. Site sectors and major architectural features

3.2. Visible architecture in the West Field

3.3. West Field Mito structure

3.4. Stratigraphic context of the West Field Mito structure

3.5. Hypothesized processional paths through the monument, a selection of ritually significant locations, and a selection of canal access ways with evidence for ritual activity

4.1. Chronological chart for some excavated sites in the northern highlands

4.2. Temple of the Crossed Hands at Kotosh

4.3. Several temples of the Kotosh Mito phase, showing the trace of renovation

4.4. Location of some Formative sites in the Jequetepeque and Cajamarca Valleys

4.5. Plan of the temple of the Kuntur Wasi phase

4.6. Gold nose ornament of the monster face with two different eyes

4.7. Stone sculpture with two different eyes

4.8. Gold nose ornament of the monster and twins

4.9. “Idol” figure of earth for the wall relief of the Idolo phase

5.1. Air photo of Pampa de las Llamas–Moxeke

5.2. Plan of Huaca A

5.3. Plan of Huaca A indicating corridors, open spaces, and rooms

5.4. Plan of Huaca A indicating possible movements

5.5. Atrium U-shape forms at Huaca A

5.6. Diagram of Gamma Analysis

5.7. Plan of Huaca A and possible organization of groups within rooms

6.1. Map of the Nepeña Valley showing the location of the Formative period sites mentioned in the text and other Formative sites with significant monumental architecture

6.2. Photographs of Cerro Blanco de Nepeña and Huaca Partida, Cerro Blanco phase

6.3. Photographs of Caylán’s urban complex

6.4. Photographs of Kushipampa

6.5. Results of visual impact and isovistas with schematic representation of structures for Huaca Partida, Cerro Blanco, Caylán, Samanco, and Huambacho’s Main Platform Complex

6.6. Results of visual impact and isovistas with schematic representation of structures for Kushipampa, Virahuanca Bajo, Paredones, and Huancarpón

6.7. Maps showing combined visibility from/of the monuments at Samanco, Huambacho, Caylán’s Mound-A, Cerro Blanco, and Huaca Partida

6.8. Maps showing combined visibility from/of the monuments at Virahuanca Bajo, Paredones, Kushipampa, and Huancarpón

7.1. Location map

7.2. Access and circulation within the Pataraya enclosure

8.1. Map showing the location of Cerro de Oro and neighboring valleys

8.2. Map of Cerro de Oro showing SW Area and SE Area

8.3. A and 8.3B. Fragments from bowl showing the different blends of Middle Horizon 1 styles

8.4. Prehispanic settlements in the Lower Cañete Valley

8.5. Remains inside Room A

8.6. Composition of funerary associations found inside Room A at Cerro de Oro

9.1. Map indicating location of Panquilma

9.2. (A) Pyramid 1; (B) Pyramid 3, Panquilma

9.3. Ceramic figurine

9.4. Spondylus valves

9.5. Upper platform of Pyramid 1 at Panquilma showing evidence of intense burning over the floor

9.6. Drawing of unit placed on Pyramid 3 showing burned room remains over the bench and the floor of the upper platform

10.1. Aerial photo of Pukara and its surroundings, showing the location of sites discussed in the text

10.2. Site of Pukara with El Peñon in the background

10.3. Late Formative sunken court

10.4. La Quinta Chapel

10.5. Plan of La Quinta chapel and surrounding architectural features

10.6. Santa Isabel church, Pucará

11.1. Invoking the assistance of mountains, San Rafael, and Pachamama during departure ceremony of a llama caravan in Cerrillos, Sud Lípez, Bolivia

11.2. Apacheta in Abra de Sepulturas (Quebrada de Humahuaca) “dressed” during an enflorada ceremony

11.3. Location of sites mentioned in the text

11.4. Artificial hollow at Abra del Toro Muerto 1

11.5. Common offerings at artificial hollows

11.6. Artificial hollow with greenstone offerings on the top of Cerro Pan de Azúcar

11.7. Offering of plastic beads at the apacheta of Abra del Cóndor

12.1. Upper Ica Valley

12.2. Mina Azurita, a mining complex with prehispanic and post-colonial occupations and architecture

12.3. Panoramic ground-level view of the west side of the Ica Valley