Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Acalan-Tixchel, 203
acropolis, Río Viejo, 68–71, 73–74, 74–75, 81, 85, 87(n1)
administrative facilities, 166; at Teotihuacan, 159–65
adobe, in Río Viejo acropolis, 70
Adosada Platform (Teotihuacan), 158
Agamben, Giorgio, 45
agency, 7, 39, 267(n8); of objects, 256–57; and structure, 245–46
agricultural fields, as cosmological space, 189
agriculture, 6, 100, 106, 188; Middle Formative Maya, 51, 52
Aguateca, 131
ajaws, 128
altars, cosmology, 189
altepetl, 182
Althusser, Louis, 9
analogy, 257; ethnographic, 258–59
ancestors, 107; Classic Maya, 127–30; veneration of, 16–17, 23, 26(n1), 137–38, 143
animism, 256
añiñe, 196–97
Annals of the Kaqchikels, 126, 133
antimonies, 242
apartment compounds, 161; at Teotihuacan, 162, 167–70, 171
Apoala, 203
architecture, 245, 255. See also monumental public buildings
artifacts, and social acts, 255. See also objects; by type
authority, 7, 112; compliance with, 11–12; legitimacy and, 41–43; ritual service and, 135–37; and social inequality, 121–22
auto-sacrifice, effigy feeding, 133
axes, greenstone, 48
Aztecs. See Nahua
ballgame, 6; Tequila valleys, 101, 102–3
Balsas River, metallurgy on, 225
Barrett, John C., 247
bathing, ritual, 133
Blanton, Richard E., 13–14
Bloch, Maurice, 101–2
bloodletting, 46
body, bodies, 21, 78, 252; and landscape, 186, 191; space-time boundaries, 188–89
Bolon K’awiil, 137
borders, 189; control of, 186–87
boundaries, 181; household, 191–92; morality and, 190–91; reinscription and maintenance of, 189–90; in space-time, 188–89
boundary marking, 182, 198; Maya, 192–96
boundary wall systems, on Usumacinta River, 193–94
Bourdieu, Pierre, 9, 12, 19, 40, 104, 186; on agency and structure, 245–46
bureaucracy, at Teotihuacan, 158–64, 166–67, 168–69, 171
burials, 72, 103, 129; at La Corona, 140–42; Purépecha, 221, 223, 233; Tarascan, 227, 231; at Teotihuacan, 162, 167
cacao, in Tarascan empire, 231
caches, caching: at Ceibal, 48, 51, 78; lower Río Verde Valley, 66, 67, 72–73, 77
cacicazgos, 202
cah, 182
Calakmul, 14
Cancuen, 131
Caracol, 136
cargo system rituals, 107
caves, in Náyari culture, 105, 106
CD. See Ciudadela
Ceibal, 6, 253; E-Group assemblage, 47–48; Formative Period in, 24, 37; GI-K’awiil, 131–32, 144; Middle Preclassic period, 52, 53; social inequality at, 48–49, 51
cemeteries: Cerro de la Cruz, 64–65; lower Río Verde Valley, 66, 72
censers, Teotihuacan theater-type, 158
censing rituals, Maya, 192
central precinct. See Street of the Dead complex
ceramic dioramas, from shaft tombs, 100, 103
ceramics, 73, 102, 141, 167, 221, 230, 256; imagery/iconography on, 78–79, 83; in ritual feasting, 66, 134, 135. See also figures, figurines
ceremonial centers/complexes, 52; in Chiapas, 47, 51; lower Río Verde Valley, 68–71; in Tequila valleys, 100
ceremonial space, restricted/exclusive, 73–74
ceremonies, 106; communal, 66–67; termination, 80–81
Cerro de la Cruz (Oaxaca), 63, 64–65, 77
Cerro de la Virgen (Oaxaca), 63, 65, 82; high-status house at, 72, 78; monumental buildings at, 67, 68, 81; ritual cache, 73, 77
chacmool sculptures, at Tarascan sites, 229, 231
Chakaw Nahb Chan, 124, 138, 139, 142, 144
Chak Wayib Chaak, 139
chamber valley tombs, in Tequila valleys, 100
chánaka poles, 107
Chan Bate’, 137
Chante’ Ajaw, 137
Chante’ Ch’oktaak, 137
chaos theory, 262–63
Charco Redondo (Oaxaca), 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 78
Chiapa de Corzo, 48
Chiapas, Middle Formative period, 47–48
Chichen Itza, patron deity temples, 124
Chichimecs: ethnic identity as, 226, 231–32; and Tarascan empire, 218–19, 230, 233, 234; and Tariacuri, 25, 228–29
Chicomoztoc, 203
chiefdom, 41
Chilam Balam of Chumayel, 190, 203
chinamit, 182
Chontal, 203
Chortí Maya, 189
Christianity, ritual innovation and, 113
chultunes, 134
Chunchucmil, 191
Chupícuaro tradition, 220
cipactli, 156
Ciudadela (CD; Teotihuacan), 156, 158, 166; administrative facilities at, 162, 164, 165
Civil War, in Guatemala, 130
Classic Period, 133, 182; ancestor veneration, 16–17, 137–38; communal identity, 24–25; Maya, 22–23, 46, 52, 53, 121, 122, 125–26, 127–30, 144–45
Codex Mendoza, 198
Codex Zouche-Nuttall, 199
Coe, Michael, 14
cognitive sciences, 40
Colima, 98
Colonial Period, 187; documents, 189–90
commoners, 191; in Pátzcuaro Basin, 230–31; Tarascan empire, 219, 229–30
community/communities, 17, 23, 71, 111, 200, 250; Náyari, 108–9, 110
complexity theories, 261–62
complex societies, 99; political authority in, 61–62
compliance, with authority, 11–12
conflict: intercommunity, 201; Tarascan-Aztec military, 232
construction: monumental buildings, 67–71, 77, 166; Río Viejo acropolis, 74–75
construction materials, at Teotihuacan, 166, 168, 170
contradiction(s), 153, 242; change through, 18, 19–20; in political oratory, 101–2; of rulership, 136–37, 204
Copan, patron deities of, 132, 137
Cora. See Náyari
Coronitas, 124, 125. See also La Corona
corporate strategies, 100–101, 110
corporeal control, 9–10
cosmology, 103, 155, 226; defining space, 188–89, 192; and Mesoamerican architecture, 99–100
cotton, association with elites, 231
Cozumel, as Chontal place of origin, 203
craft specialization, Tarascan empire, 224–25
creator gods, 128
Cuitzeo Basin, 220
cultural evolution, 263–65
cultural logic of hierarchy, 219
Curicaueri, 219, 226, 228, 229, 231, 233, 234
death, symbology of, 78–79
decapitation, of Maya kings, 46
deities: Maya, 126–27, 128–29; Purépecha and Tarascan, 219, 226, 228–29, 231, 233, 234. See also patron deities
deposition processes, 255
descent groups, 111; Náyari, 106, 107 108–9, 112
determinism, biological, 264, 268(n20)
dialectics, dialectical change, 18–19, 265–66
difference: institutionalization of, 20–21; in views and perceptions, 39–40
divinity: of kingship, 46, 121, 122; of rulers, 15–16
domination, 42; and power, 45–46
dressing, of patron deities, 133
dual-processual theory, 13–14, 153, 249–50
dynasties, 137; Tarascan royal, 226, 233
Early Classic Period, 24, 80, 111; Tequila valleys, 104, 106
Early Postclassic Period, 223, 232
Earth Lords (Maximom), 128, 129
earth oven, at Río Viejo, 75, 76
earthworks, Tikal boundary markers, 193
effigies, feeding of, 133
El Encanto Stela 1 (Tikal), 136
elites, 43, 62, 78, 104, 111, 156, 223, 248, 253, 254, 256, 257; at Ceibal, 48, 49, 51; Mixtec, 198–99; ñuu inheritance, 199–200; as ritual specialists, 72–73; in Tarascan empire, 217, 218–19, 222(table), 226, 227, 229, 231, 232–33
El Palenque (Oaxaca), 84
encomienda system, 187
Engels, Friedrich, The German Ideology, 9
environment, and culture, 263–64
Epiclassic period, 232; Purépecha, 221–22
epigraphy, 259
essentialism, 258
estates, Mixtec, 196–97
ethnic identity, ethnicity, 218; patron gods and, 130–31, 135; Tarascan empire, 217, 226, 228, 231–33
ethnography, 105, 243–44, 258–59
ethnohistoric records, 126, 258
evolution, 263; cultural and biological, 264–65
exchange/trade, long-distance, 78, 221, 224, 232
feasting: commensal, 133; institutionalized, 253–54; ritual, 66–67, 75–76, 143
Feathered Serpent Pyramid (FSP; Teotihuacan), 156, 157, 158, 166
feeding: of house, 192; of patron deities, 133–34, 143; of patron saints, 132–33
figures, figurines: hollow ceramic, 98–99, 102; Mesoamerican beliefs and, 98–99
fire rituals, Maya, 192
followers, 3; and rulers, 16–18, 21. See also commoners
Formative Period, 121; Oaxaca, 24, 62–64, 82–83
Foucault, Michel, 9–10, 13, 245; power and domination, 45–46
frontiers, 187
FSP. See Feathered Serpent Pyramid
Gell, Alfred, 256
genealogies, Mixtec, 198, 199, 203
German Ideology, The (Marx and Engels), 9
Giddens, Anthony, 6, 245; structuration theory, 246–47
God GI, 127
God L, 129
gold, Tarascan production of, 224, 225
goods, mobilization of, 121
Gordo, Cerro, and Teotihuacan, 155
Graham, Mark Miller, 99
Gran Nayar, 105
grave goods, Purépecha, 221, 223
grayware, 66, 73, 134; imagery/iconography on, 78–79
guachimontones, 99–100, 101, 102; lineage tombs under, 103–4
Guatemala, patron saints in, 128, 130–31
Habermas, Jürgen, 43
habitation areas, in Tequila valleys, 102
Hanciuanscuaro, 233
headband, royal, 136
headdress, as symbol of leadership, 156
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 18, 19, 242, 266
hero twins, Náyari, 107
heterarchy, 261–62
hierarchy, 247, 264; social, 101, 226
Hieroglyphic Stairway A (La Corona), 139
home, 188
horticulturalists, mobile, 51
households, 16, 190; boundaries, 191–92; Mixtec, 188, 196–97
Houston, Stephen D.,1 6
Huichol. See Wixarika
human representations, at Teotihuacan, 160, 161, 167
iconography, 83; Terminal Formative, 72, 73, 78–79
iconology, 259
idealism, 260
identity, 135; communal, 17–18, 21–22; land rights and, 201–2
ideology, 9, 11, 153, 154, 171, 248–49, 253, 255
individuals, individualism, 40, 44, 46, 243; compliance with authority, 11–12
inequality, 8, 248; social, 3, 20, 48–49, 51, 65–66, 72–73, 78, 121–22
inscriptions: Maya, 125, 133; space-defining, 194–95
inter-communal relations, 22
Irechequa Tzintzuntzani. See Tarascan state/empire
iron pyrite, at Yugüe, 72
Itza, 190
Izapa shamanism, 15
jade ornaments, at Ceibal, 48
jaguars, 14
Jalisco, 6, 24, 97, 98, 105; public architecture in, 99–100
Jesuits, and Náyari, 110
Jesus, and Náyari hero twins, 107
Jesús María (Nayarit), 105
K’an Chaak, 139
Kant, Immanuel, 242
Kaqchikels, 131
Kertzer, David I., 12–13
K’iches, 203; ethnic identity, 130–31, 135
kingship, 24, 29, 129, 229; divine, 15, 121, 122; institutionalization of, 20–21; Maya sacrifice of, 46–47; ritual service in, 135–37
kinship, 106, 182; Chichimec and Purépecha deities, 226, 228–29
knowledge, practical, 40
koknoom Ux Witik, 132
k’uh, 127
K’uh Phase, 142
K’uy Nik(?) Ajaw, 137
La Amelia, 131
labor, 187; communal, 65, 67–71; Río Viejo acropolis, 74–75; for Teotihuacan structures, 155–56, 166
La Corona, 6, 125; burials, 140–42; excavation of, 123–24; offerings at, 134–35; patron deities, 132, 136, 144–45; patron deity shrines, 16, 24, 122, 142–43; patron deity temples, 139–40; ruling lineages at, 138–39
La Corona Panel 6 (Dallas Altar), 138
La Corona Regional Archaeological Project, 123–24
La Libertad (Chiapas), 50
land, 189, 226; access to, 111–12; hereditary rights to, 199–200
landscape(s), 25, 181, 188, 257; bounded, 183, 191; Mixtec, 196–98; place and, 184–85; and ruling lineages, 202–3; and social relationships, 185–86
land-tenure system: hereditary, 202–3; Mixteca Alta, 196–97, 199–200; Tarascan empire, 219–20
land titles, Tarascan empire, 219
La Pasadita, 194
Late Classic Period, Río Viejo, 81
Late Formative Period, 24, 83, 99, 111; lower Río Verde Valley, 64, 65, 66, 86; Tequila valleys, 104, 106
Late Postclassic period, Tarascan state, 224
Late Preclassic Period, 16, 220
Latour, Bruno, 256
La Ventilla district (Teotihuacan): apartment compound in, 161, 167, 169–70
laws, codified, 43
legitimacy, 8, 24; and authority, 41–43; symbols of, 109–10
Lienzo de Ocotepec, 200
lineage(s), 10, 102, 112, 129, 226; La Corona, 138–39, 142; and landscape, 202–3; Náyari rituals, 106, 110; of Tarascan deities, 228–29; Tequila valleys, 103–5, 250
liquids, in ritual god feeding, 135
lithics: in La Corona burials, 141; in Tequila valleys, 99
Loma Alta phase, 221
Loma Don Genaro (Oaxaca), 63, 82; monumental building construction, 70–71, 77
Lowie, Robert H., 250
Lupe phase, 221–22
Magdalena, Laguna, 100
Main Plaza (Monte Albán), 83
maize, 6; guachimontones as representation of, 99–100
maize bundles, in Náyari culture, 106
mam, 127
Mam Phase (La Corona), 140
Mann, Michael: IEMP model, 11, 21; on power, 44–45
maps, Mixtec, 199
Marcador text, 137
marriages, 219; Mixtec, 197–98
Marx, Karl, 19; The German Ideology, 9
Matlatzinca, 232
Maximom (Earth Lords), 128, 129
Maya, 6, 15, 18, 24, 182, 184, 188; ancestor veneration, 16–17; boundary marking, 192–94; Classic Period ritual, 125–26; deities, 126–27; household boundaries, 191–92; king sacrifice, 46–47; Middle Formative Period, 37, 47–48, 53; patron deities and, 135–38; patron saints and, 130–31, 258; performing territory, 194–95; religious beliefs, 121, 124–25; rulership, 121, 144–45; standardized architectural plan, 51–52; supernatural beings, 127–30; temple facades, 22–23
Mayapan, 191
Medieval Warm Period, in Michoacán, 223
Mesa del Nayar, 105
metallurgy, metal artifacts, Tarascans and, 224–25, 231
MFC. See Middle Formative Chiapas pattern
Miccaotli phase, 155, 164, 166
Michoacán, 6, 25, 217–18, 222(table), 223, 256
middens: communal feasting and, 75, 143; ritual deposits in, 134–35
Middle Formative Chiapas (MFC) pattern, 47, 50
Middle Formative Period: in Ceibal, 37, 53; in Chiapas, 47–48, 53
Middle Postclassic Period, 25; Tarascan state, 223, 230
Middle Preclassic Period, 16; at Ceibal, 52, 53
mind and body, 40
mitotes, Náyari, 106–7
Mixteca Alta, 6, 25, 82, 183, 185, 203; boundary reinscription and maintenance, 189–90; land-tenure system, 196–97, 199–200; local identity in, 201–2; ñuu, 182, 197–98; place names, 198–99
Mixtecs, 15, 76, 188, 189, 198, 203
mobile lifeways, Middle Formative Maya, 51
Monte Albán, 62, 256; Formative Period, 82–83, 86; rulers at, 83–84
monumental public buildings, 66, 229; in lower Río Verde Valley, 67–71, 81–82, 85–86; in Teotihuacan, 154–56
monuments, space creation inscriptions, 194
Monument 6 (Tortuguero), 133
Moon goddess, 128
Moon Pyramid (MP; Teotihuacan), 155, 156, 163
moral behavior, 200; of rulers, 204–5; and spatial boundaries, 190–91
mortuary ritual, in Tequila valleys, 102, 103
Mound 9-Structure 4 (Río Viejo), 68, 70
mountain owners (Earth Lords), 128
Mo’ Witz Ajaw, 137
MP. See Moon Pyramid
Muk Phase (La Corona), 140
multivocality, 40
murals, at Teotihuacan, 167
Nahua, 197, 198, 203, 231; and Purépecha, 218, 219; in Tarascan empire, 232, 234
names, personal, 189
nation-state, borders, 186–87
natural forces, deities of, 126
Náyari, 98, 105, 258; community ritual, 106–7, 108–9; descent groups, 110, 112; ritual symbolism, 107–8
negotiations, 39; of rulership, 136–37
Nima K’iches, and Popol Vuh, 130–31
nobility, Tarascan empire, 219; Mixtec, 196, 199–202
Nochixtlan Valley, 203
ñuu, 182, 196, 202, 203; inherited, 199–200; and yuhuitayu, 197–98
Oaxaca, 6, 24, 83, 185, 196; ethnographic analogy, 258–59; Terminal Formative Period in, 62–64
Oaxaca barrio (Teotihuacan), apartment compounds, 169
objects: agency of, 256–57; mobilization of, 248
obligations, personal, 182
obsidian, 99, 221, 223; at Monte Albán, 83–84; Tarascan exchange of, 224, 231
offerings, to patron deities, 133, 134–35
officials, Tarascan state, 225–26
oratory, political, 101–2
organizational structures, 10
Otomí, 232
ownership, bounding, 187
palanquins, depictions of, 138
Palenque, 203; patron deities, 124, 127, 136; Temple of the Inscriptions from, 133–34
paleoenvironmental research, in lower Río Verde Valley, 64
patron deities, 16, 24, 122; Ceibal, 131–32; Classic Maya, 127–30, 144; and ethnic identity, 130–31; feeding of, 133–35; La Corona, 124, 138, 140–42; Maya rulers and, 135–38; Tarascan and Purépecha, 226, 228–29
patron saints: maintenance of, 132–33; Maya, 128–29, 130–31, 258
Pátzcuaro Basin, Lake: commoners in, 230–31; Purépecha in, 218, 220, 221, 223; Tarascan state in, 224, 225–26, 229
perceptions, differing, 39–40
performances, 189, 190, 253–54; of place, 199, 203; of territory, 194–95
personalities, negotiations among, 39
Petexbatun, 131
Piedras Negras, 195
place, 182, 190, 191, 192; inheritance of, 199–200; and landscape, 184–85
place-names, 203; genealogy and, 198–99
places of origin, as tropes, 203
platforms, at La Corona, 140
political power, 11; sovereignty in, 252–53
political theory, 37–38, 260; application of, 7–8
political units, symbols of, 182–83
politics, 5, 13, 14, 97, 242–43; religion and, 161–62
polities, 61, 121, 247; boundary marking, 192–93
Popol Vuh, 126, 130–31, 133, 135, 203
population growth, Río Viejo polity, 64
positivism, 260
Postclassic Period, 133; Purépecha culture, 223–24; Tarascan empire, 230, 248
power, 44, 52, 104, 245, 247; and domination, 45–46
prestige goods, 78, 121, 136, 256; controlled production of, 83–84
prismatic blade technology, 99, 223, 231
production, control of, 9, 83–84
public architecture, 66; in Tequila valleys, 99–100, 101
public domain, 43
public performance, 52, 100, 112
punishment, as public spectacle, 9–10
Purecatacuaro, 233
Purépecha, 25; and Chichimecs, 218–19; documents, 219–20; identity as, 231–32; in Tarascan state, 229–30, 233, 234
Purépecha culture, 220–21, 223–24
pyramids, Tarascan keyhole, 229
Quetzalpapalotl Palace Complex (QPC; Teotihuacan), 156, 163, 165
Q’umarkaj, 203
Radcliffe-Brown, Arthur R., 250
rammed earth, in Río Viejo acropolis, 70
rationality, 243
regicide, 46
Relación de Michoacán, 218–19, 220, 226, 230, 231
Relaciones geográficas, 219
relationships, social, 185–86
religion, 121; Maya, 124–16; and political hierarchy, 161–62
residential groups/quarters: at Teotihuacan, 164, 170; Tequila valleys, 101, 102
resources, 112, 154, 166, 226, 253, 267(n7); structure and, 247–48
revenue, Tarascan empire, 225–26
Rice, Prudence M., 15
Río Viejo, Río Viejo polity, 78, 254; acropolis at, 68–71, 74–75, 87(n1); collapse, 80–82, 85; monumental structures in, 67, 77; organization of, 251–52; ritual feasting in, 75–76; rulership evidence at, 73–74; in Terminal Formative Period, 62, 64, 65–66
ritual facilities, in Street of the Dead Complex, 162
rituals, 113, 130, 258; household, 16, 191–92; Classic Period Maya, 121, 125–26; communal, 64–65, 66–67, 75, 106–7, 110, 112, 250; mortuary, 102, 103; Tarascan elites, 232–33
ritual service, and royal authority, 135–37
roadways, as boundaries, 193
royalty, Tarascan, 226
rulers, rulership, 4, 25, 192, 202, 203, 252; accession of, 139–40; bodies of, 21, 194; as divine, 15–16, 121; and followers, 16–18; Maya, 46, 52, 124, 142, 144–45; Mixteca Alta, 196–97, 199–200; at Monte Albán, 83–84; moral roles of, 204–5; obedience to, 8–9; and patron deities, 128, 135–38; at Río Viejo, 73–74, 81–82; as ritual service, 135–36; Teotihuacan, 156–57, 158; social inequality and, 3, 78
rules, and structure, 247
sacred space, 109; public ritual and, 100, 107
sacrifice, 103, 133, 156, 231; of Maya kings, 46–47
saints, patron, 128–29
San Francisco de Arriba (Oaxaca), 63, 64, 82; monumental buildings at, 70, 77, 81; ritual caches, 66, 67
San Isidro (Chiapas), 48
Santa María Cuquila (Ñucuiñe): border negotiations in, 199–200; inheritance rights in, 201, 202
Santa Teresa (Nayarit), 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112
Santiago Chimaltenango, 130
Santo Tomas Ocotepec, boundaries of, 200
Sáutari, 107
SDC. See Street of the Dead complex
sedentism, 52
service, ritual, 135–36
Sewell, William H., 247
shaft tombs, 99, 100, 101, 111, 112; under guachimontones, 103–4
shamanism, 14, 98–99, 121; rulers and, 15, 24
shell ornaments: from Ceibal caches, 51; at Monte Albán, 83–84
shrines, patron deity, 16, 24, 124, 138, 142–43
silver, Tarascan production of, 224, 225
social contract, 192
social stratification, origins of, 203. See also hierarchy
SP. See Sun Pyramid
space: delimiting/bounding, 181, 182, 183, 190, 192; public and private, 188
Spanish, fixed landscapes, 187
Spearthrower Owl, 137
spectacles, 13, 17, 52; of corporeal control, 9–10
speech, public, 101–2
state, 9, 41, 121, 182; pre-Westphalian, 250–51; revenue sources, 225–26
status markers, Tarascan, 219
stone features, boundary markers, 190
storerooms, Cerro de la Cruz, 64–65
Street of the Dead Complex (SDC; Teotihuacan), 154; administrative facilities at, 159, 162, 163–64; construction stages at, 164–65
structuration theory, 19, 246–47
structure: and agency, 245–46; rules and resources, 247–48
structured-fill, in Río Viejo acropolis, 70–71
Structure 13R-2 (La Corona), tomb under, 140–14
Structure 13R-3 (La Corona), 124, 138, 140
Structure 13R-4 (La Corona), 124, 138, 140, 142
Structure 13R-5 (La Corona), 124; as patron deity shrine, 138, 140
Structure 13R-9 (La Corona), 134
Structure 13R-10 (La Corona), 134
Sun god, 128
Sun Pyramid (SP; Teotihuacan), 155, 156, 166
supernatural, mediation by, 14–16
supernatural beings, Maya, 127–30. See also deities; patron deities
symbolism, 12–13, 156; of guachitmontones, 99–100; of legitimacy, 109–10; Náyari, 107–8, 112; of political units, 182–83
symbology, of death, 78–79
Tahn K’inich Lajua’, 138
Tamarandito, 131
Tancítaro, 232
Tarascan state/empire, 25, 217, 222(table), 223, 248, 252; Chichimecs and, 218–19; commoners in, 229–30; deities of, 228–29, 234; ethnic identity in, 231–33; land tenure, 219–20; state revenue sources, 225–26; structure of, 224–25
Tarasco. See Purépecha
teccalli, 197
Tecolote, 194
temple facades, Maya, 22–23
Temple of the Inscriptions (Palenque), 133–34, 136
temples, 133; to patron deities, 124, 134–35, 139–40, 142–43
temple to the Sun, Náyari, 105–6
Teotihuacan, 6, 82, 137, 221, 245, 252, 254, 267(n10); administrative facilities at, 159–65; bureaucracy at, 158–59, 166–67; central authority at, 170–71; communal identity, 24–25; dual-processual theory and, 249–50; monumental structure building, 154–56; urban renewal project at, 167–70
Tepecano, 105
Tequila valleys, 24, 97, 98, 258; communal rituals, 102–3; lineages, 104–5, 250; public architecture in, 99–100
Terminal Classic period, Ucanal, 131
Terminal Formative Period, 83; lower Rio Verde Valley, 8, 24, 62, 64, 65–71, 72, 78–82
termination ceremonies/ritual, 158; Río Viejo, 80–81
territory, territoriality, 25, 187, 257; control of, 181–82; performance of, 194–95
Tetitla, apartment compound at, 161
Teuchitlán culture, 100, 105, 109
theater states, 121
Tikal, 124, 136, 137, 138, 193
title deeds, Mixtec, 197
Title of the Lords of Totonicapan, 133
Titulo de Totonicapan, 126, 133
tiumi, 190
Tlajinga 33 (Teotihuacan), apartment compounds in, 169, 170
Tlamimilolpa phase, 158, 164, 165, 166, 167; apartment compounds, 169–70
Tlaxiaco, 199; ñuu in, 200–201
Toktahn, 203
Tollan. See Tulan
Toltecs, and Michoacán, 233
tombs, 48, 100, 102; at La Corona, 140–42; lineage, 103–4. See also shaft tombs
Tonatí, 105
toponyms, Mixtec, 189, 197, 198, 199
Tortuguero, Monument 6, 133
tribute, Tarascan empire, 225, 232
tripod vessels, at Teotihuacan, 167
Tukun Witz Ajaw, 137
Tula, migration to, 233
Tututepec, 65
Tzacualli phase, 154–55, 164, 166
Tzitzipandáquare, 219
Uanacase dynasty, 233
Ucanal dynasty, 131
underworld, shaft tombs and, 99
universalism, 261
urban renewal project, at Teotihuacan, 167–70, 171
Urichu, artifacts from, 227
Urichu phase, 223
Uruapan, 232
Usumacinta River, boundary wall system, 193–94
Verde Valley, lower Río (Oaxaca), 62–65: communal ceremony in, 66–67; monumental construction in, 67–71; regional political identity and authority, 84–85; ritual caches in, 72–73; Terminal Formative Period in, 8, 24, 80–82
Vulture, lineage of, 138–39, 142
walled borderland settlements, in Yucatan, 193
wall systems, Yaxchilan, 194
Waxaklajun Ubaah Kaan (Eighteen Images of the Snake), 137
wealth, accumulation of, 52
Weber, Max, 7, 248; on authority and legitimacy, 42–43; on compliance with authority, 11, 12, 122; on power, 44, 45
Weigand, Phil C., 99
West Plaza Complex (Teotihuacan), 165
Wixarika, 105
world-making, documents, 189
writing, borders in, 189
Xalla complex (Teotihuacan), 164
Xarácuaro, 228
Xolalpan phase, 158, 164, 165, 166, 167, 171
Xunantunich, identity at, 21–22
Xuráve, 107
yácata, 229
Yaxal Ajaw, 139
Yaxchilan, 136; boundary system, 194, 195–96; patron deity temples, 124, 133–34
Yaxkukul surveys, 189
Yayahuala, 161
Yugüe, 63, 78, 79, 80, 82; monumental buildings at, 68, 70, 71, 81; ritual caches at, 66, 67, 72–73, 77
Yute coo, 203
yya; yya dzehe: hereditary land rights of, 196, 199–200; local identity and, 201–2
Zacapu Basin, 220, 221, 223, 230
Zacuala Palace, 161
Zapotec shamanism, 15
Zinacantán, 189
Zinacantecos, 188
Zináparo zone, obsidian from, 223, 224
Zuyua, 203