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Political Landscapes of Capital Cities: Index

Political Landscapes of Capital Cities

Index

Index


Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.

Abbas the Great, 350

Abdol Azim al-Hassani, tomb of, 348

Abu Hasha el-Bahri, Wadi, 28

Abydos, 30

Acamama (Akamama), 223, 226, 229

Acamapichtli, 261

administrative areas: in Constantinople, 114; Inka, 230, 233–39

Agha Mohammad Khan, 363

agoras, in Constantinople, 104

Ahmadinejad administration, 367, 376(n66)

Ahura Mazda, 348

Akapana platform, 190, 195, 198, 202, 203, 208(n45)

Akhenaten, 12–13, 25, 26, 63(n67), 63–64(n69), 379, 383; Amarna’s setting and design, 27–29, 31, 38–39, 380, 384; and Aten, 30, 49–50; boundary stelae of, 32–38; and foreign affairs, 53–54; and Great Palace, 42–43; movement in Amarna by, 47–48; proclamations of, 54–57, 58–59(n12), 60–61(n25); subjects of, 51–53

Albornoz, Cristóbal de, 241

alliances, Mexica, 17, 262–63, 280(n48), 280(n54)

Alpha Centauri, astronomical marking of, 192

altars, in Amarna residences, 52

Amanat, Hosayn, 362

Amarakatabuddharupindāna, 164, 171, 178(n55)

Amarna (Akhetaten), el-, 3, 12–13, 25, 380; and Akhenaten, 50, 379, 384; boundary stelae at, 31–38, 39, 61(n26); destruction of, 39–40; foreigners in, 53–54, 64(n72); individuals and social groups at, 51–53; landscape of, 27–29, 30–31; Maruaten at, 44–45; offering scenes at, 45–46; palaces at, 42–44; ritual movement through, 46–48; siting of, 26–27, 48–49, 61(n27); structure of, 38–39, 40–42, 62(n49), 62(n50)

Amarna letters, 53

Amarna Period, carving during, 31, 37

Amarukancha compound, 219

Amazonian Basin, 185

Amenhotep III, 37, 53

Amenophis IV. See Akhenaten

Ammianus Marcellinus, 65

Anastasius I, Long Walls of Thrace, 109, 145(n72)

Andes, sacred landscape of, 182, 183–84, 379. See also Cusco; Titicaca, Lake; Tiwanaku

Angkor Empire, 159, 176(n17), 178–79(n59)

animals: in Roman processions, 85–86; sacrifices of, 76

Anta, zeq’e system, 241

Anthemius, 79

Anthemius of Tralles, 105

Antisuyu, 226, 227, 229

Apomayta, 225

Apulian Aqueduct, and Matera, 298–99

Apulian Murgia, 292

Aqa Mohammad Khan, 350

Aqllahuaci compound, 219

aqllas, 219

aqueducts: in Constantinople, 105, 107; in Italy, 298–99

Aragon, and Matera, 294

Ara Pacis, 335–36

Arch of Constantine, 77, 78

Arcus Novus, 85

Argentina, 185

aristocrats, in Rome, 65

Art History of Nature, The (Warnke), 6

artifacts, Tiwanaku ritual, 189

artisans, at Amarna, 51–52

Asia, bodies of water in, 155

Asoka, King, 171, 178(n58)

astronomical alignments, at Tiwanaku, 191–92, 198–202, 208–9(n50)

astronomy, Andean sacred, 184

Atacama Desert, 185

Aten, 12, 13, 26, 383; and Akhenaten, 48, 49–50, 380, 384; at el-Amarna, 30–31; birth and rebirth of, 29–30; iconography of, 28, 54; temples to, 40–42

Aten Disk, images of, 52, 54

Atil (Itil), 119

Atlixco (Tenochtitlan), 266

Atl-Tlachinolli (water-fire) glyph, 262

Atzacualco quarter (Tenochtitlan), 265–66

Augustan Rostra, 72, 75, 78–79, 87

Augustus, 74, 93(n44), 335–36

Aurelian, 81

authority, 9, 116, 138(n3), 381, 389(n9); Christian, 99, 104–7; Cusco, 385; in Iranian Revolution, 365; modern changes in, 342–43; place and space of, 10–11; symbols of, 104, 113, 378

Avars, siege of, 108, 112

Avesta, 348

Awkaypata, 217, 226, 229, 240; palaces on, 218–19

Axayacatl, 268, 283–84(n75)

axis mundi, Tenochtitlan, 256

Ayaucihuatl, 261

ayllus, 222, 227

Aymara, 223, 239

Ayutthaya, 3, 15, 155, 158, 176(n17), 176(n20), 177(n45), 178–79(n59); art and architecture, 167–68; demolition of, 388–89; geopolitical power of, 159–60; Grand Palace in, 157, 166-67, 169, 177(n37); Rama I reference to, 163–64, 170, 388–89

Ayutthaya Period, art and architecture, 166, 167–70

Azadi Monument, 361

Azcapotzalco, 260, 261, 282(n60)

Aztecs. See Mexica

Balsamon, 112

Bangkok, 3, 15, 175(n5), 175(n15), 381, 382, 386, 387; description of, 161–62; Grand Palace, 155, 165–66, 168–69, 177(n37), 177(n38), 177(n39), 388; official title of, 163–64; Rama I’s construction in, 157–58, 162–63, 383–84, 389

barrios, Tenochtitlan, 264, 265–66

Basil I, 126

Basilica Aemilia, 72

Basilica Julia, 72, 80

Basilica of San Marcos, 83

Basilicata, 293, 296, 297, 308, 385

Belgrade, 3, 114, 115, 135, 386; Medieval, 127–28; structure/design of, 128–29

Belisarius, 87–88

Berezine, Illia Nikolaevich, 350

Beta Centauri, astronomical marking of, 192

Betanzos, Juan de, 224; as chronicler, 225–26

Blachernitissa, 108, 109, 121

Black Land (Kmt), 26, 27

Black Sea, and Constantinople, 111

Bogolyubovo, 123, 124, 135

Bogolyubsky, Andrey, 123

Bohler, General, 352

Bolivia, Andean shrines, 183

“Book of the Prefect,” 117

Borommakot, King, 169

boundary stelae: Amarna, 12–13, 31–38, 39, 45, 46–48, 61(n26), 380

Branković, Djuradj (George), 130

Brief Bulgarian Chronicle, 116

British Amarna Project, 27

Buddha Shakyamuni, 171

Buddhism, 15; and Emerald Buddha, 171–73, 383; symbols of, 157–58

Bulgaria: Medieval capitals in, 3, 114, 115–17, 134–35; religious landscape of, 117–19

Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle, 116

Bulgarian Chronograph, 116

Burma, 174, 178(59); and Ayutthaya, 160, 176(n20)

Buzarjomehri, Karim Agha Khan, 355

Byzantine Empire, 14, 97, 99, 108, 112, 114, 383, 387; Bulgaria and, 115, 116; identity in, 101–2; and Matera, 291, 292; relics of, 117–18; and Rus’, 120–21, 123–24; and Serbia, 126–33

Byzantium, 102, 137(n1)

Byzas, King, 102

caesares, 67, 70

cairns, Andean ritual, 183

calendar cycle: Mexica, 266; and qhapaq ucha events, 246–47(n87)

Cambodia, 173, 179(n60)

canals: Cusco Basin, 217; as fortifications, 161, 163

Capitolium (journal), on Mussolini and Rome, 325–26

Caquia Xaquixaguana (Juchuy Qosqo), 223

cardinal orientation: Mexica, 256, 260; spatial layouts and, 382–83; Tiwanaku, 192–93

Carinus, 72, 73

Carrasco, David, 256, 258

Caserta, Giovanni, 310

cathedral, in Belgrade, 129

Catherine (Katelina) of Hungary, 128

Catholic Church, and Italian Fascism, 341

causeways, in Tenochtitlan, 263, 265, 267, 282(n60), 383

caves, 18, 222

cave structures, in Matera, 287, 291, 292, 296–97

Ccapia, 193, 201

celestial events, cycle of, 70

cemeteries, North Abydos, 30

Central City (Amarna), 38, 39, 41, 48, 52; offering scenes at, 45–46

Ceremonial Center (Tenochtitlan), 266, 267–68, 283(n66)

Ceremonial Rock (Machu Picchu), 230

ceremonies: Bulgarian court, 117; Inka, 184, 390(n13), 246–47(n87); Mexica, 266, 267, 283(n73); Thai court, 170, 176(n30)

Ceremonies of the Byzantine Court, On the, 119

Chakravartin (Universal World Ruler), 15, 164, 171, 173, 176–77(n35), 383–84

Chalke Gate (Constantinople), 121

Chanka wars, 223

Chao Phraya Chakri, 161, 172. See also Rama I

Chaopraya River, 15, 165, 174(n2); canals on, 161, 163; Thai capitals on, 155, 158

chapels, 106, 124, 291; Mexica, 259, 260; in Siam, 167, 179(n65)

Chapultepec, Hill of, social significance of, 253–54

chedi, 170

Chimalpopoca, 261

China, and Siam, 160, 164

Chinchaysuyu, 226, 227, 229, 241

Chinchero, 17; structure of, 232–33, 234

Choquejacha (Titicaca Basin), 190

Christ Child, in Hagia Sophia, 104

Christianity: in Balkans, 115, 116, 126; in Constantinople, 14, 97, 99–100, 102–7, 134, 384, 387; in Rus, 119, 120

christograms, in Constantinople, 108, 109

Christ Stopped at Eboli (Levi), 301–2, 303

Chumbi Cancha (District of the Weavers), 223

churches: in Constantinople, 102, 103; Eastern European, 114, 115, 117, 120, 126, 129, 135, 386; Rus’, 121, 122, 136, 150–51(n138)

Church of Annunciation (Kiev), 120

Cieza de León, Pedro, 220, 236

Cihuacoatl, 262

cisterns, in Constantinople, 105

Citadel Square (Meydan-e Arg) (Tehran), 350, 353, 354

City, 100, 136; as polis, 9, 100; replicating elements of, 114–15; walls surrounding, 109–11. See also Constantinople

city walls, Constantinople’s, 102, 108, 109–12, 115, 137, 381

Civita (Matera), 18, 294, 295

class struggle, in Iran, 348–49

climate change, in Titicaca Basin, 216

Coatepec, Mexica at, 252–53, 259, 279(n40)

Cobo, Bernabe, 226, 241; Historia del Nuevo Mundo, 227

Codex Mendoza, 279(n35), 382, 383; frontispiece, 256–58

Cold War, technology and political authority, 343

Colini, Antonio, 334

colonialism, Italian, 336

column monuments, columns: in Constantinople, 104, 111, 380; Emperor Constantine’s, 106; at Roman Forum, 74, 75–84

Commissione por lo studio della citta e dell’agro di Matera (Gruppo-studi), 303

Condor Compound (Machu Picchu), 232

conquests: Inka, 223; Mexica, 258, 260–61

Constantine I, 14, 71, 77, 97, 102, 106, 137(n1), 141–42(n35), 148(n108), 385; as Christian capital, 99–100; equestrian statue of, 79–80; relics of, 129, 152(n169); urban design of, 103–4

Constantine XI Dragaš, 125

Constantine the Philosopher, 128, 130

Constantinople, 3, 14, 128, 139(n11), 142(n41), 143(n47), 378, 380–81, 386; as Christian landscape, 102–7; city walls of, 109–12; emulation of, 114–15, 131–33, 387; and Ottoman Turks, 384–85; religious landscape of, 117–19; replicas of, 116–17, 134–35, 136–37; sacred topography of, 107–14, 383; in Tabula Peutingeriana, 100–101; urban landscape of, 97, 99

Constantius Chlorus, 67, 73, 85; commemorations to, 75, 77; oratory to, 68–70

construction materials: in Templo Mayor, 269–70; in Tenochtitlan, 265

Coracora compound, 218

Corriere della Sera (newspaper), on Imperial Fora demolition and reconstruction, 328–31

cosmogram, Amarna as, 54

cosmos, 27; landscape and, 181, 265, 384; Tenochtitlan construction of, 265, 272

creation, Inka, 222, 239

Creator God, Inka dynasty, 222, 223

Crusaders, conquest of Constantinople, 118, 142(n41)

Cuicul (Djemila, Algeria), 68

Culhua, and Mexica land, 254–55

Culhuacan, 258, 261

cultural landscape, Akhenaten’s construction of, 27

Curia Julia, 72

Cusco, 3, 16–17, 184, 223, 385, 386, 387; founding of, 186, 381; as Inka capital, 215–16, 228–29; Inka history, 239–40; layout of, 219–20, 226–27, 382; main plaza in, 217–19; Pachakuti’s redesign of, 213, 224–25; replicas of, 229–39

Cusco Basin, 16, 213, 217, 228; political landscape of, 215–16

cyclical renewal, rituals of, 69–70, 89, 181

dams, Tehran, 361

Danube River, Smederevo, 130

Daressy, Jean, 31

Davies, Norman de Garis, 32

Decennalia base, figures on, 75, 76

defensive systems: canals as, 161, 163. See also fortifications

Del Debbio, Enrico, 334

demolition, 388–89; in Fascist Rome, 19, 322–24; above Imperial Fora, 325–31, 332; above Mausoleum of Augustus, 333–34, 336–37; in Tehran, 20, 355–56, 359

De Rita, Lidia, 303

destruction, 339, 355; in Italian Futurism, 327–28

Diocletian, 13, 66, 67, 68, 70–71, 95(n64); and five-column monuments, 77–78; inscriptions to, 81–82; jubilee celebration, 84–86; reforms of, 86–87; and Roman Forum, 72–75, 80–81

diplomacy, Mexica, 249

diradamento concept, 323–24

Djoser, 43

Dolgorukiy, Yuri, 123, 124

Domenica del Corriere, La (newspaper), Imperial Fora demolition, 328–31, 332

domestic cults, at Amarna, 53, 63(n67)

Doolab Gate, 363

doors, in Temple of the Emerald Buddha, 169

Dragutin, King, 128

Durán, Diego, 254, 259, 263

Dušan, Stefan Uroš, 127

Dynastic Chronicles of the First Reign, 167

eagle on cactus, Mexica symbolism, 255, 278(n25), 385

Earlier Proclamation (Akhenaten’s), 49; on boundary stelae, 32–34; text of, 58–59(n12), 60–61(n25)

Eastern Iconographic Pillar (Tiwanaku), 191–92

Edfu, 41

Egypt, 12, 25, 63(n54); religious reform in, 63–64(n69); sacred geography of, 26–27; territorial politics, 53–54. See also Amarna, el-

Eirine, St., 120

Electric Chair (Warhol), 342

elites, 9, 18, 52, 181, 261; Inka state, 217, 225; in Matera, 287, 296, 298, 301, 312, 314; in Rome, 65, 67

Emerald Buddha, 15, 157, 158, 175(n13), 178(n54), 383–84, 390(n14); sacred geography of, 171–73, 178(n58), 178–79(n59), 179(n60), 179(n63)

emperors: in Constantinople, 99; Tetrarchic, 67–68, 70–71, 93(n37)

Empire of “Serbs and Greeks,” 127

emulation, 386–88; of Constantinople, 114–15, 131–33; of landscape, 272–74

Ethiopia, 336

European City/Capital of Culture, 311, 312

Eutropius, 84, 85, 86, 95(n64)

exchange, Mexica, 271–72

faïence production, at Amarna, 50

Fakouri military base, 361

Farmanfarmaian, Abodol-Aziz, 360

Fascist Party, 18, 19; control of imagery, 337–39; demolition and reconstruction by, 322–23, 325–27; and Italian Futurism, 327–28; and Matera, 296, 298–99; and Mausoleum Augustus, 334–37; in Rome, 319–21, 324, 328–31, 332, 378

Federazione Fascista dell’Urbe, and Mausoleum of Augustus, 334

Fenwick, H., 32

festivals, cyclical, 189, 266

fire, in Mexica symbolism, 262–63

First Bulgarian Empire, capitals, 115–17

five-column monuments (Roman Forum), 74; figures depicted on, 75–84

Forbes, Rosita, 356

foreigners, in Amarna, 53–54, 64(n72)

fortifications: in Bangkok, 161; Bulgarian capitals, 116; Constantinople’s, 104, 105, 109–11, 114; Cusco Basin, 217, 228; of Iran, 349–50; in Serbia, 126, 127, 128; in Tehran, 355

Forum of Trajan, portrait statues in, 65

foundation events, 380–81; Cusco, 186; Tenochtitlan, 255, 278(n25), 385

fountains, in Constantinople, 105, 107

France, Ayutthaya trade with, 160

Friedmann, Friedrich George, on Matera, 303, 304–5, 308

Galerius, 67, 69, 70, 73, 75, 77, 85, 95(n64)

Garcilaso de la Vega, on Cusco, 219

Gate of Christ (Constantinople), 108

Gate of Rhegium, 107

Gate of the Spring (Constantinople), restoration of, 108–9

gates: in Constantinople, 107, 108–9, 381; Kiev, 120; Medieval city, 115, 120; in Tehran, 349, 350, 362–63

gateways, at Kalasasaya, 198

Gatti, Gugliemo, 334

Gattini, Count, 294

Gem-Pa-Aten (the Aten-Is-Found), 41–42

Genius Populi Romani statue, 81

geometric alignments, Tiwanaku, 198–99

girdle, of Mother of God, 117, 118, 148(n108)

Giuliani, Cairoli Fulvio, 81

glass production, at Amarana, 50

globalization, of space, 385–86

Godard, Andre, 359

gods, Mexica, 262, 266. See also by name

Golden Church (Preslav), 117

Golden Gate (Kiev), 120

Golden Gates (Vladimir), 114

Golden Horn, 111, 121

Golestan Palace, 348, 351, 353, 355; as museum, 358–59

Gothic Wars, 87–88

Goths, 291

Governance of the Empire, On the, 119

graffiti, in Tehran, 367, 370

Grand Palace (Ayutthaya), 15, 157, 166–67, 177(n37)

Grand Palace (Bangkok), 15, 155, 157, 165–66, 168–69, 173, 177(n37), 177(n38), 177(n39), 388

Great Aten Temple (Amarna), 28, 37, 40–42, 46, 48, 50, 384

Great Palace (Amarna), 40, 42–43, 44, 46, 48, 50, 62(n49)

Great Palace (Constantinople), 111

Great Plaza (Chinchero), 232, 234

Great Unity, 164

Greeks, building techniques, 150–51(n138)

Griffin, Roger, and palingenetic political myth, 339

Haft-e Tir Square, 368

Hagia Sophia, 14, 143(n54); symbolism of, 104–5, 106, 111, 121

Hanan districts, 232, 234, 238; Cusco, 219, 223, 225, 229

Hart, Charles Calmer, 356

Harvey, David, 5

Hasan, Imam, 348

Hatunkancha compound, 219

Heavenly Jerusalem, 134, 383

Helios (Apollo), Constantine as, 106

Heraclius, 108, 126

Herbs Market Square (Tehran), 350, 353

Hercules, 67; Maximian as, 71, 80, 81, 91(n20)

Herzfeld, Ernest, 357

hills: in Constantinople, 105, 107; in Kiev, 123; Veliko Türnovo, 117

hilltop settlements: Cusco region, 216; Italy, 18; Peru, 216

Himavamsa Forest, 169, 178(n49)

Hippodrome (Constantinople), 111

Hippodrome (Kiev), 120

Historia del Nuevo Mundo (Cobo), 227

Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, 272, 273

Holland, Ayutthaya trade with, 160

Ho Phra Monthien Tham. See Temple of the Emerald Buddha

Horemheb, destruction of Amarna, 39–40

Horn, David, 331

House of Royal Foreign correspondence (Amarna), 43

houses, at Amarna, 52–53, 63(n67), 64(n72)

huacas (wak’as), 183–84, 222–23; mountains as, 202; zeq’e system, 226–27, 229, 241

Huanuco Pampa, 17; structure of, 233–36

Huatanay River, 217

Huehueteotl, 262, 281(n56)

Huitzilihuitl, 261

Huitzilopochtli, 17, 252–53, 254, 259, 263, 268, 279(n40); and Tenochtitlan, 255–56

Huitznahua, 253

Hungary, Kingdom of, and Belgrade, 128, 130

Hurin districts, Inkan, 219, 223, 226, 229, 232, 234, 238

Hussites, 130

icons, 130, 135, 137, 383; Mother of God, 108, 129; Thai, 15, 171–73

identity, Byzantine, 100, 101–2

Imperial Bank of Persia, 353

Imperial Fora: demolition above, 323–24, 327, 328–31, 332, 333, 388; Fascist events at, 324–25; Mussolini’s reconstruction of, 19, 321–22

imperialism: Mussolini’s, 321–22, 325; Roman, 384

Inca Empire, ritual pathways, 193

India, Ayutthaya trade with, 160

individual, and nation, 331, 333

Inka Empire, 214, 217, 379, 385, 390(n13); architectural and sculptural features, 241–42; Cusco in, 213, 215–16; geopolitical organization of, 16–17, 226–29, 381; history formation in, 239–40; mythohistorical origins of, 222–23; regional centers of, 229–30

Inka Roq’a, 218, 226

Inka Urqon, 223

Inka Yupanki, 223

inscriptions: Christian Constantinople, 108–9; Smederevo, 133

Instituto Nazionale di Urbanistica (INU), 303

intermarriage, Mexica noble, 261

Iran, 19–20, 376(n68), 376(n69), 381; class struggle, 348–49; state theater, 355–56

Iranian Revolution, 347, 249, 364–65, 367, 381

Isidorus of Miletus, 105

Isnardi, Giuseppe, 308

Istanbul, 385, 386, 390(n15). See also Constantinople

Italian Futurism, 327–28

Italy, 19, 287; warfare, 336–36

Itzcoatl, 261–62, 270

Iunius Valentinus, 79

Ivan Asen II, Tsar, 117

Ivan II, 124

Ivan III, 124, 125

Iwawe, 193

Janissaries, and siege of Constantinople, 112, 113–14

Japan, 160

Jarjud River, 361

Jerusalem, 121, 134, 150(n130)

Jezava River, Smederevo and, 130

Jinakālimālipakaranam, 164, 171, 178(n55)

jubilee, 75, 81; of Tetrarchic rule, 84–86

Julius Caesar, 74, 75

Junin, Department of, 216

Jupiter, 67; Diocletian as, 71, 78, 80, 81

Justin, Emperor, 107

Justinian I (New Constantine), 104

Kabir, Amir, 351

Kalasasaya platform, 190, 195, 196, 198, 207–8(n43), 210(n66); alignments in, 199, 200–201, 202, 203

Kalasasaya-Putuni Complex, 196; alignments in, 199–200

kallankas, 236; in Chinchero, 233, 234; in Cusco, 218, 219, 229; at Machu Picchu, 230, 231; Vilcabamba, 237–38

kanok motif, 167, 169

Kantakouzene, Eirine, 130, 132

Kantakouzenos, George, 131

Kantatallita Complex (Titicaca Basin), 190, 198, 200–201, 202

Karaj dam, 361

Karaj road, 363

Karbaschi, Gholamhossein, 365, 367

Karnak, 37, 38, 41

Kashi, Ostad Mohammad Ali, 351

khagans, 119

khans, 116

Khazaria, 119

Kherikala (Titicaca Basin), 190

Khonko Wankane, 193

Kiev, 3, 50–51(n138), 114, 115, 119, 135, 386; emulation of Constantinople in, 120–23

Killke Period, 217, 228

kin groups, Inkan Cusco, 226, 227, 229

King’s House (Amarna), 40, 42–43

Kollasuyu, 226, 227, 229

Kremlin, 124

Kruševac, 127, 135

Krziz, Augustus, 350

Kuntisuyu, 226, 227, 229

Kusipata, 217, 219, 229, 240

Kuy-e Kan, 361

labor, corporate, 269

Lactantius, 82, 84, 86

lakes, at Coatepec, 252–53, 259, 279(n40)

La Martella, 304

land acquisition, Mexica, 254–55

landscape, 5–6, 8–9, 16, 17, 66, 181; Amarna’s, 27–31; Andean sacred, 182–84; Egyptian sacred, 26–27, 30; emulating, 272–74; religious, 117–19; Tiwanaku, 198–201; urban, 288, 290

Lanna, Kingdom of, Emerald Buddha in, 171, 178–79(n59)

Laos, 160, 172, 173, 179(n63)

Late Intermediate Period, Cusco Valley, 216, 217, 228

Later Proclamation (Akhenaten), 33, 36, 37, 49; text of, 54–57

Laureano, Pietro, 291

Lazarević, Stefan, 127, 128–29, 130

Lee, Vincent, 236

Lefebvre, Henri, 3, 5, 8; The Production of Space, 4

Leo, Emperor, 79

Leontari, Manuel Bryennius, and Gate of the Spring, 108–9

Levi, Carlo, 304; Christ Stopped at Eboli, 301–2, 303, 314

Leviathan (Hobbes), 272, 273

lineage groups, corporate, 222. See also ayllus

living conditions, in Matera, 297, 301–2, 306–8, 309

Longobards, 291

Long Walls of Thrace, 109–10, 111, 145(n72)

López Luján, Leonardo, 268

Lucifer (evening star), 70

Lucre Basin (Peru), 217

Luxor, 37

ma’at, 27

Machu Picchu, 17, 230, 231, 232

Maenam Chaopraya Basin, 159

Main City (Amarna), 39, 43, 51, 52

Malay Peninsula, 160

Malaysia, 173

Mama Oqllu, 222, 226, 239

Manasses, Constantine, 116

mandala system, 160

Manqo Inka, and Vilcabamba, 236, 238–39

Manqo Qhapaq, 239, 381; and Cusco, 222, 223, 226

maphorion, 108, 148(n108)

maps: of Eastern European cities, 115, 118, 122, 125, 129, 131; of Roman Empire, 100–101; of Tawantinsuyu, 382–83; of Tehran, 350, 351, 352, 366

Marble Palace (Tehran), 358–59

Marinetti, Fillippo, 327

Marmara, Sea of, and Constantinople, 110, 111

Mars, 75, 76

Marshall Plan, 303

Maruaten (Pa-Maru-en-Pa-Aten) (Amarna), 44–45

master plan, Tehran, 357–58, 360–61

Matera, 18, 289, 316(n15), 379, 384; academic research on, 303–4; histories of, 287–88; length of occupation at, 291–92; living conditions in, 301–3, 304–11, 316–17(n23), 318(n28); physical setting of, 290–91, 292–94; social stratification in, 294–301, 312–15; tourism, 311–12, 385–86

Matos, Eduardo, 259

Mausoleum of Augustus, 19, 333; Mussolini’s remodeling of, 321–22, 334–40; symbolic potential of, 340–41

Maxentius, 71, 86

Maximian, 13, 66, 67, 68, 70–71, 91(n20), 95(n62), 95(n64); and five-column monuments, 77–78; inscriptions to, 81–82; jubilee celebration, 84–86; restoration of Roman Forum, 72–75, 80–81, 87

Maxtla, 261–62

Maya, Classic, 6, 9

Medieval period, 114, 135–36, 378; Bulgaria, 115–19; Rus’, 119–26; Serbia, 126–33

Mehrabad Airport, 361

Mekong River, 155, 174(n2)

mercenaries, Mexica, 254, 260

Meritaten, 33, 44

Meryra I, tomb of, 46

Meryre II, tomb of, 46

Mexica, 17, 249, 277(n12), 279(n38), 283(n73); exchange, 271–72; migrations, 252–55; political relationships, 260–61, 279(n35); social memory and politics, 251–52; spatial and social concepts, 256–59, 383; and Tenochtitlan, 259–60

Mexico, Basin/Valley of, 249, 250; fire and water in, 262–63; geopolitics of, 253–54, 274; Mexica access to 254–55

Mexico City, 385

Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 17, 249, 281(n56), 283–84(n75), 378, 382, 385, 387; Ceremonial Center of, 267–68, 283(n66); creation of, 259–60; establishment of, 255–56, 381; planning and layout of, 252, 282(n60), 383; social layout and construction of, 263–66; spatial concepts of, 256–58; and Triple Alliance, 262–63. See also Templo Mayor

middle class, in Matera, 311, 313

Middle Horizon Period (Tiwanaku), 15, 216, 242(n4)

migrations, 287, 381; Mexica, 252–55, 259

military: Inka, 223; Mexica, 260

Mirza Isa, 352

Modarres, Seyyed Hasan, 357

modernization, 388–89; of Matera, 18, 299, 306; of Rome, 324–25; Tehran, 20, 351–53, 357–58

Mohina, 217

moieties, Inkan Cusco, 226, 229

Moldoviţa, imagery on, 112–14, 136–37

Molina, Cristóbal de, 226

Molk, Abd-al Ghaffar Najm al-, 352

Mollo Kontu (Titicaca Basin), 190

monastery, as site of authority, 124

Mongols, 123, 124, 348

monumental architecture, 114; emulation of, 387–88; Medieval capitals, 115, 120; Tiwanaku, 182, 183, 187, 191–97, 202

monuments, 13; Andean, 16, 17, 188, 190–94

Morpurgo, Vittorio, 335

Moquegua, Valley of, 185

Moscow, 114, 119, 124–25, 386

Mostowfi al-Mamalek, 352

Motecuhzoma I, 270

Motecuhzoma II, royal estates of, 267–68

Mother of God, 107, 121, 123, 383; in Belgrade, 127, 129; in Constantinople, 14, 99, 104, 109, 381, 384; relics of, 108, 117, 118, 148(n108)

mountains, 16, 276–77(n7); Andean sacred, 183–84, 186, 201–2

movement, ritual, 46–48

Mumford, Lewis, 10

Muñoz, Antonio, “La Via dell’Impero e La Via del Mare,” 326–27

murals, in Tehran, 367, 369

museums, in Tehran, 359, 361–62, 363

Mussolini, Benito, 19, 306, 342, 381; control of imagery, 337–39; imperial ambitions of, 321–22; at Imperial Fora, 331, 332; and Mausoleum of Augustus, 333–41; and Rome, 319–20; and Via dell’Impero, 324–25

Mutimir, 126

myth-history, Inka, 222–23

Nagasena, 171

Nahua speakers, 251, 256. See also Mexica

Naissus, 126

Nakht, 51

Name List of the Bulgarian Khans, 116

Naples, 18

Napoleonic Empire, and Matera, 296

Narmer, King, 48

Nasca, ray centers, 229, 240–41

Naser al-Din Shah, 19–20, 349, 351, 353, 354, 356, 363, 371, 373(n18), 381

natalis martis, 70

nation, and individual, 331, 333

Navai, Haj Abd ol-Hasan Me’mar, 351

Nefertiti, 63(n69); depictions of, 31, 33, 36, 52

Neopolitans, and Matera, 294

New Constantine. See Justinian I, 104

New Jerusalem, 100, 107, 128

New Kingdom, 12, 25, 42, 46

New Rome, Constantinople as, 97, 99, 105

New Year’s day, Roman celebration of, 69

Nguyen, Prince, 174

Niavaran royal complex, 360

Nile River, 26, 48

Nitti, Francesco, 308, 310–11, 318(n28)

nobility. See elites

North Abydos, 30

North City (Amarna), 43

North Palace (Amarna), 43–44, 47, 48

North Riverside Palace (Amarna), 43, 44, 47–48

North Suburb (Amarna), 43, 51, 52

Novgorod, 119, 120, 135, 386

Ocelotzontecontitlan (Tenochtitlan), 266

offerings, 76, 183; at Amarna, 12, 45–46, 50, 52; to Aten, 30, 31; in Templo Mayor, 270–72, 285(n89)

officials, Tetrarchic, 67

Ohrid, 116, 117, 135

Oleg, 121

Olivetti, Adriano, 303

Opet festival, 37

oral histories/traditions: Constantinople, 380; in Matera, 287, 198

oratory, Roman Tetrarchic, 68–70

Osiris, tomb of, 30

Ostragoths, 88

Otomí-Pame, 262

Ottoman Turks, 130, 132, 152(n169), 160; and Constantinople, 112, 113, 114, 137(n1), 384–85, 390(n15); Tehran’s defense against, 349–50

Pacariqtambo, 222

pacha, 239

Pachakuti Inka Yupanki, 16, 219, 220, 223, 228, 230, 236, 381; redesign of Cusco, 213, 215, 216, 224–25

Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 20, 349, 371, 381; power of, 359–60; and White Revolution of, 360–65

Pahlavi, Reza Shah, 20, 349, 371, 381; Tehran’s urban renewal, 353–59, 363, 373(n23), 388

Pahlavi Avenue (Vali Asr), 358, 370

Pahlavi dynasty, 357; Tehran’s urban renewal, 353–59

palaces, 230, 387; in Amarna, 42–44; in Belgrade, 129; in Cusco, 218–19, 220; in Tehran, 348, 351, 355, 358, 360; in Tenochtitlan, 267–68, 283–84(n75); Thai, 15, 165. See also by name

Palaeologi, John and Maria, and Gate of the Spring, 108–9

Palaeologina, Sophia, 125

palingenetic political myth, 339

panaqas, 227

panegyric texts, 13; on Tetrarchic emperors, 68–69, 70, 82, 91(n20), 95(n62)

Panehesy, 51

pastoral tribes, in Matera caves, 291

Pataliputra (India), 171, 178(n59)

pathways, Andean ritual, 183, 193

patio enclosures, at Huanuco Pampa, 234

patroness, of Constantinople, 108

peace, Fascist Italy’s concept of, 335–36

peasants, 304; in Matera, 303, 306–8, 318(n28)

Pentcheva, 108

performance, 213, 240, 380

Persian Empire, 160, 362; and Rome, 85, 86. See also Iran

Peru, 183

Petka, Saint, relics of, 130, 152(n169)

Petrie, W. Flinders, 31

Piacentini, Marcello, 334

Piano (Matera), 18, 296, 299, 301, 303; social stratification in, 298, 314

Piazzale Augusto Imperatore, 19, 334, 338, 340

Piazza Montanara, 329

pilgrimages, 222, 241, 267. See also migrations

pillars, in Tiwanaku, 184, 191–92, 198, 209(n58)

Pinahua, 217

Pizarro, Hernando, 219

platforms: in Tenochtitlan, 283(n66), 284(n80); at Tiwanaku, 187, 190, 194–97, 203–4. See also templete

Plaza de Armas (Cusco), 385

plazas, 230, 234, 240, 267, 385; Cuzco’s, 217–19, 229, 240, 382

Pliska, 3, 116, 135, 147(n98)

Pochaina River, 120

Pokotia (Titicaca Basin), 190–91, 193

polis, 100, 135, 139(n11), 387

Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities, The (Smith), 3, 4, 6–7, 25, 66, 99, 155, 272, 290, 347, 377–78

Polo de Ondegardo, 241

portraits, Roman aristocratic, 65–66

Portugal, 160, 179(n67)

prang-towers, 169–70

Preslav, 3, 114, 147(n98); as replica of Constantinople, 116–17

processional routes: in Amarna, 37–38; in Rome, 68, 85–86, 324–25, 388; in Tiwanaku, 194

Procopius, 88, 108

Production of Space, The (Lefebvre), 4

protest, Tehran’s culture of, 347–48

Puabi of Ur, Queen, 342

public works projects: Fascist era, 19, 319–21, 323–31, 334–41, 378, 388–89; in Matera, 298–99

Pukara (Titicaca Basin), 187

Pumaccacca (Chinchero), 232, 233

Pumachupa, 225

Pumapunku Temple Complex (Titicaca Basin), 190, 191, 195

Punchaw, 236

pururaucas, 223

Putuni platform (Titicaca Basin), 190, 196, 199

pyramids, misuse of term of, 196–97

Qajar, Aqa Mohammad Khan, 350

Qajar dynasty, 347, 350, 371; Tehran, 349, 351, 355–56, 373(n18)

Qasana compound, 218

Qazvin, 350

Qazvin Gate, 363

qhapaq nan, 234

qhapaq ucha rituals, 240, 246–47(n87)

Qhapaq Yupanki, 226

Qianlong, 164, 165

Qorikancha (Temple of the Sun), 220; zeq’e system and, 226, 227, 229

quadripartite divisions, of space, 382

Quechua, 239; in Cusco, 16, 223

Quilescache Urcoguaranca, 225

Quimsachata Mountain: 202; from Kalasaya-Putuni Complex, 199–200; and Southern Pole alignment, 192, 193, 198, 201

Quinta Settecentesca (Matera), 298, 299

Quinti Cancha (District of the Humming Bird), 223

Rafsanjani, President, Tehran’s reforms, 365, 367

Ragha, 348

Rama I (Ramathibodi), King, 15, 157, 161, 164, 172, 378, 381; construction of Bangkok, 162–63, 383–84; Grand Palace of, 165–66; and Kingdom of Siam, 173–74; reference to Ayutthaya, 170, 388–89

Rama III (Phra Nang Klao), 167, 175(n7)

Rama IV, 174

Rama V, 174

Ramathibodi (U-Thong), 158, 163

ramps and balustrades, at Amarna, 45–46

Ras, 3, 126

Ras-Postenje, 126

Ratanabimbavamsa, 164, 171, 178(n55)

Rattakosin Island, 163

Ray, 348, 349, 361, 372(n8), 373(n18)

ray centers, 229; Nazca, 240–41. See also zeq’e systems

rebirth, Aten and, 29–30, 31

reconstruction, 388–89; in Fascist Rome, 322–23; historical, 379–80

Red Land (Dsrt), 26, 27

relics, 108, 135, 137, 148(n108), 152(n169), 383, 384; in Belgrade, 129–30; transfer of, 117–19, 131

religious centers, king’s residences as, 165

renewal: cycles of, 68–70, 71, 89

replicas: of Constantinople, 116–17; of Cusco, 215, 229–30, 240

reservoirs, at Saqsaywaman, 222

residences: in Amarna, 51–53; in Tehran, 361. See also kallankas; palaces

rituals, 281(n56), 380: Akhenaten’s, 12–13, 30; at Amarna, 45, 46–48, 52–53; cyclical, 181, 189; Inka, 217, 240; Roman, 81, 84–86

roads: in Cusco, 226, 229, 239; Mussolini’s construction of, 324–25, 326–27; in Tehran, 358, 363, 364, 373(n18); in Tenochtitlan, 263, 265, 267, 282(n60); and zeq’e system, 241–42

rocks, Inka sacred, 222–23, 230, 238, 239–40

Roma, images of, 75, 76, 92(n31)

Roman Empire, 13, 66, 325, 381; Constantinople and, 14, 99–100, 102; Gothic Wars, 87–88; map of, 100–101; Tetrarchic emperors and, 68–72, 86–87, 384

Roman Forum, 13–14, 68, 69, 323; imperial portrait statues in, 65–66; Rostra in, 80–81; Tetrarchic authority in, 66–67, 88–89, 384; Tetrarchic restoration of, 72–84, 87

Rome, 3, 13–14, 18, 65, 107, 135, 382, 386, 387; demolition and reconstruction in, 388–89; Fascist era, 19, 319–21, 323–31, 334–41, 378; preservation of, 87–88; Rostra in, 80–81; and Tetrarchic rule, 82, 84–86, 384

Rosa, Pietro, 80–81

Rostra: five-column monuments on, 75–84; at Roman Forum, 13–14, 68, 73, 74

Rostra Vandalica, 79, 80

Round Church (Preslav), 117

royal estates: Inka, 230–33, 381; Mexica, 267–68

Royal Residence (Machu Picchu), 232

Royal Road, at Amarna, 39, 42, 47–49

Royal Wadi, at Amarna, 36, 39

rulership, rulers, ruling class, 99, 116, 119, 157, 342, 349; Inka, 223–24, 226; Mexica, 261, 279(n35); southern Italy, 301–2; Tetrarchic joint, 70–71, 72, 82

Rus’, 138(n2); medieval, 3, 114, 119–26, 134–35, 136; siege of Constantinople, 108, 121

Russia, Constantinopolitan identity of, 125–26

Russian Primary Chronicle, 119

sacred geography, 383–84; Egypt, 26–27; of Emerald Buddha, 171–73

Sacred Palace (Constantinople), 14

sacred topography: Andean, 182–84; of Constantinople, 107–14; Egyptian, 26–27, 30

sacrifices, animal, 76

Safavid, Shah Tahmasp I, 349–50

Safavid dynasty, 347, 350, 359

Sahagún, Bernardino de, 266

Sairi Cancha (District of Tobacco), 223

Sajama Mountain, 193

Sanginés, Ponce, 187

Saphy/Huatanay River, 217, 225

Saqqara, 43

Saqsaywaman, 220–22

Saracens, 292

Sassi, 18, 291, 294, 298, 299, 300, 303; living conditions in, 306–8, 309; quality of life in, 297, 301–2; revitalization of, 385–86; social meaning of, 313–15; tourism and, 311–12

seasonal cycles, imperial rituals of, 69–70

Second Bulgarian Empire, religious landscape of, 117–19

segregation, in Matera, 297

self-presentation, 84

Semi-Subterranean Court (Tiwanaku), 190; structure of, 191–94

Senate (Constantinople), 111

Senate House (Curia Senatus), 72

senators, and Tetrarchy, 82, 84

Septimius Severus, 78, 102

Serbia, Medieval capitals in, 3, 114, 126–33, 134–35

Serbian Kingdom, 126

seven hills, 121, 128; in Medieval capital layouts, 114, 115; Moscow’s, 124–25

Seven Hills of Rome, 107

Shah Abdol-Azim Gate, 363, 373(n18)

Shahrak-e Ekbatan, 361

Shahreza (Enghelab) Avenue, 20, 358, 364, 365

Shahyad Aryamehr Monument, 20, 361–62, 363–64

Shams al-Emareh, 355

Shemiran, 360, 364

Shemiran Gate, 363

shrines, 63(n67), 183, 386; in Constantinople, 103, 108; Mexica, 259, 271; in Ray, 348, 373(n18); zeq’e system, 220, 226–27, 229, 241

Siam, 155, 156, 162, 166, 172, 175(n3); Ayutthaya in, 158–59, 388; under Rama I, 173–74, 378

Siam, Gulf of, 159

sieges: of Constantinople, 108, 112–14, 121; of Matera, 291–92, 293–94

Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, 128

Silivri gate, 108

Sirmium, 126

Skopje (Scupi), 116, 117, 135

sky, Andean sacred world, 184

Small Aten Temple (Amarna), 28, 40, 42, 47, 48

Smederevo, 3, 114, 115, 134, 135, 137, 386; as copy of Constantinople, 131–33

Smith, Adam, 8, 342; The Political Landscape, 3, 4, 6–7, 66, 155, 272, 290, 347, 377–78; on political landscapes, 11–12, 25, 87, 99; on state, 9–10

social body, 333

social class, segregation and, 297, 299, 301

social distance, 253

social engineering, Tehran’s modernization as, 359–65

social memory, Mexica, 251

social sciences, individual and nation, 331, 333

social stratification, 347; in Matera, 294–302, 305–7, 311, 312–13

Soja, Edward, “Third space,” 5

Sol, images of, 75, 76

solstices, architectural alignments with winter, 193, 198, 200–201

solutum, 84

Sophia, 107

Sophia, St. (Kiev), 120–21

Southern Celestial Pole, 209(n53); Tiwanaku marking of, 192, 193, 198, 199, 200, 201

South Palace (Amarna), 43

South Suburb (Amarna), 39, 43, 51

space, 4–5, 7–8, 182, 260, 378; globalization of, 385–86; Mexica concepts of, 256, 267; public, 65–66; quadripartite divisions of, 382–83

Spain, 160, 179(n67); and Matera, 295–96

Spanish colonial period, in Peru, 187, 213, 220

spatial metonyms, 387

springs: Blachernae, 108; Chapultepec, 253

standards of living, in Matera, 297, 301–2, 306–8

Starokyivs’ka (Kiev), 123

state formation, 16, 116

state theater (Tehran), demolition of, 355–56

statues, Roman, 65, 67, 72, 73

Steindorff, Georg, 32

stelae, Amarna’s boundary, 12, 13, 31–38, 45, 46–48, 61(n26), 380

Structure 11 (Chinchero), 232, 233

stupas, 170

subjects: Akhenaten’s, 51–53; and rulers, 342

Sukhothai Kingdom, 159, 176(n17), 179(n64), 378, 383

Suleiman, Shah, 350

Sun: cycle of, 29–30; iconography of, 28–29, 54

Sun, Island of (Titicaca), 186, 222, 239

Sun Disk, 48

sunken courts, Titicaca Basin, 187

Sun Palace (Shams ol-Emareh) (Tehran), 351

suovetaurilia, 76

suyus, 226, 227, 229, 240, 382

sventramento, 324

Sveta Gora, 117

symbolism, Tenochtitlan, 255–56

Symeon, Tsar, 116, 117

Tabrizi, Ostad Gholam Reza, 350

Tabula Peutingeriana, 100–101

Tahmasp the Safavid, Shah, 363

Tajin River, canal fortifications along, 161, 163

Takkieh Dowlat, 355, 356

Taksin, King, 157, 160, 161, 163, 388; and Emerald Buddha, 172–73

Tampu T’oqo, 222

Tarraco (Titicaca Basin), 187

Tawantinsuyu, 215, 229, 382–83, 390(n13)

taypi qala, 239, 240

Tehran, frontispiece, 3, 19–20, 322, 372(n8), 377, 381, 386, 387; contestations of power in, 367–71; demolition and reconstruction in, 388–89; fortification and remodeling of, 349–50; in Iranian Revolution, 364–65; modernization of, 351–53; Mohammad Reza Shah’s modernization of, 359–64; protest culture of, 347–48; Reza Shah’s renewal of, 353–59

Tehran-Pars, 361

Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 74

Temple of the Deified Julius Caesar, 74, 75, 87, 93(n44)

Temple of the Emerald Buddha, 157, 158, 165, 172, 177(n46); architecture of, 167, 168, 169–70; Ordination Hall, 167, 168

Temple of the Sun (Cusco), 215, 220

Temple of the Sun (Vilcashuaman), 236

temples: at Amarna, 28, 40–42; in Cusco, 220; Mexica, 263, 268, 279(n38)

templete, 190; structure of, 191–94; visual alignments from, 198, 201–3

Templo Mayor, 17, 259, 266, 279(n38), 284(n78), 381; construction of, 268–70, 284(n78), 284(n80); offerings in, 270–72, 285(n89); as sacred mountain, 276–77(n7)

Tenayuca, 258

Tenoch, 255, 256

Tenochtitlan. See Mexico-Tenochtitlan

Tentori, Tullio, 305, 306, 316–17(n23)

Tepanec, 253, 254, 260, 261, 262, 282(n60)

terraces: Inkan, 217, 220, 222, 233

territorial expansion, Inka, 236, 379

Tetrarchs, Tetrarchy, 13, 93(n37), 99, 384; governance under, 70–71; jubilee ritual for, 84–86; renewal of time in, 68–70, 71–72, 89; and Roman Forum, 66–67, 72–84, 88–89; rule by, 67–68

Texcocans, 260

Texcoco, 265; Triple Alliance and, 262–63

Texcoco, Lake, 17, 249, 250, 254

Teymurtash, Abd-al Hosayn, 359

Tezozomoc, 260, 261

Thailand, 15, 155, 160, 172, 173, 175(n3). See also Ayutthaya; Bangkok

Thebes, 12, 25, 37

Theodosius II, 102, 104, 107, 142(n37), 143(n47)

Theophano, Saint Empress, relics of, 130

Theravada Buddhism, 175(n13), 390(n14); and Thailand, 157, 173

Thonburi, 3, 15, 157, 158, 160–61, 163, 166, 388, 389; Emerald Buddha in, 171, 173

Thonburi Period, 160–61

Thupa Inka Yupanki, 226, 232, 236

Ticha River, Preslav on, 116, 117

time, cycles of, 68–70, 71

time-space concept, Andean, 239

Timurids, 348, 351

Titicaca, Lake, 185–86; Island of the Sun in, 222, 239

Titicaca Basin, 184, 216; sacred landscapes, 182, 185–86; settlement of, 186–87

Tiwanaku, 3, 16, 186, 189, 207–8(n43), 208(n45), 239, 242(n4), 379, 382, 386; astronomical and landscape alignments in, 199–202, 208–9(n50); and Cusco, 216, 387–88; monumental architecture, 182–83, 187, 188, 191–97, 202–4, 210(n64), 210(n65); monuments associated with, 190–91

Tizaapan, 254

Tlacaelel, 262

Tlacopan, and Triple Alliance, 262–63

Tlaloc, 17, 262, 268, 281(n56)

Tlatelolco, 260

tlatoani, 261

tombs, 28, 30, 46

Totila, 88

tourism, 385–86; in Matera region, 18, 297, 298, 311–12

trade: Ayutthaya, 159, 160; Mexica, 260, 265; Rus’, 120; Titicaca Basin, 185

Traiphum Phra Ruang, 164

Tramontano, Giancarlo, 294

Trapezitsa, 117, 148(n106)

triangular layouts: of Medieval capitals, 114, 115, 117, 125, 130, 131

tribunes, 68; at Roman Forum, 73–74

tribute: at Amarna, 54; Mexica, 261

Trier, oratory read in, 68, 82

Triple Alliance, 282(n60); geopolitical power of, 262–63, 280(n54)

True Cross, 117, 118, 148(n108)

Tsaravets, 117

Tuan, Yi-Fu, 4–5

Tullumayo River, 217, 225

Tuna el-Gebel, stelae at, 31, 38

Tunupa, 239

Tupkhan-e Square (Tehran), 353

Tuthmosis, 51

twin-capitals, medieval, 135

UNESCO World Heritage Monument, Matera as, 287, 290–91, 311

United Nations Rehabilitation and Relief Administration (UNRRA)-Casas, 303

unity, Tetrarchic concepts of, 70

Universal World Ruler, Rama I as, 15

Upper Mantaro Archaeological Research Project, 216

urban design, 142(n37); Constantine I’s, 103–4; of Cusco, 17, 213, 215; at el-Amarna, 25; of Tenochtitlan, 267–68

urban planning, 15, 285(n95), 377; of Ayutthaya, 159; in Italy, 18, 19, 303–4; in Tehran, 352–53, 360–61, 364, 373(n23)

urban renewal: of Fascist Rome, 320–21; of Tehran, 353, 355–65

Urubamba Valley, 230

usnu(s), 234, 239–40; in Cusco, 217–19, 385

U-Thong (Ramathibodi), 158

Valle, Pietro della, 350

Vandals, 79

Van Vliet, Jeremias, on Bangkok, 161–62

Veliko Türnovo, 3, 114, 115, 117, 130, 137, 386; as Christian capital, 118–19

Verduchi, Patrizia, 81

Vesper (morning star), 70

Via dell’Impero, 19, 324–25, 388

“Via dell’Impero e La Via del Mare, La” (Muñoz), 326–27

Via del Mare, 326

Via Sacra, 68

Vicaquirao, 225

Victor Gruen Associates, 360

Victory, winged, 75, 76

Vientiane, and Emerald Buddha, 172, 178–79(n59)

Vietnam, 174

Vikings, 120

Vilcabamba the Old, 17; layout of, 236–39; Manqo Inka at, 238–39

Vilcanota, 241

Vilcashuaman (Vilcaswaman), 17, 233, 236, 237

violence: in Fascist ideology, 19, 336, 339; in Italian Futurism, 327–28

Viracocha (Wiraqocha), 239; and Lake Titicaca, 185–86, 222

Virgin Mary. See Mother of God

Vishnukarn, 171

“Visita di S. E. Il Capo del Governo at Lavori in Corso per la Grandezza dell’Urbe, Un,” 325

visitation, Akhenaten’s, 12–13

Vittorio Emmanuelle III, 320

Vladimir, 3, 114, 115, 119, 123–24, 125, 135

Vladimir I the Great, 123

Vladimir II the Monomakh, 123

Vladimirskaya, 123

volcanoes, 262

Volga River, 119

Volkhov River, 119

wak’as (huacas), 183–84, 202, 222–23; zeq’e system, 226–27, 229, 241

walls, 115, 124; Constantinople’s, 102, 108, 109–11, 137, 381; contesting power on, 367–71

Wanka sites, 216

warfare, 223, 336; Mexica, 249, 260, 261–62, 277(n12)

Warhol, Andy, Electric Chair, 342

Wari Empire, 216, 228, 242(n4)

Warnke, Martin, The Art History of Nature, 6

Washington, D.C., Capitol Building, 387

Waskhar, 218, 219

Wat Arun, 161, 172

Wat Boromaputharam, 169

water, 155; in Matera, 298–99; in Mexica symbolism, 262–63; in Tehran, 361, 372(n8), 375(n56)

Wat Pa Mok, 169

Wat Phra Sri Sanpetch, 167–68, 169; prang-towers at, 170

Wat Tha, 161

Wayna Qhapaq, 218, 225

Western Iconographic Pillar (Tiwanaku), 191–92

Westernization, White Revolution and, 360–61

White Revolution, 374–75(n50); and urban renewal in Tehran, 360–65

Wiharn Yod (Temple of the Emerald Buddha), 169

Wiraqocha Inka, 219, 223

Workmen’s Village (Amarna), 51, 52

Yantra River, 117

Yarambuy Cancha, 223

Yaroslav, 120

Zacatlan, 266

Zamkova, 123

Zand, Karim Khan, 350, 363

zeq’e systems: Cusco and, 215, 220, 226–27, 229, 236, 239, 240; function of, 241–42

Zonaras, John, 112

Zoödochos Pege shrine, 108

Zosimus, 125

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© 2016 by Jessica Joyce Christie, Jelena Bogdanović, and Eulogio Guzmán
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