Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Abbas the Great, 350
Abdol Azim al-Hassani, tomb of, 348
Abu Hasha el-Bahri, Wadi, 28
Abydos, 30
Acamama (Akamama), 223, 226, 229
Acamapichtli, 261
administrative areas: in Constantinople, 114; Inka, 230, 233–39
Agha Mohammad Khan, 363
agoras, in Constantinople, 104
Ahmadinejad administration, 367, 376(n66)
Ahura Mazda, 348
Akapana platform, 190, 195, 198, 202, 203, 208(n45)
Akhenaten, 12–13, 25, 26, 63(n67), 63–64(n69), 379, 383; Amarna’s setting and design, 27–29, 31, 38–39, 380, 384; and Aten, 30, 49–50; boundary stelae of, 32–38; and foreign affairs, 53–54; and Great Palace, 42–43; movement in Amarna by, 47–48; proclamations of, 54–57, 58–59(n12), 60–61(n25); subjects of, 51–53
Albornoz, Cristóbal de, 241
alliances, Mexica, 17, 262–63, 280(n48), 280(n54)
Alpha Centauri, astronomical marking of, 192
altars, in Amarna residences, 52
Amanat, Hosayn, 362
Amarakatabuddharupindāna, 164, 171, 178(n55)
Amarna (Akhetaten), el-, 3, 12–13, 25, 380; and Akhenaten, 50, 379, 384; boundary stelae at, 31–38, 39, 61(n26); destruction of, 39–40; foreigners in, 53–54, 64(n72); individuals and social groups at, 51–53; landscape of, 27–29, 30–31; Maruaten at, 44–45; offering scenes at, 45–46; palaces at, 42–44; ritual movement through, 46–48; siting of, 26–27, 48–49, 61(n27); structure of, 38–39, 40–42, 62(n49), 62(n50)
Amarna letters, 53
Amarna Period, carving during, 31, 37
Amarukancha compound, 219
Amazonian Basin, 185
Amenophis IV. See Akhenaten
Ammianus Marcellinus, 65
Anastasius I, Long Walls of Thrace, 109, 145(n72)
Andes, sacred landscape of, 182, 183–84, 379. See also Cusco; Titicaca, Lake; Tiwanaku
Angkor Empire, 159, 176(n17), 178–79(n59)
animals: in Roman processions, 85–86; sacrifices of, 76
Anta, zeq’e system, 241
Anthemius, 79
Anthemius of Tralles, 105
Apomayta, 225
Apulian Aqueduct, and Matera, 298–99
Apulian Murgia, 292
Aqa Mohammad Khan, 350
Aqllahuaci compound, 219
aqllas, 219
aqueducts: in Constantinople, 105, 107; in Italy, 298–99
Aragon, and Matera, 294
Ara Pacis, 335–36
Arcus Novus, 85
Argentina, 185
aristocrats, in Rome, 65
Art History of Nature, The (Warnke), 6
artifacts, Tiwanaku ritual, 189
artisans, at Amarna, 51–52
Asia, bodies of water in, 155
astronomical alignments, at Tiwanaku, 191–92, 198–202, 208–9(n50)
astronomy, Andean sacred, 184
Atacama Desert, 185
Aten, 12, 13, 26, 383; and Akhenaten, 48, 49–50, 380, 384; at el-Amarna, 30–31; birth and rebirth of, 29–30; iconography of, 28, 54; temples to, 40–42
Atil (Itil), 119
Atlixco (Tenochtitlan), 266
Atl-Tlachinolli (water-fire) glyph, 262
Atzacualco quarter (Tenochtitlan), 265–66
Augustan Rostra, 72, 75, 78–79, 87
Aurelian, 81
authority, 9, 116, 138(n3), 381, 389(n9); Christian, 99, 104–7; Cusco, 385; in Iranian Revolution, 365; modern changes in, 342–43; place and space of, 10–11; symbols of, 104, 113, 378
Avesta, 348
Awkaypata, 217, 226, 229, 240; palaces on, 218–19
axis mundi, Tenochtitlan, 256
Ayaucihuatl, 261
Ayutthaya, 3, 15, 155, 158, 176(n17), 176(n20), 177(n45), 178–79(n59); art and architecture, 167–68; demolition of, 388–89; geopolitical power of, 159–60; Grand Palace in, 157, 166-67, 169, 177(n37); Rama I reference to, 163–64, 170, 388–89
Ayutthaya Period, art and architecture, 166, 167–70
Azadi Monument, 361
Azcapotzalco, 260, 261, 282(n60)
Aztecs. See Mexica
Balsamon, 112
Bangkok, 3, 15, 175(n5), 175(n15), 381, 382, 386, 387; description of, 161–62; Grand Palace, 155, 165–66, 168–69, 177(n37), 177(n38), 177(n39), 388; official title of, 163–64; Rama I’s construction in, 157–58, 162–63, 383–84, 389
barrios, Tenochtitlan, 264, 265–66
Basil I, 126
Basilica Aemilia, 72
Basilica of San Marcos, 83
Basilicata, 293, 296, 297, 308, 385
Belgrade, 3, 114, 115, 135, 386; Medieval, 127–28; structure/design of, 128–29
Belisarius, 87–88
Berezine, Illia Nikolaevich, 350
Beta Centauri, astronomical marking of, 192
Betanzos, Juan de, 224; as chronicler, 225–26
Black Sea, and Constantinople, 111
Bogolyubsky, Andrey, 123
Bohler, General, 352
Bolivia, Andean shrines, 183
“Book of the Prefect,” 117
Borommakot, King, 169
boundary stelae: Amarna, 12–13, 31–38, 39, 45, 46–48, 61(n26), 380
Branković, Djuradj (George), 130
Brief Bulgarian Chronicle, 116
British Amarna Project, 27
Buddha Shakyamuni, 171
Buddhism, 15; and Emerald Buddha, 171–73, 383; symbols of, 157–58
Bulgaria: Medieval capitals in, 3, 114, 115–17, 134–35; religious landscape of, 117–19
Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle, 116
Bulgarian Chronograph, 116
Burma, 174, 178(59); and Ayutthaya, 160, 176(n20)
Buzarjomehri, Karim Agha Khan, 355
Byzantine Empire, 14, 97, 99, 108, 112, 114, 383, 387; Bulgaria and, 115, 116; identity in, 101–2; and Matera, 291, 292; relics of, 117–18; and Rus’, 120–21, 123–24; and Serbia, 126–33
Byzas, King, 102
cairns, Andean ritual, 183
calendar cycle: Mexica, 266; and qhapaq ucha events, 246–47(n87)
canals: Cusco Basin, 217; as fortifications, 161, 163
Capitolium (journal), on Mussolini and Rome, 325–26
Caquia Xaquixaguana (Juchuy Qosqo), 223
cardinal orientation: Mexica, 256, 260; spatial layouts and, 382–83; Tiwanaku, 192–93
Caserta, Giovanni, 310
cathedral, in Belgrade, 129
Catherine (Katelina) of Hungary, 128
Catholic Church, and Italian Fascism, 341
causeways, in Tenochtitlan, 263, 265, 267, 282(n60), 383
cave structures, in Matera, 287, 291, 292, 296–97
celestial events, cycle of, 70
cemeteries, North Abydos, 30
Central City (Amarna), 38, 39, 41, 48, 52; offering scenes at, 45–46
Ceremonial Center (Tenochtitlan), 266, 267–68, 283(n66)
Ceremonial Rock (Machu Picchu), 230
ceremonies: Bulgarian court, 117; Inka, 184, 390(n13), 246–47(n87); Mexica, 266, 267, 283(n73); Thai court, 170, 176(n30)
Ceremonies of the Byzantine Court, On the, 119
Chakravartin (Universal World Ruler), 15, 164, 171, 173, 176–77(n35), 383–84
Chalke Gate (Constantinople), 121
Chanka wars, 223
Chao Phraya Chakri, 161, 172. See also Rama I
Chaopraya River, 15, 165, 174(n2); canals on, 161, 163; Thai capitals on, 155, 158
chapels, 106, 124, 291; Mexica, 259, 260; in Siam, 167, 179(n65)
Chapultepec, Hill of, social significance of, 253–54
chedi, 170
Chimalpopoca, 261
Chinchaysuyu, 226, 227, 229, 241
Chinchero, 17; structure of, 232–33, 234
Choquejacha (Titicaca Basin), 190
Christ Child, in Hagia Sophia, 104
Christianity: in Balkans, 115, 116, 126; in Constantinople, 14, 97, 99–100, 102–7, 134, 384, 387; in Rus, 119, 120
christograms, in Constantinople, 108, 109
Christ Stopped at Eboli (Levi), 301–2, 303
Chumbi Cancha (District of the Weavers), 223
churches: in Constantinople, 102, 103; Eastern European, 114, 115, 117, 120, 126, 129, 135, 386; Rus’, 121, 122, 136, 150–51(n138)
Church of Annunciation (Kiev), 120
Cieza de León, Pedro, 220, 236
Cihuacoatl, 262
cisterns, in Constantinople, 105
Citadel Square (Meydan-e Arg) (Tehran), 350, 353, 354
City, 100, 136; as polis, 9, 100; replicating elements of, 114–15; walls surrounding, 109–11. See also Constantinople
city walls, Constantinople’s, 102, 108, 109–12, 115, 137, 381
class struggle, in Iran, 348–49
climate change, in Titicaca Basin, 216
Coatepec, Mexica at, 252–53, 259, 279(n40)
Cobo, Bernabe, 226, 241; Historia del Nuevo Mundo, 227
Codex Mendoza, 279(n35), 382, 383; frontispiece, 256–58
Cold War, technology and political authority, 343
Colini, Antonio, 334
colonialism, Italian, 336
column monuments, columns: in Constantinople, 104, 111, 380; Emperor Constantine’s, 106; at Roman Forum, 74, 75–84
Commissione por lo studio della citta e dell’agro di Matera (Gruppo-studi), 303
Condor Compound (Machu Picchu), 232
conquests: Inka, 223; Mexica, 258, 260–61
Constantine I, 14, 71, 77, 97, 102, 106, 137(n1), 141–42(n35), 148(n108), 385; as Christian capital, 99–100; equestrian statue of, 79–80; relics of, 129, 152(n169); urban design of, 103–4
Constantine XI Dragaš, 125
Constantine the Philosopher, 128, 130
Constantinople, 3, 14, 128, 139(n11), 142(n41), 143(n47), 378, 380–81, 386; as Christian landscape, 102–7; city walls of, 109–12; emulation of, 114–15, 131–33, 387; and Ottoman Turks, 384–85; religious landscape of, 117–19; replicas of, 116–17, 134–35, 136–37; sacred topography of, 107–14, 383; in Tabula Peutingeriana, 100–101; urban landscape of, 97, 99
Constantius Chlorus, 67, 73, 85; commemorations to, 75, 77; oratory to, 68–70
construction materials: in Templo Mayor, 269–70; in Tenochtitlan, 265
Coracora compound, 218
Corriere della Sera (newspaper), on Imperial Fora demolition and reconstruction, 328–31
cosmogram, Amarna as, 54
cosmos, 27; landscape and, 181, 265, 384; Tenochtitlan construction of, 265, 272
Creator God, Inka dynasty, 222, 223
Crusaders, conquest of Constantinople, 118, 142(n41)
Cuicul (Djemila, Algeria), 68
Culhua, and Mexica land, 254–55
cultural landscape, Akhenaten’s construction of, 27
Curia Julia, 72
Cusco, 3, 16–17, 184, 223, 385, 386, 387; founding of, 186, 381; as Inka capital, 215–16, 228–29; Inka history, 239–40; layout of, 219–20, 226–27, 382; main plaza in, 217–19; Pachakuti’s redesign of, 213, 224–25; replicas of, 229–39
Cusco Basin, 16, 213, 217, 228; political landscape of, 215–16
cyclical renewal, rituals of, 69–70, 89, 181
dams, Tehran, 361
Danube River, Smederevo, 130
Daressy, Jean, 31
Davies, Norman de Garis, 32
Decennalia base, figures on, 75, 76
defensive systems: canals as, 161, 163. See also fortifications
Del Debbio, Enrico, 334
demolition, 388–89; in Fascist Rome, 19, 322–24; above Imperial Fora, 325–31, 332; above Mausoleum of Augustus, 333–34, 336–37; in Tehran, 20, 355–56, 359
De Rita, Lidia, 303
destruction, 339, 355; in Italian Futurism, 327–28
Diocletian, 13, 66, 67, 68, 70–71, 95(n64); and five-column monuments, 77–78; inscriptions to, 81–82; jubilee celebration, 84–86; reforms of, 86–87; and Roman Forum, 72–75, 80–81
diplomacy, Mexica, 249
diradamento concept, 323–24
Djoser, 43
Domenica del Corriere, La (newspaper), Imperial Fora demolition, 328–31, 332
domestic cults, at Amarna, 53, 63(n67)
Doolab Gate, 363
doors, in Temple of the Emerald Buddha, 169
Dragutin, King, 128
Dušan, Stefan Uroš, 127
Dynastic Chronicles of the First Reign, 167
eagle on cactus, Mexica symbolism, 255, 278(n25), 385
Earlier Proclamation (Akhenaten’s), 49; on boundary stelae, 32–34; text of, 58–59(n12), 60–61(n25)
Eastern Iconographic Pillar (Tiwanaku), 191–92
Edfu, 41
Egypt, 12, 25, 63(n54); religious reform in, 63–64(n69); sacred geography of, 26–27; territorial politics, 53–54. See also Amarna, el-
Eirine, St., 120
Electric Chair (Warhol), 342
elites, 9, 18, 52, 181, 261; Inka state, 217, 225; in Matera, 287, 296, 298, 301, 312, 314; in Rome, 65, 67
Emerald Buddha, 15, 157, 158, 175(n13), 178(n54), 383–84, 390(n14); sacred geography of, 171–73, 178(n58), 178–79(n59), 179(n60), 179(n63)
emperors: in Constantinople, 99; Tetrarchic, 67–68, 70–71, 93(n37)
Empire of “Serbs and Greeks,” 127
emulation, 386–88; of Constantinople, 114–15, 131–33; of landscape, 272–74
Ethiopia, 336
European City/Capital of Culture, 311, 312
Eutropius, 84, 85, 86, 95(n64)
exchange, Mexica, 271–72
faïence production, at Amarna, 50
Fakouri military base, 361
Farmanfarmaian, Abodol-Aziz, 360
Fascist Party, 18, 19; control of imagery, 337–39; demolition and reconstruction by, 322–23, 325–27; and Italian Futurism, 327–28; and Matera, 296, 298–99; and Mausoleum Augustus, 334–37; in Rome, 319–21, 324, 328–31, 332, 378
Federazione Fascista dell’Urbe, and Mausoleum of Augustus, 334
Fenwick, H., 32
fire, in Mexica symbolism, 262–63
First Bulgarian Empire, capitals, 115–17
five-column monuments (Roman Forum), 74; figures depicted on, 75–84
Forbes, Rosita, 356
foreigners, in Amarna, 53–54, 64(n72)
fortifications: in Bangkok, 161; Bulgarian capitals, 116; Constantinople’s, 104, 105, 109–11, 114; Cusco Basin, 217, 228; of Iran, 349–50; in Serbia, 126, 127, 128; in Tehran, 355
Forum of Trajan, portrait statues in, 65
foundation events, 380–81; Cusco, 186; Tenochtitlan, 255, 278(n25), 385
fountains, in Constantinople, 105, 107
France, Ayutthaya trade with, 160
Friedmann, Friedrich George, on Matera, 303, 304–5, 308
Galerius, 67, 69, 70, 73, 75, 77, 85, 95(n64)
Garcilaso de la Vega, on Cusco, 219
Gate of Christ (Constantinople), 108
Gate of Rhegium, 107
Gate of the Spring (Constantinople), restoration of, 108–9
gates: in Constantinople, 107, 108–9, 381; Kiev, 120; Medieval city, 115, 120; in Tehran, 349, 350, 362–63
gateways, at Kalasasaya, 198
Gatti, Gugliemo, 334
Gattini, Count, 294
Gem-Pa-Aten (the Aten-Is-Found), 41–42
Genius Populi Romani statue, 81
geometric alignments, Tiwanaku, 198–99
girdle, of Mother of God, 117, 118, 148(n108)
Giuliani, Cairoli Fulvio, 81
glass production, at Amarana, 50
globalization, of space, 385–86
Godard, Andre, 359
gods, Mexica, 262, 266. See also by name
Golden Church (Preslav), 117
Golden Gate (Kiev), 120
Golden Gates (Vladimir), 114
Golestan Palace, 348, 351, 353, 355; as museum, 358–59
Gothic Wars, 87–88
Goths, 291
Governance of the Empire, On the, 119
Grand Palace (Ayutthaya), 15, 157, 166–67, 177(n37)
Grand Palace (Bangkok), 15, 155, 157, 165–66, 168–69, 173, 177(n37), 177(n38), 177(n39), 388
Great Aten Temple (Amarna), 28, 37, 40–42, 46, 48, 50, 384
Great Palace (Amarna), 40, 42–43, 44, 46, 48, 50, 62(n49)
Great Palace (Constantinople), 111
Great Plaza (Chinchero), 232, 234
Great Unity, 164
Greeks, building techniques, 150–51(n138)
Griffin, Roger, and palingenetic political myth, 339
Haft-e Tir Square, 368
Hagia Sophia, 14, 143(n54); symbolism of, 104–5, 106, 111, 121
Hanan districts, 232, 234, 238; Cusco, 219, 223, 225, 229
Hart, Charles Calmer, 356
Harvey, David, 5
Hasan, Imam, 348
Hatunkancha compound, 219
Helios (Apollo), Constantine as, 106
Herbs Market Square (Tehran), 350, 353
Hercules, 67; Maximian as, 71, 80, 81, 91(n20)
Herzfeld, Ernest, 357
hills: in Constantinople, 105, 107; in Kiev, 123; Veliko Türnovo, 117
hilltop settlements: Cusco region, 216; Italy, 18; Peru, 216
Himavamsa Forest, 169, 178(n49)
Hippodrome (Constantinople), 111
Hippodrome (Kiev), 120
Historia del Nuevo Mundo (Cobo), 227
Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, 272, 273
Holland, Ayutthaya trade with, 160
Ho Phra Monthien Tham. See Temple of the Emerald Buddha
Horemheb, destruction of Amarna, 39–40
Horn, David, 331
House of Royal Foreign correspondence (Amarna), 43
houses, at Amarna, 52–53, 63(n67), 64(n72)
huacas (wak’as), 183–84, 222–23; mountains as, 202; zeq’e system, 226–27, 229, 241
Huanuco Pampa, 17; structure of, 233–36
Huatanay River, 217
Huitzilihuitl, 261
Huitzilopochtli, 17, 252–53, 254, 259, 263, 268, 279(n40); and Tenochtitlan, 255–56
Huitznahua, 253
Hungary, Kingdom of, and Belgrade, 128, 130
Hurin districts, Inkan, 219, 223, 226, 229, 232, 234, 238
Hussites, 130
icons, 130, 135, 137, 383; Mother of God, 108, 129; Thai, 15, 171–73
identity, Byzantine, 100, 101–2
Imperial Bank of Persia, 353
Imperial Fora: demolition above, 323–24, 327, 328–31, 332, 333, 388; Fascist events at, 324–25; Mussolini’s reconstruction of, 19, 321–22
imperialism: Mussolini’s, 321–22, 325; Roman, 384
Inca Empire, ritual pathways, 193
India, Ayutthaya trade with, 160
individual, and nation, 331, 333
Inka Empire, 214, 217, 379, 385, 390(n13); architectural and sculptural features, 241–42; Cusco in, 213, 215–16; geopolitical organization of, 16–17, 226–29, 381; history formation in, 239–40; mythohistorical origins of, 222–23; regional centers of, 229–30
Inka Urqon, 223
Inka Yupanki, 223
inscriptions: Christian Constantinople, 108–9; Smederevo, 133
Instituto Nazionale di Urbanistica (INU), 303
intermarriage, Mexica noble, 261
Iran, 19–20, 376(n68), 376(n69), 381; class struggle, 348–49; state theater, 355–56
Iranian Revolution, 347, 249, 364–65, 367, 381
Isidorus of Miletus, 105
Isnardi, Giuseppe, 308
Istanbul, 385, 386, 390(n15). See also Constantinople
Italian Futurism, 327–28
Italy, 19, 287; warfare, 336–36
Iunius Valentinus, 79
Ivan Asen II, Tsar, 117
Ivan II, 124
Iwawe, 193
Janissaries, and siege of Constantinople, 112, 113–14
Japan, 160
Jarjud River, 361
Jerusalem, 121, 134, 150(n130)
Jezava River, Smederevo and, 130
Jinakālimālipakaranam, 164, 171, 178(n55)
jubilee, 75, 81; of Tetrarchic rule, 84–86
Junin, Department of, 216
Jupiter, 67; Diocletian as, 71, 78, 80, 81
Justin, Emperor, 107
Justinian I (New Constantine), 104
Kabir, Amir, 351
Kalasasaya platform, 190, 195, 196, 198, 207–8(n43), 210(n66); alignments in, 199, 200–201, 202, 203
Kalasasaya-Putuni Complex, 196; alignments in, 199–200
kallankas, 236; in Chinchero, 233, 234; in Cusco, 218, 219, 229; at Machu Picchu, 230, 231; Vilcabamba, 237–38
Kantakouzene, Eirine, 130, 132
Kantakouzenos, George, 131
Kantatallita Complex (Titicaca Basin), 190, 198, 200–201, 202
Karaj dam, 361
Karaj road, 363
Karbaschi, Gholamhossein, 365, 367
Kashi, Ostad Mohammad Ali, 351
khagans, 119
khans, 116
Khazaria, 119
Kherikala (Titicaca Basin), 190
Khonko Wankane, 193
Kiev, 3, 50–51(n138), 114, 115, 119, 135, 386; emulation of Constantinople in, 120–23
kin groups, Inkan Cusco, 226, 227, 229
King’s House (Amarna), 40, 42–43
Kremlin, 124
Krziz, Augustus, 350
Kuy-e Kan, 361
labor, corporate, 269
lakes, at Coatepec, 252–53, 259, 279(n40)
La Martella, 304
land acquisition, Mexica, 254–55
landscape, 5–6, 8–9, 16, 17, 66, 181; Amarna’s, 27–31; Andean sacred, 182–84; Egyptian sacred, 26–27, 30; emulating, 272–74; religious, 117–19; Tiwanaku, 198–201; urban, 288, 290
Lanna, Kingdom of, Emerald Buddha in, 171, 178–79(n59)
Late Intermediate Period, Cusco Valley, 216, 217, 228
Later Proclamation (Akhenaten), 33, 36, 37, 49; text of, 54–57
Laureano, Pietro, 291
Lazarević, Stefan, 127, 128–29, 130
Lee, Vincent, 236
Lefebvre, Henri, 3, 5, 8; The Production of Space, 4
Leo, Emperor, 79
Leontari, Manuel Bryennius, and Gate of the Spring, 108–9
Levi, Carlo, 304; Christ Stopped at Eboli, 301–2, 303, 314
lineage groups, corporate, 222. See also ayllus
living conditions, in Matera, 297, 301–2, 306–8, 309
Longobards, 291
Long Walls of Thrace, 109–10, 111, 145(n72)
López Luján, Leonardo, 268
Lucifer (evening star), 70
Lucre Basin (Peru), 217
Luxor, 37
ma’at, 27
Machu Picchu, 17, 230, 231, 232
Maenam Chaopraya Basin, 159
Main City (Amarna), 39, 43, 51, 52
Malay Peninsula, 160
Malaysia, 173
Manasses, Constantine, 116
mandala system, 160
Manqo Inka, and Vilcabamba, 236, 238–39
Manqo Qhapaq, 239, 381; and Cusco, 222, 223, 226
maps: of Eastern European cities, 115, 118, 122, 125, 129, 131; of Roman Empire, 100–101; of Tawantinsuyu, 382–83; of Tehran, 350, 351, 352, 366
Marble Palace (Tehran), 358–59
Marinetti, Fillippo, 327
Marmara, Sea of, and Constantinople, 110, 111
Marshall Plan, 303
Maruaten (Pa-Maru-en-Pa-Aten) (Amarna), 44–45
master plan, Tehran, 357–58, 360–61
Matera, 18, 289, 316(n15), 379, 384; academic research on, 303–4; histories of, 287–88; length of occupation at, 291–92; living conditions in, 301–3, 304–11, 316–17(n23), 318(n28); physical setting of, 290–91, 292–94; social stratification in, 294–301, 312–15; tourism, 311–12, 385–86
Matos, Eduardo, 259
Mausoleum of Augustus, 19, 333; Mussolini’s remodeling of, 321–22, 334–40; symbolic potential of, 340–41
Maximian, 13, 66, 67, 68, 70–71, 91(n20), 95(n62), 95(n64); and five-column monuments, 77–78; inscriptions to, 81–82; jubilee celebration, 84–86; restoration of Roman Forum, 72–75, 80–81, 87
Maxtla, 261–62
Medieval period, 114, 135–36, 378; Bulgaria, 115–19; Rus’, 119–26; Serbia, 126–33
Mehrabad Airport, 361
Meryra I, tomb of, 46
Meryre II, tomb of, 46
Mexica, 17, 249, 277(n12), 279(n38), 283(n73); exchange, 271–72; migrations, 252–55; political relationships, 260–61, 279(n35); social memory and politics, 251–52; spatial and social concepts, 256–59, 383; and Tenochtitlan, 259–60
Mexico, Basin/Valley of, 249, 250; fire and water in, 262–63; geopolitics of, 253–54, 274; Mexica access to 254–55
Mexico City, 385
Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 17, 249, 281(n56), 283–84(n75), 378, 382, 385, 387; Ceremonial Center of, 267–68, 283(n66); creation of, 259–60; establishment of, 255–56, 381; planning and layout of, 252, 282(n60), 383; social layout and construction of, 263–66; spatial concepts of, 256–58; and Triple Alliance, 262–63. See also Templo Mayor
middle class, in Matera, 311, 313
Middle Horizon Period (Tiwanaku), 15, 216, 242(n4)
migrations, 287, 381; Mexica, 252–55, 259
military: Inka, 223; Mexica, 260
Mirza Isa, 352
Modarres, Seyyed Hasan, 357
modernization, 388–89; of Matera, 18, 299, 306; of Rome, 324–25; Tehran, 20, 351–53, 357–58
Mohina, 217
moieties, Inkan Cusco, 226, 229
Moldoviţa, imagery on, 112–14, 136–37
Molina, Cristóbal de, 226
Molk, Abd-al Ghaffar Najm al-, 352
Mollo Kontu (Titicaca Basin), 190
monastery, as site of authority, 124
monumental architecture, 114; emulation of, 387–88; Medieval capitals, 115, 120; Tiwanaku, 182, 183, 187, 191–97, 202
monuments, 13; Andean, 16, 17, 188, 190–94
Morpurgo, Vittorio, 335
Moquegua, Valley of, 185
Mostowfi al-Mamalek, 352
Motecuhzoma I, 270
Motecuhzoma II, royal estates of, 267–68
Mother of God, 107, 121, 123, 383; in Belgrade, 127, 129; in Constantinople, 14, 99, 104, 109, 381, 384; relics of, 108, 117, 118, 148(n108)
mountains, 16, 276–77(n7); Andean sacred, 183–84, 186, 201–2
movement, ritual, 46–48
Mumford, Lewis, 10
Muñoz, Antonio, “La Via dell’Impero e La Via del Mare,” 326–27
museums, in Tehran, 359, 361–62, 363
Mussolini, Benito, 19, 306, 342, 381; control of imagery, 337–39; imperial ambitions of, 321–22; at Imperial Fora, 331, 332; and Mausoleum of Augustus, 333–41; and Rome, 319–20; and Via dell’Impero, 324–25
Mutimir, 126
myth-history, Inka, 222–23
Nagasena, 171
Nahua speakers, 251, 256. See also Mexica
Naissus, 126
Nakht, 51
Name List of the Bulgarian Khans, 116
Naples, 18
Napoleonic Empire, and Matera, 296
Narmer, King, 48
Nasca, ray centers, 229, 240–41
Naser al-Din Shah, 19–20, 349, 351, 353, 354, 356, 363, 371, 373(n18), 381
natalis martis, 70
nation, and individual, 331, 333
Navai, Haj Abd ol-Hasan Me’mar, 351
Nefertiti, 63(n69); depictions of, 31, 33, 36, 52
Neopolitans, and Matera, 294
New Constantine. See Justinian I, 104
New Rome, Constantinople as, 97, 99, 105
New Year’s day, Roman celebration of, 69
Nguyen, Prince, 174
Niavaran royal complex, 360
Nitti, Francesco, 308, 310–11, 318(n28)
nobility. See elites
North Abydos, 30
North City (Amarna), 43
North Palace (Amarna), 43–44, 47, 48
North Riverside Palace (Amarna), 43, 44, 47–48
North Suburb (Amarna), 43, 51, 52
Ocelotzontecontitlan (Tenochtitlan), 266
offerings, 76, 183; at Amarna, 12, 45–46, 50, 52; to Aten, 30, 31; in Templo Mayor, 270–72, 285(n89)
officials, Tetrarchic, 67
Oleg, 121
Olivetti, Adriano, 303
Opet festival, 37
oral histories/traditions: Constantinople, 380; in Matera, 287, 198
oratory, Roman Tetrarchic, 68–70
Osiris, tomb of, 30
Ostragoths, 88
Otomí-Pame, 262
Ottoman Turks, 130, 132, 152(n169), 160; and Constantinople, 112, 113, 114, 137(n1), 384–85, 390(n15); Tehran’s defense against, 349–50
Pacariqtambo, 222
pacha, 239
Pachakuti Inka Yupanki, 16, 219, 220, 223, 228, 230, 236, 381; redesign of Cusco, 213, 215, 216, 224–25
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 20, 349, 371, 381; power of, 359–60; and White Revolution of, 360–65
Pahlavi, Reza Shah, 20, 349, 371, 381; Tehran’s urban renewal, 353–59, 363, 373(n23), 388
Pahlavi Avenue (Vali Asr), 358, 370
Pahlavi dynasty, 357; Tehran’s urban renewal, 353–59
palaces, 230, 387; in Amarna, 42–44; in Belgrade, 129; in Cusco, 218–19, 220; in Tehran, 348, 351, 355, 358, 360; in Tenochtitlan, 267–68, 283–84(n75); Thai, 15, 165. See also by name
Palaeologi, John and Maria, and Gate of the Spring, 108–9
Palaeologina, Sophia, 125
palingenetic political myth, 339
panaqas, 227
panegyric texts, 13; on Tetrarchic emperors, 68–69, 70, 82, 91(n20), 95(n62)
Panehesy, 51
pastoral tribes, in Matera caves, 291
Pataliputra (India), 171, 178(n59)
pathways, Andean ritual, 183, 193
patio enclosures, at Huanuco Pampa, 234
patroness, of Constantinople, 108
peace, Fascist Italy’s concept of, 335–36
peasants, 304; in Matera, 303, 306–8, 318(n28)
Pentcheva, 108
Persian Empire, 160, 362; and Rome, 85, 86. See also Iran
Peru, 183
Petka, Saint, relics of, 130, 152(n169)
Petrie, W. Flinders, 31
Piacentini, Marcello, 334
Piano (Matera), 18, 296, 299, 301, 303; social stratification in, 298, 314
Piazzale Augusto Imperatore, 19, 334, 338, 340
Piazza Montanara, 329
pilgrimages, 222, 241, 267. See also migrations
pillars, in Tiwanaku, 184, 191–92, 198, 209(n58)
Pinahua, 217
Pizarro, Hernando, 219
platforms: in Tenochtitlan, 283(n66), 284(n80); at Tiwanaku, 187, 190, 194–97, 203–4. See also templete
Plaza de Armas (Cusco), 385
plazas, 230, 234, 240, 267, 385; Cuzco’s, 217–19, 229, 240, 382
Pochaina River, 120
Pokotia (Titicaca Basin), 190–91, 193
polis, 100, 135, 139(n11), 387
Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities, The (Smith), 3, 4, 6–7, 25, 66, 99, 155, 272, 290, 347, 377–78
Polo de Ondegardo, 241
portraits, Roman aristocratic, 65–66
prang-towers, 169–70
Preslav, 3, 114, 147(n98); as replica of Constantinople, 116–17
processional routes: in Amarna, 37–38; in Rome, 68, 85–86, 324–25, 388; in Tiwanaku, 194
Production of Space, The (Lefebvre), 4
protest, Tehran’s culture of, 347–48
Puabi of Ur, Queen, 342
public works projects: Fascist era, 19, 319–21, 323–31, 334–41, 378, 388–89; in Matera, 298–99
Pukara (Titicaca Basin), 187
Pumaccacca (Chinchero), 232, 233
Pumachupa, 225
Pumapunku Temple Complex (Titicaca Basin), 190, 191, 195
Punchaw, 236
pururaucas, 223
Putuni platform (Titicaca Basin), 190, 196, 199
pyramids, misuse of term of, 196–97
Qajar, Aqa Mohammad Khan, 350
Qajar dynasty, 347, 350, 371; Tehran, 349, 351, 355–56, 373(n18)
Qasana compound, 218
Qazvin, 350
Qazvin Gate, 363
qhapaq nan, 234
qhapaq ucha rituals, 240, 246–47(n87)
Qhapaq Yupanki, 226
Qorikancha (Temple of the Sun), 220; zeq’e system and, 226, 227, 229
quadripartite divisions, of space, 382
Quechua, 239; in Cusco, 16, 223
Quilescache Urcoguaranca, 225
Quimsachata Mountain: 202; from Kalasaya-Putuni Complex, 199–200; and Southern Pole alignment, 192, 193, 198, 201
Quinta Settecentesca (Matera), 298, 299
Quinti Cancha (District of the Humming Bird), 223
Rafsanjani, President, Tehran’s reforms, 365, 367
Ragha, 348
Rama I (Ramathibodi), King, 15, 157, 161, 164, 172, 378, 381; construction of Bangkok, 162–63, 383–84; Grand Palace of, 165–66; and Kingdom of Siam, 173–74; reference to Ayutthaya, 170, 388–89
Rama III (Phra Nang Klao), 167, 175(n7)
Rama IV, 174
Rama V, 174
Ramathibodi (U-Thong), 158, 163
ramps and balustrades, at Amarna, 45–46
Ras-Postenje, 126
Ratanabimbavamsa, 164, 171, 178(n55)
Rattakosin Island, 163
Ray, 348, 349, 361, 372(n8), 373(n18)
ray centers, 229; Nazca, 240–41. See also zeq’e systems
reconstruction, 388–89; in Fascist Rome, 322–23; historical, 379–80
relics, 108, 135, 137, 148(n108), 152(n169), 383, 384; in Belgrade, 129–30; transfer of, 117–19, 131
religious centers, king’s residences as, 165
renewal: cycles of, 68–70, 71, 89
replicas: of Constantinople, 116–17; of Cusco, 215, 229–30, 240
reservoirs, at Saqsaywaman, 222
residences: in Amarna, 51–53; in Tehran, 361. See also kallankas; palaces
rituals, 281(n56), 380: Akhenaten’s, 12–13, 30; at Amarna, 45, 46–48, 52–53; cyclical, 181, 189; Inka, 217, 240; Roman, 81, 84–86
roads: in Cusco, 226, 229, 239; Mussolini’s construction of, 324–25, 326–27; in Tehran, 358, 363, 364, 373(n18); in Tenochtitlan, 263, 265, 267, 282(n60); and zeq’e system, 241–42
rocks, Inka sacred, 222–23, 230, 238, 239–40
Roma, images of, 75, 76, 92(n31)
Roman Empire, 13, 66, 325, 381; Constantinople and, 14, 99–100, 102; Gothic Wars, 87–88; map of, 100–101; Tetrarchic emperors and, 68–72, 86–87, 384
Roman Forum, 13–14, 68, 69, 323; imperial portrait statues in, 65–66; Rostra in, 80–81; Tetrarchic authority in, 66–67, 88–89, 384; Tetrarchic restoration of, 72–84, 87
Rome, 3, 13–14, 18, 65, 107, 135, 382, 386, 387; demolition and reconstruction in, 388–89; Fascist era, 19, 319–21, 323–31, 334–41, 378; preservation of, 87–88; Rostra in, 80–81; and Tetrarchic rule, 82, 84–86, 384
Rosa, Pietro, 80–81
Rostra: five-column monuments on, 75–84; at Roman Forum, 13–14, 68, 73, 74
Round Church (Preslav), 117
royal estates: Inka, 230–33, 381; Mexica, 267–68
Royal Residence (Machu Picchu), 232
Royal Road, at Amarna, 39, 42, 47–49
rulership, rulers, ruling class, 99, 116, 119, 157, 342, 349; Inka, 223–24, 226; Mexica, 261, 279(n35); southern Italy, 301–2; Tetrarchic joint, 70–71, 72, 82
Rus’, 138(n2); medieval, 3, 114, 119–26, 134–35, 136; siege of Constantinople, 108, 121
Russia, Constantinopolitan identity of, 125–26
Russian Primary Chronicle, 119
sacred geography, 383–84; Egypt, 26–27; of Emerald Buddha, 171–73
Sacred Palace (Constantinople), 14
sacred topography: Andean, 182–84; of Constantinople, 107–14; Egyptian, 26–27, 30
sacrifices, animal, 76
Safavid, Shah Tahmasp I, 349–50
Safavid dynasty, 347, 350, 359
Sahagún, Bernardino de, 266
Sairi Cancha (District of Tobacco), 223
Sajama Mountain, 193
Sanginés, Ponce, 187
Saphy/Huatanay River, 217, 225
Saqqara, 43
Saqsaywaman, 220–22
Saracens, 292
Sassi, 18, 291, 294, 298, 299, 300, 303; living conditions in, 306–8, 309; quality of life in, 297, 301–2; revitalization of, 385–86; social meaning of, 313–15; tourism and, 311–12
seasonal cycles, imperial rituals of, 69–70
Second Bulgarian Empire, religious landscape of, 117–19
segregation, in Matera, 297
self-presentation, 84
Semi-Subterranean Court (Tiwanaku), 190; structure of, 191–94
Senate (Constantinople), 111
Senate House (Curia Senatus), 72
senators, and Tetrarchy, 82, 84
Serbia, Medieval capitals in, 3, 114, 126–33, 134–35
Serbian Kingdom, 126
seven hills, 121, 128; in Medieval capital layouts, 114, 115; Moscow’s, 124–25
Seven Hills of Rome, 107
Shah Abdol-Azim Gate, 363, 373(n18)
Shahrak-e Ekbatan, 361
Shahreza (Enghelab) Avenue, 20, 358, 364, 365
Shahyad Aryamehr Monument, 20, 361–62, 363–64
Shams al-Emareh, 355
Shemiran Gate, 363
shrines, 63(n67), 183, 386; in Constantinople, 103, 108; Mexica, 259, 271; in Ray, 348, 373(n18); zeq’e system, 220, 226–27, 229, 241
Siam, 155, 156, 162, 166, 172, 175(n3); Ayutthaya in, 158–59, 388; under Rama I, 173–74, 378
Siam, Gulf of, 159
sieges: of Constantinople, 108, 112–14, 121; of Matera, 291–92, 293–94
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, 128
Silivri gate, 108
Sirmium, 126
sky, Andean sacred world, 184
Small Aten Temple (Amarna), 28, 40, 42, 47, 48
Smederevo, 3, 114, 115, 134, 135, 137, 386; as copy of Constantinople, 131–33
Smith, Adam, 8, 342; The Political Landscape, 3, 4, 6–7, 66, 155, 272, 290, 347, 377–78; on political landscapes, 11–12, 25, 87, 99; on state, 9–10
social body, 333
social class, segregation and, 297, 299, 301
social distance, 253
social engineering, Tehran’s modernization as, 359–65
social memory, Mexica, 251
social sciences, individual and nation, 331, 333
social stratification, 347; in Matera, 294–302, 305–7, 311, 312–13
Soja, Edward, “Third space,” 5
solstices, architectural alignments with winter, 193, 198, 200–201
solutum, 84
Sophia, 107
Sophia, St. (Kiev), 120–21
Southern Celestial Pole, 209(n53); Tiwanaku marking of, 192, 193, 198, 199, 200, 201
South Palace (Amarna), 43
South Suburb (Amarna), 39, 43, 51
space, 4–5, 7–8, 182, 260, 378; globalization of, 385–86; Mexica concepts of, 256, 267; public, 65–66; quadripartite divisions of, 382–83
Spain, 160, 179(n67); and Matera, 295–96
Spanish colonial period, in Peru, 187, 213, 220
spatial metonyms, 387
springs: Blachernae, 108; Chapultepec, 253
standards of living, in Matera, 297, 301–2, 306–8
Starokyivs’ka (Kiev), 123
state theater (Tehran), demolition of, 355–56
statues, Roman, 65, 67, 72, 73
Steindorff, Georg, 32
stelae, Amarna’s boundary, 12, 13, 31–38, 45, 46–48, 61(n26), 380
Structure 11 (Chinchero), 232, 233
stupas, 170
subjects: Akhenaten’s, 51–53; and rulers, 342
Sukhothai Kingdom, 159, 176(n17), 179(n64), 378, 383
Suleiman, Shah, 350
Sun: cycle of, 29–30; iconography of, 28–29, 54
Sun, Island of (Titicaca), 186, 222, 239
Sun Disk, 48
sunken courts, Titicaca Basin, 187
Sun Palace (Shams ol-Emareh) (Tehran), 351
suovetaurilia, 76
suyus, 226, 227, 229, 240, 382
sventramento, 324
Sveta Gora, 117
symbolism, Tenochtitlan, 255–56
Tabrizi, Ostad Gholam Reza, 350
Tabula Peutingeriana, 100–101
Tahmasp the Safavid, Shah, 363
Tajin River, canal fortifications along, 161, 163
Taksin, King, 157, 160, 161, 163, 388; and Emerald Buddha, 172–73
Tampu T’oqo, 222
Tarraco (Titicaca Basin), 187
Tawantinsuyu, 215, 229, 382–83, 390(n13)
Tehran, frontispiece, 3, 19–20, 322, 372(n8), 377, 381, 386, 387; contestations of power in, 367–71; demolition and reconstruction in, 388–89; fortification and remodeling of, 349–50; in Iranian Revolution, 364–65; modernization of, 351–53; Mohammad Reza Shah’s modernization of, 359–64; protest culture of, 347–48; Reza Shah’s renewal of, 353–59
Tehran-Pars, 361
Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 74
Temple of the Deified Julius Caesar, 74, 75, 87, 93(n44)
Temple of the Emerald Buddha, 157, 158, 165, 172, 177(n46); architecture of, 167, 168, 169–70; Ordination Hall, 167, 168
Temple of the Sun (Cusco), 215, 220
Temple of the Sun (Vilcashuaman), 236
temples: at Amarna, 28, 40–42; in Cusco, 220; Mexica, 263, 268, 279(n38)
templete, 190; structure of, 191–94; visual alignments from, 198, 201–3
Templo Mayor, 17, 259, 266, 279(n38), 284(n78), 381; construction of, 268–70, 284(n78), 284(n80); offerings in, 270–72, 285(n89); as sacred mountain, 276–77(n7)
Tenayuca, 258
Tenochtitlan. See Mexico-Tenochtitlan
Tentori, Tullio, 305, 306, 316–17(n23)
Tepanec, 253, 254, 260, 261, 262, 282(n60)
terraces: Inkan, 217, 220, 222, 233
territorial expansion, Inka, 236, 379
Tetrarchs, Tetrarchy, 13, 93(n37), 99, 384; governance under, 70–71; jubilee ritual for, 84–86; renewal of time in, 68–70, 71–72, 89; and Roman Forum, 66–67, 72–84, 88–89; rule by, 67–68
Texcocans, 260
Texcoco, 265; Triple Alliance and, 262–63
Texcoco, Lake, 17, 249, 250, 254
Teymurtash, Abd-al Hosayn, 359
Thailand, 15, 155, 160, 172, 173, 175(n3). See also Ayutthaya; Bangkok
Theodosius II, 102, 104, 107, 142(n37), 143(n47)
Theophano, Saint Empress, relics of, 130
Theravada Buddhism, 175(n13), 390(n14); and Thailand, 157, 173
Thonburi, 3, 15, 157, 158, 160–61, 163, 166, 388, 389; Emerald Buddha in, 171, 173
Thonburi Period, 160–61
Thupa Inka Yupanki, 226, 232, 236
Ticha River, Preslav on, 116, 117
time-space concept, Andean, 239
Titicaca, Lake, 185–86; Island of the Sun in, 222, 239
Titicaca Basin, 184, 216; sacred landscapes, 182, 185–86; settlement of, 186–87
Tiwanaku, 3, 16, 186, 189, 207–8(n43), 208(n45), 239, 242(n4), 379, 382, 386; astronomical and landscape alignments in, 199–202, 208–9(n50); and Cusco, 216, 387–88; monumental architecture, 182–83, 187, 188, 191–97, 202–4, 210(n64), 210(n65); monuments associated with, 190–91
Tizaapan, 254
Tlacaelel, 262
Tlacopan, and Triple Alliance, 262–63
Tlaloc, 17, 262, 268, 281(n56)
Tlatelolco, 260
tlatoani, 261
Totila, 88
tourism, 385–86; in Matera region, 18, 297, 298, 311–12
trade: Ayutthaya, 159, 160; Mexica, 260, 265; Rus’, 120; Titicaca Basin, 185
Traiphum Phra Ruang, 164
Tramontano, Giancarlo, 294
triangular layouts: of Medieval capitals, 114, 115, 117, 125, 130, 131
tribunes, 68; at Roman Forum, 73–74
tribute: at Amarna, 54; Mexica, 261
Trier, oratory read in, 68, 82
Triple Alliance, 282(n60); geopolitical power of, 262–63, 280(n54)
True Cross, 117, 118, 148(n108)
Tsaravets, 117
Tuan, Yi-Fu, 4–5
Tuna el-Gebel, stelae at, 31, 38
Tunupa, 239
Tupkhan-e Square (Tehran), 353
Tuthmosis, 51
twin-capitals, medieval, 135
UNESCO World Heritage Monument, Matera as, 287, 290–91, 311
United Nations Rehabilitation and Relief Administration (UNRRA)-Casas, 303
unity, Tetrarchic concepts of, 70
Universal World Ruler, Rama I as, 15
Upper Mantaro Archaeological Research Project, 216
urban design, 142(n37); Constantine I’s, 103–4; of Cusco, 17, 213, 215; at el-Amarna, 25; of Tenochtitlan, 267–68
urban planning, 15, 285(n95), 377; of Ayutthaya, 159; in Italy, 18, 19, 303–4; in Tehran, 352–53, 360–61, 364, 373(n23)
urban renewal: of Fascist Rome, 320–21; of Tehran, 353, 355–65
Urubamba Valley, 230
usnu(s), 234, 239–40; in Cusco, 217–19, 385
U-Thong (Ramathibodi), 158
Valle, Pietro della, 350
Vandals, 79
Van Vliet, Jeremias, on Bangkok, 161–62
Veliko Türnovo, 3, 114, 115, 117, 130, 137, 386; as Christian capital, 118–19
Verduchi, Patrizia, 81
Vesper (morning star), 70
Via dell’Impero, 19, 324–25, 388
“Via dell’Impero e La Via del Mare, La” (Muñoz), 326–27
Via del Mare, 326
Via Sacra, 68
Vicaquirao, 225
Victor Gruen Associates, 360
Vientiane, and Emerald Buddha, 172, 178–79(n59)
Vietnam, 174
Vikings, 120
Vilcabamba the Old, 17; layout of, 236–39; Manqo Inka at, 238–39
Vilcanota, 241
Vilcashuaman (Vilcaswaman), 17, 233, 236, 237
violence: in Fascist ideology, 19, 336, 339; in Italian Futurism, 327–28
Viracocha (Wiraqocha), 239; and Lake Titicaca, 185–86, 222
Virgin Mary. See Mother of God
Vishnukarn, 171
“Visita di S. E. Il Capo del Governo at Lavori in Corso per la Grandezza dell’Urbe, Un,” 325
visitation, Akhenaten’s, 12–13
Vittorio Emmanuelle III, 320
Vladimir, 3, 114, 115, 119, 123–24, 125, 135
Vladimir I the Great, 123
Vladimir II the Monomakh, 123
Vladimirskaya, 123
volcanoes, 262
Volga River, 119
Volkhov River, 119
wak’as (huacas), 183–84, 202, 222–23; zeq’e system, 226–27, 229, 241
walls, 115, 124; Constantinople’s, 102, 108, 109–11, 137, 381; contesting power on, 367–71
Wanka sites, 216
warfare, 223, 336; Mexica, 249, 260, 261–62, 277(n12)
Warhol, Andy, Electric Chair, 342
Wari Empire, 216, 228, 242(n4)
Warnke, Martin, The Art History of Nature, 6
Washington, D.C., Capitol Building, 387
Wat Boromaputharam, 169
water, 155; in Matera, 298–99; in Mexica symbolism, 262–63; in Tehran, 361, 372(n8), 375(n56)
Wat Pa Mok, 169
Wat Phra Sri Sanpetch, 167–68, 169; prang-towers at, 170
Wat Tha, 161
Western Iconographic Pillar (Tiwanaku), 191–92
Westernization, White Revolution and, 360–61
White Revolution, 374–75(n50); and urban renewal in Tehran, 360–65
Wiharn Yod (Temple of the Emerald Buddha), 169
Workmen’s Village (Amarna), 51, 52
Yantra River, 117
Yarambuy Cancha, 223
Yaroslav, 120
Zacatlan, 266
Zamkova, 123
zeq’e systems: Cusco and, 215, 220, 226–27, 229, 236, 239, 240; function of, 241–42
Zonaras, John, 112
Zoödochos Pege shrine, 108
Zosimus, 125