Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
abuse, by Spanish, 240, 243–49, 255–56, 358
acequia systems, 92, 195. See also irrigation
Acoma (Acuco), 12, 60, 106, 119, 127, 227, 241, 245, 381, 399; post-Revolt period, 23, 143, 145
adoptions, and Rio del Oso lineages, 198, 199
agency, social, 380, 385, 390–91
agriculture: Hopi, 129–30; on middle Gila River, 332–34, 338, 342–48, 367; O’odham, 290–92, 335–36; Spanish and Pueblo practices, 92–99, 106; Pimería Alta, 28, 293–94; Vecino, 227, 228
Aguilar, Nicolás de, 120
Ak-Chin Indian Community, 277
Alamillo, 399
Alarcón, Hernando de, 266, 276
Albuquerque, 191
alliances, 199, 272; in La Florida, 384–85; with native warriors, 16, 17; pan-Pueblo, 143–44, 382; Pimería Alta, 266, 278–79; post-Revolt period, 145–49, 152–53; Rio Grande Pueblos, 22, 31–32, 365
Alta California, 8, 33, 215, 304, 320, 362, 366, 367, 370; Californio identity, 368–69; colonialism in, 356–57; early European encounters in, 358–59; ethnogenesis in, 32, 361; identity transformations in, 18, 32; livestock in, 293, 297, 300, 301–2; mission restoration projects, 359–60
Altar River, 267, 272, 274, 279
Alvarado, Hernando de, 53, 55, 60–61
Analco, Barrio (Santa Fe), 17–18
animal husbandry, in Pimería Alta, 293–95, 296–97
animals, domestic, 21. See also faunal remains; zooarchaeology; by type
Antequera (Oaxaca), 17
Anza, Juan Bautista de, 344
Apaches, 5, 145, 214, 267, 274; ceramics, 227, 228; and Comanches, 159, 162–63; in Pimería Alta, 27, 29, 30, 272, 302, 314, 315, 332, 340–41; post-Revolt interactions, 143, 147; raiding by, 151, 302, 337, 361; in Tucson, 317–18
Apalachee, 391
archaeology, and documents, 50–51; ethnic markers in, 229–30
architecture, colonial period, 390–91
Arenal, 63; Coronado’s attack on, 54, 58–60, 66
Areneños, 26, 28–29, 271, 275, 276, 278, 279
Argüello, Fernando de, 250
Arivaca Valley, 267
Arizona, 215, 264, 370. See also Pimería Alta
Arizpe, and Tucson Presidio, 319–20
Arkansas River, Comanches on, 162
armas de tierra, 53
armor, bison hide, 173
Astialakwa (LA 1825), 145, 148–49, 152
Athabaskans, 5, 12, 21, 143, 166, 192. See also Apaches; Jicarilla Apaches; Navajos
Augustias de la Guerra, María de las, 397
Ávila, Francisco de, 387
Awat’ovi, 116, 119, 122, 132, 407(n2); cotton at, 129–30; destruction of, 120–21, 133, 136(n7), 251–52, 253; Franciscan missionaries at, 20, 241; kiva-church superpositioning at, 393, 407(n3); textile production at, 123, 124–25, 126, 127–29, 136(n6)
Bac, 293, 297, 303, 312, 318, 325
Bandelier, Adolph, 251
barrios, of indios amigos, 17
battles: Coronado-Zuni, 53; rock art scenes of, 166, 175, 177–78
Baviácora, 274
Bearhead Peak obsidian source, 148
bells, mission, 396–405, 407(n4)
Benavides, Alonso, 105
Bigotes, 60–61
Boletsakwa (LA 136), 145, 148, 150, 151, 152
bone grease production, in Pimería Alta, 300–302
Bonilla, Leyva de, 15
borders, boundaries, cultural concepts of, 100
botanical remains, at Hispanic sites, 221, 223, 224, 225, 227
Bourbon reforms, 188, 190–91, 205, 368
brazilwood, 123–24
buhio, 391
burials, 122, 125, 132, 322, 407(n2)
Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Nuñez, 51
Cabrera, Juan Marques, 403
Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez, 359, 370
caciques. See micos
Caddoan speakers, 12
Cahuilla, Lake, 275
California, 337; indigenous land use, 367–68; historic restoration projects, 359–60. See also Alta California
Californios, 32; identity as, 368–69
Camino Real, 228
campsites, 168; depictions of, 172, 173, 175, 176–77
canal systems: Hohokam, 332, 367; on middle Gila River, 336, 341–42, 343–44; Pueblo, 92, 93, 94. See also acequia systems
Cananea, 269
cannons, and church bells, 403
Cañones region, 197
captives, 17, 164, 182(n6), 198, 223, 387
Carnue Plain, 221
Casitas Red-on-brown, 223
Castañeda de Nájera, Pedro de, Coronado expedition history, 55–62
Castaño de Sosa, Gaspar, 15, 18, 68–69
Castillo, Blas del, 269
Catholic Church, 241, 255, 360, 405; women’s empowerment, 382–83. See also Franciscans; Jesuits; missionization, missions
Catiti, Alonso, 153
cattle, 92; cattle industry, 361–62; in New Mexico, 92, 225, 228; Pimería Alta, 266, 293, 297–98, 299–300, 304, 361; raiding and, 302, 303
ceramics, 316, 363; at Hispanic New Mexican sites, 221, 222, 223, 225, 227–28; Jicarilla Apache, 164, 166, 202; pan-Puebloan, 22–23; in Pimería Alta sites, 264, 265–66, 276–77, 278, 318–19; post-Revolt era, 145–47, 152; religious knowledge and, 23–24; Sobaipuri, 273–74
ceremonial societies, at Hopi, 251–52
Cerro Colorado (LA 2048), 145, 148, 152
cerros de trincheras, 265
CGDDs. See Corn Growing Degree Days
Chaco Canyon, 150
Chalchihuites (Durango), 17
Chama River region, 12, 214, 228; Hispanic sites, 223–24, 227
Chamuscado, Francisco Sánchez, 13, 67
Chiapas, 17
Chichimecas, 17
chiefdoms, Southeastern, 383–84, 386–87
Chili (NM), 197
Christianity, 134, 150; conversions to, 29, 241; introduction of, 20–21
churches: and kivas, 393–96, 407(n3); in New Mexico, 87, 88. See also by name
Cicuye. See Pecos Pueblo
citizenship, and Vecino identity, 216
Ciudad Real (Chiapas), 17
Ciudad Viejo Sonsonate (Guatemala), 17
climate: during colonial period, 242–43; around Paako, 78–81
clothing: at Awat’ovi, 120, 123, 124–25, 126, 127–29, 136(n6); manufacture of, 228–29; Mississippian chiefly, 386; at Tucson Presidio, 321–22
Coahuila, 17
cochineal, 124
Cochiti, 145, 146, 147, 148, 153
Cocomaricopas, 26, 29, 275, 276, 278, 340
Cocpi, Juan, 244
colonialism, colonization, 4, 69, 355, 362; adaptation to, 334–35; in Alta California, 356–57; impacts of, 241–42; indigenous landscapes and, 363–66; Pimería Alta, 25–29, 266–67; power relationships, 24–25, 157–58, 390; relations, 6–7; scholarship on, 369–71; Spanish, 9–10, 380–81; terra nullius, 10–11
colonial period, 4, 134, 230; architecture, 390–91; at Hopi, 133–34, 243–49; livestock introduction, 289–90; at Paako, 88–92; textile production, 118–19, 135(n1)
colonists: identities of, 7–8; social agency of, 390–91
Colorado, Hispanic sites in, 217, 224
Colorado Delta, 278
Colorado River, 275
Comanche Empire, The (Hämäläinen), 159–61, 365
Comanchería, 163
Comanches, 5, 32, 106, 158, 166, 179, 182(n4), 193, 214, 365–66, 371; documentation of, 161–62; equestrianism, 180–81; imperialism, 159–61, 175–76; raiding, 192, 196; rock art, 170–78; Taos and, 162–63, 164, 182(n7)
communities: grants of, 191–92; mission, 87–88; Puebloan vs. Spanish concepts of, 76–77, 85–87, 92–93, 100
Concepción, Río, Pima uprising at, 272
confederacies, Southeastern, 383
conflict, 159; in Pimería Alta, 270–71, 275–76, 278; post-Pueblo Revolt, 143, 144; among Pueblos, 70, 151–52
convento complexes: in Pueblo communities, 87–88
corn (maize), 21; middle Gila River production, 336, 343, 345; New Mexico pueblos, 78–80
Corn Growing Degree Days (CGDDs), at Paako, 78–80
Coronado expedition, 50, 241, 266, 358; archaeological evidence for, 63–67; indios amigos/aliados on, 17, 51–52, 357; Native responses to, 55–62; provisioning of, 52–53; route of, 53–54; in Tiguex Province, 54–55
Coronado Project/Coronado Road Show, 322–23
Coronado y Luján, Francisco Vázquez de, 4, 31, 50, 67; expedition, 51–55
corrals, in Paako plaza, 90, 91, 364
Cosari (Dolores), 270
cotton: at Awat’ovi, 122, 125; cultivation of, 129–30; textile production, 118, 362, 363
council houses, Mississippian, 391
counting coup, rock art depictions of, 178, 181
crops, 227; Old World, 293, 335; at Paako, 93–94
Crow Head, 341
crypto-Jews, in New Mexico Colony, 18
Cuiquiburitac, 26
cultural revitalization movement, at Hopi, 252
Cuna, Juan, torture and death of, 244, 245, 246, 250
Cunixu, Luis, 153
Cuquiárachi, 272
dance floor, at Vista Verde site, 168, 365
dances, Hopi ceremonial, 132
decolonization, Vecino, 189, 203–4
defense, 21; Puebloan, 58–59, 70
diseases, in Pimería Alta, 28, 292, 340
Dominguez, Francisco Atanasio, 105–6
Durango, 17
dyes, in textile production, 121, 123–24
economies, 33, 226, 331–32; Gila River O’odham, 344, 367; La Florida, 384–86; Mississippian, 386–87; native political, 363–65; New Mexico Colony, 18–20
El Cerrito, 224
El Cuartelejo, 162
electrical resistivity (ER), 63
Elias de León, Ramona, 325
El Paraje Rio Oso, 196. See also Rio del Oso grant
El Paso, 12
El Salvador, 17
embroidery, 135(n4); Hopi use of, 125–27
Embudo (Dixon), 165
empire, Comanche, 159–61
encomienda system, 19, 85, 118, 241–42, 362; at Hopi, 119–20; in La Florida, 385–88
England Ranch Ruin (AZ DD:8:129[ASM]), 274, 278
equestrianism: Comanche, 180–81; images of, 166
ER. See electrical resistivity
Española Valley, 146
Espejo, Antonio de, 14, 18, 67–68
Espeleta, Francisco, 250–51
estancias, 87
Esteban (Estevan) de Dorantes, 3–4, 53
Estrada, Beatriz, 51
ethnicity, 229–30
ethnogenesis, 32, 188, 361, 366, 368–69
ethnohistory, Pimería Alta, 269–72, 275–76
exchange network, La Florida, 384–85, 386–87
expeditions, Spanish, 13–15, 67–69
explorations, New World, 49–50, 370
factionalism, 31; post-Revolt Pueblo, 149–52, 365; Pueblo society, 381–83, 407(n2)
families, on Rio del Oso grant, 197–99
faunal remains: at Hispanic sites, 221, 222, 223, 224–26, 227; at Pimería Alta sites, 295–300, 304
feathers, symbolism of, 23
Fernández de la Fuente, Juan, 272
field houses, Paako, 93
Figueras, José de, 250
fire, indigenous use of, 367–68
Franciscans, 26, 356, 360, 403; architectural norms, 390–91; bajo campana and, 397–98; at Hopi, 32, 120, 122, 132, 240, 241, 255, 358; in La Florida, 384–85, 405–6; martyrdom of, 388–89; missionization, 380–81, 395–96; in New Mexico Colony, 20–21, 22, 99, 100; and Pueblo factionalism, 382–83
Frontera (Sonora), 26
Fuentes, Francisco de, 403
Gadsden Purchase, 337
Galisteo Basin, 12, 53, 101, 102, 146, 399
Gallup Diocese, apology issued by, 255
Garcés, Francisco, 344
Gaybanipitea (AZ EE:8:15[ASM]), 272, 273, 275
gender roles, 21; in textile production, 118, 130–31, 134–35, 136(n6), 392
genealogy, Rio del Oso grant, 197–99
Georgia, Spanish missions in, 401, 404. See also La Florida
gift giving, California tribes-maritime explorers, 359
Gila River Indian Community (GRIC), 333, 334, 337, 367
Gila River Valley, middle: agriculture in, 335–36, 343–48, 367; irrigation systems in, 342–43; leadership in, 341–42; O’odham in, 275, 332–34, 337–41, 343–44; Protohistoric Period in, 336–37
glaze ware, Mexican, 228
Gojia, 202
Gómez, Elena, 120
Gran Quivira, 23
grants: to Spanish colonists, 191–92, 193; Vecino, 193–95
Great Plains, Coronado expedition on, 55, 61
GRIC. See Gila River Indian Community
Griego, Juan, 152
Guale, 384, 386, 389, 406–7(n1); and mission bells, 402, 404
Guale Rebellion, 387, 388, 389, 404, 405
Guatemala, indios amigos barrios in, 17, 18
Guerra, Salvador de, 120, 133; abuses of, 243–45, 253
Guevavi, 267, 269, 318; livestock at, 297, 299–300
Gutiérrez de Humaña, Antonio, 15
Hämäläinen, Pekka, The Comanche Empire, 159–61, 365
Hartmayer, Gregory, 405
Herrera, Cristóbal, 197
Herrera, Juana, 196
Herrera, Juan Manuel de, 195–96, 197
Herrera, Juan Pedro, 197
Hia Ced O’odham. See Areneños
hides, hide processing, 304–5; intercolony trade in, 301–2, 305
Hisatsinom, 252
Hispanic sites: in Chama Valley, 223–24; in Rio Grande Valley, 217–23
Hispano-Chicano identity, 188
Hispanos, 162, 187, 206(n1); identity construction, 368–69. See also Vecinos
historical societies, in California, 360
Hohokam, 264, 265–66, 291, 336; agricultural system, 332, 367
Home Dance, and Sitkoyma, 246–48
Homestead Acts, 229
Hopi, Hopi Mesas, 8, 11, 117, 242, 393, 407(n2); adoption of wool, 121–23; colonial period abuse of, 243–49; and Coronado expedition, 56, 358; cotton cultivation at, 129–30; and destruction of Awat’ovi, 251–54; dyes used at, 123–24; embroidery at, 125–27; and Franciscan missionaries, 20, 32, 255, 358; historical trauma, 254–56, 358; knitting at, 124–25; mission bells at, 398–99; mission era, 131–32, 362; oral histories, 239–40; post-Revolt period, 143, 145; and Pueblo Revolt, 250, 381, 382; Spanish conquest and missionization, 240, 241–42; textile production, 31, 115–16, 118, 119–21, 127–31, 133–35, 362–63, 392; way of life, 252–53
Hopification, 8
Hopi History Project, 358, 362
Hopi Independence Day, 256
Hopi language, 12
Hopi Tribe, 255
hornos, on Rio del Oso grant sites, 199–200
horses, 96, 161, 292; Coronado expedition, 57, 58; in rock art, 166, 170, 171–73, 174, 175, 178
household complexes: in Rio del Oso grant, 199–200; at San Lorenzo, 200–202
Huachuca Mountains, Spanish cattle in, 266
hunter-gatherers, 12, 28; in California, 356, 362, 367–68
hunting, 21, 334; garden, 290–91, 304
Ibargaray, Antonio de, 120, 133, 243, 244–45
iconography: Comanche, 170–78; post-Pueblo Revolt, 23
Ideal Site, 227
identity, 16; civic, 215–17; Comanche, 176, 182(n4); construction of, 368–69; New Mexican cultural, 213–14; pan-Pueblo, 22–23; transforming/reinventing, 8, 18, 25, 31; Vecino, 187–88, 189, 205, 214–15, 229–30
imperialism, Comanche, 159–61, 175–76
Ímuris, 269
index objects, 402
indigenous groups, 7, 214, 366–67. See also by name
indios amigos, 16; on Coronado expedition, 4, 51–52, 67, 357, 358; in New Mexico Colony, 17–18
indios bárbaros, 161
information networks, long-distance Pueblo, 55–56
Inquisition, in New Mexico, 245
irrigation: colonial period, 92, 106, 195, 342–43; Hohokam, 332, 367; on middle Gila River, 336, 341–42, 343–44
Isleta, 72(n3), 102, 119, 182(n6), 227, 245, 396, 398
Isleta del Sur, 227
Isleta Red-on-tan, 221
Janos, 30, 267, 271, 272, 274, 279
Jaramillo, Roque Jacinto, 195–96, 197
Jemez, 12, 106, 119, 125, 150, 245, 252; alliances, 152, 153, 365; obsidian at, 148–49; post-Revolt ceramics, 22, 23, 146–47
Jemez Mountains, 62
Jemez River, 12
Jesuits, in Pimería Alta, 25–26, 27, 29, 30, 271, 279, 312, 356
Jicarilla Apaches, 163–64, 193; ceramics, 223, 227, 228; Rio del Oso Valley, 199, 202; in Rio Grande Gorge, 165–66, 365
Jocomes, 27, 30, 267, 271, 272, 274, 279
José María Martínez Site, 224
Joshevama, Elgean, 239–40
Juanillo’s revolt, 388
Jumanos pueblos, 12
justice system, Pueblo, 57–58
Kastiilam, 239
Katsina Buttes (Kaktsintuyqa), 246, 247–48
katsinam, 23, 252, 382–83, 396; and mission activity, 246–48
Kechiba:wa, 90
Keresans, 119, 143, 147, 252, 381; alliances, 152–53, 365; conflicts with Tewas, 151–52; and Coronado expedition, 62, 70; post-Revolt ceramics, 22, 23
Kewa (Santo Domingo Pueblo), 62, 147, 152, 245, 398
kilts, embroidered, 127
Kino, Eusebio Francisco, 25, 26, 266, 267, 317, 342; missions established by, 290, 292, 293, 312–14; travels of, 269–70, 275
kivas, 86, 89; and churches, 20, 241, 393–96, 407(n3); functions of, 391–92; textile production in, 116, 127–28, 130–31, 136(n6, n8)
knitting, adoption of, 121, 124–25, 127
knowledge, hidden religious, 23–24
Kotyiti (LA 295), 145, 146, 147, 153; alliances, 152, 365; obsidian at, 148–49
labor, 21, 27; colonial period, 118, 241; exploitation of, 18–19; mission, 26, 119–21, 133, 290, 294, 304; repartimiento, 385–86; textile production, 120, 362
La Florida, 33, 380, 383, 389, 391; church bells in, 397, 400–405; encomienda and repartimiento in, 385–88; Franciscan missions in, 384–85, 405–6
La Navidad, 50
land, land tenure, 206(n6), 362; exploitation of, 18–19; marriage patterns and, 197, 198–99, 205; Pimería Alta, 293–94; Spanish colonial, 192–93; Vecino, 193–95, 204, 215, 368
land grants, 214, 224, 311; to Spanish colonists, 191–92, 193; Vecino, 193–95, 204, 207(n10). See also Rio del Oso grant
landscapes, 367; cultural concepts of, 31, 76–77, 99–100; indigenous, 363–66
land use, 195, 229; indigenous, 367–68, 370–71; Paako, 31, 77; Pueblo, 76, 99–100; Spanish, 92–93
Las Casitas, 223
Las Huertas land grant, 227
La Soledad, 221
Las Trampas, 192
Las Vegas (NM), 228
Laws (Ordinances) of the Indies, 86, 390
leadership: Gila O’odham, 341–42; post-Revolt, 144, 150, 152, 153; Pueblo, 381–82
León, Francisco Solano, 311, 324, 325
Lightning Arrow Site, 166, 167
lithics: at Hispanic sites, 221, 223; post-Revolt period distribution, 147–49
livestock, 58; butchering and rendering, 300–302; introduction of, 289–90; at Paako, 96–98; in Pimería Alta, 292–95, 296–300, 303–5, 335; raiding of, 30, 302–3; Spanish land use and, 92–93
Lobato, Juan Cristobal, 197
Lobato, Juan José, 196, 197, 206(n8)
Lobato, Polito, 197
looping, 124–25
López de Cárdenas, Diego, 53, 57, 58, 61
López Sambrano, Diego, 250
Màasaw, 252
macanas, macahuitls, at Piedras Marcadas Pueblo, 67
Magdalena, Río, 267, 269, 271, 279
majolica: in Alta California and Pimería Alta, 320–21; in New Mexico sites, 222, 224, 228
Malacate, Antonio, 153
Manby Trailhead Site (LA 102341), 167
Manje, Juan Mateo, 267, 276; on floodwater farming, 342–43
Manso Apaches, 317–18
Manzano region, 101
Maricopas, 26
maritime expeditions, California, 359
marriage patterns: and land grants, 197, 198–99; O’odham-Cocomaricopa, 275; in Tucson, 316–17; Vecino, 205, 368
Martyrs of Georgia (Oré), 388
matanzas (mass killings), 30
matrilineages, Mississippian, 386
men, 382; Pueblo textile production, 118, 119, 130–31, 134–35, 136(n6, n8), 362
Menchero, Miguel de, 196
Mendizábal, Bernardo López de, 118, 245
Menéndez de Avilés, Pedro, 384, 401
mesa-top communities, post-Revolt, 145, 365
Mesoamerica, influence of, 4–5
metal artifacts, from Coronado expedition, 63–66
metallurgy: Paako plaza, 90–91, 364; Tucson Presidio, 324–25
meteorites, 316
Mexican American War, 337
Mexicas, 4; on Coronado expedition, 51, 357
micos, 383–84; exchange system, 386–87
migrants, post-Revolt era, 145–47
militarism, Comanche, 160, 162–63, 177, 178
milpa agriculture, 106
mineral resources, Pimería Alta, 27
mines, supplies for, 301, 304–5, 361
Mishongnovi (Musangnuvi), 119, 241, 244, 251
missionaries, 8, 13–14, 68, 100; abuses by, 243–45, 255–56, 362. See also Franciscans; Jesuits
missionization, missions, 99, 332, 356–57, 362, 363, 364, 370; bells at, 396–405; Franciscan, 380–81, 382–83; at Hopi, 121–22, 131–32, 133–34, 240, 241, 245, 255, 358; in La Florida, 384–85; livestock butchering and rendering, 300–302; in New Mexico Colony, 19–22, 87–88, 389; in Pimería Alta, 25–29, 266–67, 271, 292–95, 296–97, 302–5, 359; ranching at, 296–97; recruitment by, 21–22; restoration projects at, 359–60; textile production at, 119–21, 127–28
Mississippian Southeast, 379, 391; colonial era, 383–88
Moho Pueblo, 62, 63; Coronado’s siege on, 54, 59, 60, 61, 70
Montgomery, Ross, theory of superposition, 392–93
Moreno, Pedro, 244
Morlete, Juan, 15
Mormon Battalion, 322
Mototícachi, 272
mulatos, 8
multiethnicity, of New Mexico Colony, 16–18
Musangnuvi (Mishongnovi), 119, 241, 244, 251
Muskogean-speakers, 383
naborias (auxiliares), 17
Nahuatl speakers, 4
Narváez, Pánfilo de, 4
Native Americans. See indigenous groups; various groups by name
Navajos, 5, 145, 151, 193, 214
neophytes, control of, 362, 398
New Indian History, 158
New Mexico, New Mexico Colony, 5–6, 9–10, 303, 370; alliances, 31–32; Bourbon reforms in, 190–91; civic identity in, 215–17; Comanche role in, 159–60, 161–62, 365; cultural identity in, 213–14; Dominguez’s description of, 105–6; economy of, 18–20; establishment of, 11–12, 15–16; frontier, 103–5; identity construction, 368–69; missionization in, 20–22, 356; multiethnicity of, 16–18; reestablishment of, 24–25; resistance in, 22–24; Spanish vs. Pueblo role in, 157–58
Niza, Marcos de, 3–4, 19, 51, 266
nomadic groups, 106; archaeological evidence of, 274–75; Puebloan relations with, 103, 104–5. See also by name
Nombre de Dios (Durango), 17
Northern Tewa, 381; ceramics, 221, 223, 227
Nostrand, Richard, on Hispano Homeland, 187–88, 205
Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de Pecos, 87
Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de Porciúncula (Pecos), 399, 406
Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera, zooarchaeology, 295–96, 297, 299, 303, 304, 361
Nuevo León, 17
Oacpicagigua, Luis, 28
objects; agency of, 380; index, 402; ritual and tribute, 387–88
obsidian, 62, 67; distribution of, 147–49
Ocheguene, Joseph, 244
O’Conor, Hugo, and Tucson Presidio, 314, 315
Ohkay Owingeh (Yunque-Yunque), 15, 69, 165, 202
Ojeda, Bartolomé de, 143, 250–51
Oñate, Juan de, 15–16, 17, 399; colonization, 69, 85, 241
O’odham, 33, 312, 364; agriculture, 335–36, 343–48; distribution of, 267–68; on middle Gila River, 332–34; missionization of, 293–94, 362; population changes, 338–41; regional interactions, 269–72, 275–76, 278–79, 280(n2); seasonal movements, 290–92; Spanish and, 266–67, 336–37; tribal leadership, 341–42; Tucson area, 317–19
Ópatas, 26, 27, 30, 267, 294; and O’odham relations, 271–72, 279, 280(n2)
Oraibi (Orayvi), 119, 241; factionalism, 149, 151; missionary abuses at, 243–45, 248–49
oral traditions, 144, 162; Hopi, 32, 132, 239–40, 241, 243–49, 254–55, 358
Oré, Gerónimo de, Martyrs of Georgia, 388
Ortega, José María, 197
Ortega, San Juan, 197
Oseca/Osera/Osara, 275
Paako (San Pedro; LA 162), 20, 364; agriculture at, 93–95; cultural setting of, 82–85; isolated location of, 100–105; land use, 31, 77; livestock at, 96–98; natural setting, 78–82; plazas at, 88–92; sheepherding camp at, 98–99
Padoucas, 161–62. See also Comanches
Pajarito Plateau, 146
Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), 242
Papago Plain, 273
Paraje de Fra Cristobal, 219, 221
Parral (Chihuahua), Pueblo textiles in, 118
Patayan complex, 264, 277, 278
Patokwa (LA 96), 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152
PDSI. See Palmer Drought Severity Index
Pecos Pueblo, 11, 12, 22, 87, 106, 131, 143, 150, 227, 394, 396; Coronado expedition at, 53, 55, 56, 60–61; mission bells at, 399–40, 406
Pee Posh, 26
pelota, 391
Pelotte, Donald, 255
penitentes, 203–4
Peralta, Pedro de, 15
Perea, Esteban de, 241
Pesede’uinge (LA 299), 199, 200, 201
Pétriz de Cruzate, Domingo Jironza, 250–51
petrographic analysis, of post-Revolt ceramics, 146
Pfefferkorn, Ignaz, 300
Phillip III, 16
Piedras Marcadas Pueblo, 31, 69, 358; archaeology of, 63–67
Pilar Morada Site (LA 55948), 167
Piman language, 26
Pima Revolt, 267, 293, 296, 312
Pimas (Gileños), 26, 29, 267, 269, 275
Pimas Bajos, 26, 271, 279, 280(n2), 290
Pimería Alta, 5–6, 32–33, 263, 312, 314, 315, 332, 359, 364; archaeological record in, 264–66, 268–69, 272–75; butchering and rendering activities in, 300–302; colonialism, 25–29, 356; documentary record on, 267–68; ethnic group relationships in, 269–72, 275–76, 278–79; native revolts in, 29–31; native settlements, 27–28; ranching in, 292–95, 296–97, 302–5; Spanish exploration and colonialism, 266–67; subsistence pattern in, 290–92; zooarchaeological evidence, 295–300, 361–62
pirates, and mission bells, 403
Piro-speakers, 11, 12, 116, 118, 143, 242, 382
Pitaitutgam (AZ EE:8:15[ASM]), 272, 273, 274
Pitic, 26
Plain Black, 221, 222, 223, 225
Plains Apaches, 12; and Comanches, 162–63; and Paako, 104–5
Plains Biographic Tradition, 166, 170, 366
Plains Sign Language, 175
Plaza Colorada, 197
plaza communities, Hispanic, 197, 219–25
plazas: Paako, 88–92, 364; town orientation around, 85–86, 364
Po’pay: on destruction of mission bells, 398, 399, 400; leadership of, 144, 150, 152, 153, 382
population: Hispanic New Mexico, 191, 192–93, 194–95; Pimería Alta, 263–64; Rio Grande Pueblos, 241–42; Tucson presidio, 316–17
Porras, Francisco de, 241
Posada, Alonso de, 245
postrevolt period, 9; alliances, 145–49, 152–53, 382; factionalism, 149–52
power structures, 7; in New Mexico Colony, 24–25
presidios, 26, 28, 30, 33, 370. See also Tucson Presidio
Presidio San Agustín del Tucson. See Tucson Presidio
projectile points: at Piedras Marcadas, 67; Sierra Pinacate, 277, 278
Protohistoric Period, middle Gila River, 336–37
Pueblo Blanco, 102
Pueblo V period, 158
Pueblo Revolt, 22–24, 116, 250–51, 365, 388–89, 405; factionalism and, 381–82; Hopi and, 122, 133; mission bells and, 398–40; weather prior to, 242–43
Pueblos, 8, 92, 115, 200, 221; capitulation by, 60–61; colonial power relations, 24–25; Coronado expedition, 4, 56–62, 357–58; decision-making in, 381–82; early Spanish descriptions of, 75–76; encomienda and repartimiento systems, 19, 241–42; factionalism, 149–52, 382–83; landscape concepts, 76–77, 99–100, 364; long-distance information exchange, 55–56; missionization of, 20–21, 362, 389; in New Mexico Colony, 11–12, 157–58; and nomadic groups, 103, 104–5; and Oñate, 15–16; plazas in, 85–86, 88; post-Revolt relationships, 143–49; Spanish governance of, 380–81; textile production, 116, 118–19, 124
Puname-area polychromes, 221, 223, 225
Puname Polychrome, 222
Purgatoire River, Hispanic sites on, 224
Quera, Francisco, 244
Querechos, 12
Quíburi (AZ EE:4:11 [ASM]), 269, 271, 272
Quivira, 53
raiding, raids, 21, 151, 163, 166, 182(n6), 196, 362; Comanche, 159, 177; in New Mexico Colony, 106, 192; on O’odham, 337, 340–41; in Pimería Alta, 271, 294–95, 302–3, 305, 361; in Sonora and Pimería Alta, 30–31
Ramírez de Salazar, Francisco, 272, 279
rancherías, 28, 267, 269, 312, 337
ranching, ranches: in New Mexico, 195, 219, 221–23; in Pimería Alta, 28, 266, 292–95, 296–99, 302–5, 361
Ranchitos Polychrome, 221
Rancho de Chama, 196
Ranchos de Taos, 192, 221, 228
rebellions, 405; La Florida, 400, 404, 406–7(n1); in Pimería Alta, 271–72. See also Pueblo Revolt
Red Mesa Black-on-white, 222
reduccíon, 290
redware, post-Pueblo Revolt, 22–23
refugee pueblos, 383
regalia, chiefly, 386
religion, 21; post-Revolt Puebloan, 23–24
repartimiento system, 19, 118, 362; in La Florida, 385–88
requerimiento, 57
resistance, 8, 390; to Coronado expedition, 54–55, 58–60; Hopi, 243, 251; in Pimería Alta and Sonora, 29–31; Pueblo, 22–24, 133–34. See also Pueblo Revolt; rebellions
respect system, Pueblo, 57–58
revolts, in Pimería Alta and Sonora, 29–31. See also Pueblo Revolt
Rio Abajo region, 12, 217; Hispanic sites, 219–21
Rio Arriba, 217; Hispanic sites on, 221–23
Rio del Oso grant, 189, 207(n10), 368; archaeology of, 199–202; genealogy of, 197–99; history of, 195–96
Rio del Oso Valley: archaeology of, 199–202; occupation of, 202–3
Rio Grande Classic Period, 82
Rio Grande Coalition Period, 82
Rio Grande Developmental Period, 82
Rio Grande Gorge, archaeology of, 164–75, 365–66
Rio Grande Pueblos, 11, 12, 70, 161; alliances, 31–32, 365; Coronado expedition and, 53–54, 69; plain redware, 22–23; population decline, 241–42; settlement patterns, 100–101, 145; textile production, 131, 132, 392. See also by community; language group
Rio Grande Valley: landscape use, 370–71; Hispanic settlements in, 217–23, 368
Rio Medio, 217; Hispanic settlements on, 219–21
rock art, 168, 182(n5), 383; battle depictions in 177–78; Comanche, 170–79, 180, 365–66; Jicarilla, 166, 167
Rodríguez, Augustín, 13–14, 67
Romero, Diego, 132
Rosas, Luis de, 118
Ruiz, José, 196
St. Augustine, 384–85, 388, 391, 398, 401, 403
St. Catherines Island, bell fragments from, 401
Saitude band (Jicarilla), 202, 203
Salazar, Hita, 387
Salinas pueblos, 10, 23, 242, 332
Salinas Red, 23
Saltillo, 17
Salvatierra, Juan María, 276
San Andrés, 270
San Antonio de Los Poblanos, 219
San Antonio Pueblo (LA 24), 82, 100
San Agustín de Tucson, 317, 318, 325; establishment of, 312–14; livestock at, 297, 303; zooarchaeology of, 295, 299–300, 304
San Bernardo de Aguatubi (Awat’ovi), 393
San Cristóbal, 153; mission bell from, 399, 400
Sandia Mountains, 78
Sand Papagos. See Areneños
San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala (Saltillo), 17
San Felipe Pueblo, 62, 78, 102, 147, 153, 399
San Francisco (CA), 215, 361; presidio, 321, 369
San Gabriel, 15
Sangre de Cristo Micaceous, 222
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, 224, 225, 227
San José de Baviácora, 274
San José de las Huertas, 192, 219, 227, 228
San José de Los Ranchos, 219
San Juan mission (La Florida), 403
San Juan Pueblo (Ohkay Owingeh), 15, 69, 165, 202
San Juan Red-on-tan, 223
San Lorenzo, 196; archaeological evidence of, 200–202
San Luis de Talimali, 391
San Luis Valley (Santa Cruz River), 267
San Marcelo de Sonoyta, 270, 276, 278
San Miguel (El Salvador), 17
San Miguel de Carnué, 192
San Miguel del Vado, 224, 228, 229
San Miguel River, 271
San Pedro (NM). See Paako
San Pedro Arroyo (NM), 78, 93; as Paako water source, 81–82; Plains Apache sites, 104–5
San Pedro Mountains (NM), 78
San Pedro River Valley (AZ), 269, 272, 279
San Pelayo (ship), 401
San Phelipe mission (La Florida), 403
San Salvador, 17
San Salvador de Mayaca, 402
Santa Ana de Cuiquiburitac, 26
Santa Ana Polychrome, 221
Santa Ana pueblo, 62, 106, 152, 153, 227
Santa Barbara mission, bell at, 396–97
Santa Catalina de Guale, bells from, 400–405, 407(n4)
Santa Clara Constitution, 149
Santa Cruz de Gaybanipitea (AZ EE:8:15[ASM]), 272, 273, 275
Santa Cruz de la Cañada, 191, 196
Santa Cruz del Pitaitutgam (AZ EE:8:15[ASM]), 272, 273, 274
Santa Cruz de Terrenate (AZ EE:4:11[ASM]), 26, 272, 274, 322
Santa Cruz River, 266, 267, 269, 274, 279
Santa Fe, 15, 17, 118, 191; structure of, 86–87
Santa Fe Trail, ceramics imported on, 222–23
Santa María, Agustín de, 250
Santa Rita Mountains, timber from, 316
Santa Rosa de Lima de Abiquiú, 223
Santiago (Guatemala), 17
Santiago Pueblo (New Mexico), 63
Santo Domingo, 62, 147, 152, 245, 398
Santo Domingo Basin, 101
San Xavier del Bac, 293, 297, 303, 312, 318, 325
Sapelo Island, 404
scalp dances, at Taos, 164
School of American Research (School for Advanced Research), 360
S-cuk Son, 312–13. See also Tucson
seasonal movements, O’odham, 290–91, 294
Sedelmayr, Jacobo, 276, 340, 343
Senecú, 399
settlement patterns, 28, 145; northern Rio Grande, 100–101; Spanish colonial, 192–93; Vecino, 193–95
sheep, 361; at Hopi, 121–22, 133; in Pimería Alta, 297–300, 302–3, 305
sheep/goat remains, 92, 96, 118, 119; at Hispanic sites, 221, 222, 223, 225–26
sheepherding camp, at Paako, 98–99
Shongopovi (Songòopavi), 119, 120, 241, 244, 251
siege, on Moho, 54, 59, 60, 61, 70
Sitkoyma, torture and death of, 246–49
slaves, in La Florida colony, 386
slingsstones, at Piedras Marcadas Pueblo, 67, 68
smelting, in Paako plaza, 90–91, 364
smoke signals, Puebloan, 56
Sobaipuris, 26, 269, 271, 272, 278, 279, 317, 318; archaeological evidence, 272–75
social hierarchies, Mississippian Southeast, 383–84, 386–87, 389
Socorro, 11
soldiers: Tucson Presidio, 314–15, 316–17, 322; weapons, 323–24
Songòopavi (Shongopavi), 119, 120, 241, 244, 251
Sonora, 264, 303; native revolts and resistance in, 29–31; Spanish settlement of, 26, 27–28, 266
Sonora, Río, archaeology, 274, 278
Soto, Hernando de, 383
soul wounds, 254
Southeast. See Mississippian Southeast
Southern Tewa, 12
Southern Tiwa, 12, 119, 227, 382
Southwestern Grand Narrative, 392–94
space, 364, 393; cultural concepts of, 76–77, 370–71
Spaniards, 124, 279, 357; concepts of landscape, 76, 77; dependence on Pueblos of, 157–58; ethnogenesis, 188–89, 361; introduction of livestock, 289–90; land rights concepts, 99–100; and O’odham, 336–37; town structures, 86–87; village establishment, 192–93
Spanish Empire, 10, 380; frontier of, 5, 103–5
Spanish entrada, 3–4, 57, 292; exploring expeditions, 13–15, 67–69, 357–59, 383; trauma of, 240
spinning technology, at Hopi, 128–29
substance abuse, and historical trauma, 253–54
subsistence strategies, 98; hunter-gatherer, 367–68; Pimería Alta, 290–92
sun katsina, and Virgin of Guadalupe, 9
superposition, theory of, 392–93
Tabira Black-on-white, 23
Tabira Polychrome, 23
Taino, 50
tallow production, Pimería Alta, 300–302, 304, 305
Tamarón, Bishop, 164
Tanos, Tanoans, 12, 143, 153, 252
Taos, 11, 12, 143,165, 245; Comanches and, 161, 162–63, 164, 170, 182(n7)
Tarascans, 4; on Coronado expedition, 51, 357
Tenochas, on Coronado expedition, 51, 357
Tepehuan, 275
terra nullius, 10–11
Teuricachi Valley, native attacks in, 271, 272
Tewa, 12, 143, 221, 252, 381; alliances, 152–53, 365; conflicts with, 151–52; at Kotyiti, 146, 147; post-Revolt ceramics, 22–23
Tewa Basin, 98
Tewa Polychrome Series, 221, 222, 223, 225
textile production, 132; embroidery, 125–27; Hopi, 115–16, 119–21, 127–29, 130, 134–35, 136(n6), 362–63; knitting, 124–25; Pueblo, 118–19, 392; Vecino, 228–29; wool in, 121–23
Teya/Jumanos, 12
Tiguex Province, 53, 69; contact period archaeology, 63–67; Coronado expedition and, 54–55, 56, 57–58, 60–61, 62; defensive tactics in, 58–59; textile production, 116, 118
Tijeras Creek, 78
Tijeras Pueblo (LA 581), 82
tipi rings, Vista Verde site, 168, 169, 176, 365
Tiwa, 31, 63, 69, 143, 252; Pueblo Revolt, 381, 382; textile production, 116, 118, 119
Tohono O’odham (Papagos), 26, 267, 275, 343; settlement pattern, 28–29
Tonque, Arroyo, 78; watershed, 81–82
torreones, 200
Tota’tsi, 248–49
Totonicapán (Guatemala), 17
town planning, Spanish, 86–87
trade, trade networks, 132, 164, 202, 318, 343, 387; intercolony, 301–2, 305; post-Revolt, 146–47, 152; Tucson Presidio, 319–25; Vecino, 227–28
trauma, historical/intergenerational, 240, 253–56, 358, 362
treaties, Spanish-Indian, 193
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 160
tribute, 19, 241; La Florida, 386–87; Mississippian system, 386–88; Pueblo communities, 21, 85, 115, 133, 245; textiles as, 118–19, 120–21, 392
Trincheras Plain, 274
Trujillo, José, 250
Trujillo House site, 223
Tubac, 267, 312; livestock at, 298–99; presidio at, 28, 30, 314
Tucson: archaeological research, 311–312. See also San Agustín de Tucson; Tucson Presidio
Tucson Presidio, 359, 361; construction of, 315–16; establishment of, 314–15; livestock at, 295, 298; metallurgy at, 324–25; and Native Americans, 317–19; presidio life, 33, 325–26; residents of, 316–17; trade goods at, 319–24
Tunyo (LA 23), 145, 146, 152, 153
Tupatú, Luis, 144
Turco, El, 61
Ulibarri, Juan de, 162
US military, and Gila River O’odham, 344
Upper Pimans, archaeology, 277
Upper Pima Revolt (1751), 28
uprisings. See Pueblo Revolt; rebellions
Useda, Juan de, 403
Utes, 143, 193, 214; and Comanches, 161, 182(n4); raids by, 151, 196; in Rio Grande Gorge, 165, 166, 365; rock art, 167, 182(n5)
Valdez, Antonia Rosa, 197
Valdez, José Antonio,196, 197, 207(n10)
Valdez, Juan, 195
Valdez, Juan Bautista, 197
Valdez, Rosalía, and Rio del Oso grant, 195, 197
Valencia, 219
Valladolid, 76
Vargas, Diego de, 17, 24, 143, 145, 152, 196, 251
Vecinos, 206(n4); archaeological identity of, 217–25; identity as, 188, 214–17, 229–30, 368–69, 371; identity restructuring as, 25, 32; legal recognition as, 189–90, 205; settlement pattern, 193–95, 203–4; subsistence and economy, 225–26; trade, 227–28
vecinos de razón, 215
Velasco, Luis, 68
Ventana Cave (AZ Z:12:5[ASM]), 276–77
Vicente Valdez Site, 221
Vijil, José Ramón, 196
villages, Spanish colonial, 190, 191–92
violence, 9, 19, 24, 240; Coronado expedition, 53, 54–55, 58–59
Virgin Mary, images of, 383
Virgin of Guadalupe, 9
visitas: at Hopi, 116, 119, 241; at Paako, 89–90; in Pimería Alta, 295–96, 313–14
Vista Verde Site (LA 75747), 165, 168, 169, 179; rock art, 170–78, 181, 365–66
Wàlpi, 116, 119, 121, 125, 127, 130, 241, 251; textiles, 123, 127–29, 134
warfare: Comanche, 159, 160; among Pueblos, 151–52
warrior societies, in Rio Grande Pueblos, 70
water control/harvesting systems, Pueblo, 92, 95, 98
water sources: for O’odham, 291–92; around Paako, 81–82
weapons, 67, 358; presidio soldiers, 323–25; Spanish, 322–23
weaving: dyes used in, 123–24; as gendered role, 21, 392; at Hopi, 31, 115–16, 127–29, 133, 362–63; in Spanish colonies, 118, 135(n1)
wedding ceremonies, Hopi, 247, 248
wheat, 29, 293; middle Gila River production, 336, 341, 342, 344, 345, 367
Whetstone Plain, 273, 278, 279
Wichita-speakers, 12
women: and Catholicism, 382–83; textile production, 118, 119, 134, 362
wool, 118, 119, 225; embroidery, 125–27; at Hopi, 121–23, 124, 130, 133, 362
Wuwtsim, 252
Xauian, 61
Xiveni, Juan, 243
Yaqui Revolt, 28
Ybargary, Antonio de, 120, 133, 243, 244–45
Yuman speakers, 26, 267, 275–76, 278, 364
Yunque-Yunque (Ohkay Owingeh), 15, 69, 165, 202
Zacatecas, 13
Zepe, El, 153
Zia, 62, 70, 106, 147, 153, 399; ceramics from, 146, 227; conflicts with, 151–52
zooarchaeology, of Pimería Alta sites, 295–300, 304, 361–62
Zuni, 4, 18, 23, 58, 90, 106, 119, 132, 145, 241, 334; Coronado expedition and, 53, 56, 57, 60; embroidery, 125, 127; Pueblo Revolt, 381, 399
Zúñiga, José de, 318
Zuni language, 12