Index
Page numbers in italic indicate illustrations.
Adela, 19; conversion of, 16–18
agencias, 7, 8, 23. See also by name
agentes, 8; non-Catholics as, 50–51
agriculture, 11–12, 31, 62, 100, 101; export, 92, 93–94, 97–98; subsistence, 5–6; in United States, 38, 102, 104
Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus, 21
Asociación Religiosa, 20
assimilation, 109
Baja California: Evangelicals in, xx, xxi, 18, 52; migrants in, 11, 12, 16, 48, 93, 96, 99–104, 108. See also San Quintín Valley; Tijuana
banks, 82
baptism, Evangelical, 13, 15, 18, 21, 22, 48, 96
Battle Creek (Mich.), Seventh-day Adventists, 23
Besserer, Federico, 43
bienes comunales cargo, 44
Burlington, 107
California, Mixtec migrants in, 13, 102, 105–6, 108
Calvinism, 28
capitalism, 34; and globalization, 29–30
cargo system, xix, xxiii–xxiv(n3), 7, 9, 17, 38, 44, 58, 88, 119; non-Catholic participation in, 50–51, 53, 67, 79, 104
catechism, Catholic, 24
catechists, in San Juan Diquiyú, 65–66, 87
Catholic Church, xxi, 11, 13, 20, 38, 116, 119; hierarchy of, 23–24; in San Pedro Yososcuá, 53–54
Catholicism, xix, xxii, 28, 39; folk, xxiii–xxiv(n3), 23, 65–66
Catholics, 19, 50, 89; and evangelists, 15, 25(n5); language use by, 82–83; in San Juan Diquiyú, 65–66, 71
cattle, 5
CDI. See Comité para el Desarrollo de las Comunidades Indígenas
cell phones, and transnational communities, 32, 64, 92, 115
cemeteries, burial in village, 55
Central Valley (Calif.), 106
Centro Binacional para el Desarrollo Indígena Oaxaqueño, 110, 111
Centros Bíblicos, 16, 18, 20–21, 67, 69, 71, 73
Chiapas, expulsions in, 73, 78
chickens, and reciprocity, 36–37, 42(n3)
children, language use, 62
churches: Evangelical, 13–14, 18–23, 25(n4); in San Lucas, 47–49; San Pedro Yososcuá, 52–53; in Tijuana, 103–4
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 18
civil-religious hierarchies, 7–8
coffee production, in Veracruz, 92
Colonia Amapas, 96
colonias, in Tijuana, 103
Colonia Sinaí, 73, 79, 81, 82, 87–88, 116; economy of, 76–77; establishment of, 75–76; socioeconomics of, 84–85
Comité para el Desarrollo de las Comunidades Indígenas (CDI), 98
commoditization, 29
communities, xxi–xxii, 3, 73; civil-religious participation, 8–9; development projects, 33, 84–87; identity and, 39, 109; non-Catholic membership in, 19–20; non-Catholic participation in, 34–35, 66–67; participation in, xxiii, 9–10, 55, 89, 115–16
CONASUPO, 31
confraternidades, 16, 17–18, 49, 86, 112
congregations, registration of, 21
Conservatives, 28
Constitution, Mexican, 11, 28, 78
contractors, Baja California farms, 108
conversion, converts, xxi–xxii, 39, 71, 74, 76, 89, 95, 96, 106, 116, 120; migration and, xxii–xxiii, 12, 13, 24–25, 55, 93, 102; process of, 14–18; in San Juan Diquiyú, 68, 69; in San Lucas, 47–49
Conway, 107
Córdoba, non-Catholic church in, 93
corn production, 31
Culiacán, 16; Evangelicals in, 94–97; Mixtec migrants in, 48, 93, 100, 108; and San Quintín Valley, 100–101
deforestation, 5
development programs, 33, 35, 72; migration and, 84–87; tres por uno, 63–64
dissidents, in Colonia Sinaí, 76
distritos, 6
drinking, xxii; non-Catholics and, 95, 96
earthquake, Huajuapan, 18
economic system, 36; restructuring, 13
Edinger, Steven, 43
electricity, access to, 20
elite, intellectual, 111
Escondido, 105
ethnic organizations, 110–12
Evangelical Protestantism, as cultural remittance, 34, 89
Evangelicals, xix–xx, xxi–xxii, 19, 25(n5), 120; churches, 13–14; in Colonia Sinaí, 76–77; conversion narratives, 14–15, 16–18
evangelization, 15, 18, 69, 70, 72, 87, 116
Exeter, 106
expulsions: of non-Catholics, 20, 55, 71, 73, 74–75, 78–79, 104, 116
families, 64, 71, 87; civil-religious participation, xix, 8–10; migrations of, 107–8; of non-Catholics, 66, 68
Farmersville, 106
farmworkers. See labor, farm
Felipe, 48–49
fiesta system, 7–8, 20, 24, 51, 58, 90, 116; and market economy, 37–38; in San Juan Diquiyú, 64–65, 66, 71, 88; in San Juan village, 45, 46
FIOB. See Frente Indigena de Organizaciones Binacionales
foreign direct investment, 30
Francisco, 52–53
freedom of choice, 118–19
Frente Indigena de Organizaciones Binacionales (FIOB), 98, 110, 111, 118
Fresno, 110
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 30
giving, vs. consumption, 10
globalization, xxi, xxiii, 39, 120; and capitalism, 29–30; migration and, 25, 115–16
goats, 5
grape production, in Sonora, 97, 98
Great Transformation, The (Polanyi), 29
Greenfield (Calif.), 110
groundwater, and San Quintín farms, 100
guardians of the forest, Mixtepec municipio, 44
Guelaguetza, in Bakersfield, 110
healing, conversion and, 17
Heriberto. See Ledesma Martínez, Heriberto
Hermosillo, 99
Holy Spirit, Seventh-day Adventists and, 22–23
horses, 5
housing, 105; in Colonia Sinaí, 75–76; village membership and, 19–20
Huajuapan de León, xxi, 6, 22, 58, 61, 68, 73, 82, 86; Centros Bíblicos in, 16, 18, 20–21, 67, 71, 75
human rights, 78
identity, 8, 98, 118; Mixtec, 82–83, 104; pan-indigenous, 110–12; village, 38, 39, 104, 108, 109–10
Iglesia de Jesucristo de Las Américas (IJA), 21–22, 50, 99, 108, 112; in Culiacán, 96, 97; and San Lucas, 47, 48–49; in San Pedro Yososcuá, 52–53, 54; in Tijuana, 103–4; in United States, 105–6, 107
IJA. See Iglesia de Jesucristo de las Américas
illnesses, and conversion, 17
Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), 38, 103
incarcerations, of converts, 20
indigenous peoples, 78, 94, 100, 118; in Miguel Alemán, 97, 98; and modernity, 40–41; organizations for, 110–12. See also Mixtecs
industrialization, and modernity, 28–29
Industrial Revolution, 29
infrastructure, community projects, 33
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 30, 99
IRCA. See Immigration Reform and Control Act
Jesus, 24
Jesus’ name movement, 21
Jornaleros Agrícolas, 105
Juan Bautista, 24
Juxtlahuaca, 6, 61, 96, 106, 107, 108, 110; Iglesia de Jesucristo de las Américas in, 22, 48, 49
labor, 29; corvée, 9, 37, 46, 50, 57, 116; farm, 11–12, 16–17, 38, 104–7, 115, 117. See also cargo system
language use, 3, 89, 95(table), 98, 104; in Colonia Sinaí, 76, 77(table); and religion, 82–83; in San Juan Diquiyú, 62, 63(table)
La Trinidad (BC), 52
Law of Religious Associations, 78
Lázaro Cárdenas, 48
Ledesma Martínez, Heriberto, 18, 20, 73
Liberals, 28
Llano Grande, 76
localidades, 6
logging, 59
Los Angeles, 110
Luz del Mundo, La, 18
Lyndon, 107
Macías Herrera, Teresa, 12
Madera (Calif.), 106
marginalization, xxi, 56–57, 86
Marías, 103
market economy, 10, 29, 32–33, 115; and fiesta system, 37–38
mayordomos encargados, 23
Mendoza Cervantes, Lorenzo, 22, 106
Mexicali Valley, migration to, 99
Mexican Miracle, 93
Mexican National Commission on Human Rights, 78
Mexico, 11; Mixtec migrants in, 92–94
Mexico City, migrants in, 93
MICOP. See Mixteco/Indigena Community Organizing Project
migrant camps, in United States, 105, 107
migrants, 11–12, 19, 38, 51, 55, 91, 117; in Baja California, 99–104; and fiesta system, 64–65; language use, 56–57; in Mexico, 92–93; non-Catholics, 34–35; in San Juan village, 45–46; in Sinaloa, 93–97; in Sonora, 97–99; in United States, 104–5
migration, xxi, 11, 13, 32, 115, 120; community development and, 84–87; conversion and, xxii–xxiii, 12, 15–16, 24–25, 55; patterns of, 19, 92–101, 107–8; Pentecostalism and, 88–89; village identity and, 109–10
Ministry of the Interior, church registration and, 20
missionaries, missions, 52, 106; Centros Bíblicos, 67, 69; Evangelical, 12, 94–95; US, 101–2
Mixteca region (Ñuu Shaavi), 4, 5; non-Catholic churches in, 18–23; political organization in, 6–7. See also various communities
Mixteco, use of, 3, 62, 76, 77(table), 82–83, 89, 98, 104
Mixteco/Indigena Community Organizing Project (MICOP), 111
Mixteco Yosonuvicu de Sonora (Yosonuvicu), 98, 111, 113(n5)
Mixtecs: in Baja California, 99–102, 103–4; ethnic organizations, 110–12; in Mexico, 92–94; in Sinaloa, 94–97; in Sonora, 97–99; in United States, 104–7
Mixtepec, municipio. See San Juan Mixtepec municipio
modernity, xxi, 31, 59, 118–19; Colonia Sinaí, 86–87; as European construct, 27–28; indigenous peoples and, 40–41; and industrialization, 28–29; levels of, 89–90; market system and, 32–33; in San Juan village, 45–46
modernization, 20, 28, 90; in San Juan Diquiyú, 85–86
money, 56; for church building, 48–49; and fiesta system, 37, 38, 65
Monterey County (Calif.), 106
Mount Vernon (Wash.), 107, 108
multinational corporations, 30
municipios, leadership in, 6–7, 8. See also by name
NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement
neoliberalism, 30; and Sonoran agriculture, 97–98
non-Catholics, xxi, xxii, 9, 10, 25(n4), 28, 87–88, 93, 99, 116, 119; acceptance and non-acceptance of, 55–56; community membership, 19–20; community participation, 34–35, 46, 66–67, 89; expulsions of, 71, 73; language use, 82–83; in Mixteca region, 18–23; return to San Antonio Monteverde, 78–79; in San Juan Diquiyú, 66–67, 70; in San Lucas, 47–49, 50–51; in San Pedro Yososcuá, 52–55; in Santiago Asunción, 57–58; in Sinaloa, 94–97; socioeconomic status of, 83–84; in Tijuana, 103–4
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 30, 31, 60(n3)
Oaxaca, 73, 78. See also various agencias, municipios, villages by name
oneness doctrine, 21
Operation Gatekeeper, 102
Oregon, Mixtec migrants in, 102, 106–7, 108
palma, 62
pastors, 23, 69; Iglesia de Jesucristo de las Américas, 21–22
Pedro, 96
Pentecostals, Pentecostalism, xix, 13–14, 39, 46, 70, 95, 116; migration and, 88–89
Polaynyi, Karl, The Great Transformation, 29
political organization(s): migrant, 110–12; Mixteca, 6–7
politics, of usos y costumbres, 7–11
presidente de municipio, 6
progress, and modernity, 28
proselytizing, 15, 18, 69, 70, 72, 87, 116
Protestantism, xx, 13, 24, 28, 34, 89
Purépechas, 110
Putla District, 108
racism, 109
rainfall, 5
religion, 11, 39; freedom of, 28, 78
religious change, xx–xxi, 13, 89, 116, 120
remittances, 35, 38, 45, 71, 82; cultural, 33–34, 89; tres por uno program, 63–64
ridicule, of non-Catholics, 70
Rojas Villavicencio, Raúl, 99
Sacramento, 21
sacraments, enforcement of, 65–66
Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 20
Salvador del Mundo (Sinaloa), 95, 96
Salvador del Mundo (Veracruz), 93
San Andrés (Tezoatlán), 96
San Antonio Yodonduza Monteverde, 76; changes in, 77–78; expulsions from, 73, 74–75, 88; return of non-Catholics to, 78–79
San Diego, 110
San Diego County, Mixtecs in, 105–6
San Jerónimo Progreso, 106
San Juan village (Mixtepec), 55; selective modernity in, 45–46
San Juan Diquiyú, 61, 62–63, 72, 77, 81, 82, 83; Catholicism in, 65–66; Catholic–non-Catholic relations in, 70–71; fiesta system, 64–65, 88; modernization in, 85–86; non-Catholics in, 66–67, 87; Seventh-day Adventists in, 23, 67–69
San Juan Mixtepec municipio (Ñuu Vicu), 24, 43, 59(n1), 62; community development in, 84–87; language use in, 56–57; setting of, 44–45; transportation in, 81–82
San Lucas, 46, 58, 59, 77; community participation in, 50–51; language use in, 56–57, 62, 82; modernization in, 85, 86, 90; non-Catholic churches in, 47–49; non-Catholics in, 57, 66, 87; socioeconomics, 56(table), 83, 84
San Marcos (Calif.), 105
San Martín del Estado, 108
San Martín Peras, 108
San Miguel Cuevas (Juxtlahuaca), 96, 107, 108
San Miguel Monteverde, 23
San Pedro Yososcuá, 46, 48, 51, 58, 59, 77, 83, 86; Catholic–non-Catholic relations in, 53–55; language use in, 56, 62, 82; non-Catholics in, 57, 66, 87; non-Catholic churches in, 52–53
San Quintín Valley, xx, 22, 48, 99, 110; migrants in, 12, 16–18; Mixtec in, 100–102, 108
Santa Maria (Calif.), xix, 22, 48, 106, 110
Santa María Teposlantongo, 48, 51
Santiago Asunción: non-Catholics in, 23, 57–58, 68, 69, 70
Santos Reyes Tepejillo (Mixtepec), 98, 99
Second Coming, 16
Seventh-day Adventists, 13, 21, 22–23, 58; in San Juan Diquiyú, 67–69, 87
Silacayoápam District, 68, 108
Sinaloa: export agriculture in, 93–94; Evangelicals in, xxi, 94–97; migration to, 11, 12, 16
social systems: globalization and, 29–30; traditional, xxiii, 5
socioeconomics, 56(table), 83–84; of Colonia Sinaí, 86–87
Solano, Arnulfo, 68
Sonora, xxi; agricultural communities in, 97–98; migration in, 11, 93
Spanish language, Mixtec use of, 57, 82–83, 89
speaking in tongues, 18; Pentecostal, 13–14
sugarcane production, 92
systems of practice, remittances of, 33–34
Tecate (BC), 18
Tecomaxtlahuaca, 106
tejido comunal, in Colonia Sinaí, 76
telegrams, 32
Templo Evangélico de Agua Viva, 52
tequio, 9, 37, 46, 116; non-Catholic participation in, 50, 57
Tequio (magazine), 110
Tezoatlán de Segura y Luna, 61–62, 81, 96; Catholic Church and, 65–66; community development in, 64, 84–87
Tiburcio, Hermano, 52
Tijuana, xx, 102, 108, 110; non-Catholics in, 103–4
tourism, US, 103
traditional culture, 33, 45, 89, 119
trance, Pentecostal, 13–14
transnational communities, 9, 43, 115, 118; cell phones and, 32, 64, 92; villages as, 116–17
transnationalism, xix, xxi, 34, 111, 117–18
transportation, 61; in Mixtepec, 44, 81–82
tres por uno program, 63–64
Trinitarians, 21; in San Juan Diquiyú, 67, 69; in San Lucas, 47–48, 50; in San Pedro Yososcuá, 52, 53
undocumented workers, in United States, 102–3, 105
Unidad Popular Benito Juárez (UPBJ), 110, 111
United States, 38, 60(n4), 110; Mexican agriculture and, 93–94; migration to, 98, 102–3; missionaries from, 101–2; Mixtecs in, 104–7, 108, 109, 115; Sonoran agriculture, 97–98
UPBJ. See Unidad Popular Benito Juárez
usos y costumbres, xix, xx–xxi, 36, 88–89, 90; non-Catholic participation in, 35, 58; structure of, 7–11
Valle Nacional, Mixtec migrants in, 92–93
Valverde, Efraím, 21
vegetable production, in Sonora, 97, 98
Veracruz, Mixtec migrants in, 92–93
villages, xxi, 3, 25(n7); globalization and, 35–36; identity, 104, 108; language use in, 56–57; membership in, 19–20; migration and, 109–10; political leaders in, 10–11; reciprocity and redistribution in, 36–39; socioeconomics of, 55–56; traditions and practices in, xxiii–xxiv(n3), 25(n7), 119; as transnational communities, 116–17
Villa Juárez (Sinaloa), 95, 96
violence, against non-Catholics, 71
Vista (Calif.), 22, 105, 106, 108
Washington, Mixtec migrants in, 102, 106, 107, 108
water, 20, 100; for Colonia Sinaí, 75, 80(n1)
Weber, Max, 89
Willamette Valley, 106
wood, market for, 44
Woodburn (Ore.), 106
wool market, 32–33
world-systems theory, 117–18
Yaquis, 97
Yososcuá. See San Pedro Yososcuá, 46, 48
Young, Sandy, 111