Index
academics: and Chamber of Commerce, 55–57; role of, 53–55
Actavis, xxiii
activists, 75–76
Aðils, Jón Jónsson, 7
Akureyri, elections in, 80
Albania, xxxi–xxxiii
Alcoa Foundation, 100
alliance, regulatory, xviii
allocation, of communal assets, 114–15
Alþingi, xx, xxxviii, 64; and Icelandic language proficiency, 189–90
American Anthropological Association, 231–32
anarchism, xix; Best Party and, 88, 89–91
Another Shore: Recent Icelandic Art, From, 100
anthropology, 233; as intellectually isolated, 229–30; postmodernism, 230–32; of small places, 227–28; socioeconomic context of, 228–29
Árnason, Ragnar, xvi, 127, 128
art: and culture, 99–100, 105(n6); and politics, 95–97; promotion of Iceland through, 100–102
artists, 104; exploitation of, 102–3
Asad, Talal, 230
Asian, immigrants, xxviii, 177. See also Filipino
Ásmundsson, Ásmundur, 102
Association of Icelandic Historians, 16, 19, 20, 21
Association of the Creative Industries, 103
Auðlindanefnd, 157
Austurvöllur, 64
aviation, 27
Bakkavör, 35
Baldursson, Friðrik Már, xxii, 56
Baltic countries, unemployment in, 179–80
bankers, xxxviii, 34, 39; behavior of, 40–43, 45
banking system, xvii, xviii, xxii, xxiv, xxxvii–xxxviii, xxxix, 9, 28, 33–34, 43, 44, 45(n1), 46(n14), 74, 139, 223, 224; failure of, 47–48; and fisheries, 157–58; and fishing quotas, 156–57; government responsibilities and, 74–75; Iceland Chamber of Commerce on, 55–57; investment and traditional, 37–38; loans, 41–42; organizational culture, 49–50; and political sector, 51–52, 70; privatization and expansion of, 29–31, 38–39; and rural sector, 140, 142; social discourse on, 48–49
Bank of Iceland (Íslandsbanki), 37
Bank of Industry (Iðnaðarbankinn), 37
bankruptcy laws, 145
Baumol, 31; on entrepreneurship, 25, 26
Benediktsson, Einar Örn, 86
Berkshire Hathaway, 35
Berlin Wall, fall of, 231
Best Party, xix, 84, 220; as anarcho-surrealist, 88, 89–91; as governing body, 85–87; platform of, 82–83; as social movement, 80–82
Betri Reykjavík (Better Reykjavík), 89
Better Reykjavík. See Betri Reykjavík
Bismarck, Otton von, 222
Björgólfsson, Björgólfur Thor, 17
Blöndal, Sigurður Björn, 83
boat owners associations, xxii, 126
Breton, André, 90
Brevis Commentarius de Islandia (Jónsson, Arngrímur), 7
British Columbia, fisheries in, 115, 117, 118
Brown, Gordon, xxxix
Buchanan, James M., xxi
business, and art, 99–100
Business Vikings, xiv, xv, xviii, xxii, xxiii, 3, 17, 39, 219; as berserkers, xxiv, xxv; identity of, 12–13; as nationalistic, 4, 5, 9–10, 20
Canada, ITQs in, 110, 115, 117, 118
car ownership, and economic crash, 193–94
Center for Public Education, 163
Central Bank of Iceland, xix, 38, 43, 64; economic crash, 44–45; on fishing quotas, 156–57, 158
charities, xxviii, 182, 213; material aid, 202–3, 204–5; media coverage of, 205–6, 210–12; need for, 208–10; seasonal attention to, 207–8; and worthy poor, 206–7
Christianity, 18
Christianity at Glacier (Laxness), xxxvii
citizenship, language fluency and, 189
citizens’ meetings, 64
civil society, 26
Cleese, John, and Kaupthing Bank, xxxvii–xxxviii, xxxix
cod stock, management of, 125–26, 134(n4)
collective goods, 27. See also communal assets
Common European Framework for the Reference of Languages, 190
communal assets, xl–xli; fisheries as, 113–14, 153, 159; property rights and, 129–30, 135(n17)
communities: and fisheries, 113–14, 116, 121–22; resilience of, 137–38; schools in, 163, 165, 166–74; and virtual fisheries, 122–24, 130–31
construction sector, 180, 219; unemployment in, 178–79
corporate social responsibility (CSR), 99
corruption, xvi, 44, 51; political, xxvii, 70–72
cottage industries, 27
Council of Europe, 190
creative industries, 96–97; and Chamber of Commerce, 99–100; labor exploitation in, 102–3; sectors of, 103–4
crime, and immigrants, 183
CSR. See corporate social responsibility
cultural workers, 104
culture, 5, 95; art and, 99–100, 105(n6); as creative process, 131–32
Danish Central Bank, 55
deCODE genetics, xviii
Deleuze, Gilles, 123
democracy, direct, xxvii
demonstrations, antigovernment, 64, 79–80
Denmark, 6–7, 16, 122; and Icelandic economy, 11–12; ITQs in, 113–14, 115, 116, 118–19
Directorate of Labour, 180
Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising (OECD), 204
Djúpavig, 123
Eastern Europe, 232; unemployment in, 179–80
Eastern Europeans, immigrants, xxviii, 177–78, 183. See also Poles
economic crises/crash, 4–5, 21–22, 23, 31–32, 79, 201–2, 220, 232–33; charities and, 208–12; deprivation and, 66–67; fisheries and, 128–29, 133; Grundarfjörður, 140–42; and Icelandic language schools, 192–95; and ITQ system, 156–57; and migrants, 175–76, 178–80; politics and, 44–45, 73–75; and protests, 64–65, 67–68; schools and, 163, 164–65, 166–70
economic deprivation, relative, 66–69
economic expansion/miracle, 4, 17, 19–20, 178, 221, 224–25; banking system and, 29–31, 37–38; and ITQ system, 156–57; nationalism of, 9, 10–12, 13; neoliberal, 218–19
economics: fisheries quotas and, 44, 111, 113–18, 232; inequality, 10, 201
economy, xiv, xxvi, 17, 32, 103, 204, 231; and communal assets, xl–xli, 113–18; global, xxi, 5; Grundarfjörður’s, 139–49; public understanding of, 58–59; twentieth-century development, 26–29; virtual, xx–xxi, 123–24
education, 219; economic crisis and, 165, 169–71
EEA. See European Economic Area
EES. See European Economic Space
EFTA, 28
Eggertsson, Dagur B., 80
Einarsson, Oddur, Qualiscunque descriptio Islandiae, 7
Einarsson, Sigurður, xxxviii
Eitt er landið (Jónsson), 8
elections, 84; Best Party and, 80–83
employment, 114. See also unemployment
enforcement, of fisheries quotas, 112–13
entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, 23, 27; role of, 24–26; Viking spirit of, 9–10, 17, 93, 94
Erhard, Ludwig, 222
ethnicity, art and, 101
EU. See European Union
European Common Market, xxxviii
European Economic Area (EEA), 4, 29, 37, 44; immigration and, 176–77
European Economic Space (EES), 4
Europeans, as immigrants, 179
European Union (EU), xxxviii, 176; fishing industry and, 151–52
exclusion zone, fish stock in, 130
Exista, risk-taking by, 34–36
Eyjafjallajökull, eruption of, xxxix, 98
Eyri Invest, xxiii
Fargfabriken Norr, 102
farming sector, 28–29, 140, 143; schools, 166–67, 168
Faroe Islands, ITQs in, 110, 112, 117
feminist scholarship, on nationalism, 5–6
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 101
Filipino, immigrants, 176, 177, 178, 181, 184
financial bubble. See economic expansion/miracle
financial crisis. See economic crisis
“Financial Crisis or Economic Opportunity: The Real Story about Iceland,” 56
financial sector, xvii, xx, xxiii–xxiv, 33, 39; academic reports on, 55–57; liberalization of, 43–44; media reporting on, 52–53; politicians and, 50–51; risk taking, 34–36
Financial Supervisory Authority, 40
financiers: medieval imagery of, xxiii–xxiv; political power of, xxxvi–xxxvii
financing, innovation, 24–25, 27
fisheries, fishing industry, xv, xviii, xxii, 26, 134(nn9, 11), 137–38, 151, 177, 218; and communities, 121–24; and economic development, 27, 28–29; in Grundarfjörður, 139–42, 144–45, 146; human rights, 157–59; management of, 119–20, 124–25; and privatization of, xvi, xxii; protests, 152–53; quotas, xvi, 109–19, 129–30, 24–35(n13), 135(nn16, 18, 20), 153–57; virtualization of, 126–28, 130–33
Fisheries Management Act (FMA), 129–30, 152; and fishing rights, 154–55
fish processing, 131, 141; technological changes, 28, 29, 31, 32(n3)
fish stocks, xvi, 133(n1), 134(nn4, 5); as common property, 129–30, 153, 154, 158, 159; virtual, 122–24, 126–28, 130–31
Fjölskylduhjálp Íslands, 211
Flateyri, 131
FL Group, 10
FMA. See Fisheries Management Act
Foreign Chartered Vessels, 116
foreigners. See immigrants
framing, and public mobilization, 69–72
Framtíðarhópur Viðskiptaráðs Ísland, 55–56, 99–100
free trade treaties, 28
Future Group of the Iceland Chamber of Commerce, 55–56, 99–100
Gay Pride festival (Reykjavík), 88
Geertz, Clifford, The Interpretation of Cultures, 229
gender, nationalism and, 5–6, 8–9, 10, 12
Germany, neoliberalism in, 222
Gimli (Manitoba), charitable donations from, 210
Gissurarson, Hannes Hólmsteinn, xxxiii, xl; “Miracle on Iceland,” xxi
Gnarr, Jón, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84–85; fictional biographies of, 87; as mayor, 86, 88–90
Gnarrism, 88
Gramsci, Antonio, 11
Great Britain. See United Kingdom
Great Weaver from Kashmír, The (Laxness), xxxv–xxxvi
Greece, migration to, 175
Grímsson, Gunnar, 89
Grímsson, Ólafur Ragnar, 9–10, 21; on History Congress, 16–17; on nationalistic history, 18, 20
Grönfeldt, Svafa, xxii, 20, 21, 97
Grundarfjörður, 138; economic crash, 142–44; economy, 139–42; fishing industry in, 144–45; resilience of, 147–49; unemployment, 145–46
Guðmundsson, Ágúst, 35
Guðmundsson, Björgólfur, 3
Guðmundsson, Einar Már, xx, xxii
Guðmundsson, Lýður, 35
Gylfason, Þorvaldur, xxxvi
Haarde, Geir H., xix, 45, 56, 74, 79, 209
Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur, 16
Hafnarfjörður, 80
Hall, Steve, 232
HAM, 88
Harvey, David, 201–2
Hayek, Friedrich von, xxi, 222
Herbertsson, Tryggvi Thor, xxii, 55, 56
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 100
history, 4, 6–9, 15, 22; revision of, 16–18
History Congress in Iceland, 16–17
Ho, Karen, xxi
holding companies, 35; and banks, 41–42
Hornafjörður, school in, 165
households, xvii; as economic base, 26–27
Hoxa, Enver, xxxii
HRC. See United Nations Human Rights Committee
human rights: access to resources, 159–60; and fisheries policy, 157–59; and ITQ system, 152–55
Iceland Chamber of Commerce, xxii, 10, 97; on banking sector, 55–57
Icelandic Academy of the Arts, 55
Icelandic Association of Local Authorities, 165
Icelandic Bank of Commerce (Verzlundarbanki Íslands), 37
Icelandic Fisheries Agency, 153
Icelandic government, resignation of, xix, 79–80. See also Alþingi; various political parties
Icelandic Health Sector Database, xviii
Icelandic language, xxviii; and immigrants, 179, 180–81, 188–91, 195–96; schools for, 187–88, 191–95, 198–99
Icelandic National Broadcasting Service, 52
Icelandic Parliament. See Alþingi
Icelandic Red Cross, 208
Icelandic Stock Exchange, xvii, xviii, 29, 30, 45(n5), 67
Iceland’s Family Help (Fjölskylduhjálp Íslands), 211
IceSave accounts, xviii, xxxv–xxxvi; British funds in, xlii(n7)
identity, 17, 95, 188; of Business Vikings, 9–10, 219; national, 5–6, 7, 12, 20–21
Iðnaðarbankinn, 37
image, image making: Iceland’s, 20–21, 97–99; nature and, 100–101
IMF. See International Monetary Fund
immigrants, xxviii, 9, 177; charities and, 211–12; Icelandic language schools, 187, 191–95, 198–99; Icelandic language fluency, 180–81, 188–90, 195–97; remittances sent by, 181–82; in rural sector, 141, 143, 146; unemployment, 175–76, 178–80; views toward, 182–84
Ímynd Íslands (Image of Iceland), 97, 99
Independence Party, xx, xxvii, 17, 43, 51, 71, 218
Independent People (Laxness), xxiv
Indíáninn (Gnarr), 87
individualism, xiv, xxiv, 11, 13; methodological, xxviii, 48
Individual Transferrable Quotas (ITQs), xvi, xvii, xxii, xxvi, 109–10, 126, 130, 218; alternatives to, 119–20; claims about, 111–13; and economic boom and bust, 155–57; and human rights, 152–55; problems with, 113–18; support for, 118–19
industrial sector, 28–29
inequality, economic, 10, 201, 204
innovation, 24–25, 27, 94, 95–96; in banking system, 37–38
Inspired by Iceland (video), 98
intellectuals, role of, 54–57
International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, 155
International Monetary Fund (IMF), xix, 158
Interpretation of Cultures, The (Geertz), 229
investment banking, 37–39, 45(n3), 46(n13)
Investor AB, 35
Ireland, migration to, 175
Ísland 2015 (Framtíðarhópur Viðskiptaráðs Ísland), 55–56
Íslandsaga (Jónsson, Jónas), 7–8
Íslandsbanki, 37
Íslenskt pjóðerni (Aðils, Jon Jónsson), 7
ITQs. See Individual Transferrable Quotas
Jóhannesson, Jón Ásgeir, 3, 13, 17
Jón forseti (trawler), sinking of, 202
Jónsson, Arngrímur, Brevis Commentarius de Islandia, 7
Jónsson, Jónas (Jónas from Hrifla), Íslandsaga, 7–8
Jónsson, Sigurður, 35
Jütte, Robert, 206
Kauphöll Íslands. See Icelandic Stock Exchange
Kaupthing Bank, xxiii, xxxvii–xxxviii, xxxix, xlii(n10), 39, 43; and Exista, 35, 36
Keynesian economics, Keynesianism, 44, 230
Kópavogur, elections in, 80
Kristjánsson, Halldór J., 99
labor market: EEA, 176–77; migrants and, 141, 177–78
Laxdæla saga, xxxix
Landsbankiin, xviii, xxiii, 74; IceSave accounts, xxxv, xxxvi
Landssamband íslenskra útvegsmanna (LÍU), 126, 134(n10)
languages, in European Union, 190
Latour, Bruno, 131
Laxness, Halldór: works by, xxiv, xxv, xxxiv, xxxv–xxxvi, xxxvii
leadership, school, 164–65, 172–73
leasing, in fisheries, 115, 117
Left-Green Party, xx, xxvi, 50, 158
LennonOno Grant for Peace, 88
Lindberg, Carter, 206
Lippmann, Walter, 222
LÍU. See Landssamband íslenskra útvegsmanna
L-List party, 80
loans, xvii, xix, 139, 140, 143; fishing industry, 135(n20), 145; to holding companies, 41–42
lobby exhibitions, 100–102
Lutheran Church, charities, 208, 209
Lýsing Íslands (Thoroddsen), 8
Mæðrastyrksnefnd Reykjavíkur (Mothers’ Support Committee of Reykjavík), 202–4, 213; clientele of, 206–7; donations to, 210–11; economic crisis and, 208–10; media and, 205–6, 211–12; seasonal attention to, 207–8
Magnússon, Sigurður Gylfi, 20
maleness, masculinity, of Icelandic identity, 5–6, 8–9, 10, 12
Manic Millennium years, 11, 12, 33, 36, 39
Marcus, George, 232
Marine Research Institute (MRI), 124, 126, 134(n4)
marketing, 100; Iceland’s image, 98–99
Matthíason, Pálmi, xxxiv
media, 76, 98; and charities, 203, 205, 210–12; and economic expansion, 10–11; on financial sector, xxiii–xxiv, 52–53
MESC. See Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture
migrants, migration, work-related, 175–78. See also immigrants
Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture (MESC), 190, 198–99
Ministry of Social Affairs, 195
Ministry of the Interior, Icelandic language curriculum, 189–90
“Miracle on Iceland” (Gissurarson), xxi
Mises, Ludwig von, 222
Mishkin, Frederic (Frederick S.), xxii, 55–57
mobilization: as political opportunity, 73–75; public, 64, 65–73, 75–76
monitoring, of fisheries, 112–13, 117
morality, and banking crash, 48
mortgages, fishing rights as, 156
Mothers’ Support Committee of Reykjavík. See Mæðrastyrksnefnd Reykjavíkur
Moussaieff, Dorrit, 209
MRI. See Marine Research Institute
music, nature and, 101
National Centre for Cultural Heritage, 18
National Gallery of Iceland, 100
nationalism, 16, 18, 43, 44, 183; economic expansion and, 9–11, 20; as gendered, 5–6; nature and, 100–101; and neoliberalism, 12–13; Viking, xxiii, xxiv, 4
National Meeting, on social media, xxvii–xxviii
nation branding, 94, 98–99; nature and, 100–101
nature, as master narrative, 100–101, 105(n2)
Negri, Antonio, 201
neoclassical economists, xxv, xxviii
neoliberalism, xiii–xiv, xvi, xx, xxiv, xxv–xxvi, xxxiii–xxxiv, xxxvi, xl, 4, 70, 71, 93–94, 158, 217–19, 222–23, 230, 231; art and, 95–96, 102–3; as banality of evil, xxviii–xxix; as con, 221–25; and fishing industry, 127–28; and nationalism, 12–13; promoting, xxi–xxii
Netherlands, ITQs in, 110, 118
New Zealand, fisheries in, 111, 112, 114, 116–17
Next Best Party, 80
Nordic countries, immigrants from, 177
Nordic Miracle, 96
Nordic Partners, 11–12
Nordic Third World Country? Icelandic Art in Times of Crisis, The (exhibition), 102
Northern Lights: Nordic Cities of Opportunity, 89
Oddsson, Davíð, xxi, xxxviii, 17, 18, 19, 20, 48, 86
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 112, 165, 171; Divided We Stand, 204
organizational culture, of banks, 49–50
Orkuveita Reykjavíkur, 85–86
Ortner, Sherry, 230
Östersund (Sweden), 102
ownership, concentration of, 115
People’s Bank of Iceland (Alþýðubanki Íslands), 37
Polayni, Karl, 123
Poles: as fisheries workers, 141, 143, 146; as migrants, 176–79, 181–83
political parties, 43, 218; and financial system, 50–51; financiers and, xxxvi–xxxvii; neoliberal, xxvi, xxvii; as social movements, 80–82. See also various parties by name
politics, politicians, xviii–xx, 17, 76; anarchist, 88, 89–90; art and, 95–97, 100; corruption, xxvii, 70–72; and economic crash, 44–45; election campaigns, 80–81; and financial sector, 50–52; and neoliberalism, xxvi–xxvii; and protests, 73–75
poor, worthy vs. unworthy, 206–7
Þorsteinsson, Þorvaldur, 99–100
Portes, Richard, xxii; on banking system, 56–57
Pots and Pans Revolution, xix, 84
poverty, xiv, 138, 204; and material aid charities, 203, 205–6
privatization, xiii, xxi, xl; of banking system, 29–31, 38–39, 43, 51; of fisheries, xvi, 113–14, 153, 159
Progressive Party, xxvii, 51, 218
Promote Iceland (Íslandsstofa), 98, 101–3
property, xxvi; common vs. individual, 129–30, 132, 135(n17); fish stock, 153, 154, 159
protests, 63, 152; and economic crises, 64–65; participation in, 67–75; public, xix, 65–66
Proust, Marcel, 123
public: image of, 97–98; mobilization of, 67–76; protests, xix, 63, 64, 65–66; role of, 57–59
Public Image Committee, 97–98
public sphere, 57–58
punk movement, and politics, 83, 90
Pussy Riot, 88
Qualiscunque descriptio Islandiae (Einarsson, Oddur), 7
Quota Kings, 156
quotas: fishing, xvi, 109–19, 125–26, 129–31, 134–35(nn13, 16, 18, 19), 139, 154–58; in Grundarfjörður, 144, 145
Rass, 83
recession, 176; rural community, 167–68
reciprocity, in Icelandic economy, 26–27
Reconciliation Committee (Sáttanefnd), 157
regulations: banking, xvii, 50; fisheries, xviii
remittances, 181–82
rent-seeking, 25–26
resilience, of communities, 137–38, 147–49
Resource Committee (Auðlindanefnd), 157
Reykjavík, 64, 138, 143, 145, 149; Best Party in, 81–86, 88–91; public protests in, 65–66
Reykjavík University, xxii, 20, 21, 55
Reynisson, Gísli, 11–12
risk taking: financial sector, 33, 34–36, 156; fisheries, 116–17
rock music, and politics, 83
rural sector, xxviii, 138, 153; economy, 139–49; schools in, 166–74
Rüstow, Alexander, 222
safety, in fisheries, 116–17
Saga Centers, 17
Said, Edward, 230
Sampo Group, 35
satire, Best Party use of, 82–83
Savings Bank of Keflavík, 36
Schön, Christian, 101
school districts, xxviii
schools: and economic crisis, 163–69; Icelandic language, 187–89, 191–99; post-crisis changes in, 169–74
Schumpeter, J. A., 25, 31, 32(n2)
science, and fish stock, 124–25
seafood trades, 28
Séð og heyrt (tabloid), 39
service community, schools in in, 166–70
Shearer, Tony, 43
SIC. See Special Investigation Commission
Sigurðardóttir, Jóhanna, 80, 205
Sigurðsson, Björgvin G., 10
Sigurðsson, Hreiðar Már, xxxviii, 3
Sigurgeirsdótter, Silla, 57
Singer & Friedlander, 43
Situationalists, 90
Sjóræninginn (The Pirate) (Gnarr), 87
Skírnir (journal), 8
Smárason, Hannes, 10
social contract, dislocation of, xvii–xviii
Social Democrats, xx, xxvi, 158
social media, xxvii–xxviii, 84
social movements: antigovernment, 63–64, 70–71; Best Party as, 80–82
socioeconomic order, and economic crises, 201–2
Soviet Union, break up of, 231
Spain, migration to, 175
Special Investigation Commission (SIC), xxxviii, 21, 47, 95; on financial system, 51–52
standard of living, economic expectations, 67, 68
stock exchange, London, 30
stock market. See Iceland Stock Exchange
students, Icelandic language, 191–95
surrealism, and Best Party, 88, 90
sustainability, of communities, 137
Sveinn Sveinsson (fishing vessel), 152
tabloids, and economic expansion, 10, 39
TAC. See total allowable catch
teachers, 170; Icelandic language, 191–95
telecommunication, 98
Thai migrants, 177
Thoroddsen, Þorvaldur, Lýsing Íslands, 8
total allowable catch (TAC), 109, 139, 154, 158
unemployment, xxvi; Grundarfjörður, 141, 145–46; and immigrants, xxviii, 175–76, 178–80, 184
unions, 37; and immigrants, 180, 181
United Kingdom, and Icelandic banks, xviii, xxxix–xl, xlii
United Nations Human Development Index, 152
United Nations Human Rights Committee (HRC), 160; on fisheries, 152, 154–55, 157–58
United States, xiv, 18, 110, 207; 2008 financial crisis, xvii, xviii; banking system, 38, 46(n14); neoliberalism, xxix, 218
universities, role of, 53–54
University of Iceland, xxiii, 16, 166
Vatneyri case, 153
Venture Vikings. See Business Vikings
Verzlundarbanki Íslands, 37
Viking spirit, xxiii–xxiv, xxv, 17, 219; of entrepreneurs, 9–10; neoliberalism, 93, 94
virtualism, virtualization, xx–xxi; and fishing industry, 122–28, 130–33, 218
Wade, Robert, 57
Washington Consensus, 232
West Fjords, fishing industry in, 122–24, 130, 153
WGE. See Working Group on Ethics
What Is Kaupthinking (video), 39
women’s organizations, 202
Working Group on Ethics (WGE), 21, 49, 52, 58; on academic experts, 53–54; inquiry by, 47–48; on political sector, 50–51
work practices, 48, 49; artists’, 102–3
World Light (Laxness), xxxiv
World War II, 27
Zizek, Slavoj, 123