Index

Page numbers in italic indicate illustrations.

Abomey, 311

Acemhöyük, 215, 216, 219(table); sheep management, 217, 218, 220, 222

Adgaja, 310

agriculture, Middle Bronze Age Anatolia, 237–38

Ahuitzotl, 37, 44

AI. See Artiodactyl Index

alpaca, 75

Altai Mountains, 284

American Bottoms, 112, 114. See also Cahokia; Mississippian sites

Amieurus sp. (bullheads), 111

amphibians (Amphibia), 35, 76, 108, 111, 117, 153(table)

Anatolia: Assyrian trading colonies in, 232–36; Middle Bronze Age, 236–44; sheep management in, 215–20; wool production, 210–11, 213, 214, 220–23

ancestors, Hueda offerings to, 302–3

Ancestral Puebloans, 145; hunting practices, 154–59. See also Chaco Canyon

Andean Hare (vizcacha), 71, 76, 80

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 336

Anglo-Saxons, 4, 6, 335–37, 340. See also various periods

animal husbandry: Anglo-Saxon, 338–42, 344–47; Roman, 323–27, 330–31. See also wool production

animal parts, 52, 64, 190; at Chacoan sites, 159, 160; Shang use of, 256, 264, 266–70. See also carcass processing; meat distribution

animate beings, as persons, 13

antelope. See pronghorn antelope

Anyang, 252, 256–59; cattle, 267–70; chariot-horses, 260–61, 262; deer hunting, 264–66; dogs, 261, 263; sacrifices, 253–55

Apanohuayan, 53, 55

apu, Cerro Baúl as, 66

Aquila chrysaetos. See eagles

Ara spp. See macaws

armadillos, 33

arrowheads, bone, 265, 266

Arslantepe, 211

arthropods, in Templo Mayor offerings, 35, 41, 44, 53

Artiodactyl Index (AI), 154, 155

artiodactyls: in Chacoan sites, 154–56, 157, 159; in Monterey Bay area sites, 174, 177–79; at San Bartolo, 97–98. See also by type

Asia. See Inner Asia

Assur, 214; donkey caravans from, 241–42; trading colonies, 233–36

Assyria(n): Anatolian economy and, 243–44; commodities in, 242–43; donkey caravans, 241–42; Kanesh and, 235–36; meat procurement, 240–41; trade network, 233–35

Atetelco (Teotihuacan), 23

Aves. See birds

aviaries, Tenochtitlan, 14, 51, 52

aviculture, at Paquimé, 129–30

Ayacucho, 81

Ayotlan, 44

Aztecs, 3, 14, 22, 134

Babylonia, textile trade, 242

badgers (Meles meles), at Anglo-Saxon sites, 340, 344

Baga Gazaryn Chuluu, horse remains in, 281, 284

bats, at Cerro Baúl, 71

Bayeux Tapestry, 365

bear: at Caddoan sites, 115; at Mississippian sites, 108, 112, 114

beaver, 194

beer (chicha), Wari production of, 67–69

Benin, Bight of, 295, 302, 308. See also Hueda

Beowulf, 360–61

Beringa, 81

bighorn sheep, 159

birds (Aves), 81, 266; at Anglo-Saxon sites, 340, 344; at Caddoan sites, 115, 116; at Cerro Baúl, 75, 80; at Chaco Canyon, 151(table), 153(table); color/directional symbolism, 3, 131–32(table), 133; in Mesoamerican sites, 16, 35–36, 44; Mississippian use of, 108, 110, 111–12, 113–14; at San Bartolo, 89, 93. See also by type

birds of prey, 160; in captivity, 20–22, 50–52; in Templo Mayor, 35–36, 54; at Teotihuacan, 2–3, 5, 15. See also by type

bison, Mississippian use of, 112

blackbirds, at Caddoan sites, 115

Bloodmoor Hill (Suffolk), 347

boar tusks, in Shang Dynasty sites, 266

bobcats, at Mississippian sites, 114

bone fragmentation, at Racot, 195, 196, 198–201

bone working, Shang dynasty, 264, 266, 267–69

Bothrops asper (fer-de-lance), 89

bowfin, 111

Brandon site (England), 335, 338; archaeology of, 342–44; faunal assemblages of, 344–47

breeding, Roman Empire, 323–27, 330–31

brewery, at Cerro Baúl, 67–68

Britain: Anglo-Saxon, 336–37; Roman, 323, 324, 335–36. See also England

Bronze Age, 209, 210; in China, 252–53; in Mesopotamia, 213–14; in Mongolia, 7, 275, 276–88; wool production, 6, 211, 222

Brześć Kujawksi region, Early Neolithic, 190, 191

buffalo, water, 266

Bufo spp. (toads), at Cerro Baúl, 76, 77–78

bufotenin (bufotoxin), 77

bullheads (Amieurus sp.), 111

burials: Anglo-Saxon, 336–37; Hueda, 302, 303; macaw, 129–30, 136–38; in Mesopotamian, 222; Middle Neolithic, 193; Mongolian Bronze Age, 278–82, 283–88; in Monterey Bay area, 6, 171–72, 182; Shang, 253, 254, 255, 259–63, 269; at Teotihuacan, 12, 15–25; Wari, 69–70, 80, 81

butchering, butchery, 79; at Chacoan sites, 159–60; deer, 356–57, 366; at Racot, 195, 198, 200–201; of Roman pigs, 322–23, 330

caches, 11, 113; Hueda, 302–3; at San Bartolo, 98–99

Caddoan ceremonial centers, animal remains at, 115–17, 118

Çadır Höyük, 215, 216; sheep management, 217, 218, 220, 222

cages: at Paquimé, 129, 136; at Teotihuacan, 16, 20, 24

Cahokia (Illinois), 3; deer remains at, 109–10; ritual assemblages at, 113–14, 119

California, coastal, 6, 167. See also Monterey Bay area

camelids: at Cerro Baúl, 64, 69, 71, 75, 76, 78–79, 80, 81

CA-MNT-229, 170, 179–80; funerary assemblages, 171–72, 182

CA-MNT-234, 170, 172, 176, 180

canids (Canis spp.), 81, 156; in Mesoamerican ritual, 22–23, 38–39, 40, 43(table), 44, 52–53. See also coyotes; dogs; wolves

Canis latrans. See coyotes

Canis lupus baileyi. See wolves

Canis lupus familiaris. See dogs

Cappadocian tablets, 233

Capreolus capreolus. See deer, red

caprines (ovicaprids), 210; Early Neolithic use, 190–91; Middle Neolithic use, 194–202, 203, 205; wool/fiber production and, 212–15. See also goats; sheep

captivity: of eagles, 20–22, 50–52; of felines, 20; of Templo Mayor animals, 35–36. See also falconry

carcass processing: Medieval England, 355–56; at Monterey Bay area sites, 176–79, 180–81; at Racot, 195–200; Roman, 322–23. See also meat distribution

cardinal directions: color symbolism, 130–33; Mississippian, 3, 114

cardinals, 114; color symbolism of, 3, 130

carnivores, 160; in folk taxonomies, 13–14; in Preclassic Maya contexts, 95–97; in Teotihuacan burials, 2–3, 5, 15–17

Carthage, 318; dogs in, 327–28

Casa Rinconada (Chaco Canyon), small-house sites around, 146, 148–54, 155–56, 160–61

Casas Grandes. See Paquimé

CA-SCL-119, 170, 172, 176, 177, 180, 181

CA-SCR-44, 170, 172, 177, 180, 181

Çatalhöyük, sheep raising at, 215–16, 217, 218–19

catfish, 90, 111

cats, pampas, 75, 76, 80. See also felines; by type

cattle, 187, 320; Anglo-Saxon sites, 338, 340, 341, 344, 345; Early Neolithic use, 189–90; at Kanesh, 240–41; at Racot, 194–202, 204; Roman “breeding” practices, 323–27; Shang use of, 256, 266–70

caves, 89, 117

Cerro Baúl (Peru): elites at, 63, 76; excavation contexts at, 67–70; excavations at, 66–67; faunal assemblage from, 71–81; offerings at, 78–80; social inequality in, 5–6; as Wari capital, 64–66

Cerro Mejía (Peru), 66, 81

Cervus elaphus. See deer, red

Chaco Canyon, 5, 145–46, 147, 161; butchering in, 159–60; hunting practices, 154–59; sites in, 148–50

Chalco, 33

Chalcolithic: sheep management, 215, 220–26; social hierarchy in, 209–10; wool production, 6, 210–11, 213

Chama echinata, 44

chariots, charioteers: Shang dynasty, 257–61, 262

chasse par force de chien, 366

chema, 260–61

Chianina breed, 327

chicha (beer), Wari production of, 67–69

Chickasaw, Squirrel King, 115

chickens, at Anglo-Saxon sites, 340, 344

Chihuahua, 125. See also Paquimé

China, 3–4, 5; chariots and horses in, 257–62; Shang dynasty, 252–53

Chondrichthyes, 35, 76, 112

Christian communities, Middle Anglo-Saxon, 343–47

chuan, 261, 263

Cihuatlan, 44

city-states, Anatolian Bronze Age, 235–36

clams, in Templo Mayor offerings, 44, 50

clans, Pueblo, 133

Classic Bonito subphase (Chaco Canyon), 145, 146, 149, 158, 160

Classic Period (Maya), 87–88, 93

Classic Period (Teotihuacan), 11

classification system, culture-specific, 13, 251–52

Codex Fejervary-Mayer, 134

Códice Magliabechi, 52

Códice Vaticano A, 53

Coelenterata, in Templo Mayor offerings, 35, 41, 44, 53

Colorado Plateau, 145

color/directional symbolism: birds and, 3, 129; cosmological principle, 130–33; at Paquimé, 136–40; social organization and, 133–34

color sets, 134–35; at Paquimé, 136–40

commodities, 6, 211, 213; livestock as, 242–43

communal events, 146. See also feasting

communities, Anglo-Saxon, 360–61

compounds, at Cerro Baúl, 68–69

Conchopata, 78, 81

condors, Andean, 75, 76–77, 78, 80

Constantine III, 335

constrictors, 304. See also pythons

cookhouse, Tom Jones site, 116, 117

coral, in Templo Mayor offerings, 35, 41, 44, 53

corn, color symbolism of, 134

Cortés, Hernán, 52

cosmology, 3, 5, 25, 66, 113; color/directional symbolism, 130–34; Huedan, 304–5

costumes, feathered, 80

cougars. See pumas

Cowdery’s Down (Hampshire), 347

coyotes (Canis latrans), 22, 156

Cozumel, 99

crabs, in Templo Mayor offerings, 35, 41, 44, 53

craft specialists: Shang dynasty, 264, 266, 267–69; use of animal parts, 52, 112

cranes, 133; East Anglian (Grus grus), 340, 344; sandhill, 112

crania. See skulls

Crenshaw site (Arkansas), 116, 117; butchered deer at, 108–9, 115

crows, 3, 114

Cuauhtemoc, 54

cuch ritual, 100

cuckoos, 115

Cuzco region, 81

Cygnus sp. (swans), 3, 110, 114, 344

Dahomey, destruction of Savi by, 299, 310–11

Dangbe, 297, 311; in Huedan cosmos, 304–5, 308–9

death, journey after, 53

deer, 4, 33; at Anglo-Saxon sites, 342, 344, 356–65; in Caddoan sites, 115, 116; in Chacoan sites, 156, 159; David’s (Elaphure davidianus), 264; fallow, 367; in Mississippian sites, 108–11, 112; Monterey Bay area, 171, 177, 179(table); muntjac (Muntiacus sp.), 264; in Norman England, 365–70; red (Cervus Elaphus) and roe (Capreolus capreolus), 194, 195, 340, 344, 358, 359, 364, 367; at San Bartolo, 90, 97–99, 101; in Shang Dynasty, 264–66; sika (Cervus nippon), 264; Wari use of, 80, 81; white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus), 75, 78, 93, 100

deer stones, 280; horse remains in, 278–79, 281

diet, 5, 6; Maya, 85; Mississippian, 108; Monterey Bay area hunter-gatherers, 174–76, 180–81; Roman Empire, 316–20, 329–31; Wari, 76, 78, 81

ditches, and Hueda pythons, 306

divers, at Anglo-Saxon sites, 344

divination, Shang dynasty, 256, 264, 267

dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), 3, 22, 81; at Cerro Baúl, 71, 76, 77, 80; in Roman Empire, 327–29; at San Bartolo, 93, 98–99; in Shang Dynasty, 261, 263, 264; travel through underworld and, 53, 55. See also canids

dolphin, at Middle Saxon sites, 344

domestic animals, 1, 5, 6, 187; North European Plain, 189–91. See also by type

domestication, 1, 13, 14

domestic contexts, at San Bartolo, 93–95, 97

Donax spp., 43(table), 48(table), 50

donkeys (Equus asinus), in Assyrian trade networks, 234, 241–42

doves, 80; eared, 75; mourning, 116

dragons, Shang Dynasty, 266

drums, Paquimé hand, 138–39, 140

ducks, 33, 111, 116, 344

dwarfism, and Toho, 308

eagles, golden (Aquila chrysaetos): at Cahokia, 114; in captivity, 20–22, 50–52; at Teotihuacan, 15, 16, 17; in Templo Mayor, 39, 40, 43(table), 44, 54

Early Anglo-Saxon period, 335, 358, 370; West Stow site, 338–42

Early Chalcolithic (EC) period, sheep survivorship, 215, 216–17

Early Neolithic, 187; cattle in, 189–90; farming in, 188–89;

ovicaprid and pig use in, 190–91

East Anglia, Anglo-Saxons in, 336–37

Eastern Inner Asia. See Inner Asia

Echinodermata, in Templo Mayor offerings, 35, 41, 44, 50, 53

economies, 1, 6; Anglo-Saxon England, 347; Middle Bronze Age Anatolia, 237–38, 242–44; Mississippian, 108–11; Mongolian megamonuments and, 287–88; pastoral nomadic, 282–83

Egiin Gol, horse remains in, 281, 284

Elaphure davidianus, 264

elites, 7, 53, 353, 358, 360; Anatolian, 236; at Cerro Baúl, 63, 76; Chalcolithic and Bronze Age, 209, 221; Hueda, 295–96; Mayan, 93, 95–98, 100–101; Mississippian, 3, 107, 108–10, 111–19; Norman, 365–66; Roman, 317–18, 319, 320–21, 327–28, 330; Shang, 4, 253–60, 269–70; Wari, 5–6, 63, 82; and wool production, 213, 222

elk, 108, 177

El Kown 2, 212

emporia, Anglo-Saxon, 337

England, 4, 5, 6; Anglo-Saxons in, 335, 336–37; Early Anglo-Saxon sites, 338–42; Late Anglo-Saxon, 362–65; Medieval period, 4, 354, 355–56; Middle Anglo-Saxon, 342–47, 357–62; Norman period, 365–70

English, in Hueda, 305–6

environment(s), 1; represented in Templo Mayor offerings, 44, 45–49(table)

Equus asinus (donkeys), in Assyrian trade networks, 234, 241–42. See also horses

estates, Middle Anglo-Saxon, 342–47, 362

Europe, 4, 190. See also England; Poland

Europeans, Huedan trade, 303–4, 305, 308

exchange relationships, 6; Monterey Bay area, 171–72. See also trade

Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, De (Gildas), 336

exotic animals, 64, 76. See also wild animals

Fajada Gap sites (Chaco Canyon), 146, 158, 159; artiodactyl procurement, 155, 156

falconry, Anglo-Saxon, 344, 362

falcons, peregrine (Falco peregrinus), 112, 114, 344

falcon-warrior motif, Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, 112

Falco peregrinus (falcons), 112, 114, 344

famine food, wild animals as, 357

Fane Mingo (Squirrel King), 115

farming, Early Neolithic, 188–90

fat, use at Kanesh, 241

feasting, 5, 78, 146; archaeological signature of, 147–48; Caddoan, 116–17; Early Neolithic, 190, 191; Hueda, 303–4, 306, 308, 309; Late Anglo-Saxon, 363, 365; Medieval England, 355–56; Mississippian, 110–11, 114–15; at Racot, 203, 204–5; Shang dynasty, 257, 264

Feathered Serpent Pyramid (FSP) (Teotihuacan), 14, 15

feathers, 52, 78, 80

feeding, of vodun, 301–2

felines: at Cerro Baúl, 75, 80; at San Bartolo, 93, 95–97, 100–101; at Teotihuacan, 2–3, 5, 15, 17–20

felt, 212

fer-de-lance (Bothrops asper), 89

ferret, 81

fish, 33, 90, 117, 338; at Cerro Baúl, 76, 78, 80; at Chaco Canyon sites, 151(table), 160; Mississippian use, 108, 110, 111; in Templo Mayor offerings, 35, 43(table), 44, 53

flatfish, 338

flickers, 116

Flixborough site (England), 345

flycatchers, tyrant, 75, 76, 78

food, 5; distribution and consumption of, 146, 363, 365; preparation of, 116, 117, 154, 190, 200–203. See also feasting; meat distribution

foodways: Early-Middle Neolithic, 204–5; and social status, 5, 168–69, 181. See also diet

folk zoology, 13

fox: gray, 112; puna, 71, 76, 78, 80, 81

Francia, trade with, 338

frogs, Mexica use of, 33

FSP. See Feathered Serpent Pyramid

fu, Shang dynasty, 254–56, 258, 269

Fu Hao, royal burial of, 269

funerary assemblages, at Monterey Bay area, 171–72, 182

game animals. See deer; wild animals

game reserves, Late Anglo-Saxon, 362

Gaul, 317, 324, 335

geese, 111, 340, 344

gender roles: Middle Bronze Age Anatolia, 239–40; Shang dynasty, 253–60

Germany, Roman breeding practices in, 324

gift-giving: Huedan, 309–10; Norman England, 366, 368, 370; Wari, 63. See also offerings

Gildas, De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain), 336

goats, 187, 211, 220; at Anglo-Saxon sites, 340, 344; Early Neolithic use, 190–91; Middle Neolithic use, 194–202, 203, 205; Roman, 319, 320, 323–27

gods, Huedan, 304

gophers, pocket, 116

Great Houses (Chaco Canyon), 145–46, 148, 158

Great Kiva (Chaco Canyon), 5, 146, 148

Great Settlement Shang, 252, 253, 261; bone working in, 264, 266

Great Temple (Tenochtitlan). See Templo Mayor

Greece, 215, 323, 324

grouse, 133

Grus spp. (cranes, East Anglian), 112, 133, 340, 344

guanaco, 75

Guatemala, 6

guinea pigs, 71, 76, 80, 81

Güvercinkayası, 216; pastoral economy, 215, 217–18, 219, 220–21

Hacınebi (Anatolia), 213

Hahhum, 242

hairpins, cattle bone, 268, 269

Halichoerus grypus (seals, gray), 344

halls, Anglo-Saxon, 360–61, 363

hallucinogens, in toad toxins, 77

Hamwic, 337

Heorot, 360–61

herd management, for wool production, 212–13, 214–15

History of the English People (Bede), 357

Honorius, 336

Hopi, 130

horses, 7, 194; in Anglo-Saxon sites, 340, 344; and chariots, 257–61, 262, 266; in Mongolian Bronze Age monuments, 277–82, 283–88; pastoral nomadism and, 275, 282–83

households, 204, 283

Hovsgol Aimag, 284

Hrothgar, 360

Huaynaputina volcano, 67

Hueda kingdom (Benin), 295; Dangbe in, 304–5, 308–9; feasting, 303–4; food offerings, 302–3; patronage in, 301–302; pythons in, 4, 305–6, 307, 309–11; Savi community, 297–301; vodun/Vodun in, 296–97

Hungary, 324

hunter-gatherers, California coastal, 6, 167, 169–82

hunting: Anglo-Saxon, 340, 342, 344, 363; in Chaco Canyon, 154–59; communal, 5, 156–57; deer, 356–57; garden, 158; medieval ceremonial, 361–62; Norman, 366–70; Shang dynasty, 258, 264, 266; as social performance, 4–5, 14

Hydropotes inermis (river-deer), 264

Iberia, 323; Roman diet in, 317, 320–22, 330

Icklingham (England), 340

iconography: Late Anglo-Saxon, 362; Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, 118–19; of wool production, 211–12

ICT-II tract (Cahokia), swans in, 114

identity, 329; Roman cultural, 316–20

Ider Valley, Middle, 284; megamonuments in, 286, 287

inheritance, Middle Bronze Age Anatolia, 239–40

Inner Asia: Bronze Age monuments, 276–88; pastoral nomadism, 275–76

instruments, ritual, 36

invertebrates, in Templo Mayor offerings, 35

Ipswich, 337

Iran, sheep in, 212, 213

Italy: Roman breeding practices in, 323–24, 326–27; Roman diet in, 316, 317, 320–21

Jabali (San Bartolo), 88

jackrabbits, at Chacoan sites, 154, 156, 157

jaguars (Panthera onca): at Teotihuacan, 15, 17–18, 19, 20; at San Bartolo, 89, 93, 95–97, 100–101

jays, 3; blue, 114, 115

jewelry, canids decorated in, 53

John of Salisbury, 366

jurel, at Cerro Baúl, 76, 78, 80

Kanesh. See Kültepe/Kanesh

Keresans, color/directional symbolism, 133

kestrels, 114

Khangai, megamonuments in, 286

Khanuy Valley, 284; megamonument in, 286, 287

khirigsuurs, 7, 280, 282; communal construction of, 283–84; components of, 284–85; large, 286–88; horses and, 279, 281, 285–86

Kilham (England), 341

kingships: Anatolian, 237; Anglo-Saxon, 360–61; Huedan, 298, 301–2, 306, 308, 309; Mayan, 95–97, 100–101; Shang, 252

knives, as status symbols, 361–62, 365

Konya Plain, sheep management on, 215–17

Köşk Höyük, 215; sheep management at, 216–17, 218–19, 220–21

Kujavia, 192

Kültepe/Kanesh, 6, 233, 237; as Assyrian colony, 235–36; economies of, 238–39, 243–44; inheritance and gender roles in, 239–40; trade goods, 242–43

labor mobilization, Mississippian, 107, 110

Lagomorph Index (LI), at Chacoan sites, 156–57, 160

Lake Providence site, 117

Lama glama (llamas), at Cerro Baúl, 75, 78–79

land rights, hunting and, 362

landscape: Medieval England, 354–55; Mongolian monumental, 276–77, 280–82

Las Pinturas complex (San Bartolo), 87–88, 91; murals in 88–90, 93, 96–97; ritual deposits in, 98–99

Las Plumas complex (San Bartolo), 88, 98

Las Ventanas (San Bartolo), 88

Late Anglo-Saxon period: food distribution and consumption in, 363–65; hunting in, 362–63

Late Band Pottery Culture (LBPC), 191

Late Bonito subphase (Chaco Canyon), 145–46, 149, 160; hunting practices, 156, 158

Late Chalcolithic (LC) period, 215; sheep management, 213, 220, 222

Late Classic Period (Maya), 87–88; at San Bartolo, 93, 96, 97–98, 99–100, 101

Late Shang. See Anyang period

Late Uruk period, wool production, 211–12

LBK. See Linear Band Pottery Culture

LBPC. See Late Band Pottery Culture

LC. See Late Chalcolithic period

Lengyel culture, 204–5; at Racot, 191–94

leporids, Chaco Canyon hunting, 156–58

Levant, 213

LI. See Lagomorph Index

lineages: Hueda, 302; Shang royal, 252–56

Linear Band Pottery Culture (LBK), 203, 204; cattle and, 189–90; sites, 188–89

Lisa, 308

livestock: commodification of, 242–43; Roman breeding of, 323–27, 330–31. See also various animals

lizards, at Cerro Baúl, 76

llamas (Lama glama), at Cerro Baúl, 75, 78–79

loam pits: in Early Neolithic sites, 190; at Racot, 194, 195, 198, 202, 203

Lohmann phase (Cahokia), swans in, 114

London (Londinium), 336, 337

longhouses: Early Neolithic, 189, 190; Middle Neolithic, 193, 194, 195, 198, 202, 203

Long lineages (Long Fang), 253–54

lords, Anglo-Saxon, 361

lower class, Norman England, 368–70

lu, 264–66

Lubbub Creek site (Alabama), 108–9, 114, 117

Luhusattia, 242

Lutra lutra (otters), 344

macaws (Ara spp.), 81; military and scarlet, 3, 125, 126, 129, 130, 136–38, 139–40

Maikop culture, wool production, 211, 222

Maize God, in Las Pinturas murals, 89, 96

mammals (Mammalia), 35; in Caddoan sites, 117; in Chaco Canyon sites, 151–52(table), 153(table); Mississippian diet of, 108, 111, 112; Monterey Bay area sites, 172, 173(table), 176–79

marriage, Middle Bronze Age Anatolia, 239

marrow consumption, at Racot, 201–2, 203

Maya, 6, 85, 86, 117, 134; Late Classic, 97–98; Preclassic, 95–97, 100–101; at San Bartolo, 87–95

MBA. See Middle Bronze Age

MC period. See Middle Chalcolithic

McElmo subphase (Chaco Canyon), 149

meat distribution, 355; in Anglo-Saxon England, 356–61, 363–65; knives as symbols of, 361–63; in Norman England, 366–68

meat processing. See butchering, butchery; carcass processing

meat procurement, 355; Assyrian, 240–41. See also hunting

Medieval Climatic Anomaly, and Monterey Bay area sites, 171

Medieval England, 370–71; deer hunting, 4, 361–62, 366; landscape studies, 354–55; meat in, 355–56. See also various periods

Medio period (Casas Grandes region), 128

megamonuments, in Mongolia, 286–88

Megapitaria squalida, 50

Meleagris gallopavo (turkey), 129–30

Meles meles (badgers), at Anglo-Saxon sites, 340, 344

merchants, Anatolian, 237

merlins, at Mississippian sites, 114

Mesoamerica, 11, 14, 25. See also various cultures; sites

Mesopotamia, 6, 231; state formation, 213–14, 222; wool production in, 210, 211–12, 221

Mexica, 5, 33, 44. See also Tenochtitlan

Mexicaltzingo, 33

Mexico, Basin of, animal use in, 33–34

Miahuatlan, 44

mice, 116; leaf-eared, 71

microfauna, in Mississippian sites, 117–18

Middle Anglo-Saxon period, 335, 338, 370; animal husbandry, 344–47; deer in, 357–59; hunting and land rights in, 361–62; meat distribution in, 359–61; sites, 342–44

Middle Bronze Age (MBA): Anatolia, 232–33; Assyrian trade networks, 233–36, 241–43; sheep management, 214, 215, 220; social inequality, 237–40

Middle Chalcolithic (MC) period, 215; pastoral economy in, 217–19; wool production, 220–21

Middle-Late Transition (MLT) period (Monterey Bay area), 182; carcass processing in, 177–79; diet stress in, 180–81; faunal assemblages, 169, 170, 171, 172

Middle Neolithic: at Racot, 191–203; social change in, 204–5

Middle Period (Monterey Bay area), 180, 182; carcass processing in, 177–79, 181; faunal assemblages, 169, 170, 171, 172

military, Roman, 318–19, 335

Mississippian culture, 3, 6, 160; elite animal use, 107, 111–19; feast provisioning, 114–15; political economy, 108–11

MLT period. See Middle-Late Transition

mockingbirds/thrashers, 114, 115

Moctezuma, aviary kept by, 51

moieties, Pueblo, 134

moles, at Crenshaw site, 116

mollusks (Mollusca), 33; in Templo Mayor offerings, 35, 39, 41–43(table), 44, 50, 53

monastic communities, Middle Anglo-Saxon, 343–47

Mongolia, 7; Bronze Age monuments in, 276–88; pastoral nomadism, 275–76

Monterey Bay area: archaeological sites in, 170–71; carcass processing, 176–79; faunal assemblages, 172–74, 179–82; funerary assemblages, 171–72; hunter-gatherers, 167, 169–70

monuments, Mongolian Bronze Age, 275, 276–88

Moon Pyramid (Teotihuacan), 3, 5, 11, 14, 26; burials at, 15–25

mortuary ritual: Cerro Baúl, 78; Mississippian, 113

mouflon, European, 212

Moundville (Alabama), 113, 114, 118; deer remains at, 108, 109; elite animal use at, 111–12

mountain lion. See pumas

mountains, sacred, 66

Mucking (Essex), 339–40

muntjac (Muntiacus sp.), 264

murals: Preclassic Mayan, 85; at San Bartolo, 88–90, 93, 96–97

mythical animals, in Shang Dynasty, 266

mythology, Preclassic Maya, 85, 89

Near East, 190; wool production, 211–14; writing in, 232–33. See also Bronze Age; Chalcolithic

Neolithic: caprine use, 212–13; Early-Middle transition, 204–5; farming, 188–89; on North European Plain, 187, 189–200; sheep management, 215–16, 220

Ngarigo, 360

ni, 264

niu, use of, 266–70

Norfolk, Anglo-Saxon, 336, 340

Norman England, deer hunting, 4, 365–70

Norman Conquest, 365

North Africa, 317, 323

Northern Khangai, 286

North European Plain, 204–5; Early Neolithic in, 187–91; Middle Neolithic on, 191–203

obsidian, Monterey Bay area exchange, 171

Odocoileus virginianus. See deer, white-tailed

Oetzi the Iceman, 212

Offering 125 (Templo Mayor), 36–39; animal remains in, 39–50

offerings, 3, 98, 116; Hueda, 302–3, 309–10; microfauna as, 117–18; symbolism of, 52–54; Templo Mayor, 35–56; Teotihuacan, 12, 16–17; Wari, 63, 69, 78–79, 81

Ojibwa Indians, 13

Old Assyrian Colony system, 214

Olmec, jaguar motifs, 95

Ometepec, 44

opossums, 33

oracle-bones, Shang dynasty, 267, 268

oral history, Hueada, 296–97

ornaments, of animal body parts, 36

oropendolas, Montezuma (Psarocolius montezuma), 89

Osteichthyes. See fish

otters (Lutra lutra), 344

Ouachita River, 118

Ouidah (Benin), 304, 305

ovicaprids. See caprines

Ovis spp., 211. See also sheep

owls, 3; at Mississippian sites, 114, 115; pygmy, 75, 76, 78

oysters, Eastern (Tellina fausta), 50

Pacific Coast, 44, 78

palaces: Cerro Baúl, 69–70; Hueda, 295

pampas cat, 75, 76, 80

Panthera onca. See jaguars

Paquimé (Casas Grandes): aviculture at, 129–30; color/directional symbolism, 3, 136–40; excavations at, 127–29; setting of, 126–27; social complexity of, 125–26

parades, Hueda kingdom, 306, 308

parakeets, Carolina, 114

parkers/foresters, 366

passerines, at Caddoan sites, 115

pastoralism: and Assyrian Anatolia, 240–44; Chalcolithic, 216–21; herd management, 214–15

pastoral nomadism, 210; Inner Asian, 275–76, 282–83

pathologies: in birds of prey, 21, 36; in canids, 53, 327–28, 329; in cattle, 340; in felines, 18–20

patronage, Hueda, 301–2

Pauahtun, 100

peasants: Late Anglo-Saxon, 362–63; Norman, 369–70

peccary (Tayassuidae), at San Bartolo, 93, 97–98, 101

pelts, northern fur seal, 176–77, 181

perdum, 242

persons, animate beings as, 13

pets, 6; in Roman Empire, 327–29; in Tenochtitlan, 53

pigeons: passenger, 111, 115, 116; spot-winged, 75

pigs (Sus scrofa/domesticus), 187, 191, 305; at Anglo-Saxon sites, 338, 340, 344; at Kanesh, 240, 241; at Racot, 194–96, 198–200, 204–5; Roman “breeding” practices of, 323–27; Roman butchery of, 322–23; and Roman cultural identity, 316–20, 329–30

pirikannum, 214

plants: cardinal directions and, 131–32(table), 133; as persons, 13

plastrons, turtle, 256, 267

Plaza 3-12 (Paquimé), macaw burials in, 136, 137

poaching, in Norman England, 368–70

Poland, Neolithic, 187–89

political economy, Mississippian, 108–111

Pontic region, 222

Porifera, in Templo Mayor offerings, 35

pork: Roman butchery practices, 322–23; and Roman cultural identity, 316–20, 329–30

Postclassic period (Maya), ritual deposits at, 99

potteries, Anglo-Saxon, 337

PPNB. See Pre-Pottery Neolithic B

prairie chickens, 110

Preclassic period (Maya), 87–88; animal use, 93, 98–99, 100–101; wild cat use, 95–97

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), 232

prestige items: beef as, 345; in Chalcolithic Anatolia, 221; macaws as, 126, 139–40

prey-predator, hierarchy of, 13

Principal Bird Deity, 90

projectile points, bone, 265, 266

pronghorn antelope, 177; at Chacoan sites, 154, 155–56, 159

provisioning: Anglo-Saxon emporia, 337; in Mississippian culture, 108–10, 114–15

Psarocolius montezuma (oropendolas), 89

Pueblo Alto, 154, 155, 156, 159

Pueblo societies, color/directional symbolism in, 133, 134–35

pumas (Puma concolor), 115; at Cerro Baúl, 75, 76, 80; at Teotihuacan, 15, 16, 17, 18–20

puna fox. See fox

Pyramid of the Moon. See Moon Pyramid

pythons (Python spp.): Dahomey killing and eating of, 310–11; in Hueda kingdom, 4, 297, 304–6, 307, 308–10

quail, 33, 16; Montezuma, 44, 51

Quarrington (England), 345

Quauhtli-ocelotl, 20

Quetzalcoatl, 25

rabbits, 33, 266; at Chacoan sites, 154, 156, 157–58; Mississippian use of, 111, 116

raccoon, 116

Racot (Poland), 189; carcass processing at, 200–202, 203; description of, 191–94; faunal assemblage from, 194–200; food-related practices at, 204–5

rats, 116

rattlesnakes: at Teotihuacan, 16, 24, 25; in Templo Mayor, 43(table), 44

ravens, 160

Red River valley, 118

ren: dogs and, 263; pathways of, 253–60

reptiles (Reptilia), 35, 76, 89, 117; at Mississippian sites, 108, 111. See also pythons; rattlesnakes

residential areas: Caddoan sites, 116–17; Cahokia, 114; Cerro Baúl, 69–70; Hueda, 295–96; Monterey Bay area, 169–70

rituals, ritual contexts: Andean, 64, 77; canids in, 22–23, 38–39, 40, 52–53; China, 3–4; dedication, 11, 12; Mississippian cultures, 108, 112–18; Paquimé, 126, 128–30, 140; at San Bartolo, 98–101; Templo Mayor, 54–56. See also feasting; sacrifice

river-deer (Hydropotes inermis), 264

roasting pits, at Chaco Canyon, 154

rodents: at Cerro Baúl, 71; at Mississippian sites, 114, 116. See also by type

Roman Empire: animal husbandry, 316–17; breeding practices, 323–27; diet in, 320–22, 329–31; and England, 335–36, 340; pets in, 327–29; pork in, 317–20, 322–23

romanization, 316, 321; animal “breeding” and, 323–27; of diet, 316–20, 329–30

Romans: cultural identity, 316–20; cultural inequality, 315–16

royalty, 14; Anatolian, 237; Anglo-Saxon, 337, 347; Hueda, 297; Mayan, 95–97, 100–101; Shang, 252–53

Rubeidheh (Iraq), wool production, 213

Ruin and Conquest of Britain, On the (Gildas), 336

ruminants. See artiodactyls

rural sites: Anglo-Saxon, 360; Norman England, 366, 368

sacred mountains, Wari, 66

sacrifices: Andean, 64; Maya, 90, 93, 100; Mongolian Bronze Age, 282, 288; Roman, 327; Shang, 253–54, 256–57, 260–63, 266, 267; Teotihucan, 15–25

Sahagún, Bernardino de, 51

Sakapata, 308

San Bartolo (Guatemala): diet and social status, 6, 85; excavations at, 87–88; faunal assemblage from, 91–101; murals at, 88–90; zooarchaeological analysis in, 90–91

San Felipe Lake (California), 170

San Juan Pueblo, 134

Santa Clara Valley (California), 170

Santo Domingo Pueblo, 133

Sarab (Iran), sheep depictions, 212, 213

Savi (Hueda kingdom), 295, 304; archaeology of, 297–301, 302–3, 310

scapulae, cattle, 256, 267

Sciurus sp. (squirrels), 33, 188 ; Caddoan and Mississippian use of, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118

sea animals, at Tenochtitlan, 53. See also by phyla; species

seals: gray (Halichoerus grypus), 344; northern fur, 172, 174, 176–77, 178(table), 181

sea urchins, in Templo Mayor offerings, 35, 41, 44, 50, 53

seax, as status symbol, 361–62, 365

SECC. See Southeastern Ceremonial Complex

serpents. See snakes

SFBs. See sunken-featured buildings

Shang dynasty, 3–4, 252; cattle use, 266–70; deer in, 264–66; dogs in, 261, 263; female roles in, 254–56; horses and chariots in, 259–61, 262; sacrifices, 253–54, 256–57

sharks, 35, 112; short-fin mako, 76

sheep (Ovis spp.), 6, 187; in Anatolia, 215–19, 240, 242–43; in Anglo-Saxon England, 6, 338, 340, 341, 342, 344–47; Chalcolithic management of, 216–23; depictions of, 211–12; Early Neolithic use, 190–91; management for wool, 212–13, 214–15; at Racot, 194–202, 203, 205; Roman use of, 319, 320, 323–27; state formation and, 213–14

shell, Monterey Bay area, 171

shrews, 116

shrimp, in Templo Mayor offerings, 35, 41, 44, 53

Shurgan Bayan Am, 287

silver, from Kanesh, 235

skulls (crania), 265, 360; ancestral human, 302, 303

slab burials: horses in, 278, 283; Inner Asian, 278, 280, 283

slavery, slave trade: Hueda and, 296; Middle Bronze Age Anatolia, 238–39

small-house sites (Chaco Canyon), 146, 148–49; faunal assemblages, 150–54, 155–56, 160–61

Smith, John, in Hueda, 305–6

snakes: in Hueda kingdom, 4, 297, 303–4; in Las Pinturas murals, 89; in Teotihuacan burials, 15, 16, 24–25. See also pythons, rattlesnakes

social hierarchy, 7, 13, 26, 85, 126, 277, 315, 356; Chalcolithic, 209–10; identifying, 353–54; Late Anglo-Saxon hunting and, 362–63; Near East, 231–32; Shang, 252–60; Sutton Hoo burial and, 336–37; taxonomic richness and, 5–6

social inference, 167–68

social organization, 1; color/directional symbolism and, 133–34

social status, 210; Anglo Saxon, 360–65; diet and, 5, 168–69, 174–75, 181; Norman, 365–70; Roman Empire, 317–18, 319–22; Shang dynasty, 269–70

songbirds, Wari, 75, 78, 81

Southampton, 337

Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC), 112, 114, 118–19

South Gap sites (Chaco Canyon), 146

Southwestern Khangai, 286

spider monkey, in Templo Mayor offering, 39, 43(table), 44, 52

spindle whorls, and wool production, 212, 219

Spondylus spp., 44

Spong Hill (Norfolk), 336, 340

squirrels (Sciurus sp.), 33, 188; Caddoan and Mississippian use of, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118

state formation, 6, 14, 213–14, 222

Stirling phase, 112, 114

Stroke Ornamented Pottery Culture, 191

Suffolk, Anglo-Saxons in, 336, 337

sunken-featured buildings (SFB), at West Stow, 338, 339–40

Sun Pyramid (Teotihuacan), 14, 15

Sus scrofa/domesticus. See pigs

Sutton Hoo burial, 336–37

swans (Cygnus sp.), 3, 110, 114, 344

Sylvilagus aquaticus, 111

symbolism, 2, 3, 4, 5; Anglo-Saxon hunting tools, 361–62; at Paquimé, 130; Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, 112, 114, 118; Templo Mayor offerings, 52–54; Teotihuacano, 11

Syria, 242

taphonomy: Monterey Bay area sites, 176–80, 181; Racot settlement fauna, 195–200

taruca, 75, 76, 78

taxidermy, in Templo Mayor offerings, 36

taxonomic orders, 13

taxonomic richness, and social hierarchy, 5–6

Tayassuidae, at San Bartolo, 93, 97–98, 101

Tecpantepec, 44

Tehuantepec, 44

Tellina fausta (oysters), 50

Tell Soto, caprines at, 212

temples: Cerro Baúl, 69; Huedan, 307, 308–9, 310–11

Templo Mayor (Tenochtitlan), 3, 5; animals in, 14, 34–36, 54–56; captivity of animals in, 50–52; Offering 125, 36–50; symbolism in, 52–54