Sources

Due to the narrative nonfiction style of Coal in Our Veins: A Personal Journey, I have not used footnotes throughout the text. Interviews were provided by Carolyn Jacob, Emylyn Davis, Malcolm, Anna and Nathan Headington, Wease Day, Paul Avington, David K. Minturn, Chuck Nelson, Ralph Cook, Melvin Cook, Glenda Smith, Larry Gibson, Ann Carter, Sam Quigley, Stan Christianson, Phil Smith, Janet Gellici, Jim Presswood, Greg Jackson, Wayne Joseph, and Philip Edwards. The genealogical information included in this volume was gathered from texts written by Mary Jane Thomas Jones, Cornel W. Thomas, Margaret Wilding Thomas, Janet Thomas, Shirley W. Thomas, and Robert K. Thomas. The research compiled for this book was extensive. Consequently, only a selected bibliography has been provided, which is organized topically. Sources with duplicate information or sources consulted for minor details have not been listed.

Merthyr Tydfil and Welsh Mining History

Anonymous. “A Miner’s Catechism.” In Coal: An Anthology of Mining, edited by Tony Curtis, 168–170. Bridgend, Wales: Seren, 1997.

Borrow, George Henry. Wild Wales: Its People, Language, and Scenery. New ed. New York: Scribner and Welford, 1888.

Cannon, Mike. “Festival Celebrates Welsh Heritage.” LDS Church News, March 13, 1993.

Davies, Herbert Edmund, Chairman. Report of the Tribunal Appointed to Inquire into the Disaster at Aberfan on October 21^st 1966. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1967.

Done, Stephen, and Claire Dovey-Evans. Cyfartha Castle Museum and Art Gallery. Merthyr Tydfil, Wales: Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council Leisure Services Department, 2000.

Evans, R. Meurig. Children in the Mines 1840–42. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales, 1979.

Gross, Joseph. “Merthyr Tydfil: The Development of an Urban Community.” Merthyr Historian 5 (1992): 59–75.

———. “Water Supply and Sewerage in Merthyr Tydfil 1850–1974.” Merthyr Historian 2 (1978): 67–78.

Hughes, John L. “Nothing Special.” In Coal: An Anthology of Mining, edited by Tony Curtis, 44–45. Bridgend, Wales: Seren, 1997.

Jones, Bill, and Beth Thomas. Coal’s Domain: Historical Glimpses of Life in the Welsh Coalfields. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales, 1993.

Llewellyn, Richard. How Green Was My Valley. New York: Macmillan, 1940.

“Local Intelligence.” Merthyr Express, June 22, 1870.

Morris, J. H., and L. J. Williams. The South Wales Coal Industry, 1841–1875. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1958.

Orwell, George. The Road to Wigan Pier. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1958.

Owen, David. South Wales Collieries. Vol. 4 of Images of South Wales. Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2003.

Paget, William, and Mary Paget. Man of the Valleys: The Recollections of a South Wales Miner. Gloucester: A. Sutton, 1985.

Rapoport, I. C. “Aberfan: The Days After; A Journey in Pictures.” Cardigan: Parthian, in association with the National Library of Wales, 2005.

Sikes, Wirt. Rambles and Studies in Old South Wales. London: S. Low, 1881. Quoted in “Merthyr Tydfil.” Genuki.org. http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/GLA/MerthyrTydfil/.

Spartacus International. “Penydarren.” http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RApenydarren.htm.

Trevelyan, Marie. Glimpses of Welsh Life and Character. London: J. Hogg, 1893.

Vaughan, F. “Some Aspects of Life in Merthyr Tydfil in the Nineteenth Century.” Merthyr Historian 3 (1980): 87–97.

Watkins, Hugh. “The Story of Martyr Tudful.” Merthyr Historian 3 (1980): 9–16.

Welsh Mormon History. http://welshmormonhistory.org/.

Williams, Huw. “Brass Bands, Jazz Bands, Choirs: Aspects of Music in Merthyr.” Merthyr Historian 3 (1980): 100–110.

Scofield Mine Disaster

“The Death Toll Had Reached 250.” Salt Lake Tribune, May 4, 1900.

Dilley, J. W. History of the Scofield Mine Disaster: A Concise Account of the Incidents and Scenes That Took Place at Scofield, Utah, May 1, 1900, When Mine Number Four Exploded, Killing 200 Men. Provo, UT: Skelton, 1900.

Israelsen, Brent. “Mine Disaster in Carbon County Won’t Be Forgotten.” Salt Lake Tribune, May 31, 1999.

Mele, Kimberly. “Part II. ‘One Spark of Time’: The Winter Quarters Mine Disaster.” Holmes Safety Association, July 2007. http://www.holmessafety.org/2000/july00.pdf.

“Most Appalling Mine Horror!” Salt Lake Tribune, May 2, 1900.

Norris, Leslie. “Elegy: For the Men Killed at Winter Quarters, Scofield, Utah.” Provo, UT: Tryst Press, 2000.

Reid, Robert N. The Scofield Mine Disaster. Lincoln, NE: BR Enterprises, 2002.

Utah’s Castle Country. “Winter Quarters Coal Mine Disaster.” http//:www.castlecountry.com/what_to_do/mining_winter_quarters.html.

Watt, Ronald G. “Explosion of Pleasant Valley Coal Company.” Utah History to Go. http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/statehood_and_the_progressive_era/explosionofpleasantvalleycoalcompany.html.

Campbell, Marius R. Guidebook of the Western United States: Part E. The Denver & Rio Grande Western Route. Washington, DC: United States Printing Office, 1922.

Costa, Janeen Arnold. “A Struggle for Survival and Identity: Families in the Aftermath of the Castle Gate Mine Disaster.” Utah Historical Quarterly 56 (1988): 279–292.

Craig, Williard. Interview by Mark Hutchings. Oral History Project of the Charles Redd Center for Western Studies at BYU. June 12, 1976.

Halverson, Eugene. “Castle Gate.” OnlineUtah. http://www.onlineutah.com/castlegatehistory.shtml.

Hartley, Jo. “Former Negro Preacher Breaks Down Prejudice.” Utah Genweb Project, August 24, 1997. http://www.carbon-utgenweb.com/history.html.

“J. M. Burns, Castle Gate Officer, Slain by an Infuriated Negro.” Sun Advocate [Price, UT], June 19, 1925.

Lofthouse Publishing. “Castle Gate Mine Explosion.” http://www.lofthouse.com/USA/Utah/carbon/castlegatex.htm (site discontinued).

“Marshall Taken by Crowd and Swung Up.” Sun Advocate [Price, UT], June 19, 1925.

Notarianni, Philip F. “Hetacomb at Castle Gate, Utah, March 8, 1924.” Utah Historical Quarterly 70 (2002): 63–74.

Reeve, W. Paul, and Jeffery D. Nichols. “Klansmen at a Funeral and a Terrible Lynching.” History Blazer: News of Utah’s Past, September 1995.

Thacker, Faye. Interview by Mark Hutchings. Oral History Project of the Charles Redd Center for Western Studies at BYU. September 20, 1976.

“Utah Mine Blast Buries 175 Men.” Salt Lake Tribune, March 9, 1924.

Carbon and Emery County Mining History

“Abandoned Building Dynamited: Main Objective; ‘To Kill a Ghost.’” Sun Advocate [Price, UT], July 10, 1969.

Arch Coal, Inc. “Arch Coal’s Skyline Mine Achieves Nation’s Best Underground Safety Record, Earns Sentinels of Safety Award.” September, 22, 2006. http://news.archcoal.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=107109&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1360764&highlight=.

Ashby, Kevin. “Boylen Details Progress at Willow Creek.” Sun Advocate [Price, UT], June 24, 1999.

Cunningham, Frances. Driving Tour Guide: Selected Abandoned Mine Sites; Castle Coal Country, Carbon and Emery Counties. Helper, UT: Peczuh, 1990.

Powell, Allan Kent. The Next Time We Strike: Labor in Utah’s Coal Fields, 1900–1933. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 1985.

Taniguchi, Nancy J. Castle Valley America: Hard Land, Hard-Won Home. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 2004.

Taylor, Troy. Down in the Darkness: The Shadowy History of America’s Haunted Mines, Tunnels & Caverns. Alton, IL: Whitechapel Productions Press, 2003.

Whitley, Colleen, ed. The History of Mining in Utah. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 2006.

US Coal-Mining History

Alinsky, Saul. John L. Lewis: An Unauthorized Biography. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1949.

Arrington, Leonard J., and John R. Alley. Harold F. Silver: Western Inventor, Businessman, and Civic Leader. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 1992.

Browning, Albert D. Death, Destruction, and Disaster in the American Coal Mining Industry. Bloomington, IN: 1^st Books Library, 2003.

Coleman, Ron. We Dig Coal: The Story of Coal Mining in Buchanan County, Virginia. Redford, VA: Commonwealth Press, 1975.

“Death at Donora.” Time Magazine, July 3, 2009. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,853334,00.html.

Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Warren Van Tine. John L. Lewis: A Biography. Abridged Version. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986.

Energy Information Administration. Longwall Mining. Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternative Fuels, US Department of Energy, March 1995. http://www.eia.gov/ftproot/coal/tr0588.pdf.

———. US Coal Industry, 1970–1990: Two Decades of Change. Washington, DC: Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternative Fuels, US Department of Energy, 2002.

Fishback, Price V. Soft Coal, Hard Choices: The Economic Welfare of Bituminous Coal Miners, 1890–1930. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Francaviglia, Richard V. Hard Places: Reading the Landscape of America’s Historic Mining Districts. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991.

Levy, Elizabeth, Tad Richards, and Henry E. F. Gordillo. Struggle and Lose, Struggle and Win: The United Mine Workers. New York: Four Winds Press, 1977.

Lockard, Duane. Coal: A Memoir and Critique. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998.

National Mining Association. “Trends in US Coal Mining 1920–2007.” http://www.nma.org/pdf/c_trends_mining.pdf.

Ratay, Desiree Southern. “The Orient No. 2 Coal Mine Explosion.” The Boneyard: A Journal of History, Opinions, Adventures, and Ideas. www.evansville.net/user/boneyard/orient.htm.

Rogers, William P. The Coal Primer. Van Buren, AR: Valley Press, 1978.

General Mining History

Hayes, Geoffrey. Coal Mining. Buckinghamshire, UK: Shire, 2004.

Pohs, Henry A. Early Underground Mine Lamps: Mine Lighting from Antiquity to Arizona. Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1974.

Thurston, Robert H. A History of the Growth of the Steam-Engine. New York: D. Appleton, 1878.

United Mine Workers of America. “Black Lung.” http://www.umwa.org/?q=content/black-lung.

Coal as an Energy Source

Environmental Integrity Project. “50 Dirtiest Power Plants.” July 27, 2009. http://www.environmentalintegrity.org/pub385.cfm (site discontinued).

Folger, Tim. “Can Coal Come Clean? How to Survive the Return of the World’s Dirtiest Fossil Fuel.” Discover, December 2006, 42–48.

Gabbard, W. Alex. “Coal Combustion: Nuclear Resource or Danger.” Oak Ridge National Laboratory 26 (Summer/Fall 1993). http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev26-34/text/colmain.html.

Goodell, Jeff. Big Coal: The Dirty Secret Behind America’s Energy Future. Boston: Mariner Books, 2006.

Gwynne, S. C. “Coal Hard Facts.” Texas Monthly, January 2007.

Hawkins, David G., Daniel A. Lashof, and Robert H. Williams. “What to Do About Coal.” Scientific American 295 (September 2006): 69–75.

Martin-Amouroux, Jean-Marie. “Coal: The Metamorphosis of an Industry.” International Journal of Energy Sector Management 2, no. 2 (2008): 162–180. http://proquest.umi.com (access restricted).

Thwaites, Tim. “The Mine of the Future.” Earthmatters: CSIRO Exploration and Mining Quarterly Magazine, September 2003, 3–5.

US Geological Survey. “Health Impacts of Coal Combustion.” July 2000. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs94-00/fs094-00.pdf.

US House of Representatives. Carbon Capture and Sequestration: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality of the Committee on Energy and Commerce. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2008.

———. The Future of Fossil Fuels: Geological and Terrestrial Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide; Joint Oversight Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources, Joint with the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands of the Committee on Natural Resources. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2007.

US Senate. Clean Coal, Oil, and Gas Development: New Energy Opportunities through Carbon Capture and Storage; Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2007.

———. Clean Coal Technology: Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2007.

Alternative Energy

Arvizu, Dan E. “Integrating Innovation and Policy for a Renewable Energy Future.” Presented at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, February 5, 2007. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti//41166.pdf.

City of Pasadena. “Pasadena’s Green City Homepage.” http://www.cityofpasadena.net/GreenCity/.

Dougherty, P. “Toward a 20% Wind Electricity Supply in the United States.” Presented at the 2007 European Wind Energy Conference, Milan, Italy, May 7–10, 2007. Washington, DC: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2007 [preprint].

Downstream Technologies. “Executive Summary: The Long-Term Economic Benefits of Wind versus Mountaintop Removal Coal on Coal River Mountain, West Virginia.” December 2008. Coal River Mountain Watch. http://www.coalriverwind.org/wpcontent/uploads/2008/12/wind-executive-summary.pdf (site discontinued).

Geothermal Resources Assessment Team. “Assessment of Moderate and High Temperature Geothermal Resources of the United States.” US Geological Survey, 2008. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3082.

Giauque, Marc. “Dealership Built with Environment in Mind.” KSL, June 25, 2006. http://www.ksl.com/index.php?nid=148&sid=3614234.

“Green Mountain Wind Farm Dedicated.” Weekend Adventures Magazine, Fall 2000. http://www.wamonline.com/fall2000/greenmountain.htm.

Hand, Maureen, Nate Blair, Mark Bolinger, Ryan Wiser, and Rich O’Connell. “Power System Modeling of 20% Wind-Generated Electricity by 2030.” Presented at the IEEE Power and Energy Society 2008 General Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 20–24, 2008. New York: IEEE [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers] Power and Energy Society, 2008.

Harrison, K. W., and G. D. Martin. “Renewable Hydrogen: Integration, Validation, and Demonstration.” Presented at the 2008 NHA Annual Hydrogen Conference, Sacramento, California, March 30–April 3, 2008. Washington, DC: National Hydrogen Association, 2008.

Lovins, Amory. Interviewed by Scott Bilby. “Dr. Amory Lovins Talks about Energy Efficiency, Transport and Renewable Energy.” Beyond Zero, February 26, 2009. http://www.beyondzeroemissions.org/amory-lovins-rocky-mountain-institute-energy-efficiency/.

Moore, Patrick. “Going Nuclear: A Green Makes the Case.” Washington Post, April 16, 2006.

“Resisting Wind Power: Maryland Is Among the States Resistant to New, Alternative Energy Options.” Plenty Magazine, March 24, 2009. http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/energy/stories/resisting-wind-power.

Sullivan, Patrick, Walter Short, and Nate Blair. “Modeling the Benefits of Storage Technologies to Wind Power.” Presented at the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) WindPower 2008 Conference, Houston, Texas, June 1–4, 2008. Washington, DC: American Wind Energy Association, 2008.

Unkefer, Charlie. “The Bright Side: Local Solar Company Booms.” Mt. Shasta Area Newspapers, February 11, 2009. http://www.mtshastanews.com/news/x1848777646/The-bright-side-local-solar-company-booms.

US Department of Energy. “Report to Congress on Assessment of Potential Impact of Concentrating in Solar Power for Electricity Generation.” Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, February, 2007. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41233.pdf.

———. “States with Renewable Portfolio Standards.” EERE [Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy] State Activities & Partnerships. http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/maps/renewable_portfolio_states.cfm.

———. “Virginia Incentives/Policies for Renewables and Efficiency.” DSIRE [Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency]. http://www.dsireusa.org/library/includes/incentive2.cfm?Incentive_Code=VA10R&state=VA&CurrentPageID=1&RE=1&EE=1.

US Senate. Electricity Generation: Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2008.

Montrie, Chad. To Save the Land and People: A History of Opposition to Surface Coal Mining in Appalachia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

Shogan, Robert. The Battle of Blair Mountain. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004.

Shuford, Chuck. “What Happens When You Don’t Own the Land.” Daily Yonder: Keep it Rural, July 3, 2009. http://www.dailyyonder.com/what-happens-when-you-dont-own-land/2009/07/03/2205.

Tams, W. P. The Smokeless Coal Fields of West Virginia. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2001.

West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey. “History of West Virginia Mineral Industries—Coal.” http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/geology/geoldvco.htm.

West Virginia Office of Miners’ Health, Safety and Training. “West Virginia Coal Mining Facts.” February 12, 2007. http://www.wvminesafety.org/wvcoalfacts.htm.

Sago Mine Explosion

Associated Press. “Official Apologizes to Families in Mine Tragedy.” MSNBC.com, January 4, 2006. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10682163.

———. “Text of Sago Mine Survivor’s Letter.” Seattle Times, April 28, 2006. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002957935_mineletter28.html?syndication=rss.

———. “2 Ex-Sago Miners Commit Suicide.” CBS News, September 27, 2006. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/09/26/national/main2042071.shtml.

Grose, E. R. History of Sago Community. Morgantown, WV: Agricultural Extension Division, 1926.

Harki, Gary. “Questions Linger after Release of Sago Report.” Exponent Telegram [Clarksburg, WV], July 23, 2006.

Harlan, Chico. “Sago Mine: Shredded Skin, Scarred Psyches for Disaster’s Survivors.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 8, 2006. http://www.postgazette.com/pg/06281/728326-357.stm.

Heyman, Daniel. “Mine Union’s Report on the Sago Disaster Contradicts Earlier Findings.” New York Times, March 16, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/16/us/16sago.html.

Huber, Tim. “Sago Mine Where 12 Died Is Idled in W.V.” Casper (WY) Star Tribune, March 21, 2007. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1Y1-104467115.html.

Langfitt, Frank. “A Bitter Saga: The Sago Mine Disaster.” NPR, January 7, 2006. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5134307.

Majors, Dan. “Coal Town Struggles to Move On a Year after Sago Mine Disaster.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 24, 2006. http://www.postgazette.com/pg/06358/748704-357.stm.

“The Miners Trapped in the Coal Mine.” Post by Missy1970, April 14, 2006. Violition.com Forums. http://forum.volition.com/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=43872.

Norris, Michelle. “Pastor Recalls Time with Miners’ Families.” NPR, January 4, 2006. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5126624.

“Profiles: Tallmansville Miners.” CNN, January 8, 2006. http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/01/08/miners.bios/index.html (article discontinued).

Schoonover, Kelly. “Families Quietly Mark Sago Mine Disaster.” Star News Online, January 3, 2007. http://www.firerescue1.com/carbon-monoxide-poisoning/articles/274371-Families-quietly-mark-Sago-mine-disaster/.

“Sound of Moans Led Rescuers to Surviving Miner.” CNN, January 5, 2006. http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/01/04/mine.explosion.wed/index.html.

Ward, Ken, Jr. “Judge Approves Sago Lawsuit Settlements.” Charleston (WV) Gazette, November 16, 2011. http://wvgazette.com/News/201111160248?page=2&build=cache.

———. “Memorial Honors Sago Miners.” West Virginia Gazette, August 21, 2006. http://wvgazette.com/News/TheSagoMineDisaster/200608210003.

———. “MSHA Citations Detail Sago Problems.” West Virginia Gazette, June 3, 2007. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-14770331.html.

Winans, Helen. Interview by Alex Chadwick. “A Miner’s Mother on Risks, Tragic Loss.” Day to Day, NPR, January 4, 2006. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5126097.

Mountaintop Removal and Other Abuses

Broder, John M. “Rule To Expand Mountaintop Coal Mining.” Washington Post, August 22, 2007.

Danawv. “Victory: New School for Marsh Fork Elementary.” It’s Getting Hot in Here: Dispatches from the Youth Climate Movement, April 30, 2010. http://itsgettinghotinhere.org/2010/04/30/victory-new-school-for-marsh-fork-elementary/.

Eilperin, Juliet. “EPA to Scrutinize Permits for Mountaintop-Removal Mining.” Washington Post, March 25 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/24/AR2009032401607.html.

Fahrenthold, David A. “Mountaintop Mining to Get More Scrutiny.” Washington Post, June 11, 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/11/AR2009061102205.html?hpid=moreheadlines.

Jervy, Ben. “Marsh Fork Elementary School Will Escape the Mass of Toxic Coal Sludge.” Good Environment, May 12, 2010. http://www.good.is/post/marsh-fork-elementary-school-will-escape-the-mass-of-toxic-coal-sludge/.

Liptak, Adam. “Motion Ties W. Virginia Justice to Coal Executive.” New York Times, January 15, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/us/15court.html?ei=74b7724453256d61&.

Loeb, Penny. “Sheer Madness.” US News and World Report, August 11, 1997, 28–36.

“Marsh Fork Breaks Ground on New School.” WVVA.com, October 6, 2011. http://www.wvva.com/story/15634049/marsh-fork-breaks-ground-on-new-school.

Mitchell, John G. “When Mountains Move.” National Geographic, March 2006, 104–123.

Nyden, Paul J. “All Sides Mum at Rawl Settlement Hearing.” Charleston (WV) Gazette, September 29, 2011. http://www.wvgazette.com/News/201109292579?page=2&build=cache.

Peterson, Erica. “All We Wanted Was Water.” West Virginia Public Broadcasting, January 26, 2009. http://www.wvpubcast.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=7742.

Reece, Erik. Lost Mountain: A Year in the Vanishing Wilderness; Radical Strip Mining and the Devastation of Appalachia. New York: Riverhead Books, 2006.

Shnayerson, Michael. Coal River: How a Few Brave Americans Took On a Powerful Company and the Federal Government—to Save the Land They Love. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008.

Shogren, Elizabeth. “Bush Administration Altered Appalachian Landscape.” NPR, April 15, 2009. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99493874.

Simone, Samira. “Tennessee Sludge Spill Runs over Homes, Water.” CNN.com, December 24, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/12/23/tennessee.sludge.spill.

Ward, Ken, Jr. “Memo Could Be Key in Aracoma Case.” West Virginia Gazette, April 17, 2010. http://wvgazette.com/News/montcoal/201004170245.

Warrick, Joby. “Appalachia Is Paying Price for White House Rule Change.” Washington Post, August 17, 2004. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/679433211.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Aug+17%2C+2004&author=Joby+Warrick&pub=The+Washington+Post&edition=&startpage=A.01&desc=Appalachia+Is+Paying+Price+for+White+House+Rule+Change

White, Davin. “Massey Changes Course, Pledges $1 Million to Marsh Fork School.” Charleston (WV) Gazette, March 23, 2010. http://www.wvgazette.com/Life/darcieboschee/mostRecent/201003230420 (article discontinued).

Potomac River Generating Station

“Alexandria Power Plant to Close.” NBC Washington, August 30, 2011. http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/DC-Alexandria-Power-Plant-to-Close-128674048.html.

Burnely, Robert G. Letter to Lisa D. Johnson, August 19, 2006. Alexandria.gov. http://alexandriava.gov/uploadedFiles/tes/info/91305 Update to the City Council on Mirant.pdf.

Bertele, Alice, personal communication. Letter, September 24, 2007.

Bright Ideas Alexandria. “About the Hearing.” May 22, 2007.

City of Alexandria. “Mirant Potomac River Power Plant: Air Quality and Health Concerns.” September 13, 2005. Alexandria.gov. http://alexandriava.gov/uploadedFiles/tes/info/91305 Update to the City Council on Mirant.pdf.

Clean Air Task Force. “Health Impacts of Air Pollution from Washington DC Area Power Plants.” May 2002. http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/files/DC_Metro_Summary.pdf.

Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. “Stationary Source Permit to Operate.” Alexandria.gov. http://alexandriava.gov/uploadedFiles/tes/oeq/info/MirantPRGSFinalPermit.pdf.

de la Merced, Michael J. “Merger of Energy Producers to Form $3 Billion Company.” New York Times, April 12, 2010. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07EFDB1031F931A25757C0A9669D8B63&ref=mirantcorporation.

Downey, Kirstin. “Longtime Foes Face Off Over Mirant Power Plant.” Washington Post, December 18, 2007. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/1400190021.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+18%2C+2007&author=Kirstin+Downey+-+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post&edition=&startpage=B.1&desc=Longtime+Foes+Face+Off+Over+Mirant+Power+Plant%3B+N.Va.+Dispute+Puts+Ex-US+Officials+at+Odds+Again.

Durrer, Austin. “Moran Statement on Alexandria Settlement with Mirant Power Plant.” Congressman Jim Moran, July 2, 2008. http://moran.house.gov/list/press/vs08_moran080702.shmtl (site discontinued).

GenOn. “Potomac River Generating Station”. http://www.genon.com/company/stations/potomac.aspx.

Hunt, Ralf M, personal communication. Letter, January 22, 2008.

Krouse, Sarah. “Details of GenOn and Alexandria’s Deal to Close Mirant Plant.” Washington Business Journal, August 30, 2011. http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/blog/2011/08/details-of-genon-and-alexandrias-deal.html.

Levy, Jonathan. “Executive Summary: Analysis of Particulate Matter Impacts for the City of Alexandria, VA.” April 2004. Alexandria.gov. http://alexandriava.gov/uploadedFiles/tes/info/Dr.%20Levy’s%20Study.pdf.

Neibauer, Michael. “No Power Issues from Alexandria Plant Closure.” Washington Business Journal, September 30, 2011. http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/blog/2011/09/no-power-issues-from-alexandria-plant.html.

Shogran, Elizabeth. “Despite Health Risks, D.C. Power Plant Kept Open.” NPR, August 20, 2006. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyID=5673425.

Smith, Leef. “Alexandria Pushes to Shut Mirant: Officials Skeptical of Cleanup.” Washington Post, March 21, 2006. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washington-post/access/1006714111.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+21%2C+2006&author=Leef+Smith&pub=The+Washington+Post&edition=&startpage=B.02&desc=Alexandria+Pushes+to+Shut+Mirant%3B+Officials+Skeptical+of+Cleanup%3B+Executive+Says+Plant+Has+the+%27Right+to+Run%27.

Tower Colliery

Black, Dave. “Lynemouth Villagers Are Set for Wind Farm Misery.” Journal [Newcastle upon Tyne, UK], January 10, 2009. http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/2009/01/10/lynemouth-villagers-are-set-for-wind-farm-misery-61634-22661287/.

Devine, Darren. “’You Cannot Run the World Without Coal’: Ex-Colliery Leader Hits Out at Greens’ Claims over Future of Fuel Supplies.” South Wales Echo, March 20, 2009. http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2009/03/20/you-cannot-run-the-world-without-coal-91466-23188294/.

Heatherington, Peter. “Pitting Their Wits.” Guardian [Manchester, UK], February 20 2006. http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/feb/20/communities.welshcollieries.

“Miner-Owned Pit Is Facing Closure.” BBC, January 27, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/4653710.stm.

“The Miners’ Strike.” BBC Wales History, http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/industry_coal06.shtml.

Webb, Tim. “Welsh Miner Finds a Welcome in the City: Rhidian Davies Was On Strike for a Year as a Miner; As Managing Director of Energybuild, He Wants to Preserve a Welsh Way of Life.” Observer [London], March 15, 2009. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/mar/15/rhidian-davies-energybuild-mining.

Crandall Canyon

Buckley, Cara, and Susan Saulny. “Finding Miners Alive Is ‘Totally Unlikely,’ Owner Says.” New York Times, August 23, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/23/us/23mine.html?adxnnl=1&pagewanted=print&adxnnlx=1325140077-pSQL52CkS1Sg8OTBpHtHyg.

Frosch, Dan. “Reports on Mine Collapse Criticize Operation and Oversight.” New York Times, July 26, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/26/us/26mine.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print&adxnnlx=1217106143-apIvZrgwZfjRa9gVyL9GsQ.

Gehrke, Robert. “MSHA Concedes It Could’ve Done More.” Salt Lake Tribune, July 26, 2008. http://www.sltrib.com/News/ci_10004595.

“Lawmakers React to Report.” Salt Lake Tribune, July 24, 2008. http://www.sltrib.com/news/ci_9986653.

Smart, Christopher, and Nate Carlisle. “Hope Fades for Quick Rescue.” Salt Lake Tribune, August 7, 2007. http://www.sltrib.com/ci_6565193.

Upper Big Branch Mine

Davidson, Samuel. “Security Official Convicted of Obstructing Probe into West Virginia Mine Disaster.” World Socialist Web Site, November 2, 2011. http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/nov2011/ubbm-n02.shtml.

Harki, Gary A. “Miner Mourns Lost Brother, Friends.” Charleston (WV) Gazette, September 25, 2010. http://www.wvgazette.com/News/montcoal/201009250986.

James, Michelle. “A Timeline Look at the Upper Big Branch Mine Disaster.” Register Herald (Beckley, WV), April 11, 2010. http://www.register-herald.com/local/x1612533014/A-timeline-look-at-the-Upper-Big-Branch-Mine-disaster.

Lillis, Mike. “MSHA Closed Three Massey Mines in Last Month.” Washington Independent, April 27, 2010. http://washingtonindependent.com/83331/msha-closed-three-masseymines-in-last-month.

Smith, Vicki. “Upper Big Branch Mine Conditions Were ‘Industrial Homicide,’ Union Alleges.” Huffington Post, October, 25 2011. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/25/united-mine-workers-massey-energy_n_1030542.html.

———. “Final report on W. Va. mine blast comes amid charge.” Deseret News, February 23, 2012. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765553369/Final-report-on-WVa-mine-blast-comes-amid-charge.html.

“Some Justice at Upper Big Branch.” New York Times, October 27, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/28/opinion/some-justice-at-upper-big-branch.html.

“Upper Big Branch Mine Disaster—Special Online Section.” Register Herald (Beckley, WV), September 28, 2010. http://www.register-herald.com/disaster/x124778474/Upper-Big-Branch-mine-disaster-Special-online-section.

Urbina, Ian, and Michael Cooper. “Deaths at West Virginia Mine Raise Issues About Safety.” New York Times, April 6, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/us/07westvirginia.html.

Ward, Ken, Jr. “MSHA Seeks Order to Close Massey Mine.” Charleston (WV) Gazette, November 3, 2010. http://wvgazette.com/News/201011031294.

———. “State backs up previous Upper Big Branch reports.” Charleston (WV) Gazette, February 23, 2012. http://wvgazette.com/News/201202230076.

Air Quality

Pope, C.A. “Respiratory Disease Associated with Community Air Pollution and a Steel Mill, Utah Valley.” American Journal of Public Health 79, no. 5 (1989): 623–628. http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.79.5.623.

Stradling, David. Smokestacks and Progressives: Environmentalists, Engineers and Air Quality in America 1881–1951. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1999.