Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Abrigo de San Vitores, 214
Abri Morin, 305
Acheulean complex, 9, 16, 37, 42, 165; artifact assemblages, 61–64; at Castillo, 166–67; carrion use in, 153–54; in Europe, 59–61; hunting, 141, 146–47; vs. Mousterian complex, 197–98; at Olduvai Gorge, 55, 56; in Spain, 75, 81, 87–88. See also Ambrona; Torralba
Adaptation, 58; of animals, 21–22; through cultural systems, 45–46, 54, 69; in lithic assemblages, 207–8; region- and resource-oriented, 41, 65; technique oriented, 45, 63, 207
Addaura, 300
Aguirre, Emiliano, faunal analysis, 104–9, 110
Aïn Hanech, 56
Altamira, xviii, 38, 77, 83, 165, 250, 260, 277, 279, 280, 284, 346, 348, 354, 361; authentication of, 288–93; bison depicted in, 259, 305; cave art in, 265, 303, 304, 310, 311; central galleries in, 329–30; composition of art in, 254–55; discovery of, 287–88; Final Gallery in, 330–36; Great Ceiling in, 283, 298, 312, 321–25; Great Hall at, 299, 302, 306; initiation ceremonies in, 338–40; Magdalenian levels at, 256, 259, 351–52; masks in, 300, 307–8, 334–35; as sanctuary, 238–39, 317, 325–27, 337–38; site ranking, 84, 85; symbolism of, 285–86, 336–38; tourism at, 281–82
Altuna, J., 213
Altxerri, 298
Amalda, 214
Ambrona, x, xi, xii, 59–61, 87, 146, 348; artifact assemblages at, 60–61, 121–38; condition of bones at, 109–13; depositional contexts at, 111–13, 141–43; excavations at, 91–95, 280; faunal remains at, 89–90, 104–9; human alteration of bone, 115–20; lithic artifacts at, 100–104; paleoenvironments at, 96–99
Ambrosio, 65
American School of Prehistoric Research, 347–48
Analogy, in archaeological interpretation, 20–23
Anamorphosis, in cave art, 301–3, 310–11
Animals, xii, 49; depicted in cave art, xiii, 251–59, 283, 296–309, 321–25, 330–38; modern distribution of, 21–22; small, 107–8. See also by type
Anjana (Nymphs), 283
Anthropomorphs: in cave art, 251, 307, 325; hybrid, 300–301, 335–36
Antiquarian societies, 284
Anurids, at Torralba and Ambrona, 107–8
Archeological monuments, modern use of, 280–84, 284
Archeology, 211; collaborative research in, 343–57; economic importance of, 280–81; historical, 6–7; legends and, 283–84; New World, 7–8; tourism and, 281–82
Ardipithecus spp., 42
Aridos, los, 37, 42, 102, 153–54
Arlanzón Valley, surveys in, 353
Arrowheads, Upper Paleolithic, 65
Arroyuelos, 285
Art, 38, 327(nn1, 4); children’s, 243–44; and language, 262–64; Paleolithic, xii, xviii, 295, 315; perception of, 248–49, 261–62; production of, 244–47; purpose of, 268–69; social bonds and, 270–71; studies of, 237–38; and symbolically structured space, 271–72; Upper Paleolithic, 66, 208, 289, 310–12; and writing, 264–67. See also Cave art
Artifact assemblages, 14, 20, 65–67; analysis of, 209–10, 224–25; and body forms, 217–18; contextual materials with, 210–11; cultural perception in, 247–48; dating, 221–22; definitions of, 242–43; facies differences in, 184–86; French analyses of, 215–16; and human types, 230–31; Mousterian, 164–65, 197, 198–202; statistical analyses of, 225–26; at Torralba and Ambrona, 121–38; variability in, 207–8. See also Lithic assemblages; various types of artifacts
Artifact classification, 14, 20–21, 65–67, 223–25; attribute cluster analysis, 226–27; and human behavior, 229–30; of Mousterian assemblages, 164–65, 176–84, 197, 215–17; process of, 200–204
Arunta culture, 21
Ashton-Tate, 281
Asia, mid-Pleistocene artifacts in, 58–59
Atapuerca, 42
Aterian assemblages, 65
Attitude, of cave art figures, 298–99
Attribute cluster analysis, 226–27
Aurignacian “O,” 216
Aurignacian tradition, 65, 83, 198, 230; burials, 339, 350–51; at Cueva Morín, 203, 227, 318–19
Aurignaco-Mousterian, 168
Authenticity, of Altamira, 288–93
Azande, 155
Azilian tradition, 68
Barandiarán, J. M. de, 213, 354
Basque country, 279; Mousterian sites in, 213–14
Behavior, 13, 67, 210; and artifact types, 229–30; depictions of animal, 254–55, 322–23; historical archeology, 6–7; human, 45, 222, 234–35(n16); innovative, 205–6; lithic artifacts, 15–16; reconstructing, 8–9; shared and observable, 11–12
Beltrán, Antonio, 246
Bernaldo de Quirós, Federico, 214, 353
Biberson, Pierre, 92
Bifaces, 102, 167; in Oldowan assemblages, 55–56
Binford, Lewis, ix, xii, xvii, 23, 149; Torralba tool and bone analysis, 127, 128, 133–34, 143
Biomechanics, Neandertal, 215
Birds: in cave art, 300; and dietary analysis, 37–38; at Torralba and Ambrona, 106–7
Bison, in cave art, 252–53, 259, 298, 299–300, 303–4, 305, 306, 308, 321, 322–24, 325, 331, 332, 333–34, 335, 339
Bisontes, 281
Blade and burin industries, 64
Bladelets, 198
Bona, la, 75
Bone artifacts, 65, 218, 305; engraved, 66, 289; Lower and Middle Paleolithic, 62–63; Mousterian, 201–3
Bones: ecological processes and, 109–13, 143–44; human alteration of, 115–20, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 142–43, 144–45
Bordes, François, x, xvii, 161, 163, 164, 225, 231, 348; behavior and artifact type, 229–30, 234–35(n16); facies classifications, 165, 170, 174, 177–79, 181, 184–86, 192, 197, 199–200, 203, 204, 215
Bovids, 126; cave art depictions, 299, 302, 305
Boxgrove, 147
Breeding/rutting, cave art depictions of, 257–58, 259, 298–99, 322–23
Breuil, Abbé Henri, 169, 246, 281, 292, 316
Breuil Gallery, 306
Brown, Ralph E., 352
Burials, 66; Aurignacian, 339, 350–51; at Cueva Morín, 318–19; Neandertal, 205–6
Bushman cultural systems, 22
Busta, la, 169
Butchering sites, 9, 52, 63, 74, 156; Acheulean, 59–60; archaeological evidence at, 48–49; at Torralba and Ambrona, 116–17, 143, 145–46
Butzer, Karl, xi; geological processes, 110–11; paleoenvironmental reconstruction, 96, 99, 176, 183
California, 35
Campo Hernández, A., 353
Cantabria, xv, xviii, 42, 67, 168, 209, 211, 252, 283, 285; bone tools in, 201–3; collaborative research in, 345–57; lithic variability in, x–xi, 187–93, 200–201; Mousterian in, x–xi, 63, 161, 163, 167, 198–99, 213–14, 216–17, 232–33; Voronnoi tesselation analysis in, 73, 74–86
Cap-Blanc, 306
Caprice, in animal depictions, 300–301
Carballo, R. P. Jesús, 168, 348
Caricature, 301
Carnivores, 156; during Acheulean, 153–54; at Torralba and Ambrona, 108–9
Carrion: animal use of, 150–51; availability of, 151–54
Cartailhac, Émile, 288, 289, 291, 292
Casado Soto, J. L., 353
Castillo complex, 75, 77, 82, 83, 309, 346, 349; Acheulean in, 166–67; artifact assemblage from, 169, 192, 200–201, 216; art in, 250, 251; cave art in, 299, 300, 307, 308, 334; Mousterian occupation, 81, 161, 162, 163, 171–76, 180, 214, 217; Solutrean and Magdalenian occupations at, 84, 85; stratigraphy of, 165–66
Catholicism: Altamira’s authenticity and, 291–92; relics, 285
Cattle. See Bovids
Cave art, xii–xiii, xviii, 238, 241, 278; at Altamira, 286, 329–38; anamorphosis in, 301–3; animal behavior depicted in, 321–25; animals and environmental depictions in, 251–59; associations and placement for, 295–96; attitude and omission in, 298–99; caprice and caricature in, 300–301; complementarity in, 305–6; composition of, 254–55; conventions of, 309–12; counterpoise in, 304–5; description and classification of, 249–53; interpretations of, 260–61; isolation and size in, 297–98; as narrative, 265–67; natural formation use in, 308–9; perception of, 261–62; positioning and framing in, 303–4; progression, 307–8; purpose of, 268–69; repetition in, 306–7; ritual space and, 325–27; shadow completion in, 299–300; symbolism of, 338–39
Cave sites, 74, 279, 218, 280; art in, 249–50; art and occupation levels in, 255–56; in Cantabria, 75, 83, 85; discovery and symbolism of, 285–88; initiation ceremonies, 338–40; legends about, 278, 283, 293; as sanctuaries, 238–39, 292, 316, 317–24; as symbolic space, 271–72
Cerling, Thure, 99
Cerralbo, Marqués de, 91, 92, 93, 288
Cervids: at Altamira, 322, 332; at Torralba, 126, 130–31
Chaire-à-Calvin, la, 306
Charentian facies, 163, 165, 179, 199; in Cantabria, 170–71
Chatelperronian assemblages, 64–65, 198, 216, 231, 350, 354; in Cantabria, 75, 83, 168
Children: developmental stages of, 243–44; psychic development of, 269–70
China, Homo erectus in, 57
Chopper-chopping tools, 16, 56, 167; Oldowan, 51, 55
Chora, la, 169
Choukoutien, 59
Christianity, archaeological sites used in, 284–85, 293
Chufín, Cueva, cave art in, 308, 353
Civil validation, 279
Clactonian tradition, 63
Clark, G. A., 353
Classification, 21; of cave art, 249–53
Cleaver-flakes, 171, 176, 180, 182, 184, 207, 227; Cantabrian collections of, 200–201, 216–17
Climate, 59; the Acheulean, 98, 154
Cola de Caballo. See Final Gallery
Colombière, 309
Comité Conjunto Hispano-Norteamericano, 353
Complementarity, in cave art, 305–6
Conde, Cueva del, 168, 169; Denticulate Mousterian in, 171, 217
Conkey, Margaret, 354
Consumption, 33; direct evidence of, 31–32
Contextual materials, associated with artifacts, 210–11
Cooking pits, at Altamira, 38
Coprolites, 32, 52; at Ambrona, 108–9
Corporate groups, 24
Corpus callosum, and language acquisition, 262–64
Corrèze, 35
Coumba del Boitoü, 35
Counterpoise (Counterposition), 304–5
Craft specialists, Upper Paleolithic, 66
Cro-Magnon man, 230
Cuevona, la, 169
Cultivation, Upper Paleolithic, 68
Cults, use of archaeological sites, 284, 285
Cultural change, 64; tourism and, 281–82
Cultural systems, 16, 23; adaptations through, 45–46, 69; art and, 242–43
Culture, 23, 245; as means of adaptation, 54, 58; defining, 2, 134(n15); Paleolithic, 315–16; perception in art, 247–48
Darwin, Charles, 49
Data: dietary, 31–36; quality of, 8–10
Dating, 166, 233(n3), 246; Mousterian assemblages, 198–99, 221–22
Decoration, Upper Paleolithic, 208
Denticulate Mousterian, 171, 175, 177, 179–80, 183–84, 185, 199, 216, 217
Denticulates, Mousterian, 167, 170, 171, 182
Depositional contexts, 356; at Torralba and Ambrona, 111–13, 141–43
Developed Oldowan assemblages, 54; bifaces in, 55–56; in Europe and Asia, 58–59
Devil’s Tower, invertebrate remains at, 37, 39
Dietary analyses, 29–31, 52; data used in, 31–36, 228; evaluation of, 36–39
Differentiation, in art, 244
Dmanisi, 42
Dwellings, 63
Early Upper Paleolithic, in Cantabria, 75, 79, 80–83
Earthworms, sediment reworking by, 49
Economics, of archeology, 280–81
Elephants: during Acheulean, 153, 154, 155; at Torralba and Ambrona, 90, 105, 113–27, 129, 130, 144–46
Elster glaciation, 57
Elster (Bharian) occupation, 59
Embedment, in cave art, 309
Environment, 46, 162; cave art depictions of, 254, 256–57, 259; caves as symbolic, 271–72; relation to, 269–70. See also Paleoenvironmental reconstruction
Equids, at Torralba, 126
Ethnographic analogy, 360
Ethnology, and New World archeology, 7–8
Eurasia, spread of hominids to, 56–58
Europe, mid-Pleistocene artifacts in, 58–59
Evolution, x, 21; biological and cultural, 288–89
Excavations, of cave sites, 255–56
Excavation techniques, 219–20; at Torralba and Ambrona, 92–95
Extractive activities, specialized, 78
Face, at el Juyo, 320
Facies, 217; Bordes analyses of, 165, 170, 174, 177–79, 181, 184–86, 199–200, 215; and human behavior, 229–30
Faunal remains, xii, 3, 30, 59, 60, 65, 81, 208; dietary analyses, 32, 37–38, 228; with Oldowan assemblages, 51, 52, 55; Torralba and Ambrona, 89–90, 97, 104–13, 121–38, 142–44
Figure enhancement, 288; anamorphosis in, 301–3; attitude, 298–99; caprice and caricature in, 300–301; complementarity in, 305–6; conventions in, 309–12; counterpoise in, 304–5; isolation and size, 297–98; natural formation use in, 308–9; omission and shadow completion in, 299–300; positioning and framing in, 303–4; progression in, 307–8; repetition in, 306–7
Figurines, 66
Final Gallery (Altamira): art in, 329, 330–32, 337, 339; figure distribution in, 332–34; hybrid images in, 335–36; masks in, 334–35
Fire, use of, 35, 58, 59, 61, 155
Fish, at Ambrona, 108
Flake tools, Mousterian, 167, 169–70, 200
Flecha, Cueva de la, 81, 169, 171, 179, 233(n1), 349
Fontanet, 301
Food, 22, 58; consumption and storage of, 33–34; preparation and preservation of, 34–35, 208–9
Foreshafts, composite, 65
Forno, el, 168
Fossil record, 21
France, 59, 63, 67, 168, 209, 250; artifact analysis, 215–16; cave sites in, 280, 291; Mousterian in, xii, 162, 163, 181–82
French School of Anthropology, and authenticity of cave paintings, 288, 291
Fuente del Francés, 197, 213, 214
Functional specialization, 16
Fur-bearing animals, Upper Paleolithic use of, 65, 82, 208
Gabillou, 300
García Cáraves, José María, 349
García Guinea, Miguel Ángel, 348, 350
Gargas, 309
Geography, analysis tools in, 42–43
Geological crushing, of lithics, 101
Geological processes, 101; butchering sites, 48–49; site destruction and preservation, 9–10
Geometrics, in cave art, 250, 262, 307, 308, 331
Gilman, Antonio, 350
González Echegaray, Joaquín, xi, xvii, 162, 164, 176, 183, 214, 216, 217; research by, 348, 350, 352–54, 355
Gorham’s Cave, 37
Gossip, as social control, 12
Graphic symbols, 262
Great Ceiling (Altamira), 283, 312, 329, 336; engravings on, 324–25; painting on, 321–22; as ritual space, 325–27
Great Hall (Altamira), 298, 302, 306, 336, 337
Grupo de Trabajo de la Prehistória Cántabra, 352
Habitation, barriers to, 74–75
Habitats, cave art depictions and, 255, 258–59
Harlé, E., 291
Harpoons, Magdalenian bone, 66
Harrold, F., 354
Hinds, cave art depictions of, 255, 256–57, 302, 330
“Hobbit,” 42
Hominids, x, 16, 248; dietary requirements, 148–49; hunting by, 151, 154–55, 156; radiation to Eurasia, 56–58; scavenging, 152–53; toolmaking, 51–56
Homo antecessor, 42
Homo erectus, 42; Eurasian sites, 57, 59–64; stone tool assemblages, 16, 56, 230
Homo sapiens sapiens, 238; early behavior of, 8, 16
Hornos de la Peña, 214, 255; Charentian Mousterian in, 170–71
Horses, 90, 147; depicted in cave art, 253, 302, 305, 306, 308, 330, 331, 332–33
Howell, F. Clark, ix–x, xi, xvii, 348; Torralba and Ambrona, 89, 91–92, 133–34
Hoyos Sàinz, Luis de, 292
Human hands, in cave art, 250–51, 307
Humans, in cave art, 251, 300–301; hybrid images, 335–36
Hunter-gatherers, 1, 22, 61, 63
Hunting, 9, 60, 151; Lower and Middle Paleolithic, 141, 143, 146–48, 154–55, 156; by modern primates, 149–50
Hunting magic, 324
Hybrids, animal-human, 300–301, 311, 335–36
Hyenas, food caching, 152–53; hunting and scavenging, 150, 151–52
Iglesias Rupestres, 285
Imperishables, diet-related, 31–36
Information: butchering sites, 48–49; from lithic tools, 47–48
Information-theoretical approach, 41
Initiation ceremonies, cave sites and, 338–40
Institute for Prehistoric Investigations (IPI), 352, 353, 354–55
Instituto para Investicaciones Prehistóricas, 353
Intergroup boundaries, 62; Mousterian, 206–7
Invertebrate remains, 37
IPI. See Institute for Prehistoric Investigations
Isolation, of cave art figures, 297–98
Jarama Basin, 165
Java, Homo erectus sites in, 57
Jesuits, and Altamira’s authenticity, 291–92
Jordá Cerdá, Francisco, xvii, 165, 213, 299, 246, 348
Juyo, el, xi, 36, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84, 220, 283, 300, 334, 352, 354, 356, 360; owl remains at, 37–38; ritual features at, 319–20, 339–40
Kalambo Falls, clubs and digging sticks from, 62–63
Klein, Richard, x, xi; faunal analysis, 104–9, 110, 117
Knives, Szeletian, 207
Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test, 159, 186–87, 188–89(table), 192, 227; on Cueva Morín, 178–79
Koobi Fora, 51
Kruuk, Hans, 150
La Ferrassie, 64
Laming-Emperaire, Annette, 246, 265, 266, 295, 305, 316
La Moustier, 197
Landmarks, archaeological sites as, 280
Landscapes, reconstruction of, 42–43
Landscaping, in cave art, 308–9
Lantian (China), 59
La Pasiega, 169, 297, 300, 303–4, 307, 336
Laplace classification, 224
La Quina, Upper Mousterian at, 165, 170
Lascaux, 153, 208, 287; cave art in, 255, 264, 297, 300–301, 302, 304–5, 306, 308, 309
Las Chimeneas, art in, 255, 299, 308
Legends: about archeological sites, 283–84, 294; about cave art, 265–67; about painted caves, 278, 286–88
Leopards, tree-stored kills, 152
Le Portel, 308
Leroi-Gourhan, André, 238, 246, 266, 295–96, 305, 316
Leroi-Gourhan classification, 224
Les Trappes, 65
Les Trois Frères, 300, 301, 307, 309, 336
Levallois technology, 62, 167, 170, 171, 175, 184, 198
Levant, 65
Lewis-Williams, David, 238
Licorne, 300
Lifeways, reconstruction of prehistoric, 16–17, 25
Linguistics, art and symbolism, 264–67
Lisbon Congress, 289
Lithic assemblages, 35, 193–94nn1, 2; from Castillo, 167, 169–76; controlled behavior in, 15–16; from Cueva Morín, 176–83; cultural information in, 46, 47–48; Late Acheulean, 165–66; Mousterian, x–xi, xii; Mousterian–Upper Paleolithic transitional, 168, 215–16; from el Pendo, 183–84; statistical analysis of, 12, 159, 186, 226–27; from Torralba and Ambrona, 100–104, 121–38; variability in, 187–93. See also Artifact assemblages; Stone tools; various types of artifacts
Lower Paleolithic, xii, 62, 64; hominid activity in, 143, 146; hunting in, 146–48
Lower Pleistocene, Homo erectus radiation in, 57
Macat, Lake, 152
MacCurdy, George Grant, 346, 347–48
Madariaga de la Campa, Benito, 349
Magdalenian tradition, 36, 67, 85, 289, 354; at Altamira, 256, 259, 283, 351–52; animal remains, 37–38; in Cantabria, 75, 78, 79–81, 82–83, 84; at el Juyo, 319–20; tools, 65, 66
Mairie, Grotte de la, 306
Malinowski, B., on institutions, 2, 210
Mammals, 38, 82; at Torralba and Ambrona, 105, 106, 107, 108–9
Mammoths, in cave art, 306
Manuports, at Olduvai sites, 53
Manzanares Basin, 165
Martín Bueno, Miguel, 353
Martínez Santa-Olalla, Julio, 169, 214, 351
Masks, in cave art, 300, 307–8, 320, 331–32, 334–35
Massat, 289
Mathers, S. I. MacGregor, 284
Meat, dietary advantages of, 148–49
Melka Kontouré region, 56
Mental maps, cave art as, 256
Meseta, during Acheulean, 153–54. See also Ambrona; Torralba
Microbiology, 33
Microfaulting, at Torralba, 93–94
Microliths, Upper Paleolithic, 65
Microorganisms, and food preservation, 34–35
Microstratigraphy, at Torralba and Ambrona, 89
Middle Paleolithic, 62, 64, 65, 159; hominid activity in, 143, 144; hunting in, 146–48
Midi, Mousterian in, 162, 181–82
Mineral salts, 32
Misinterpretation, 284
Mollusks, as dietary evidence, 37, 38
Moors, in Spanish cave legends, 283
Morín, Cueva, xi, 77, 85, 222, 339, 350, 356; artifact assemblage from, 165, 176–83, 184–86, 198, 200–201, 217, 227, 230; bone artifacts from, 63, 201–3; dietary information from, 30, 38; Mousterian in, 161, 162, 214, 216; Mousterian–Upper Paleolithic in, 168, 169; occupation levels at, 83–84; as sanctuary, 318–19; statistical analyses of, 186–87
Morocco (Atlantic), chopper/chopping tools from, 56
Mortillet, Gabriel de, 288, 289, 291
Mortuary complex, at Cueva Morín, 318–19
Mousterian Alpha, 165; at Castillo, 166, 169–76
Mousterian Beta, 165, 166, 169, 170
Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition, artifact classification and, 174–75, 180, 182–83, 184, 199
Mousterian complex, x–xi, xii, xvii, 16, 63, 159, 197, 220, 227, 348, 350, 361; artifact assemblages, 198–99, 225; artifact classification, 164–65, 200–202, 215–17; assemblage variability in, 187–93; in Cantabria, x–xi, 75, 79, 83, 161, 163, 167, 232–33; at Castillo, 169–76; at Cueva Morín, 176–83; dietary information from, 30, 36, 37; group boundaries in, 206–7; Neandertals as authors of, 204–5, 218; at el Pendo, 183–84; facies analyses in, 184–87, 199–200; food preparation and preservation in, 208–9; researchers in, 213–14; site distribution, 78, 80–82; toolkits, 203–4
Museo Arqueológico Provincial, 349
Mythology: archeological sites, 278, 283–84; cave art as, 265–67
Narratives, cave art compositions as, 265–67
Nationalism, Basque, 279
Natural resources, 68, 80, 82, 83; access to, 46, 63; adaptation to, 207–9
Neandertals, 64, 215, 218, 231, 233(n1); innovative behavior, 205–6; and Mousterian industry, 16, 204–5, 230
Nearest neighbor analysis, 42
Nelson, Nels C., Cantabrian research, 346–47
Neuman, Gerard, 245
Neutron activation analyses, 33
Ngorongoro crater, 152
Obermaier, Hugo, 169
Occupation floors: Developed Oldowan, 54–55; Olduvai Gorge, 51–53
Occupation levels, 14, 59, 63, 74; first-order Cantabrian sites, 83–84; in painted caves, 255–56; at Torralba and Ambrona, 141–42
Ochre, 61
Ojáncano and Ojáncana (Cyclopes), 283
Oldowan industrial complex, 64, 231; Developed, 54–55; diversification of, 55–56; occupation floors, 51–53
Olduvai Gorge, 152; occupation floors in, 51–53; toolmaking tradition in, 53–56
Omo Valley, 51
Organic materials, 31
Orrorin tugenensis, 42
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 346, 347
Otero, 169
Ovens, pit, 35
Pair-non-Pair, art in, 255, 291
Paleoanthropology, 6; data quality, 8–10; life-way reconstruction, 16–17
Paleoenvironmental reconstruction, 35–36; Mousterian, 162, 176, 183; at Torralba and Ambrona, 90, 96–99, 107
Pech de l’Azé, 180
Pech-Merle, 309
Pedraja, Eduardo de la, 197, 213
Peña de Candamo, 304
Pendo, el, 84, 165, 168, 169, 186, 213, 351; artifact assemblages at, 198, 200–202, 216, 217; Mousterian at, 63, 161, 162, 171, 179, 181, 183–84, 214
Perception: of art, 248–49; physiology of, 261–62; shared human, 267–68
Personal insignias, 264
Physiology, 215; hominid, 148–49, 248; of language, 262–63; of perception, 261–62
Pigments, in paleolithic art, 246, 283
Pinedo quarry, 102
Pitfalls, 65
Pits, Acheulean and Mousterian, 63
Plant remains, 35, 220; dietary analyses, 32, 36, 39
Pleistocene (early), stone artifacts, 51
Pleistocene (mid), radiation of hominids, 56–58
Pliocene, stone artifacts, 51
Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, animal availability, 152–53
Poetjang beds (Java), 57
Pokines, James, 354
Politics, of archaeological sites, 279–82
Pollen analyses: dietary analyses, 32, 36; at Shanidar, 205–6; Torralba and Ambrona, 96, 98–99
Population studies, site distribution and, 78–79
Portel, 253
Positioning, in cave art, 303–4
Pré-Neuf, le, 35
Primates, 50; hunting by, 149–50
Priscillian, followers of, 285
Productivity, social reproduction, 85–86
Progression, in cave art, 307–8
Projectile points, Upper Paleolithic, 65, 66
Proto-Aurignacian, 168
Proto-writing, cave art as, 262, 264
Pseudomorph, from Cueva Morín, 222, 318–19
Psychology: of art, 270–71; human development, 269–70; of language, 262–64; psychic unit of thought, 267–68
Random error, in artifact assemblage analyses, 226–27
Raphael, Max, 316
Rascaño, 75, 78, 80, 83, 353–54
Ratier, M., 291
Real, Alonso del, 264
Red deer, 67, 82; cave art depictions of, 256–58, 298–99, 324–25, 330, 331, 333–34, 335, 338–39
Reindeer, 306
Religion, 327(n2); archaeological sites used in, 284–85; authenticity of Altamira and, 291–92
Renaissance, anamorphosis, 302
Representation, 246
Research, collaborative, 343–57
Revolutions, technological, 68–69
Rincón de los Tectiformes, 330
Ríos, Ángel de los, 290
Ritual, 85; cave art, 327(n1), 339–40
Romaní, 42
Rosicrucians, 284
Rudolph, Lake, 51
Russia, 57
Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 42
Sala Grande. See Great Hall
Sanctuaries, 66; Altamira as, 337–38; caves as, 238–39, 292; Cueva Morín as, 318–19; definitions of, 316–18; at el Juyo, 319–20
San Pantaleón, 213
San Román, 285
San Román de Candamo: bison depicted in, 252–53; red deer depicted in, 257–58, 298–99
Santillana del Mar, and Altamira, 282, 285–86
Sautuola, Sanz de, 213; Altamira discovery, 285, 290–91
Scavenging, 143, 146, 156; Acheulean sites, 87–88; dietary requirements and, 148–49; hominid, 152–53; non-primate, 150–51
Sediments, processing, 220
Seminario Sautuola, 349
Serengeti National Park: carrion availability in, 151–52; scavenging in, 150–51
Settlement patterns: Cantabrian sites, 77–82; Early Upper Paleolithic, 81–82
Sexuality, cave art depictions of, 308–9
Shadow completion, in cave art, 299–300
Shanidar, 64; pollen analyses, 32, 36, 205–6
Shellfish, 37, 38, 39, 82, 65, 67, 208
Shelters, Acheulean, 61
Shungura Formation, 51
Sidescrapers, 167, 175; Mousterian, 182, 184, 218
Sidrón, el, 42; skeletal remains from, 215, 233(n1)
Site catchment analysis, 36, 79
Site distribution, 42; in Cantabrian Upper Paleolithic, 78–81; population studies, 78–79
Site formation processes, at Torralba and Ambrona, 96–99
Site ranking, Cantabrian Upper Paleolithic, 80–81, 83–85
Sociedad Española de História Natural, 290
Societies, 74; functional roles of, 12–13
Sociocultural systems, 11, 22, 272; art and, 270–71; and artifact typologies, 229–30; use of the past by, 278–82
Solutrean tradition, 42, 65, 66, 209; in Cantabria, 75, 78, 79–81, 83, 84, 86
Sonneville–Bordes, Denise de, 305
Sorcerers, 300
Southeast Asia, Homo erectus in, 57
Space, symbolically structured, 271–72, 325–27
Spain, xv, 57, 67, 168, 279, 281, 283, 284; Acheulean in, 59–61, 87, 153–54; collaborative research in, 345–57; Mousterian in, x–xi, 63, 165, 197, 213–14. See also various regions; sites
Spatial distribution studies, 42
Spearthrowers, 65
Spheroids, at Olduvai occupation floors, 53
Statistical analyses, 217, 233–34(nn9, 11); of artifact assemblages, 225–27; of Torralba and Ambrona bone, 121–38
Sterkfontein, 56
Stettler, Heather, 354
Stockpiling, 53
Stone tools, 15, 68; early hominid, 51–56; Homo erectus–associated, 59–64; manufacture of, 42, 206; Mousterian, x, 200–204; multicomponent composite, 65–66; at Torralba and Ambrona, 90, 102–3, 121–38; Upper Paleolithic, 64–65; wear polish, 102–3. See also Lithic assemblages; various types of tools
Stratigraphy, 356; excavation techniques and, 219, 220; at Ambrona and Torralba, 93–95; at Castillo, 165–66
Straus, Lawrence, 353
Structural pose, 210
Structures, Lower and Middle Paleolithic, 61, 63
Swartkrans, 56
Symbolism, 50, 272; at Altamira, 336–38; in cave art, 264–67, 338–39; of cave sites, 285–88
Task differentiation, 63
Tavernier, Réné, 96
Taxonomy, vs. cultural evolution, 21
Telanthropus. See Homo erectus
Temple of Cromlech, 284
Territories, antiquities and, 279
Teshik-Tash, 64
Teyjat, 306
Thiessen polygon analysis. See Voronoi tessellations
Tito Bustillo, 255; cave art in, 250, 299–300, 302
Toolmaking, 15, 50; early hominid, 51–56; Upper Paleolithic, 65–66
Tool sets/kits: as research focus, 203–4; at Torralba and Ambrona, 127–28
Torralba, x, xii, xviii, 36, 59, 87, 280, 348, 361; carnivores at, 153–54; condition of bones at, 109–11; depositional contexts at, 111–13, 141–43; excavations at, 91–95; faunal remains from, 37, 89–90, 104–9; human activity at, 115–20, 146; lithic artifacts from, 100–104; paleoenvironments at, 96–99; tool and bone analysis at, 121–38; tool use at, 60–61
Trade networks, Upper Paleolithic long-distance, 66–67
Typical Mousterian, 216
Ubeidiya, 56
Uexkull, Jakob von, 247
University of Chicago, xi, 280
Upper Ebro Valley, surveys in, 353
“Upper Mousterian,” 165
Upper Paleolithic, xi, 42, 69, 159, 166, 218, 356; art, 289, 310–12; behavior, 227–28; in Cantabria, 75–81, 168; dating, 198–99; lithic assemblages of, 64–65, 165, 207–8; multicomponent composite, 65–66; wild harvesting in, 67–68. See also various traditions
Vallonnet cave, early hominid evidence at, 56–57
Vega del Sella, Conde de la, 168, 217
Vértesszöllös, 59
Vinci, Leonardo da, anamorphosis, 302
Virchow, Rudolf, 289
Vision, and perception, 261–62
Voronoi tesselations, 43, 73; of Cantabrian sites, 74–75, 77–86
Walls, Lower and Middle Paleolithic, 63
Water sources, at Cantabrian sites, 77
Wild harvesting, 42, 67–68, 83
Wooden artifacts, Lower and Middle Paleolithic, 62–63, 90, 146, 147
Worsaae, 289