Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Aak phase, ceramics, 85–93
Aak residential group, 89, 121, 126–27; foreign material culture in, 288, 293, 295–96
Acanceh Appliqué-Impressed, 94
achiote (Bixa orellana), 226–27
agave, processing of, 234, 248
agriculture, 7, 16, 151, 278, 303, 304; carrying capacity, 139–40, 197; disturbance from, 48–49; groundwater quality, 161, 163, 164; isotopic signatures of, 209–11; modern, 198–200; soil qualities and, 206–9, 216–18
Aguila Group ceramics, 89
Ah Canul province, 142, 150, 222, 237, 303
albarradas, 28, 29, 36, 38, 39–40, 93, 117, 133, 188, 189, 191, 193, 295; architectural groups and, 52–53; at Pich Group, 112, 114
alleyways, Postclassic, 28
aloe (Aloe vera), 198
Alta Verapaz region, 276
amate, 230
ancestor veneration, in houselot shrines, 119, 127
andadores, 40, 180, 194–95; networks of, 279–82
annatto (Bixa orellana), 226–27
anona, 236
anteater, 238
anthrosols, Celestún Peninsula, 202
apiaries, apiculture, 150, 178, 237–38
aquifers, Yucatán, 145–46
Archaeological Atlas of Yucatán, 139, 173
architectural groups, sampling and classifying, 51–53
architecture: symbolic features, 174–75; Kaab’ Group, 121–27; naming conventions for, 36–39; types of, 33–36; Xnokol phase, 97–99, 100–101(table)
Area C (Chunchucmil), geochemistry of, 254–55
Area D (Chunchucmil), 19; accessibility of, 252–53, 255; as marketplace, 255–56
Aztecs, 231; market economy, 11–12. See also Tlatelolco
Balam Group, 129; phosphate analysis, 129–32
Balanza Black, 88
Balanza Group ceramics, 293
balche, 237
ballcourts, 51, 108, 174, 175, 309
barricade wall, Xnokol phase, 105
barrios, 118–19
Barton Ramie, spinning implements, 228
basket production, 116, 233, 248
bathroom/toilet area, in Balam Group, 132
Batres Red, 89
beach ridges: fossilized, 148–49; soils, 202–3
Becán, 277, 284; albarradas at, 28, 39
Bec region, Río, albarradas in, 39
bees (Melipona beecheii), 237
bejuco vine, 233
Belize: logwood from, 232; salt production, 23, 224
bells, as currency, 305
Bixa orellana, 226–27
Blanco, lower Río, access to obsidian in, 268–69
bohóm, 236
boundaries, of Chunchucmil, 133–34
boundary walls, 28, 40, 178. See also albarradas; chichbes
boxlu’um, 204, 216; agriculture and, 210, 217; characteristics of, 205–6, 207, 208–9, 213
Brosimium alicastrum, 149
Buenavista, 8; marketplace at, 249, 304
Buena Vista (Cozumel Island), 178
Buenavista del Cayo, 19
buildings, 32; naming conventions for, 36–39; types of, 33–36
burials, 94, 221, 246, 288, 292, 293; Kaab’ Group, 122, 125–26
Caan polity, 284
caches, Lool Group platform, 292
Calakmul, 8, 19, 34, 39, 116, 276, 284, 312, 313; marketplaces at, 18, 249, 250, 308, 311
Calkini, 116
callejones, 39, 40; in residential peripheries, 130–31
callejuelas, 39, 40, 43, 182, 189, 252, 287, 302; in residential core, 117–18
camps, in perennially inundated zones, 172
canals, 172, 232; and ports of trade, 280–81; in wetlands, 146, 147
Canbalam, Punta, 140, 145, 170, 286, 307; andadores connecting, 279, 282; as port of trade, 144, 171–72, 277–78; soils, 201–2
Cansahcab, groundwater for, 157, 158, 162
Caracol, 8, 18, 20, 269, 296, 309; marketplaces at, 249, 252, 256, 267, 308
carbon, black (BC), 212–13
carbon isotopes, 221; and agriculture, 209–11, 218
catfish, preparation of, 236–37
Catoche, Cabo, logwood from, 232
Caucel, 103
causeways. See sacbes
cazuelas, Maxcanú, 96
ceba (Ceiba pentandra), 230
cedar, 236
Ceibal, 8, 228, 276; marketplace at, 249, 256
Celestún, Río, and Punta Canbalam, 170–71
Celestún Biosphere Reserve, 144
Celestún Peninsula, 142, 170–71; salt beds on, 140, 143, 144, 154; salt production, 223–24; soils, 201–3
cenotes, 191; around Chixculub crater, 157–58
CER. See Chunchucmil Economic Region
ceramics, 5, 175; Chunchucmil, 73–77; Early Classic phase, 85–93; intrasite distribution, 258–60, 261–66, 292–93, 295–96; Late Classic, 94–99; Late Preclassic, 81–85; long-distance trade of, 21, 288; manufacturing, 19–20; marketplace trade in, 250, 304; Middle Preclassic, 78–81
ceremonies, 5; and patio size, 117
Cerén, 19, 309; market system in, 268, 305
Cerros de Caracoles, 274
Chac, 60; obsidian at, 284, 285
chachalaca, 150
Chak Luuk, 173
Chancenote Striated, 88
Chan Kom, 134
charcas, Celestún Peninsula, 143
charcoal, as soil amendment, 212–13, 218
Chencoh Group ceramics, 89, 259, 295
Chen Huech, 174; andadores near, 279, 281, 282
Chen Yokop, 182
chert, 247; production debris, 251–52
Chiapas, trade systems, 305
chichbes, 39, 40, 42, 182, 182, 231; around houselots, 129
Chichén Itzá, 8, 19, 21, 236, 268, 274, 302; spindle whorls from, 228–29
chich mounds, 35, 37, 128; population estimates and, 137; settlement density and, 119–21
Chicxulub crater, groundwater and, 157–58, 160
Chiik Nahb complex (Calakmul), 18, 250
Ch’ikam Composite, 90, 91
Ch’ikam Group ceramics, 89
chili (Capsicum spp.), 198
Chinaja trail, 276
Chiwol Group (houselot), 122
Chixoy drainage, trade routes, 276, 277
Chochola, 236
Chontal Maya, 227
Chontalpa, 301
chronology, 74; Punta Canbalam, 171–72
Chuburna Brown, 91
chukúm, 236
chultunes, 158. See also wells
Chum Group ceramics, 97
Chunchintok Striated, 99
Chunchucmil, 3, 7, 8, 22, 159; architectural types at, 53–62; disturbances to, 48–49; excavations at, 51–53; historic period at, 103–5; mapping of, 27–36, 46–48; sampling strategy at, 62–72
Chunchucmil Economic Region (CER), 139, 242; coastal zone settlements, 170–72; environmental zones in, 140–153; perennially inundated zone settlements, 172–73; settlement patterns, 169–70, 194–96
Chunhinta Group ceramics, 78
cities, Maya centers as, 15–16
citrus (Citrus spp.), 198
Classic period, 4, 5, 8, 17, 28, 229; environment, 153–54. See also by subdivision
Classic Puuc architecture, 98–99
climate, 154
coastal zone, 140; resources in, 142–44; settlement patterns, 170–72; soils, 201–2
Cobá, 5, 8, 28, 39, 55; mapping, 34, 47; marketplace at, 249, 256, 308
cochineal (Dactylopus coccus), 230–31
Cochuah horizon, 89
Cocom family, 4
cocoyol, 236
Codakia sp., 246
Códice de Calkiní, 222
Colha, chert workshops at, 247
Columbus, Christopher, 4; in Honduras, 274, 311
commercialism, 4, 305, 306, 307–8, 309, 310
commodities, control of, 142
communities, 11, 15; non-stratified, 186, 188–90; stratified, 140, 187–88, 190–94
compounds, multi-family, 119
Contact period, 103, 116; food trade, 301, 304
cordage, products and materials used in, 233–34
corporate groups, 118–19; residential houselots, 127
Costa Maya project, 103
cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), production and trade in, 222, 227–30
cotton mantles, as currency, 305
craft specialization, 19–20, 116, 309; production evidence, 251–52
cremation burials, 292
Crescentia cujete, 147
C-shaped structure, 122
Cuca, 39
currencies, trade and, 305–6
Dactylopus coccus, 230–31
depopulation, Postclassic, 102–3
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 231
diseases, microbial, 163–64
dolphins, 237
Dos Arroyos Group ceramics, 293
Dos Arroyos Orange Polychrome, 88
drainages, natural, 151–52
droughts, Late Preclassic, 154
dyes: achiote, 226–27; cochineal, 230–31; palo de tinto, 232–33
Dzehkabtun, 60
Dzibanche, 284
Dzibical Black on Orange, 91, 94
Dzibilchaltún, 15, 39, 236; mapping of, 28, 29, 34, 47; population estimates, 137–38; spindle whorls from, 228, 243
Dzitas Slateware, 101
Dzudzuquil group ceramics, 78
Dzununcan Striated, 90
Early Aak phase, 73, 85; ceramics, 86, 87–89, 95
Early Classic period, 73, 111, 276, 293, 305; apiculture, 237–38; ceramics, 81, 84, 85–93; Chunchucmil city structure, 107–8; Kaab’ Group, 122; obsidian trade, 160, 284–85
Early Nabanche ceramics, 78
Early Oxkintok/Proto Puuc A architectural style, 87
Early Puuc architecture, 98–99
East Plaza (Tikal), as marketplace, 249, 250
economies, 3, 5; Chunchucmil, 299–300; market, 11–12; Postclassic, 116–17, 305
Edzná, obsidian trade, 284–85
El Cerrito, 274
El Chayal, obsidian from, 260–61, 268, 273–74, 276, 277, 300
elites, 20, 116, 128, 228, 229, 260–61
El Muc, 281
Elote Striated-Impressed, 79, 96
El Sauce, as market center, 269
Emal, 21
Emal district, 182
English, logwood harvesting, 232
environment: changes in, 153–54; and resource access, 14–15
environmental zones, in Chunchucmil Economic Region, 140–42
erosion, 153; soil depth and, 204–5
excavations: mapping, 32, 46; sampling strategy, 62–72
eyeglass structures, at Pochol Ch’en, 176
fallowing, soil nutrients, 200
families, 134; in residential core, 126–27
farming, modern, 48–49
feasting, in quadrangle patios, 115, 302
feathers, trade in, 302
fertilizer, 214
fiber production/processing, 233–34, 248
Ficus glabrata, 230
fieldhouses, 35; in savanna/tzekel zone, 173–74
field walls, 39
fig (Ficus glabrata), paper made from, 230
fish, 236–37
fishing, 144
flamingo, pink (Phoenicopterus ruber), 238
flooding, seasonal, 181–82
food, 15, 16; chemical signatures of, 253, 255; importation of, 221–22, 301, 312–13; long-distance trade in, 303–6; preparation/processing of, 108, 116, 131
forest products, 236. See also by type
foundation braces, 34
fox, 238
gardens, houselot, 126, 130–31
gates, at Pochol Ch’en, 178, 179
gateway center, Chunchucmil as, 273, 282–87, 296–97
gender, and commerce, 311
geochemistry, public and household spaces, 253–57
goods, 15; production and consumption of, 4, 20
Gossypium hirsutum, production and trade in, 222, 227–30
gourds (Crescentia cujete), 147
Greater Chunchucmil, 134
Great Western Trade Route, 276, 283
greenstone, trade in, 276, 302
grinding stones, 45
groundwater, 158; access to, 154, 157; and maize agriculture, 199–200; quality of, 160–67
Group 4h-1 (Tikal), pottery making, 19–20
groups: building, 35–36; naming conventions for, 36–37
Grupo Abalá, 174
guano (Sabal spp.), 235
Guatemala, trade routes from, 274–76
guaya, 236
guiro (Crescentia cujete), 147
Gulf Coast, trade networks, 274–75, 301
habín, 236
Haematoxylum campechianum, 146, 232–33
hinterland, 133; settlement patterns in, 169–70
Honduras, 4; trade expeditions, 274, 311
honey, 237; as tribute, 116, 222
households, 8, 153, 186; access to goods, 257–58, 268, 288; archaeology of non-noble, 16–17; craft specialization, 19–20; and marketplaces, 4–5, 269–70; metate use, 224–25; soil chemistry, 253–56
houselots, 40, 41, 117, 119, 184, 231, 235; Aak group, 293–96; Kaab’ Group, 124–27; Lool Group, 290–93; obsidian and pottery in, 262–64; population estimates and, 135; and pyramids, 61–62; in residential core, 121–22; in residential periphery, 127–32
Hunabchen Group ceramics, 85, 87, 89, 96, 293
Hunabchen Orange, 90, 91, 93, 94
hunting, campsites, 172
hydrology, Ucí-Chunchucmil transect, 160–63
hydrophobicity, soil, 206–7
Ichpá ceramic complex, 85
Ichpá I phase, 86
Ichpá II phase, 86
INAA analysis, 77
insects, as resource, 150, 230–31
institutions, 10; markets and, 12–13
Isla Cerritos, 237; trade routes, 274, 281
Isla Providencia, 281
isotopic signatures; of agriculture, 209–11, 218; in skeletal remains, 221
Izamal, 274
Izamal/Ucí/Aké area, 54–55, 312
jade, 276, 305; access to, 302–3
jipijapa, 233
Josco, 173
Joventud Group ceramics, 78
Kaab’, 93
Kaab’ Group: Early Classic, 122; gardens in, 126; Late Classic, 124–25; social organization in, 126–27
Kaab’ phase, 73; ceramics, 94–97
Kabah, 60
Kaminaljuyú, obsidian trade, 300
Kanachen Brown-Black, 91
Kanachen Group ceramics, 89
Kanan, as non-stratified community, 188–90, 191
kancab flats, 149
kancab, 204, 216; agricultural production, 206, 210, 211, 217–18; characteristics of, 207–8, 213
karstic plains: environmental conditions on, 150–51; geomorphology of, 151–53; settlements on, 185–94
Katil Unslipped, 94
Kinich Group ceramics, 94
Kinchil, 103
Kiuic, 256
Kochol, 105
Kochol Black, 91
Kochol Group ceramics, 89, 259, 293
Komchen, 84
Kukulá Group, 102
lajas, in Lool Group, 291–92
Lakandon Maya, 200
Landa, Diego de, on perishable goods, 222, 233
large domestic groups, 59
Las Coloradas, salt production, 223
Late Aak phase, 73, 94, 137; ceramics, 86–87, 89, 93, 95
Late Classic period, 5, 21, 73, 93, 176, 278; ceramics, 94–99; Kaab’ Group, 124–25
Late Preclassic period, 154; Chunchucmil, 73, 81–85, 307
Late/Terminal Classic period, 73, 137, 172; ceramics and architecture, 97–102
leather tanning, 236
LIDAR, 27
limestone, 44, 147; karstic, 150–51, 205. See also sascaberas
linear features, 32; mapping of, 39–43
linguistics, market exchange, 17
Lista de Tributos, 303
lithics: at Chunchucmil, 246–47; production debris, 251–52
logwood, 232–33
Lool Group, 121; ceramics from, 292–93; features in, 290–92; foreign material culture in, 288, 296; residential compound, 86–87
Lost Plaza (Xunantunich), 251–52
Lubaantun, 8
Lucha Incised, 88
mahogany, 236
maize agriculture, 198, 211, 304; groundwater and, 199–200
Mama Group, 102
mamey, 236
manatees, 237
mangrove estuaries, 144, 202; resources in, 216, 236; settlements and, 170–71, 172
Maní province, 303
mapping, of Chunchucmil, 27–36
margay, 238
marine fauna, 236–37
marketplace(s), 242, 256; accessibility of, 252–53; areas serviced by, 268–69; artifact distribution and, 257–66; at Chunchucmil, 21–23, 108, 112, 214, 241, 266–67, 310–11; competitive and administrative, 267–68; dependence on, 269–70; functions of, 306–7; identifying, 5, 248–57; origins of, 10–11
markets, market systems, 3, 4–5, 7–8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 304–5; archaeological identification of, 17–18; modern, 12–13
market stalls, identifying, 18–19
Maxcanú Group ceramics, 85, 87, 89, 93; Kaab’ phase, 96–97; Xnokol phase, 99–100, 101, 102
Maya lowlands, resources, 14–15
Maya Mountains, 296
Mayapán, 8, 15, 20, 116, 134, 178, 236, 243, 247; marketplace at, 249, 256, 308
mecates, 29–30
Melipona beecheii, 237
Melongena sp., 246
Merchants’ Barrio (Teotihuacan), 292; cotton textile production, 229–30
Mérida, 88
metallurgy, lost-wax, 23
metates, 45, 99, 121, 189, 191, 211, 238; and architectural groups, 52, 53; salt grinding, 224–26; in site center, 108, 114, 116
Mexico, Basin of, Postclassic markets, 12
middens, 214
Middle Classic Oxkintok Regional Complex, 85, 86
Middle Classic period, obsidian trade, 284
Middle Preclassic period, 229; architecture, 174–75; Chunchucmil, 73, 78–81
milpa agriculture, 198, 200, 206, 278; soils and, 216–17
minimal residential units (MRUs), 56
mollusks, 150
Monachus tropicalis, 237
Montejo, Francisco, 116
monumental architecture, 52. See also platforms; pyramids
Motul de San José, 8, 19; groundwater use, 157, 164; marketplace at, 249, 256, 304
Motul Striated, 94
mounds, 34
mud flats, 145
Muluchtzekel, 60
Muna Group, 97
murals, 311; marketplace, 18–19
mussels, 150
Muuch Group, 121
Múuli Mis, 173, 174–75, 196(n2)
Nah Kax, 173–74
Nakum, apiculture at, 237–38
nance, 236
Naranjo, 173
Navulá Group, 102
neighborhoods, 118–19
nitrates, in groundwater, 163–64
Noheb Complex, 94
Noheb I Complex, 85
Noheb II Complex, 85
non-stratified communities, 186; Kanan as, 188–90, 191
nopal (Opuntia sp.), cochineal production, 230, 231
Northern River Lagoon, catfish preparation, 236–37
nuts, 149
Oaxaca, 288
obsidian, 234; access to, 133, 268–69; at Chunchucmil, 222, 246–47, 250, 285, 295; long-distance distribution of, 282, 283; intrasite distribution 258–66; production debris, 251–52; sources of, 267–68; trade routes, 273–74, 275–76, 277, 300, 301–2, 303
ocelot, 238
open space, in site center, 108
opossum, 238
Opuntia sp., cochineal production, 230, 231
organic materials, evidence of, 125, 130–31
Oxcúm, 236
Oxil Group ceramics, 85, 87, 88–89
Oxkintok, 169, 247, 312, 313; ceramics from, 77, 78, 94, 96, 101
Oxkintok Regional Complex, 85–86, 288, 293, 295–96, 297
Pacel, 173
Pachuca obsidian, 268
Pakbeh Regional Economy Program (PREP), 7, 9, 23, 25(n1), 197; goals of, 139–40; hinterlands survey, 169–70
paleoenvironment, changes in, 153–54
paleoethnobotanical analyses, 221–22
paleosols, Celestún Peninsula, 202–3
palms, 233; thatch, 149, 234–36
palo de tinte (Haematoxylum campechianum), 146, 232–33
papaya (Carica papaya), 198, 236
Paradero ceramics, 88
Pasión River, trade routes, 276, 277
pathways, 174
patio groups, 36, 87, 99, 112; at Chunchucmil, 53–60
patios, 115, 117, 122, 124–25; Aak group, 294–95; Balam Group, 129; in quadrangles, 309–10
Peon Losa, Rafael, 105
perennially inundated zone: resources in, 144–46; sites in, 172–73
performance spaces, 111
perishable goods, 116; trade in, 222–23, 239. See also by type
Petén district, 21, 23, 195, 274, 312
petenes, 146, 172–73, 202, 233
Petenes de Xlabarco, 274
Petén Xnuc, 281
Petjal Red on Black and Cream to Buff, 79
Phoenicopterus ruber, 238
phosphate analysis, 214, 290; Balam Group, 130–32; garden areas, 126; public spaces, 253–55
phytolith analysis, 221
Pich Group, 262, 288, 302; activities in, 115–16; architecture of, 113–15; excavations at, 112–14
Pich phase, 73; ceramics and architecture, 81–85
Piedras Negras, 277
pigments, geochemical evidence of, 253
pilgrimage-fair model, 19
Pital Incised, 88
pitaya, 236
pizote, 150
platforms, 35, 51, 115, 122, 136–37, 176, 190, 193, 262; Aak Group, 293–95; Balam houselot, 129; Middle Preclassic, 78, 80; naming conventions for, 37, 38–39; in site center, 108, 113–14; talud-tablero style, 290–91; Xnokol phase (Late/Terminal Classic), 97–99, 100–101(table)
planteles, 29–30
Plaza Plan 2 (PP2), 61
plazas, 256, 290; as marketplaces, 5, 18, 249–50
Plumbate ware, 278
Poc Che Manuel Juárez, 174, 179–81
Pochol Ch’en, 173, 194, 212, 282; architecture at, 176–79; baxlu’um-o formation at, 205–6, 209
Polvero Group ceramics, 81
Polyani, Karl, on markets and market economies, 11–12
population, 195; estimating, 134–37
population density, 15, 119–21, 195
ports of trade, 274, 307; andadores in, 280–81; on Celestún Peninsula, 144, 171–72
Postclassic period, 4, 5, 12, 21, 28, 229, 305; apiculture, 237–38; depopulation during, 102–3; economics, 116–17; market system, 267, 268
pottery. See ceramics
Poxilá, 84
PREP. See Pakbeh Regional Economy Program
prisms, in mapping representations, 38–39
Progreso, 274
PR 1-3-1, 174
Proto-Puuc A architectural style, 85, 87, 88
Proto-Puuc B architectural style, 94
public spaces, 110; soil chemistry of, 253–57
puma, 238
Putún Maya, achiote trade, 227
Puuc hills, 151, 222, 247; trade routes, 277, 278, 312
Puuc stones, 45
Puuc-style architecture, 98–99
Puuc wares, 77
Puut, as stratified community, 190–92
pyramid-plaza, at Kum, 184
quadrangles, 60, 111, 302; at Chunchucmil, 288–30, 303; functions of, 115–16; Pich Group, 112–14
Quintana Roo, logwood from, 232
rabbit, 238
raccoon, 238
radiocarbon dates, 94; from Lool residential compound, 86–87
ramón (Brosimium alicastrum), 149
Real de Salinas, Hacienda, paleosols in, 202–3
regal-ritual centers, 16, 109–10
rejolladas, 43, 151, 152, 153, 182
Relaciones Geográficas, 304
residences, 34, 35; comparisons of, 53–56; compounds, 28, 81, 87, 121–25; patio groups, 56–57
residential core, 136; callejuelas, 117–18; Kaab’ Group in, 121–27; neighborhoods and districts in, 118–19; settlement density, 119–21; social organization in, 126–27
residential periphery, 121, 127–28, 136–37; Balam houselot in, 129–32
resources, 116, 157; access to, 14–15; coastal zone, 141–44; faunal, 236–38; floral, 226–36; logwood, 232–33; mineral, 223–26; perennially inundated zone, 144–46; seasonal wetlands, 147, 149–50
Ring of Cenotes, 157, 160, 164, 166
rodents, 238
Saban Group ceramics, 81
Saban Unslipped, 79
Sabero Thin Preslate, 94
Sacalum Black on Slate, 101
sacbes, 39, 40–43, 108, 184, 252, 296; geochemical analyses of, 253, 255, 256; with Middle and Late Preclassic ceramics, 81, 83–84
saklu’um, 203–4, 216; agriculture and, 210, 217; characteristics of, 207, 208, 213
Salama Valley, 276
Salinas de los Nueve Cerros, 23
salinity, groundwater, 160–61, 163
salt: as currency, 305–6; as export, 222, 236, 237; harvesting, 302, 303; importance of, 22–23; metates and, 224–26; trade in, 21, 142–43, 223–24, 239, 300
salt beds, on Celestún Peninsula, 140, 143, 144, 154
San Clemente Gouged/Incised, 88
San José Chulchaca, Cenote, 153, 205
San Mateo, 173
San Simón, Rancho, logwood canal, 278
Santa Bárbara, ceramics at, 99
Santa Clara, 192
saramuyo, 236
sascaberas, 43, 44–45, 52, 131–32, 151, 152–53, 191, 199
Sat Preslate, 94
Satunsat, 94
savannas, 199; resources on, 149–50, 233; seasonally inundated, 146–48, 181–85; settlements in, 173–81, 194–95
seaborne trade, 21
sea level, 154
seals, tropical (Monachus tropicalis), 237
seasonal transhumance, 144, 180
sedimentation, rates of, 205
settlement density, in Chunchucmil Economic Region, 119, 128, 132–33, 133–34, 186, 194–96
settlement patterns, 133, 140; coastal zone, 170–72; hinterlands, 169–70; soils and, 216–17
shrines, 190; ancestral, 119, 292, 293; household/domestic, 122, 126–27, 135
site center, 108; monumental compounds in, 110–11; Pich Group, 112–16, 117; streets, 111–12
skeletal remains, carbon isotope analysis, 221
slaves, as export, 222
snail, apple, 150
social organization, Kaab’ Group, 126–27
society, disruption of, 13–14
soil chemistry, public and household spaces and, 253–57
soils, 197, 199; agriculture and, 217–18; black carbon, 212–13; carbon isotopes and, 219–11; at Chunchucmil, 214–16; depth of, 204–6; in environmental zones, 200–203; fertility of, 207–9; formation rates of, 205–6; moisture retention, 206–7; and settlement patterns, 216–17; Yucatec Maya classification of, 203–4
solar marketing system, 304–5
Sotuta Complex ceramics, 102
Spanish Archaeological Mission, in Oxkintok, 85
spindle whorls, 228–29; at Chunchucmil, 242–43
stingray spines, 237
stone tools, fiber production, 234
stratified communities, 140, 187–88; Puut as, 190–93; Yaxkakap as, 193–94
streets, 111, 252. See also callejuelas
structures, 34, 94, 113–15; and inhabited residences, 136; Kaab’ Group, 121–27; naming conventions for, 38–39
subsistence, 7, 197–98, 218–19
subsurface features, 43
sulfates, in groundwater, 164
survey, Chunchucmil Economic Region, 169–70
swales, soils in, 202
swamps. See mangrove estuaries
swidden agriculture, 198, 200, 206, 278; soils and, 216–17
Tabasco, 21
Tacopate Trickle, 101
talud-tablero platform, in Lool Group, 290–92
Tankuche, 232
Tec Composite, 90
Telchaquillo, 256
Templo-Patio-Adoratorio (TPA) complex, 288, 289
Teotihuacan, 292, 300, 312; ceramic influence from, 86, 293, 295–96; cotton imports, 229–30
Terminal Classic period, 21, 93, 103, 154, 229, 260, 274, 278; ceramics, 97–99; competitive markets during, 267–68
Términos, Laguna de, 232
terra preta, 212–13
textiles, 116; production of, 228–30, 242–43
thin slate complex, 94
Thrinax radiata (chit), 235
Ticul, Sierra de, 211
tigrillo, 150
Tikal, 5, 8, 34, 224, 304, 309; craft specialization, 19–20, 116; marketplace at, 249, 250, 308; obsidian at, 264, 269, 283–84; population estimates, 134, 135, 138; trade networks, 300–301; trade routes, 276, 277; as urban center, 15, 18
Timucuy Group ceramics, 89
Timucuy Polychrome, 87–88, 259
Tipikal Group, 81
Tituc Polychrome, 259
Tixcacal Polychrome, 84
Tiznuk Composite, 90
Tiznuk Striated, 96
Tlatelolco, 304; marketplace at, 250, 306, 311
Tomb 7, 94
trade, 4, 117, 140, 221, 311; in cotton, 227–30; in fish, 236–37; in food, 303–6; gateway cities and, 282–87; long-distance, 273–82, 312–13; obsidian, 283–85; in perishable materials, 222–23, 237–39; Punta Canbalam, 171–72; seaborne, 21, 144
trade routes/networks, 140, 296; Chunchucmil, 300–306; gateway centers and, 282–87; sites on, 172, 173; through Yucatán, 274–82
transitional slate complex, 94
transportation, 15; waterborne, 145, 146
Trapiche, 173
trees: fruit- and nut-bearing, 149; timber, 146, 232–33
Tres Iglesias, 173
tribute, 222, 231, 236; goods storage, 116, 117
Trinidad de Nosotros, 8, 249, 304
Tulum, 39
Turbinella sp., 246
turkey, oscillated, 150
turtles, sea, 237
tzekeles, 146, 148, 286; resources on, 149–50, 216; settlements on, 173–81
Tzemé, 236
Tzikul, 274
Ucí, 159, 195; groundwater at, 157, 158, 160–67
Ucú, 103
Ukmul I Complex, 94
Unto Group, 81
Usil Ware, 87
Usumacinta River, trade routes, 276, 277, 301
vault stones, 45
Venezia, 278
visitors, treatment of, 116–17
Vista Alegre, 281
walkways, 40
walls, 36, 39; at Pochol Ch’en, 176, 178–79. See also albarradas
warehouses, 116
water repellance, 206–7
water table, 157–158, 209; Ucí-Chunchucmil transect, 160–63
waterways, 145; canalized, 146, 147
wealth, and artifact distribution, 258–66
wells, 43, 44, 158, 159, 182, 199, 238; freshwater, 151, 153, 184; water quality in, 160–61, 163–67
wetlands, 279; palo de tinte from, 232–33; perennial, 145–46, 172–73; seasonal, 146–50, 173–81, 194, 238
women, commercial roles of, 9, 311
Xanaba Group ceramics, 81, 84, 87
Xcambo, 21, 268, 274, 281, 288
Xcaret, 39
Xcopte, 274
Xiu family, 4
Xkichmook, chert at, 247
Xnokol phase, 73, 105; ceramics and architecture, 95, 97–102
Xocnaceh, 84
Xpim quadrangle, 81
X-ray fluorescence (XRF), 256
Xtobó, 84
Xuenkal, 229
Xunantunich, 8; marketplace at, 249, 251–52
Yakal Chuc, 60
Yalahau, 202
Yaxchilán, 277
Yaxhá, 268
Yaxuná Pre-pizarra, 92
Yaxuná/Yaxcabá area, 55
Yokat Striated, 101
Yokop, 153, 194, 196; architecture at, 183–84; plaza at, 181–82
Yucatán, 39, 199, 303; apiculture on, 237–38; salt trade, 142–43; seaborne trade, 21, 274–75; social disruption in, 13–14; trade routes through, 275–82
Yucatán aquifer, 145–46
Yucatán Glossware, 94
Yucatán Glossy Ware, 96
zapote, 236
Zoque towns, 301