Index
Aborigines. See American Indians
Adams, John Quincy, 43
Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 58
Adams, William L., 135
Africa, xiii, 11, 34, 41, 129, 135
African Americans, xiii, xvi, xvii, xxiv, 4–5, 7, 8, 9–10, 14, 29, 36, 39–44, 53, 54, 79, 83, 87, 98, 102, 123–24, 127–37, 143, 144–46, 152, 153, 167, 170–73, 179, 182, 210, 211, 212, 217, 228, 236, 238, 247, 250, 251–53, 255, 256–57, 258, 259; in Texas, 222–27
African American exclusion efforts, 129–37, 258
Africans, 15, 53, 70, 76, 180, 182
agrarian myth, 152
agriculture, 30, 32, 35, 44, 54, 86, 87, 101, 135, 160, 164, 199
Alamo (San Antonio, TX), 5
Alder, Douglas Dexter, 204
Alexander II, Czar of Russia, 163
Alexandria, Egypt, 199
Alpine (race), 13. See also Eastern Europeans
Alpine, Texas, 221
Alta California (San Francisco), 239
Amador County, California, 238–39
American: The Life Story of a Great Indian, Plenty Coups, Chief of the Crows (Linderman), 109–11
American Colonization Society, 42, 144
American identity, x
American Indians, ix, x, xi, xii, xvi, xxiv, xxv, 3, 6, 8, 11, 14–17, 19–20, 29–30, 32, 36, 39, 42, 43, 52, 53, 66, 79, 81, 89, 95, 98, 100, 103, 106–8, 112, 114, 116, 123–24, 127–37, 152, 165, 182–83, 210; in Texas, 210–16, 217, 224, 227, 236, 240, 251–52, 255, 256, 258, 260; in California, 227–32. See also names of specific groups
American Indians as “real” Americans, 96, 109, 111, 114
“American school” of anthropology, 17
American Protective Association, 105
American River (CA), 239
Americas, 11
Anaheim, California, 87
Anderson, Gary Clayton, 5, 211–12
Anglo Americans, ix, xiv, xvi, xxiii–xxv, 3–4, 7–10, 19–20, 35, 38, 46, 51, 52, 54, 59, 61–62, 65, 66, 69, 72–74, 77, 78, 79, 89, 96, 105, 106, 107, 111, 116, 123, 127, 140, 143, 145, 152, 165, 170, 199, 202, 209, 210, 211, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 226, 227, 228, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, 238, 248, 254, 255. See also white, Anglo-Saxon
Anglo-Saxons, x, xxiii, xxiv, 13, 19, 66, 72–73, 75, 76, 80, 88, 101, 106, 113, 166, 169, 170, 211. See also white, Anglo Americans, Saxons
Anglo-Saxons and Others (Gorren), 73
anti-government groups, xiii
anti-slavery movement. See Slavery
Antlers Hotel (Colorado Springs), 60
Antoine “Tonish,” 36–38
Antwerp, Belgium, 158
Apaches (American Indian Group), 219
Applegate, Jesse, 131
Arabia, 38
aridity, 34, 38–39, 45, 116, 151, 253. See also climate
Arizona (State and Territory of), xi, 13, 59, 259–60
Arizona Senate Bill 1070, xi, xiv, 259
Arizona v. United States (legal case), 260
Arkansas River valley, 37, 168
Arkansas (State and Territory of), 125
Armenian Genocide, 249
Armenians, xxiv, 13, 248–52. See also Southern Europeans, immigrants
Articles of Confederation (US), 33, 125
Arvada, Colorado, 261
Aryanism, xiii
Aryan Nations, xiii
Aryans, xiii–xiv, 77, 254. See also Anglo-Americans, Anglo-Saxons
Asians, ix, xi, xii, xvii, xxiv–xxv, 3, 6, 8, 10, 89, 127, 133, 173, 248, 250, 258, 259. See also Chinese and Japanese
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad (ATS&F), 60, 156, 164, 170
Atherton, Gertrude, 113
Australia, 166
Australians, 233
Austria, 187
Bandini, Refugio [Refugia], 53
“Bandit war” (1915), 221–22
Barbour, George, 232
Barkan, Elliot Robert, 13
Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814), 43
Battle of New Orleans (1815), 43
Beadle, John Hanson, 68, 69, 84, 201–2
Beard, Daniel Carter, 114
Bell, John, 43
Bell, William A., 151–52, 166–68
Benton, Thomas Hart, 139
Bent’s Fort (CO), 55
Berlin (City in Modern Germany), 187
Berreyesa family, 234
Big Rock (Chippewa), 107
bilious disease. See malaria
Billings, Frederick, 161
bio-power (concept of), 45
Bisbee, Arizona, 210
black. See African Americans
Blake, A. Sterne, 116
bloodshed. See violence
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 14–15
boarding Schools, 100–101
Boas, Franz, 249
Boley, Brian K. “Red,” 221
Book of Mormon (Smith), 182–83, 187, 191, 192
Boone, Daniel, 114
boosters. See promoters
Bose, Jean, 191
Boston, Massachusetts, 9, 61, 103, 104, 106, 254
Boston Tea Party, 115
Boxer Rebellion (1900), 102
Bradley, Glenn Danford, 164
Branagan, Thomas, 41
Brantlinger, Patrick, 74
Bremen (city in modern Germany), 158
Bremer, Fredericka, 159
Brewer, Jan, xi
Bridge, Norman, 56
British Government, 203–4
Brown, Richard Maxwell, 209
Brownsville, Texas, 218–19, 221, 226
Buchanan, James, 135
Buffalo Soldiers, 224–27. See also US Army
Burlingame Treaty (1868), 129
Burnett, Peter, 129–30, 131, 132, 137, 146, 230
Bush, Asahel, 134–35
Butler, Richard G., xiii
Butte and Boston Smelter (MT), 112
Butte, Montana, xvi, 112–13, 116
Caddos (American Indian Group), 213, 214
Calaveras County, California, 233
California (state of), xv, 3, 7, 8, 10, 45, 51–57, 59, 60, 62, 65, 67–68, 75–77, 79, 84, 87, 89, 103–5, 116, 124, 126, 131, 135, 137, 143–45, 155, 156, 210, 217, 252, 253, 257, 259, 260; violence in, 227–40
California and slavery debate, 127, 128, 129
California Compromise (1850), 138
California Constitutional Convention (1849), 128
California for Health, Pleasure, and Residence (Nordhoff), 83–84
California Proposition 187, 259–60. See also “Save Our State” campaign
California state legislature, 231, 232
Californio (Hispanic Californian), xxv, 3, 8, 52, 67–68, 103, 106, 227, 232–35
Cameron County, Texas, 221
Camp Fire Girls, 115
Canada, 77, 131, 135, 163, 166, 170
Cannon, George O., 185
capitalism, 45, 106, 151–52, 153
Cardis, Louis, 219
Caribbean, 76
Carlisle, Pennsylvania. See boarding schools
Carpentier, Horace, 234–35
Carranza, Venustiano, 221, 222
Cartozian, Tatos O., 248–50, 251, 252
Cascade Mountains, 156
Castle Garden, New York, 83, 165, 254
Catholic Church, xii, xvi, 69, 190, 197
Catholicism, xvi, 13, 158, 181, 185, 188, 191, 192, 197, 198, 211
Caucasian, xvi, xxiv, 15, 19, 133. See also Anglo Saxon, white
Caucasus Mountains (Russia), 15
Central City, Colorado, 45
Central Pacific Railroad, 155, 172
Cherokees (American Indian Group), 16, 39, 43, 233
Cheyenne Mountain Club (Colorado Springs), 60
Cheyennes (American Indian Group), 8, 216
Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad, 173–74
Chileans, 232
Chillicothe, Ohio, 96
Chillicothe Leader, 100
Chinatown (San Francisco, CA), 6
Chinese and Chinese Americans, xxv, 3, 10, 53, 79, 84, 88–89, 102–6, 116, 129, 130, 137, 153, 202, 210, 233, 235–40, 255, 258
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 89, 173, 204, 240, 258
Chinese labor, 129
Chippewas (American Indian Group), 108–9, 116
Christiania (now Oslo, Norway), 158
Christianity, 182–83, 184, 194, 248. See also Catholicism, Mormon Church, Protestantism
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, xiii, xiv, 8, 168, 179–205. See also Mormon Church
citizenship, xii, xxiv, 6, 10, 13–14, 31, 106, 143, 153, 233, 234, 247, 248–52, 261
Citizenship Act of 1790, 14, 67, 249
civilization (as a characteristic of whiteness), 17, 31, 35, 38, 66, 76, 82, 98, 170, 186, 197, 255
Civil Rights Movement, xiii
Civil War (US), 5, 56, 124, 127, 139, 142, 145, 153, 165, 171, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 223, 247
Clappe, Louise Amelia Knapp Smith (“Dame Shirley”), 55–56
Clark, George Rogers, 83
Clark, Hiram, 185
Clay, Henry, 83
cleanliness (as a characteristic of whiteness), 196
Clear Fork (of the Brazos River), 215
Clear Lake, California, 230
climate (influence on race), xiv, 6, 15–20, 34–35, 38–39, 51–62, 65–70, 73–78, 116, 133, 135, 136, 140–42, 159–60, 163, 168, 172, 190, 201, 211, 253. See also aridity
Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, 116
Coke, John S., 249
Collier, John, 109
Colombia, 105
colonialism. See imperialism
colonization: of African Americans, 39–42, 144–46, 170–73; by railroads, 152–55, 157–59, 160–73
Colonization Council, 144
Colorado (State and Territory of), 57–58, 60–62, 83, 101–2, 144, 155, 161, 164–70, 257
Colorado County, Texas, 217, 223
Colorado River (Texas), 213
Colorado Springs, Colorado, 58, 60, 81–82, 166–70
Colorado Springs and Manitou (Dunbar), 170
Columbia, California, 239
Comanchería, 215–16
Comanches (American Indian group), 5, 211, 214–16
Commerce of the Prairies (Gregg), 68
Committee on Indian Affairs, 43
Committee on Public Lands, 42
Communalism, 200
communism, 70
Company D (Texas Rangers), 221
Comstock (Wasco), 130
Concho River (TX), 225
Confederate Army, 4–5, 214, 219, 223
Confederate States of America, 143, 144, 219, 224
consumption. See tuberculosis
Cool, Paul, 220
coolie, 105, 235. See also Chinese
Cooper, James Fenimore
Corfu (Greek island), 199
Cornish, 112
Cortina, Juan, 218–19
cotton, 44, 140, 144, 224, 226
Cotton Belt, 224. See also South
Crania Aegyptiaca (Morton), 18
Crania Americana (Morton), 18
Creeks (American Indian Group), 36, 43
Crees (American Indian Group), 108–9, 116
Creole, 38
Crescent City, California, 230
Crockett, David, 210
Crows (American Indian Group), 109–10
Cucharas, Colorado, 101
Cuellar, José, 226
Cunningham, Roseline, 171
Dakota Territory, xi, xiv, xv, 7, 155, 160, 162, 257
“Dame Shirley.” See Clappe, Louise Amelia Knapp Smith
Dana, Richard Henry, 52, 53, 62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 75, 84, 217, 234
Danes, 155, 160, 174, 191, 202
Darwinism. See evolution
Davenport, Charles Benedict, 79, 83, 248
Davis, Edmund J., 215
Davis, Edward Everett, 226
Davis, Gray, 260
Davis, Jefferson, 172
Davis, Joseph, 172
Dawes Allotment Act (1887), 14, 101
Day Child (Cree and Chippewa), 109
Deady, Matthew P., 136
Deep South. See South
degeneration. See Racial Degeneration
Delawares (American Indian Group), 183, 214
Del Monte Hotel (Monterey, CA), 60
Deloria, Philip, 114–15
Del Valle Family, 71
democracy (as a characteristic of whiteness), 72, 80, 106, 166, 187, 236, 254
Democratic Party, 126, 127, 135, 136, 139, 223
Denver, Colorado, 57, 61–62, 82, 165, 210, 240, 261
Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad (DRGWRR), 57, 60, 61, 83, 151, 164, 165, 166, 167, 170, 254
Descent of Man (Darwin), 74
developers. See promoters
“Digger” Indians, 228
direct revelation (Mormon belief in), 180, 185, 191
disfranchised, xii, 143–44, 171
Division of the Missouri (US Army), 215
Dix, John Adams, 133
Dixon, Roland B., 249
Double Springs, California, 233
Dred Scott Case (1857), 135, 138
Dryer, Thomas, 137
dryland farming. See agriculture, farming
dugout, 202
dumping ground (West as a racial), 30, 39–46, 51
Dunbar, Simeon Mrs., 170
Dutch, 196. See also Holland
East (US Region) xi, xii, xvii, 3, 9–10, 20, 39, 45, 79, 83, 85–86, 89, 96, 103, 165, 167, 169, 212, 254, 255
Eastern Europe, 155
Eastern Europeans, xi, xii, xvi, xxiv, 3, 10, 59, 95, 156, 210, 248. See also immigrants; specific ethnic groups
East Indians, 248–50
Eastman, James G., 88
Eaton, Edith Maude (Sui Sin Fah), 102
Ein Ruf aus der Wuste (A Call from the Desert, Hyde), 187
El Dorado County, California, 230, 239
Eleventh Infantry (US Army), 216
Elleson, James, 231
Ellis Island, New York, 165, 254
Ellsworth, Henry Leavitt, 36
El Paso, Texas, 219
embryology, 72
England, xxiii, 70, 155, 161, 166, 168, 169, 170, 173, 180, 181, 186, 187, 188, 192, 258
Engle-Americans. See Anglo-Americans
Englishmen, xvi, xxiii, 12, 61, 72–73, 88, 151, 155, 156, 158, 161, 166–69, 173–74, 187, 189, 199, 257
Erath, George, 213
“Essay on the Causes of Variety of Complexion and Figure in the Human Species” (Smith), 16
eugenics, 9, 70, 78–79, 83–85, 113, 248. See also sterilization
Euro-American. See Anglo-Americans
Europe, 12, 14, 20, 36, 77, 187, 195, 202, 248, 250, 254
Europeans, 173, 210, 233, 248, 255, 256. See also Eastern Europeans, Southern Europeans, Northern Europeans
Evans, John, 109
Everybody’s, 87
evolution (Theory of), 70–76
expansionism, 29, 34, 79, 124–25, 153, 210, 252
extinction discourse, 74–75, 186, 229–30. See also vanishing Indians
Extra Legal Violence. See vigilantism, violence
farmers, 32–33, 45–46, 82, 154, 158–59, 162–64, 165, 167, 168, 171–73, 256–57. See also yeoman farmers
farming. See agriculture
Federal Government, 81, 153, 212, 213, 221–22, 224, 230, 231–32, 252, 260. See also US Government
federalists, 31
femininity, 53, 69, 71, 112, 115, 180, 196, 234, 237, 250
Ferguson, James, 221
Finland, 187
fire-eaters, 138–39
Fiske, John, 72–73
Fitzpatrick, Thomas, 45
Flathead Lake (MT), 98
Flatheads (American Indian Group), 98
Foley, Neil, 226
Ford, Nathaniel, 134
foreigners. See immigrant
Foreign Miner’s Tax, 232–33, 239–40
Fort Belknap, Texas, 214
Fort Bliss, Texas, 215
Fort Concho, Texas, 215, 224, 225
Fort Clark, Texas, 215
Fort Davis, Texas, 215
Fort Duncan, Texas, 215
Fort Gibson (Indian Territory), 36, 38
Fort Griffin, Texas, 215
Fort McKavett, Texas, 215, 224
Fort Richardson, Texas, 215
Fort Stockton, 215
Forty-niners, 84. See also Gold Rush
Foucault, Michel, 45
Fountain Colony. See Colorado Springs
Founding Fathers (the)
Fourteenth Amendment (1868), xxiv, 14, 238
Fourth Cavalry (US), 216
Franklin, Benjamin, 11–12
Frazier, Ian, 171
freedom (as a characteristic of Whiteness), x, 14, 33, 69, 72, 180, 187, 248
free labor, 7, 125–27, 128, 133, 136, 139, 142
Freemen (right-wing group), xiii
free soil, 125–28, 132, 135, 138
Frémont, John C., 55
French, x, 12, 77, 80, 88, 158, 167, 170, 180, 191, 192
French Polynesia, 184. See also Tahiti, Tubuai
frontier, xiv, 78, 80, 85, 104, 114, 140, 154, 165, 211, 214–15, 224, 254
frontiersman, x, 82–83, 112, 224
Front Range (of the Rocky Mountains), 165, 167
Fuhrman, Mark, xiii
Gainesville, Texas, 213
Gates, Horatio, 42
Gates, Paul Wallace, 158
Gazette of the United States, 31
Genesis (book of the Bible), 16, 17
Genoa (city in modern Italy), 189
Gente de razon (people of reason), 233–34
Gente sin razon (people without reason), 233–34
gentiles (Mormon name for non-Mormons), 202
Gentleman’s Agreement, 248
Germans, xvi, xxiii, xxiv, 12, 59, 72, 86–87, 88, 104, 141–42, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 163, 167, 170, 173, 174, 180, 187, 188, 199, 256, 257
Gilded Age (Twain and Warner), 76
Gilpin, William, 82
Glenwood Springs, Colorado, 60, 61
Gliddon, George, 17
Goes-together (Crow), 99
Goetzmann, William, 35
Golden Gate (CA), x
“Gold Mountain,” 235–37
Gold Rush (California), 127, 131, 227, 228, 229, 232, 233, 234, 235–40. See also forty-niners
Google, xiv
Gorren, Aline, 73
Goshen, 174
Gothenburg, Sweden, 158
Grand Army of the Republic, 163
Grant, Ulysses S., 144, 215, 216
Grant County, New Mexico, 220
Greasers (derogatory term for Hispanics), 101–2
Great American Desert, 34–35, 39, 45–46, 216
Great Arizona Orphan Abduction (Gordon), xvi
Great Britain, 131, 181. See also England
Great Depression (1930s), 251
Great Plains (the), ix, xiv, 7, 34–36, 38, 45, 77, 153, 154, 156, 172, 179, 188, 215–16, 254, 256, 259
Great Salt Lake City, Utah. See Salt Lake City, Utah
Great West (Chicago Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad), 173
Greeks, xxiv, 13, 196, 198. See also Southern Europeans, immigrants
Greeley, Horace, 142
Grierson, Benjamin, 225
Gross, Ariela J., xvi
Grouard, Benjamin Franklin, 184
Guadalupe Salt Lakes (TX), 219
Guandong Province (China), 235
Hahn, Steven, 143–44
Hämäläinen, Pekka, 216
Hamburg (city in modern Germany), 158, 187
Hampton, Virginia. See boarding schools
Hanks, Knowlton F., 184
Harris, Thomas, 145
Harvard, 96
Harve, France, 158
Hawaii, 181, 184–86. See also Pacific Islands
Hayden, Ferdinand V., 88
Hayden Lake (ID), xiii
Hayes, Rutherford B., 73
health hesorts. See sanitariums
health Seekers, 60–62, 65, 168, 170
Hebrews, 13. See also Eastern Europeans, Jews
Helena, Montana, 108
Helena and Victor Mining Company (MT), 116
Helper, Hinton Rowan, 228, 229–30
Henry, Boston, 224
Henry, Patrick, 69
Hickman, Willianna, 145
Hidalgo County, Texas, 221
Hill, W. R., 145
Hill City, Kansas, 145
Hispanic Americans, ix, xi, xii, xvii, xxiii, xxiv–xxv, 3, 13, 20, 52, 66–69, 79, 89, 95, 100, 101, 103, 116, 143, 209, 210, 226, 227, 232–35, 236, 238, 240, 247, 253, 255, 258, 259. See also Californios, Mexican Americans, Tejanos
Hitler, Adolf, 250–51
Hofstadter, Richard, 70
Holand, Hjalmar Rued, 163
Holland, 161, 196. See also Dutch
Holt, Michael F., 126
Holy City, 251
Holy Land (the), 195, 196, 197, 199. See also Palestine; the Levant
homeland (West as White Racial Homeland), xiii, 7, 66–67, 89, 96, 104–6, 116, 146, 179. See also Refuge
Homestead Act (1862), 124, 139, 143, 153, 162–63
Honolulu, Hawaii, 185
Hoopa Valley (CA), 232
Hoppin, M. J., 203
horses, 216
Houston, Sam, 210
Houston, Texas, 226
Howard, Charles, 219–20
Howbert, Irving, 165
Howe, Joseph W., 58
Howell, Kenneth W., 223
Hualapais (American Indian Group), 101
Hubbard, Richard, 220
Humboldt County, California, 230–31
Hunt, Alexander C., 165, 167–68
Huntington, Collis P., 172
Idaho (State and Territory of), xiii, 160, 210, 259
Idaho Springs (CO), 45
Iddings, Lewis Morris, 60
illegal aliens, xii
Illinois (State and Territory of), 125, 131, 157–59
Illinois Central Railroad, 154, 157–59, 162, 256
immigrants, xi, xvi, xvii, xxiv, 3, 7–8, 9–10, 12, 45, 59, 79, 83–88, 90, 95, 103, 104–6, 109, 111–13, 116, 133, 136, 141, 143–46, 155–56, 157–60, 161–66, 173, 180, 181, 199, 201, 202, 235–37, 248–52, 255. See also Northern Europeans, Southern Europeans, Eastern Europeans, Chinese
immigration, 79, 87, 96, 98, 155, 203, 247, 260; (restrictions on), 204, 248. See also Chinese Exclusion Act, Page Law
Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act), 204, 247
imperialism, 32, 54, 66, 72–73, 77–78, 104–5, 235, 253
Independence, Missouri, 183
Indiana (State and Territory of), 125
Indian reservations, xi, 213, 216, 231–32, 255
Indian Territory, 36, 42, 46, 124, 214, 252. See also Oklahoma
industrial society, 6, 9, 59–60, 78–79, 95–96, 98, 112–14, 116, 142, 166
Industrial Workers of the World (Union), 210
infanticide, 74
intelligence (as a characteristic of Whiteness), 83–84, 85, 87, 199, 202
invalids. See health Seekers
Iowa, 161
Ireland, 155
Irish, xvi, xxiii, 12–13, 88, 112, 155, 156, 157, 167, 170, 174, 187, 257
irrigation, 200
Irving, Washington, 36–38, 44, 46, 51, 77, 145
Israel, 182, 185, 186, 190, 198
Italians, xvi, 12, 59, 87, 102, 104, 112, 113, 115, 155, 156, 188. See also Southern Europeans
Italy, 67, 76, 87, 188–94, 196, 197, 199
Jack County, Texas, 214
Jacksboro, Texas, 213
Jacksboro Rangers, 213–14
Jackson, California, 239
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 67–68, 81–82, 156, 255, 256
Jackson, John, 224
Jacobson, Matthew Frye, xxiv, 12–13
Jansen, Cornelius, 164
Japanese and Japanese Americans, xxv, 89, 248, 249–50, 258
Japhet, 128
jaundice, 54
Jefferson, Thomas, 11, 30, 32–33, 39–40, 42, 123, 127, 139, 152–53, 251
Jefferson Administration, 39
Jews, 13, 182, 194. See also Hebrews, Eastern Europeans, Israelites
Jim Crow legislation, 5, 9, 171, 226, 227. See also segregation
Johnson, Andrew, 139
Johnson, Susan, 232
Johnson-Reed Act, 247. See Immigration Act of 1924
Jones, John B., 220
Jordan, David Starr, 75, 79, 84
Jordan, Winthrop, 34
Journey through Texas (Olmsted), 140
Journey to Great Salt Lake City (Remy), 180
Kaczynski, Ted, xiii
Kamehameha the Fifth, King, 185
Kanakas. See Hawaiians
Kansas (State and Territory of), 134, 144–45, 156, 161, 164, 171, 173, 183, 257
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 134, 138
Kansas Pacific Railroad, 161, 165–67, 172, 257
Kaufman, Herbert, 87
Kelsey, Andrew, 230
Kerber, Charles, 219–20
Kickapoos (American Indian Group), 214
Kimball, Heber C., 186
Kimball, Spencer, xiii
King Cotton, 44. See also Cotton
King Ranch (TX), 221
Kingsley, Charles, 168
Kingsley, Rose Georgina, 57
Kinney, John, 220
Kiowas (American Indian Group), 211, 214, 215, 216, 217
Kwahada-Kotsoteka Comanche (American Indian Group), 216
labor unions, 236
Lake Erie, 36
Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad Company, 161
Lakin, D.L., 164
Lakotas (American Indian Group), 8, 256
Laman, 183
Lamanite mission, 183
Lamanites, 183–86, 194. See also American Indians
Lampson, Mrs. Otis Floyd, 249
Lanai (Hawaiian island), 185
Lancashire, England, 186
Land and Emigration (Northern Pacific Railroad), 160
Land Law (1851), 234
Land of Gold (Helper), 228
Land of Sunshine (Lummis), 3, 56, 69–70, 75–77, 100, 102, 103, 105
Lane, Joseph, 136
Langston, Oklahoma, 145
Lanstrum, Oscar, 108
Lawrence, A.B., 211
Lawrence, Kansas, 100
laziness, of non-white peoples, 52, 65, 67–68, 86, 108; of whites due to slavery, 140–42, 211, 217, 253
Lee family, 215
Levant, 196. See also the Holy Land; Palestine
Life in California (Robinson), 234
Limerick, Patricia Nelson, xi
Lincoln, Abraham, 83, 124, 138–39
Lincoln County War (NM), 220
Linderman, Frank Bird, xvi, 6–7, 8, 95–96, 98–100, 107–17, 255
Linnaeus, Carolus, 14
Linn County, Oregon, 134
“Little London.” See Colorado Springs
Liverpool, United Kingdom, 158, 187
Llano Estacado, 216
London (UK), 257
London Missionary School, 184
Lone Star State. See Texas
Long, John W., 3–4
Long, Stephen Harriman, 35, 45, 51, 54, 216
Longs Peak (CO)
Loomis, John S., 161
López, Ian Haney, 250
Los Angeles (CA), xii, xiii, 3, 59, 87, 88, 96, 102, 103, 104, 106, 235
Los Angeles County, California, 259–60
Los Angeles Times, 96, 103, 259–60
Louisiana, 171
Louisiana Purchase, 7, 29–31, 39, 125
Louisiana Territory, 17, 20, 29–34, 41, 42, 125, 251
Louisville, New Orleans and Texas Railroad, 172, 257
Lovoll, Odd S., 160
Lubbock, Francis, 214
Luebke, Frederick C., 155
Lummis, Charles Fletcher, xxiv, 3–4, 6–8, 56, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75–77, 78, 85, 95–98, 100–107, 115–17, 253–54, 255, 256
Lyford, Texas, 221
Mace, William, 225
MacKenzie, Ranald, 216
Magoffin, Susan Shelby, 55
Mahoney, Roger M., xii
Maine (State of), 125
Malan, John D., 192–93
Malay, 15. See also Asian
Malmborg, Oscar, 158–59
Malthus, Thomas, 72
Manifest Destiny, x, 19–20, 45, 66, 73
Manitou Springs, Colorado, 58, 60
Manney, William, 127
“Man on the Street” (definition of whiteness), xv, 249–50
Many Wests: Place, Culture, and Regional Identity (Wrobel and Steiner), xiv
“Mark of Cain,” xiii, 182, 258
Marsh, Bryan, 225
Marshall, Albert, 224
Marshall, James, 227
Marvin, James, 100
Marxism, 166
masculinity, 52, 69, 78, 96, 114, 187, 234, 240. See also racial vigor
Masons (fraternal organization), 249
Massachusetts (State of), 31, 59, 132, 135
Mauss, Armand, 184
Mayer, George, 188
McAllen, James B., 222
McCabe, Edwin, 145
McCarthy, David, 225
McCarthy, Tom, 225
McCarver, M. M., 128
McClure’s Magazine, 58
McGinnis, George, 172
McKee, Redick, 232
Meade, Edwin R., 88
Mediterranean (race), 13. See also Southern Europeans, Italians
Meinig, Donald W., 125–26
Mellen, Mary Lincoln, 165
Menard, Texas, 224
Mendocino County, California, 230
Mendocino War, 230–31
Mennonites, 7, 155, 156, 163–64, 172, 173, 257
Mestizo (person of mixed Hispanic and Indian blood), 233
Mexican-American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, xii
Mexican Americans, xxv, 68, 219, 222. See also Hispanic, Tejano, Californio
Mexican-American War (1846–48), 45, 126, 132, 158, 221, 247
Mexican Revolution, 212, 221–22
Mexicans, xxv, 67, 211, 215, 218, 219, 232, 233
Mexico, xxiv, 34, 67, 68, 126, 127, 132, 211, 214, 217, 219, 221–22, 224, 235
Mid-Atlantic (US region), 130
Milan (City in Modern Italy), 197
Mile-High City. See Denver, Colorado
Millennial Star (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), 187, 191
mining camps, xvi. See also Butte, Montana, Gold Rush
mining industry, 112, 129, 136, 151, 164–65, 219, 227–29, 238–39
Minnesota, xiv, 7, 155, 159, 160, 162, 257
Minnesota Board of Immigration, 159
miscegenation, 31, 34, 36–38, 53–54, 78, 84, 137, 217, 237
missionaries, 16, 19, 182–95, 258. See also Italian Mission, Mormon Church
mission Indians, 106
Mississippi (state of), 44, 138, 139, 144
Mississippi River, 31, 43, 45, 78, 125, 251
Mississippi River Valley, 55
Missouri (State and Territory of), 86–87, 125–26, 130, 134, 136, 138, 139, 172, 200
Missouri Compromise (1820), 125
Miwoks (American Indian Group), 230
Money, Edward, 169–70
monogenesis (Theory of), 15–17, 46, 65. See also polygenesis, race science
Montana (State and Territory of), xiii, 96, 98, 100, 108–16, 155, 160
Montana Adventure (Linderman), 98
Montanans, 108
Montezuma Hotel (Las Vegas, NM), 60
Montgomery, Isaiah T., 172
Mormon Bar (CA), 239
Mormon Church, xiii, xiv, 8, 179–205. See also the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Mormon Priesthood, xiii
Mormons, 79, 88, 168, 179–205, 257–58; as a Chosen People of God, 182
Morris, Gouverneur, 31
Morrison, Toni, xxv
Morton, Samuel George, 17–18
Moss, Henry, 16
Mound Bayou, Mississippi, 172
Mount Shasta (CA), 57
Muir, John, 56–57
mulattos, 54. See also miscegenation
Murray, Charles, 224
Murrieta, Joaquin, 233
Muslims, 196–98
Myers, Henry L., 108–9, 110, 113
mythmakers, 109
mythology (of white man’s west), xii, xiii, 3–4, 10–11
Narrow Gauge Railroads, 164
Nation, 59
National Land Company, 161
Native Americans. See American Indians; names of specific groups
nativism, 250. See also immigration
Navajos (American Indian Group), 101
Navoo, Illinois, 186. See also Salt Lake City
Nazism, xii
Neal, David, 157–58
Nebraska (State and Territory of), 138, 155
negro. See African American
neo-natives, 95
Nephi, 183
Nephites, 183
Neu Branfels, Texas, 142
Nevada (State and Territory of), 155, 156, 259
New England (US region), 75, 101, 103, 130, 170
New Hampshire, 135
New Jersey, 135
New Jerusalem (Mormons), 179. See also Salt Lake City
New Mexico (State and Territory of), 9, 55, 60, 210, 259
new stock immigrants. See immigrants, Southern Europeans, Eastern Europeans
New Testament (of the Bible), 182
New Tracks in North America (Bell), 151
New York (State of), 59, 135, 181
New York Century, 230
New York City, 9, 13, 61, 83–84, 103, 106, 165, 254
New York Tribune, 127
new Zion, 186, 187. See also Salt Lake City
Noah, 128
Nordic peoples, xiii, 13, 79. See also Northern Europeans, Anglo-Saxons
Norias, Texas, 221–22
North (US Region), 41, 45, 124, 127
North Dakota, xv, 10, 155, 156, 259. See also Dakota Territory
Northeast (US Region), 139. See also East
Northern California, 229. See also California
northerners, 132, 138, 139, 140
Northern Europe, 155, 160, 164, 179, 180, 181, 188, 195, 254, 258. See also England, Germany, Scandinavia
Northern Europeans, xv, xxiv, 7–9, 10, 46, 51, 66, 79, 152–58, 161, 162, 173, 180, 186, 194, 195, 199, 202, 204, 247, 253, 255, 257. See also specific ethnic groups; immigrants
Northern Pacific Land Committee, 154–55, 160, 161, 162, 257
Northern Pacific Railroad, 152, 155, 156, 160–64, 170, 257
North Star State. See Minnesota
Northwest (US Region)
Northwest Ordinance, 33, 125, 126–27
“Northwest Territorial Imperative,” xiii
Northwest Territory (Old), 33, 125, 130, 139
Norwegians, xv, 155, 156, 157, 160, 163, 173, 174, 257. See also Northern Europeans, Scandinavians, Swedes
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 33, 40
Oakland, California, 235
Obama, Barack, xi
Oceania. See Pacific Islands
Ohio River Valley, 32
Oklahoma (State of), 87, 144, 164, 173, 257. See also Indian Territory
Old Northwest (US Region), 33
Old Testament (of the Bible), 182
Old World. See Europe
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 69, 86, 140–42
Omahas (American Indian Group), 54
On a Passing Frontier (Linderman), 112
Orange County, California, 260
Oregon (State and Territory of), xxiii, 7, 79, 127, 130–36, 142, 144, 145, 156, 258
Oregon, Provisional Government, 130, 131
Oregon Argus, 135
Oregon Constitutional Convention, 136–37
Oregon Donation Land Law (1850), 134
Oregonian (The), 137
Oregonians, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137
Oriental, 15. See also Asian, Chinese, Japanese
Origin of the Species (Darwin), 70, 72
Osages (American Indian Group), 36
O’Sullivan, John, 19
Outlaws, 214, 219, 220, 221–22, 224
Out West. See Land of Sunshine
Pacific Coast (US Region), x, xiv, 45, 87, 127, 136, 259
Pacific Islanders, 8, 179, 181, 184–86, 199. See also Hawaiians
Pacific Islands, 180, 258. See also Hawaii, Tahiti
Pacific Slope. See Pacific Coast
Pacifism, 163
Page, Horace F., 238
Page, John, 42
Page Law (1875), 238, 240, 248
Palestine, 198. See also Holy Land, Levant
Palestine tourists, 195–99
Palmer, William Jackson, 57, 165, 167, 254
Palo Duro Canyon (TX), 216
Panama, 105
paramilitary. See Texas Rangers; vigilantism
Parker, Cynthia Ann, 5
Parker, Quanah (Comanche), 5, 215, 216
Parkman, Francis, 38
Paseños, 219–20. See also Hispanic Americans, Tejanos
Passing of the Great Race (Grant), 113
paternalism, 101
patriarchy, 187
Pease River (Battle of, 1860), 5
Pennsylvania, 12, 31, 59, 126, 135
Peralta family, 234–35
Peterson, Nils, 221
Pfaelzer, Mariana R., 260
Philadelphia, 61
phthisis, 54. See tuberculosis
Piedmont (region of Italy), 189–190
Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 34–35, 45, 51, 145, 216
Pikes Peak, 62
pioneers, 82–83, 84. See also westerners; frontiersmen
placer mining. See mining, Chinese
plains. See Great Plains
“Plan de San Diego,” 222
“Plan for the Temporary Government of the Western Territory” (Jefferson), 33
Platte River, 38
Plenty Coups (Crow), 109–10
Plummer, Joseph, 214
Plymouth Rock (MA), 10
Polk, James K., 126
polygamy, xiv, 180, 187, 196, 200–204
polygenesis, 17–20, 46, 53–54, 65, 72, 253
Polynesians. See Pacific Islanders, Hawaiians
Pomos (American Indian group), 230
popular sovereignty, 134–35, 138
Portland, Oregon, 248
Portland Morning Oregonian, 249
poverty, 103, 158–59, 166, 170, 190, 199, 201, 202, 203, 217, 254
pragmatism (as a characteristic of whiteness), 73
Prairie states. See names of specific states; Great Plains
Pratt, Addison, 184
Pratt, Parley P., 183
Pratt, Richard Henry, 100–101
Pretty-shield: Medicine Woman of the Crows (Linderman), 100
prohibition of Alcohol, 137, 200
promoters, xi, xv, xvi, 7, 10, 46, 59, 66, 79, 82, 145, 251, 254–56
Proposition 187 (1994, CA)
proselytizing, 182–95, 199, 257–58
prostitution, 237–38
Protestantism, 13, 154, 158, 179, 181, 185, 191, 194, 205, 258
Pueblo (American Indian groups), 100–101
Pulmonary Disease. See tuberculosis
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (Mormonism), 186
Race Life of the Aryan Peoples (Widney), 77–78
race science, 14–20. See also monogenesis, polygenesis
racial degeneration, 6–7, 16–17, 35–36, 38, 46, 53–54, 65, 66, 69, 76, 77–78, 140, 194–95, 196, 199, 201, 205, 219, 253
racial identity, xvi
racial rigor (as characteristic of whiteness), 54, 62, 66, 76, 84, 140–42, 234, 253. See also masculinity
Raines, Gabriel J., 231
railroads xiv, 56, 59, 60, 65, 85, 96, 143, 145, 151–74, 180, 202, 251, 256–57; railroad land grants, 153, 157, 162–65, 256; railroad land offices, 154, 156, 255–56. See also names of specific lines
Ralph, Julian, 61
Ramona (Jackson), 67
rancheros (Californio Elites). See Californios
Rankin, Jeanette, 112
Ransom, Henry Lee, 221
Raville, Montana, 112
reconstruction, 9, 143, 153, 223–24, 226
Reconstruction Act (1867), 215
Red-horn (Flathead), 98
Red Mother (Linderman), 111
Red River War, 216
Red Turkish wheat, 164
refuge (for Anglo Americans), xi, xiii, 4, 79, 96, 103, 104–6, 109, 116–17, 123–24, 136, 146, 165, 169. See also homeland
religion, xi, 237, 248. See also Catholicism, Mormonism, Protestantism
Remy, Jules, 180–81
republicanism, 16, 29, 31–34, 165
Republican Party, xiv, 124, 138–39, 142–43, 223, 224
rheumantism, 55
Rhode Island, 135
Ribble Valley (England), 186
Richards, Franklin D., 189, 193
Rich Bar, California, 55
right-wing, xiii
Riker, William E., 250–51
Rio Grande City, Texas, 221, 224
Rio Grande valley, x, 101, 218, 219, 221
Robinson, Alfred, 234
Rock Springs Massacre (WY), 102, 210, 240
Rockwell, Julius, 132, 133, 134
Rocky Boy Band of Cree and Chippewa Indians, 107–9, 111, 113, 116
Rocky Boy Reservation (MT), 109
Rocky Mountain News, 68
Rocky Mountains (US region), ix, xiv, 34, 45, 55, 82, 259
Rohrbach, Paul, 249
Ronda, James P., 42
Roosevelt, Theodore, x, 96, 101, 105, 226
Ross, Sul, 5
Rothman, Hal, 95
Roughing It (Twain), 199
Round Valley (CA), 232
Ruban, John Jacques, 192–93
Rush, Benjamin, 16
Rusling, James, 86, 89, 200–201
Russian Steppe, 77, 163, 164, 172, 254, 257
Russell, Charles M., 6, 107, 108–9, 110
sagebrush, 55
Saints (Mormons), 181
Salisbury, Marquis of, 203
Salomon, F. Z., 165
Salt Lake City, Utah, 8, 168, 179, 186, 188, 199–200, 202, 204
Salt Lake Herald, 196
“Salt Wars” (TX), 219–21
Samoa, 185. See also Pacific Islands
San Angelo, Texas, 4–5, 214, 224–25
San Angelo Standard Times, 3
Sandpoint, Idaho, xiii
Sandwich Islands. See Hawaii
San Elizaro, Texas, 220
San Francisco, California, 6, 168, 184, 237
San Francisco Bulletin, 230–31
San Jose, California, 250
Sartain, Cain, 171
savagery, 4, 6, 17, 36, 38, 44, 53, 62, 217, 228, 251, 253
“Save Our State” campaign, 259. See also California Proposition 187
Saxons, 12. See also Anglo-Saxons
Scandinavia, 159, 160, 180. See also Norway, Sweden
Scandinavian Emigrant Agency, 160–61
Scandinavians, 13, 155, 158, 159–62, 167, 173, 187, 199, 256. See also Northern Europeans, Swedes, Norwegians
Schettler, Paul A., 195
Schmidt, Carl, 164
Scribner’s, 60
sectionalism, 126, 127, 131, 138, 143
segregation, 143–44, 210, 226, 227. See also Jim Crow
Seguín, Juan, 217
Seminoles (American Indian Group), 135
Sequoya League, 101
Serious Remonstrances (Branagan), 41
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 114
Seward, William H., 140
sexual depravity (of non-white peoples), 217, 218
Shawnees (American Indian Group), 214
Sheppard, George, 161–62
Sheridan, Philip, 216
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 73, 215, 216
Sicily, 55, 190. See also Italy
Sierra Nevada Mountains, 57, 155
“Significance of the Frontier in American History” (Turner), 10, 85
Simpson, O.J., xiii
Singleton, Benjamin “Pap,” 145
Sinn Fein (Irish Nationalist Movement), 114
Sinocentrism, 237. See also Sojourner Myth
slavery, 5, 7, 11, 14, 16, 18–19, 33, 41, 44–45, 53, 54, 86, 138–46, 180, 210, 211, 217, 223, 227, 252, 258; debate in California, 124–28; debate in Oregon, 130–38; of Indians, 229
Slavs, 13, 59. See also Eastern Europeans
smallpox, 55
Smith, Delazon, 134
Smith, George A., 195, 197, 199
Smith, Joseph, 181–84, 186, 191
Smith, Samuel Stanhope, 15–17, 38, 253
Smith, William, 145
Snow, Eliza, 195, 196, 197, 198
Snow, Lorenzo, 188–92, 195, 196, 197, 199
social construction of race, xvi, 12
Social Darwinism, xiii, 65, 70, 72–79
socialism, 70
Society of the Army of the Cumberland, 163
“Sojourner Myth,” 237. See also Sinocentrism
Solly, Samuel Edwin, 57–58
Sons of Daniel Boone, 114
South (US region), 9, 19, 44–45, 124, 127, 130, 138–39, 140, 143, 144, 153, 216, 223–24, 227, 257
Southampton Conference, 188
South Dakota, 155, 157, 259. See also Dakota Territory
Southeast (US region), 32, 139. See also South
Southern California (US region), 52, 56, 67, 75–76, 96, 98, 106, 235
southerners, 127, 132, 138, 210
Southern Europe, 155, 158, 179, 181, 188, 195, 258
Southern Europeans, xi, xii, xvi, xxiv, 3, 8, 10, 59, 95, 173, 195, 247. See also names of specific ethnic groups; immigrants
Southern Pacific Railroad, 60
Southern plains. See Great Plains
Southwest (US region), ix, xii, xiv, xv, xvii, 6, 45, 51, 52, 62, 68, 75, 77, 89, 98, 106, 116, 124, 126, 140, 252, 253, 255, 260
Spaniards, x, xxiv, 12, 52, 68, 69, 77–78, 88, 215, 253
Spanish empire, 29, 36, 75, 217, 255
Spears, Jim, 225
Squier, Ephraim G., 17
Steiner, Michael C., xiv
Stenhouse, Thomas B. H., 188, 189, 191
sterilization, 226. See also eugenics
Stern, Alexandra Minna, 79
St. John, John Pierce, 171
Stone, Charles, 230
Stoner, Willie, 226
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 180
St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (SP&P), 159–60
strenuous life, 96
Sun Dance (Sacred Native American Ceremony), 109
Sunset, 84
Swedes, xv, 12, 88, 155, 156, 160, 173, 174, 202, 257. See also Northern Europeans, Scandinavians, Norwegians
Syrians, 249–50
System of Nature (Linnaeus), 14
Tacoma, Washington, 210
Tahiti, 184. See also French Polynesia, Tubuai
Tartars, 39
Taylor, John, 187
Taylor, Quintard, 144
Tays, J.B., 220
Tejanos (Hispanic Texan), xxv, 8–9, 211, 212, 216–22, 224, 227. See also Hispanic Americans, Paseños
Tejon Pass (CA), 232
Teutonic. See German
Texas, xxiv, 4–5, 45, 69, 86–87, 126, 140–42, 210–27, 240, 252, 253, 255, 259
Texas Rangers, 4–5, 211, 212, 213, 214, 218–22, 225
Texans, 86, 87, 211, 213, 214, 215
Texian. See Texans
Third World, xiii
thrift (as a characteristic of Whiteness), 84, 87, 88, 101, 164, 196, 200, 202
Throckmorton, James, 214–15
Thurston, Samuel, 134–35
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 80
Tolowas (American Indian group), 230
Tonga, 185. See also Pacific Islands
Tonkawas (American Indian group), 214
Toronto, Joseph, 188, 189, 191
Torre Pellice (city in modern Italy), 189
Touzalin, A. E., 164
Tramp Across the Continent (Lummis), 101, 102
Trans-Appalachian West. See West
Trans-Mississippi West. See West
trappers, 99, 112, 116. See also frontiersmen
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), xii, xxiv, 143, 232, 255
Trinity River (Texas), 213
tropics (and white racial degeneration), 77–78. See also climate; racial degeneration
Truth about America (Money), 169
tuberculosis, 54–59
Tubuai, 184. See also French Polynesia, Tahiti
Tucker, Dan, 220
Tule Lake (CA), 232
Tuolumne County, California, 239
Turin (city in modern Italy), 192, 193
Turkey, 198
Turner, Frederick Jackson, xiv, 10, 85, 95
Tustin, J. P., 162
Twenty-fifth Infantry (US), 226
Two Years Before the Mast (Dana), 52
Tyler, Daniel, 193
typhoid fever, 55
Tyrannical Libertymen (Anonymous), 40–41
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 180
Undeveloped West (Beadle), 84
Union Army, 162–63, 165, 215–16, 223, 225, 231
Union of States, 138–39
Union Pacific Railroad, 145
United States v. Thind (legal case), 250
US Army, 209, 213–16, 220, 222, 224–26, 256; African Americans soldiers in, 224–26 (See also Buffalo Soldiers)
US Bureau of Indian Affairs, 101, 109
US Congress, 30, 109, 125, 129, 132, 133, 137, 232, 234, 247, 248
US Constitution, 31, 33, 42, 138–39, 248
US Department of War, 215
US Government, 113, 123, 143, 203. See also federal government
US House of Representatives, 125, 127, 132
US Immigration and Naturalization Service, 260
US Supreme Court, 135, 138, 260
Utah (State and Territory of), xiv, 88, 155, 179–81, 186, 187, 194, 199, 201, 202, 204, 257, 258. See also Salt Lake City
Utes (American Indian Group), 8
Valenčius, Conevery Bolton, 54
Van Buren, Martin, 126
vanishing Indians (belief in), 10, 43, 53, 74–75, 109, 111, 229–30. See also extinction discourse
Van Ness, Barrant, 231
Vassar College, 249
Vaughn, J., 203
Vicksburg, Mississippi, 172
vigilantism, 209, 213–14, 218, 222, 224, 230–32, 233, 235, 239–40. See also violence
Villa, Francisco “Pancho,” 222
vitiligo, 16
violence, xi, 5, 8–9, 80–81, 144, 197, 209–40; in California, 227–40; in Texas, 210–27
Voice of Joseph (Snow), 191
Waldenses (region in modern Italy), 189–95
Walker, Charles Dudley, 76–77
Walker, James, 139
Warner’s Ranch Indians, 106. See also mission Indians
Warren, Governeur K., 39
Wasatch Mountains (UT), 179
Wascos (American Indian Group), 130
Washington (State and Territory of), xiii, 155, 156, 160, 210
Weatherford, Texas, 213
Weber Creek (CA), 239
Weber Creek (UT), 200
welfare, 260
Welsh, 112, 156, 160, 173, 199
West (US region), xiv, 34, 39, 191, 224, 240, 247, 251, 252; population of, 155. See also Great Plains, Northwest, Southwest
West, Elliott, 6, 10, 45, 153, 236–37
Western Civilization. See civilization
westerners, xi, 66, 75, 79–80, 82–83, 88, 89, 95, 99, 103, 127, 254, 258. See also pioneers; frontiersmen
Western European. See Europeans, Southern Europeans, Northern Europeans
Westminster Abbey, 168
white, xxiii, xxiv–xxv, 140, 173. See also Anglo Saxon; Anglo American
White, G. Edward, 96
White, Hugh Lawson, 43
White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP), 106. See also Anglo-Americans
Whiteman (The), 213
white man’s west (concept of), ix, xiv, 6–7, 65, 90, 109, 117, 123, 216, 224, 227, 240, 250, 255–61
whiteness, 31, 70, 75, 96, 104, 114, 115–16, 124, 130, 131, 135, 137, 145, 155, 157, 160, 170, 172–73, 179–80, 182, 186, 190, 194, 199, 202, 204–5, 209, 210, 217, 226–27, 233, 234, 236, 238, 240, 247, 248, 250–61
whiteness theory, xiv, xv–xvii, xxv, 10, 12–14, 31
White Scourge (Davis), 226
white supremacy, xiv, xxv, 3–4, 73–74, 106, 211, 218, 222, 223, 236, 261
whitewashing (racial), xv, 106
Wichitas (American Indian group), 213, 214
Widney, Joseph Pomeroy, 66, 77–78, 82, 123, 254
Wild West, x
Williams, George H., 135–36
Wilson, R. T., 172
Wilson, Woodrow, 222
Wisconsin (State and Territory of), 159
Wise County, Texas, 214
Winn, William M., 230
Winning of the West (Roosevelt), x
Wister, Owen, 96
women, 53, 69, 71, 112, 115, 180, 196, 200–201. See also femininity
Woodcraft Indians, 114
Woodward, Jabez, 188, 191, 192, 194
work ethic: as a characteristic of whiteness, 73, 76, 86–87, 88, 101, 136, 142, 152, 155, 164, 170, 180, 190, 196, 199–200, 253; of African Americans, 171; of Hispanics, 217; of Indians, 108–9, 228
Wozencraft, Oliver M., 128, 232
Wyoming (state of), xiii, 10, 155, 259
Yaquis (American Indian group), 233
yeoman farmers, 33, 42, 123, 139, 142, 152, 169. See also farmers
Young, Brigham, 185–86, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 199
Zimpelman, George B., 219
Zion. See Salt Lake City
Zurich, Switerland, 188