Bibliography

Periodicals and Newspapers

Bee-Hive (London, UK)

Congressional Globe

Everybody’s

Harper’s New Monthly Magazine

Jefferson (MO) Inquirer

Journal of Discourses

Land and Emigration (London, UK)

Land of Sunshine/Out West

Los Angeles Times

McClure’s (New York)

Millennial Star (Mormon publication)

Morning Oregonian (Portland)

The Nation

New York Times

Rocky Mountain News (Denver, CO)

San Angelo (TX) Standard Times

Scribner’s (New York)

Washington Post

Weekly Oregonian

Western Historical Quarterly

World’s Work

Other Sources

Aarim-Heriot, Najia. Chinese Immigrants, African Americans and Racial Anxiety in the United States, 1848–1882. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003.

Adams, David Wallace. Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875–1928. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995.

Adams, Kevin. Class and Race in the Frontier Army. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2009.

Adams, Samuel Hopkins. “Tuberculosis: The Real Race Suicide.” McClure’s Magazine 24 (January 1905): 234–49.

Agassiz, Louis. “The Diversity of Origin of the Human Races.” Christian Examiner 49 (1850): 110–45.

Ahmad, Diana L. The Opium Debate and Chinese Exclusion Laws in the Nineteenth-Century American West. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2007.

Alba, Richard D. Ethnic Identity: The Transformation of White America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.

Alder, Douglas Dexter. “German Speaking Immigration to Utah, 1850–1950.” MA thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 1959.

Almaguer, Tómas. Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.

Anderson, Gary Clayton. The Conquest of Texas: Ethnic Cleansing in the Promised Land, 1820–1875. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005.

Anonymous. Tyrannical Libertymen: A Discourse upon Negro Slavery in the United States. Hanover, NH: Eagle Office, 1795.

Arnesen, Eric. “Whiteness and the Historians’ Imagination.” International Labor and Working-Class History 60 (Fall 2001).

Aryan Nations website. http://aryan-nations.org. Accessed December 20, 2011.

Athearn, Robert G. In Search of Canaan: Black Migration to Kansas, 1879–1880. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1978.

Athearn, Robert G. The Mythic West in Twentieth Century America. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989.

Athearn, Robert G. Rebel of the Rockies: A History of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. Yale Western Americana Series. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1962.

Athearn, Robert G. Union Pacific Country. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.

Bakken, Gordon Morris, and Brenda Farrington, eds. Racial Encounters in the Multi-Cultural West. New York: Garland, 2000.

Banning, Evelyn I. Helen Hunt Jackson. New York: Vanguard, 1973.

Barkan, Elliott Robert. From All Points: America’s Immigrant West, 1870s–1952. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.

Bayor, Ronald H., ed. The Columbia Documentary History of Race and Ethnicity in America. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.

Beadle, J[ohn] H[anson]. The Undeveloped West: or, Five Years in the Territories. Philadelphia: National Publishing, 1873. Reprint, New York: Arno, 1973.

Bell, William A. New Tracks in North America: A Journal of Travel and Adventure Whilst Engaged in the Survey for a Southern Railroad to the Pacific Ocean during 1867–68. London: Chapman and Hall, 1869.

Bell, William A. A Paper on the Colonies of Colorado in Their Relation to English Enterprise and Settlement. London: Chapman and Hall, 1874.

Benton-Cohen, Katherine. Borderline Americans: Racial Divisions in the Arizona Borderlands. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.

Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1998.

Berwanger, Eugene H. The Frontier against Slavery: Western Anti-Negro Prejudice and the Slavery Extension Controversy. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1967.

Bieder, Robert E. Science Encounters the Indian, 1820–1880: The Early Years of American Ethnology. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.

Bingham, Edwin R. Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library Press, 1955.

Bird, Isabella L. A Lady’s Life in the Rocky Mountains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960.

Bowler, Peter J. Evolution: The History of an Idea. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

Boxer, Elise. “ ‘To Become White and Delightsome’: American Indians and Mormon Identity.” PhD dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe, 2009.

Bradley, Glenn Danford. The Story of the Santa Fe. Boston: Badger, 1920.

Branagan, Thomas. Serious Remonstrances: Addressed to the Citizens of the Northern States, and Their Representatives. Philadelphia: Thomas T. Stiles, 1805.

Brantlinger, Patrick. Dark Vanishings: Discourse on the Extinction of Primitive Races, 1800–1930. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.

Bringhurst, Newell G. Saints, Slaves, and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People within Mormonism. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981.

Britsch, R. Lanier. Unto the Islands of the Sea: A History of the Latter-day Saints in the Pacific. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1986.

Brown, Richard Maxwell. No Duty to Retreat: Violence and Values in American History and Society. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.

Brown, Richard Maxwell. Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.

Browne, J. Ross. Report of the Debates in the Convention of California on the Formation of the State Constitution in September and October, 1849. Washington, DC: John T. Towers, 1850.

Burnett, Peter H. Recollections and Opinions of an Old Pioneer. New York: D. Appleton, 1880.

California State Constitution. 1849. http://www.archives.cdn.sos.ca.gov/1849/full -text.htm. Accessed July 12, 2012.

Calvert, Robert A., and Arnoldo De León. The History of Texas. Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1990.

Carlson, Paul H., and Tom Crum. Myth, Memory, and Massacre: The Pease River Capture of Cynthia Ann Parker. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2010.

Carroll, Mark M. Homesteads Ungovernable: Families, Sex, Race, and the Law in Frontier Texas, 1823–1860. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001.

Castle, William Ernest, John Merle Coulter, Charles Benedict Davenport, Edward Murray East, and William Lawrence, eds. Heredity and Eugenics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1912.

Chambers, Thomas A. Drinking the Waters: Creating an American Leisure Class at Nineteenth-Century Mineral Springs. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002.

Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad. The Great West. Chicago: Rollings, 1880.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints website. http://mormon.org. Accessed December 15, 2011.

Coates, Peter. American Perceptions of Immigrant and Invasive Species: Strangers on the Land. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.

Cole, Stephanie, and Alison Parker, eds. Beyond Black and White: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the U.S. South and Southwest. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004.

Coleman, Annie Gilbert. Ski Style. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004.

Colton, Walter. Three Years in California. New York: S. A. Rollo, 1859.

Cool, Paul. Salt Warriors: Insurgency on the Rio Grande. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2008.

Courtwright, David T. Violent Land: Single Men and Social Disorder from the Frontier to the Inner City. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.

Cox, Mike. The Texas Rangers: Wearing the Cinco Peso, 1821–1900. New York: Forge, 2008.

Crockett, Norman L. The Black Towns. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1979.

Cross, Coy F. Go West Young Man! Horace Greeley’s Vision for America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995.

Dain, Bruce. A Hideous Monster of the Mind: American Race Theory in the Early Republic. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.

Dana, Richard Henry, Jr. Two Years before the Mast and Other Voyages. Ed. Thomas Philbrick. New York: Library of America, 2005.

Daniel, Thomas. The Captain of Death: The Story of Tuberculosis. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1999.

Daniels, Roger. Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life. New York: Harper Perennial, 1990.

Davis, Mike. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. New York: Vintage, 1992.

Davis, Mike. Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster. New York: Vintage, 1998.

De León, Arnoldo. Racial Frontiers: Africans, Chinese, and Mexicans in Western America, 1848–1890. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002.

De León, Arnoldo. They Called Them Greasers: Anglo Attitudes toward Mexicans in Texas, 1821–1900. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983.

De León, Arnoldo, ed. War along the Border: The Mexican Revolution and Tejano Communities. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2012.

Deloria, Philip. Playing Indian. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.

Denver and Rio Grande Western Railway. The Opinions of the Judge and the Colonel as to the Vast Resources of Colorado. Denver: Denver and Rio Grande Western Railway, 1894.

Deverell, William. Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.

Dippie, Brian. The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and US Indian Policy. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1982.

Dirlik, Arif, ed. Chinese on the American Frontier. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001.

Dye, Victoria E. All Aboard for Santa Fe: Railway Promotion of the Southwest, 1890s to 1930s. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005.

Edwards, G. Thomas, and Carlos Schwantes, eds. Experiences in a Promised Land: Essays in Pacific Northwest History. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986.

Emigrant, an (pseudonym). Texas in 1840, or the Emigrant’s Guide to the New Republic. New York: Arno, 1973.

Emmons, David M. Beyond the American Pale: The Irish in the West, 1845–1910. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010.

Emmons, David M. Garden in the Grasslands: Boomer Literature of the Central Great Plains. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971.

Etulain, Richard. Re-imagining the Modern American West: A Century of Fiction, History, and Art. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996.

Faragher, John Mack, ed. Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner. New York: Henry Holt, 1994.

Ferber, Abby L. White Man Falling: Race, Gender, and White Supremacy. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998.

Fields, Barbara J. “Ideology and Race in American History.” In Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward, edited by J. Morgan Krousser and James M. McPherson, 143–77. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.

Fisher, John S. A Builder of the West: The Life of General William Jackson Palmer. Caldwell, ID: Caxton, 1939.

Fisk, Turbese Lummis, and Keith Lummis. Charles F. Lummis: The Man and His West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1975.

Foley, Neil. The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.

Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Foos, Paul. A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-American War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.

Franklin, Benjamin. The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 4. Ed. Leonard Labaree. New Haven, C T: Yale University Press, 1961.

Frazier, Ian. Great Plains. New York: Penguin Books, 1989.

Fredrickson, George M. The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.

Frémont, John C., and Samuel M. Smucker. The Life of Colonel John Charles Fremont. New York: Miller, Orton, and Mulligan, 1856.

Frost, Linda. Never One Nation: Freaks, Savages, and Whiteness in U.S. Popular Culture, 1850–1877. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005.

Garvin, Roy. “Benjamin, or ‘Pap,’ Singleton and His Followers.” Journal of Negro History 33, no. 1 (January 1948): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2714984.

Gates, Paul Wallace. The Illinois Central Railroad and Its Colonization Work. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674281615.

Gilpin, William. Mission of the North American People: Geographical, Social, and Political. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1874.

Glass, Bentley, Owsei Temkin, and William L. Strauss Jr., eds. Forerunners of Darwin: 1745–1859. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959.

Goetzmann, William H. Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966.

Gordon, Linda. The Great Arizona Orphan Abduction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Gorren, Aline. Anglo-Saxons and Others. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1900.

Gossett, Thomas F. Race: The History of an Idea in America. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963.

Gould, Stephen J. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W. W. Norton, 1981.

Grant, Madison. The Passing of the Great Race. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1918.

Graves, Joseph L., Jr. The Emperor’s New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the Millennium. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001.

Gregg, Josiah. Commerce of the Prairies. Ed. Max L. Moorhead. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954.

Gross, Ariela J. What Blood Won’t Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.

Gutierrez, David. Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants and the Politics of Ethnicity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.

Hahn, Steven. A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2003.

Hämäläinen, Pekka. The Comanche Empire. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.

Hannaford, Ivan. Race: History of an Idea in the West. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Harris, Cheryl. “Whiteness as Property.” Harvard Law Review 106, no. 8 (June 1993): 1707–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1341787.

Hayden, Ferdinand V., ed. The Great West: Its Attractions and Resources. Bloomington, IL: Charles R. Brodix, 1880.

Hedges, James Blaine. “The Colonization Work of the Northern Pacific Railroad.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 13, no. 3 (December 1926): 311–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1893110.

Hedges, James Blaine. “Promotion and Immigration to the Pacific Northwest by the Railroads.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 15, no. 2 (September 1928): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1895644.

Heizer, Robert F., ed. The Destruction of California Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.

Heizer, Robert F., ed. They Were Only Diggers: A Collection of Articles from California Newspapers, 1851–1866, on Indian and White Relations. Ramona, CA: Ballena, 1974.

Hibbard, George B. Land Department of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company: Bureau of Immigration for Soldiers and Sailors. N.p.: Northern Pacific Railroad, 1873.

Hietala, Thomas R. Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985.

Higham, John. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1955.

Hill, Mike, ed. Whiteness: A Critical Reader. New York: New York University Press, 1997.

Hinsley, Curtis M., Jr. Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846–1910. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.

Hofstadter, Richard. Social Darwinism in American Thought. New York: George Braziller, 1959.

Holt, Michael F. The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004.

Homer, Michael. “The Italian Mission, 1850–1867.” Sunstone 7, no. 3 (May-June 1982): 16–21.

Horsman, Reginald. Josiah Nott of Mobile: Southerner, Physician, and Racial Theorist. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987.

Horsman, Reginald. Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.

Howell, Kenneth W., ed. Still the Arena of Civil War: Violence and Turmoil in Reconstruction Texas, 1865–1874. Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2012.

Hoxie, Frederick. A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.

Hurtado, Albert L. Indian Survival on the California Frontier. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988.

Hyer, Joel R. We Are Not Savages: Native Americans in Southern California and the Pala Reservation, 1840–1920. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2001.

Ignatiev, Noel. How the Irish Became White. New York: Routledge, 1995.

Irving, Washington. Three Western Narratives. New York: Library of America, 2004.

Irving, Washington. The Western Journals of Washington Irving. Ed. John Francis McDermott. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1944.

Iseminger, Gordon L. “Land and Emigration: A Northern Pacific Railroad Company Newspaper.” North Dakota Quarterly 48, no. 2 (Summer 1981): 70–92.

Jackson, Andrew. “Annual Messages, 1830–33.” In A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, ed. James D. Richardson, 10:1082–86. US Congress. New York, 1896.

Jackson, Helen Hunt. Glimpses of Three Coasts. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1886.

Jackson, Helen Hunt. Westward to a High Mountain: The Colorado Writings of Helen Hunt Jackson. Ed. Mark I. West. Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1994.

Jacobson, Matthew Frye. Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.

Jaehn, Tomas. Germans in the Southwest, 1850–1920. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005.

Jahoda, Gustav. Images of Savages: Ancients [sic] Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture. New York: Routledge, 1999.

Jefferson, Thomas. The Complete Jefferson, Containing His Major Writings, Published and Unpublished, Except His Letters. Ed. Saul K. Padover. New York: Tudor, 1943.

Jefferson, Thomas. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 19. Ed. Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Bergh. Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1905.

Jeffrey, Julie Roy. Converting the West: A Biography of Narcissa Whitman. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.

Jeffrey, Julie Roy. Frontier Women. New York: Hill and Wang, 1998.

Johannsen, Robert W. Frontier Politics and the Sectional Conflict: The Pacific Northwest on the Eve of the Civil War. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1955.

Johannsen, Robert W. To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Johnson, Susan Lee. Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush. New York: W. W. Norton, 2000.

Jones, Billy Mack. Health-Seekers in the Southwest, 1817–1900. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967.

Jordan, David Starr. The Blood of the Nation: A Study of the Decay of Races through the Survival of the Unfit. Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1910.

Jordan, David Starr. The Days of Man: Being Memories of a Naturalist, Teacher, and Minor Prophet of Democracy. 2 vols. New York: World Book Company, 1922.

Jordan, Winthrop. White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550–1812. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968.

Kagan, Paul. New World Utopias: A Photographic History of the Search for Community. New York: Penguin, 1975.

Kaufman, Herbert. “Southwestward Ho! America’s New Trek to Still-Open Places.” Everybody’s 22, no. 6 (June 1910): 725–31.

Kennedy, Randall. Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word. New York: Vintage, 2002.

Kidd, Colin. British Identities before Nationalism: Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600–1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511495861.

Kincheloe, Joe L., Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriquez, and Ronald E. Channault, eds. White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America. New York: St. Martin’s, 1998.

Kingsley, Rose Georgina. South by West, or, Winter in the Rocky Mountains and Spring in Mexico. London: W. Isbister, 1874.

Kolchin, Peter. “Whiteness Studies: The New History of Race in America.” Journal of American History 89, no. 1 (June 2002): 154–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700788.

Kownslar, Allan O. The European Texans. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004.

Kukla, Jon. A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003.

Lapp, Rudolph M. Blacks in Gold Rush California. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977.

Lears, T. Jackson. No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880–1920. New York: Pantheon, 1981.

Leckie, William H. The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003.

Leiker, James N. Racial Borders: Black Soldiers along the Rio Grande. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2002.

Levario, Miguel. Militarizing the Border: When Mexicans Became the Enemy. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2012.

Lightner, David L. Labor on the Illinois Central Railroad, 1852–1900: The Evolution of an Industrial Environment. New York: Arno, 1977.

Limerick, Patricia Nelson. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West. New York: W. W. Norton, 1987.

Linderman, Frank Bird. Montana Adventure: The Recollections of Frank B. Linderman. Ed. H. G. Merriam. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1968.

Linderman, Frank Bird. Pretty-shield: Medicine Woman of the Crows. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972.

Linderman, Frank Bird. Wolf and the Winds. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.

Lipsitz, George. The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006.

Long, Stephen Harriman. Account of an Expedition from Pittsburg to the Rocky Mountains, vol. 2. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1823.

López, Ian Haney. White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race. New York: New York University Press, 1996.

Lovoll, Odd S. Norwegians on the Prairie: Ethnicity and the Development of the Country Town. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2006.

Ludlow, Daniel H., ed. Encyclopedia of Mormonism. 4 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1992.

Luebke, Frederick C., ed. Ethnicity on the Great Plains. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980.

Luebke, Frederick C., ed. European Immigrants in the American West: Community Histories. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998.

Lummis, Charles [Fletcher]. Letters from the Southwest. Ed. James Byrkit. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989.

Lummis, Charles Fletcher. A Tramp across the Continent. Lincoln: Bison Books, 1982.

Lummis, Charles Fletcher. Various articles in numerous issues of Land of Sunshine.

Magoffin, Susan Shelby. Down the Santa Fé Trail and into Mexico: The Diary of Susan Shelby Magoffin. Ed. Stella M. Drumm. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1926.

Mahoney, Barbara. “Oregon Voices, Oregon Democracy: Asahel Bush, Slavery, and the Statehood Debate.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 110, no. 2 (Summer 2009): 202–27.

Malcomson, Scott L. One Drop of Blood: The American Misadventure of Race. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2000.

Malmborg, Oscar. “Letters of an Early Illinois Central Emigration Agent.” Swedish-American Historical Bulletin 3, no. 2 (June 1930): 7–52.

Mauss, Armand L. All Abraham’s Children: Changing Mormon Conceptions of Race and Lineage. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003.

Meinig, Donald W. The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, vol. 2: Continental America, 1800–1867. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.

Melosi, Martin Van. Pollution and Reform in American Cities, 1870–1930. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980.

Mexican-American Legal Defense and Educational Fund website. www.maldef.org. Accessed December 20, 2011.

Miller, Stuart Creighton. The Unwelcome Immigrant: The American Image of the Chinese, 1785–1882. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.

Milner, Clyde A., II. A New Significance: Re-envisioning the History of the American West. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Money, Edward. The Truth about America. London: Sampson, Lowe, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1886.

Montgomery, Charles. The Spanish Redemption: Heritage, Power, and Loss on New Mexico’s Upper Rio Grande. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. New York: W. W. Norton, 1975.

Morrison, Michael A. Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.

Morrison, Michael A., and James Brewer Stewart, eds. Race and the Early Republic: Racial Consciousness and Nation-Building in the Early Republic. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002.

Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. New York: Vintage, 1992.

Muir, John. Steep Trails. Ed. William Frederic Badé. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1918. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.56187.

Murphy, Thomas W. “Imagining Lamanites: Native Americans and the Book of Mormon.” PhD dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, 2003.

Nash, Linda. Inescapable Ecologies: A History of Environment, Disease, and Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.

Nash, Roderick. Wilderness and the American Mind. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1967.

Nevels, Cynthia Skove. Lynching to Belong: Claiming Whiteness through Racial Violence. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2007.

Nordhoff, Charles. California for Health, Pleasure, and Residence: A Book for Travellers and Settlers, revised ed. New York: Harper Bros., 1882.

Nott, J[osiah] C[lark]. “The Mulatto or Hybrid—Probable Extermination of the Two Races if the Whites and Blacks Are Allowed to Intermarry.” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 6, no. 11 (July 1843): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000441-184307000-00106.

Nott, J[osiah] C[lark], and Geo[rge] R. Gliddon. Types of Mankind, or, Ethnological Researches, Based upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races, and upon Their Natural, Geographical, Philological and Biblical History. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, 1855.

Nugent, Walter. Into the West: The Story of Its People. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.

Odell, Ruth. Helen Hunt Jackson. New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1939.

Olmsted, Frederick Law. A Journey through Texas, or, a Saddle-Trip on the Southwestern Frontier. New York: Dix, Edwards, and Co., 1857.

Östman, Kim B. “Mormons, Civil Authorities and Lutheran Clergy in Finland, 1875–1889.” Scandinavian Journal of History 35, no. 3 (September 2010): 268–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468751003734909.

Painter, Nell Irvin. Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977.

Painter, Nell Irvin. The History of White People. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010.

Parkman, Francis. The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life, 4th ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1905.

Peffer, George Anthony. If They Don’t Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration before Exclusion. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.

Perdue, Theda, and Michael D. Green. The Cherokee Removal: A Brief History with Documents. New York: Bedford, St. Martins, 2005.

Petrowski, William Robinson. The Kansas Pacific: A Study in Railroad Promotion. New York: Arno, 1981.

Pfaelzer, Jean. Driven Out: The Forgotten War against Chinese Americans. New York: Random House, 2007.

Pike, Zebulon Montgomery. The Expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike, to Headwaters of the Mississippi River, through Louisiana Territory, and in New Spain, during the Years 1805–6–7, vol. 2. Ed. Elliott Coues. New York: F. P. Harper, 1895.

Pomeroy, Earl. In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990.

Prucha, Francis Paul. American Indian Policy in Crisis: Christian Reformers and the Indian, 1865–1900. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1977.

Prucha, Francis Paul. American Indian Policy in the Formative Years: The Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts, 1790–1834. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970.

Prucha, Francis Paul. The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians. 2 vols. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.

Rable, George C. But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007.

Rae, John Bell. The Development of Railway Land Subsidy Policy in the United States. New York: Arno, 1979.

Remy, Jules. A Journey to Great Salt Lake City, vol. 2. London: W. Jeffs, 1861.

Riebsame, William E., ed. Atlas of the New West: Portrait of a Changing Region. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997.

Roediger, David R. The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. New York: Verso, 1991.

Roediger, David R. Working toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White. New York: Perseus Books, 2005.

Rohrbough, Malcolm J. Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.

Ronda, James P. Lewis and Clark among the Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.

Roosevelt, Theodore. The Winning of the West: The Spread of the English-Speaking Peoples. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1889.

Rothman, Hal K. Devil’s Bargains: Tourism in the Twentieth-Century American West. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998.

Rusling, James F. Across America: or the Great West and the Pacific Coast. New York: Sheldon, 1874.

Russell, Thomas C., ed. “Shirley, Dame.” September 13, 1851. In The Shirley Letters from California Mines in 1851–52, 4–5. San Francisco: Thomas C. Russell, 1922.

Sandmeyer, Elmer C. The Anti-Chinese Movement in California. Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences Series 24, no. 3. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1939.

Saxton, Alexander. The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.

Schlatter, Elizabeth. Aryan Cowboys: White Supremacists and the Search for a New Frontier, 1970–2000. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006.

Schwantes, Carlos. Railroad Signatures across the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1993.

Shaffer, Marquerite S. See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1880–1940. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001.

Slotkin, Richard. The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800–1890. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985.

Slotkin, Richard. Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992.

Slotkin, Richard. Regeneration through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973.

Smedley, Audrey. Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview. Boulder: Westview, 1993.

Smith, George A., Lorenzo Snow, Paul A. Schettler, and Eliza R. Snow. Correspondence of Palestine Tourists. Salt Lake City: Deseret News Steam Printing, 1875.

Smith, Henry Nash. Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1950.

Smith, Joseph. The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ. Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1981.

Smith, Samuel Stanhope. Essay on the Variety of Complexion and Figure in the Human Species. Ed. Winthrop Jordan. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674866331.

Smith, Sherry L. Reimagining Indians: Native Americans through Anglo Eyes, 1880–1940. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Snow, Lorenzo. The Italian Mission. London: W. Aubrey, 1851.

Solly, Samuel Edwin. Manitou, Colorado, USA: Its Mineral Waters and Climate. St. Louis: J. McKittrick, 1875.

Sparks, Jared. The Life of Gouverneur Morris, vol. 3. Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1832.

Sprague, Marshall. Newport in the Rockies: The Life and Good Times of Colorado Springs. Denver: Sage Books, 1961.

Stanton, William. The Leopard’s Spots: Scientific Attitudes toward Race in America, 1815–59. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.

Starr, Kevin. Americans and the California Dream. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.

Starr, Kevin. Inventing the Dream: California through the Progressive Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Starr, Kevin. Material Dreams: Southern California through the 1920s. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Stern, Alexandra. Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

Stover, John F. History of the Illinois Central Railroad. New York: Macmillan, 1975.

Strom, Claire. Profiting from the Plains: The Great Northern Railway and Corporate Development of the American West. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003.

Takaki, Ronald T. Iron Cages: Race and Culture in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.

Taylor, Bayard. At Home and Abroad, a Sketch-book of Life, Scenery and Men. New York: G. P. Putnam, 1860.

Taylor, Bayard. Eldorado; or Adventures in the Path of Empire. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1861.

Taylor, Quintard. In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West, 1528–1990. New York: W. W. Norton, 1998.

Taylor, Quintard. “Slaves and Free Men: Blacks in the Oregon Country, 1840–1860.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 83, no. 2 (Summer 1982): 153–70.

Thompson, Mark. American Character: The Curious Life of Charles Fletcher Lummis and the Rediscovery of the Southwest. New York: Arcade, 2001.

Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America, vol. 1. Trans. Henry Reeve, corrected by Francis Bowen, edited by Phillips Bradley. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.

Tong, Benson. Unsubmissive Women: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994.

Trachenberg, Alan. Shades of Hiawatha: Staging Indians, Making Americans, 1880–1930. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004.

Trafzer, Clifford E., and Joel R. Hyer, eds. Exterminate Them! Written Accounts of the Murder, Rape, and Enslavement of Native Americans during the California Goldrush, 1848–1868. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1999.

“Treaty between the United States of America and the French Republic.” Yale University Avalon Project. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/louis1.asp. Accessed July 12, 2012.

Trelease, Allen. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.

Turner, Frederick Jackson. “The Significance of the Frontier in American History.” In Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner, ed. John Mack Faragher, 31–60. New York: Henry Holt, 1994.

Twain, Mark. Roughing It. New York: Harper and Row, 1962.

United States Congress. “Homestead Act.” Yale University Avalon Project. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/homestead_act.asp. Accessed July 28, 2015.

University of Virginia Library. “Historical Census Browser.” http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/index.html. Accessed July 12, 2012.

Utley, Robert M. High Noon in Lincoln: Violence on the Western Frontier. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987.

Utley, Robert M. The Indian Frontier of the American West, 1846–1900. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984.

Utley, Robert M. Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Valenčius, Conevery Bolton. The Health of the Country: How American Settlers Understood Themselves and Their Land. New York: Perseus Books Group, 2002.

Valenza, Janet Mace. Taking the Waters: Springs, Spas, and Fountains of Youth. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000.

Warner, J. J., Benjamin Hayes, and Joseph Pomeroy Widney. An Historical Sketch of Los Angeles County, California: From the Spanish Occupancy, by the Founding of the Mission San Gabriel Archangel, September 8, 1771, to July 4, 1876. Los Angeles: Louis Lewin, 1876.

Webb, Walter Prescott. Great Plains. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981.

Webb, Walter Prescott. The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1935.

Weber, David J., ed. Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican-Americans. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1973.

Weber, David J., ed. New Spain’s Far Northern Frontier: Essays on Spain in the American West. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1979.

West, Elliott. The Essential West: Collected Essays. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012.

West, Elliott. The Last Indian War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

White, Richard. “The Current Weirdness in the West.” Western Historical Quarterly 28, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 4–16.

White, Richard. It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own: A New History of the American West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.

White-Parks, Annette. Sui Sin Far/Edith Maude Eaton: A Literary Biography. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995.

Widney, Joseph P[omeroy]. The Race Life of the Aryan Peoples, vol. 2: The New World. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1907.

Williams, George H. “The Free State Letter of Judge George H. Williams.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 9, no. 3 (September 1908): 254–73.

Wray, Matt. Not Quite White: White Trash and the Boundaries of Whiteness. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822388593.

Wrobel, David M. Promised Lands: Promotion, Memory, and the Creation of the American West. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002.

Wrobel, David M., and Patricia T. Long, eds. Seeing and Being Seen: Tourism in the American West. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001.

Wrobel, David M., and Michael C. Steiner, eds. Many Wests: Place, Culture, and Regional Identity. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997.

Xia, Yanwen. “The Sojourner Myth and Chinese Immigrants in the United States.” PhD dissertation, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 1993.

Xu, Shi. “Images of the Chinese in the Rocky Mountain Region, 1855–1882.” PhD dissertation, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 1996.

Zhu, Liping. A Chinaman’s Chance: The Chinese on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier. Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1997.

Zo, Kil Young. Chinese Emigration into the United States, 1850–1880. New York: Arno, 1978.