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Ancient Households of the Americas: Index

Ancient Households of the Americas

Index

Index

Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.

Activities, 3; cooperative, 191–92; Iroquoian daily, 127, 129–30; Late Mississippian, 145–50, 155–58; Maya, 86–87; spatial organization of, 42, 57–66, 67–68, 164–65

Activity groups, 141–42

Age, and activities, 148(table), 151–53

Aggregation, Hohokam Classic period, 252

Agrarian societies, 13, 23; family roles, 84–86

Agriculturalists, ceramic production by, 193–94

Agriculture, 7, 9, 119, 329, 419; dependence on, 221, 257; extensive and intensive, 10–11; Hohokam, 24–25, 230, 231, 242–50, 252; Kayenta region, 191, 203; La Joya, 332–33, 341, 346; Late Archaic period, 227–28; marginality of, 193–94; Maya, 25–26, 86, 90–91, 299, 301–7; at Mesitas, 27, 366–67, 368; and pithouse-to-pueblo transition, 225–26; and refuse disposal, 65–66; and sedentism, 222, 223–25; tools and, 313–15; transition to, 226–27, 241

Agro-pastoralism, 381–82; household organization and, 383–84

Agua Caliente–Red Mountain phase, architectural changes, 228, 230

Aguateca, 88

Akimal O’odham, 255

Alto Magdalena region, 27, 353, 354, 361, 374(n2); chiefdoms, 356–57, 358–60. See also Mesitas

Anasazi, 48, 193; ceramic production, 189–90; unit pueblos and, 66–67. See also Kayenta region; Mesa Verde region; various sites

Ancestor worship, 16, 289

Ancestral Puebloans. See Anasazi

Andes, food storage, 383. See also Jachakala

Animal tending, 86, 424

Apartment compounds, Teotihuacan, 272

Apiaries, Yucatec Maya, 424. See also Beekeeping

Arboriculture, Maya, 92

Architectural suites, at Duckfoot site, 52–53

Architecture, 6, 14, 60; earthen to masonry transition, 54–55, 62; and economic changes, 7–8; and gender relations, 95–98; Hohokam, 228–33, 251–52; Late Archaic period, 227–28; longhouse, 21–22; Pueblo, 191–92; residential mobility and, 223–25; social status and, 396–97; spatial patterning of, 389–90

Artifact distribution: at Copán Valley sites, 87–95; gender/age and, 21, 151–53; index of assemblage diversity, 394–97; at Jachakala, 382, 399–402; at La Joya, 330, 331, 334–39, 341–45; at Little Egypt site, 145–49; at Maya residential spaces, 312–18, 421–22; Mesitas, 361–66; occupation span and, 55–56. See also by type of artifact

Ash, in longhouses, 131–33

Ayllu, 397

Azatlan, 248

AZ-J-28-32 (NN): ceramic production at, 189–90, 203–10; features at, 199–202

Aztecs, 9, 12, 16

Ballcourts, Hohokam, 250, 251, 254, 256

Bark beaters, at Copán, 95

Barnett phase, household structure in, 156–57

Basketmaker period, Kayenta region, 198

Beds, in Late Mississippian houses, 155, 156

Beekeeping, 86, 424

Belize: food production in, 25–26; household variability in, 269, 270

Benches, in longhouses, 121

Bezuapan phase, at La Joya, 341–45

Bifaces, in residential agricultural spaces, 313, 315

Black Mesa area, 23, 197, 198; ceramic production, 189–90, 194–96, 207–8(table)

Blades, obsidian, 95, 342–43

Bolivia, 27. See also Jachakala

Bone. See Faunal remains; Human remains

Bone isotope studies, of Maya diet, 25, 99, 100, 273–76, 280, 283–86

Bone tools, at Jachakala, 399

Botanical remains, at AZ-J-28-32 (NN), 200, 201, 202, 203; at Copán, 91–92

Burial mounds: Alto Magdalena region, 353, 354, 357–58, 374(n2); at Mesitas, 360–61, 363–64

Burials, 12, 16, 60, 98, 389; Copán, 98–100; at K’axob, 281–84, 289

Caches, 131, 136, 226, 393

Calakmul, 87

Camelids, at Jachakala, 399–400, 401, 402

Canal System 1, 242, 252

Canal systems: and agricultural intensity, 230, 231; Hohokam, 233, 241–50, 251, 252, 254–55

Canal System 2, 243, 245, 249, 253, 255; hydraulic history of, 241, 242, 244

Cancún, pottery consumption, 167, 168, 169

Candle production, 424

Cashion site, 244–45

Catemaco, Río, settlement patterns on, 331, 334, 339

Catholic Church, 414, 416–17

Caughnawaga, 124

Celts, as gender-specific, 21, 93

Cemeteries, 236, 389

Cemithualtin, 279, 291–92(n2)

Ceramic production, 22, 58, 163, 184(nn2, 3, 8), 192, 334; Anasazi, 23, 189–90, 194–96, 198, 203–10; categorization of, 165–66; databases on, 170–72; kinship relations and, 172–79; research on, 169–70; and scale, 182–83; in Ticul, 167, 168–69, 180, 181, 184(n4)

Ceramics, 58, 95, 153, 250, 330; Alto Magdalena region, 356, 364–65, 371; at Jachakala, 389, 393, 395, 401; Kayenta, 204; at La Joya, 334–35, 336–38, 343–44; in Maya residential agricultural spaces, 312, 315, 316; in Mohawk longhouses, 133–34; and occupation span, 54, 55–56, 60; Yucatec Maya, 167–69

Cerén, gendered activities, 88, 90; root crops, 98

Chan center, 305

Cherokee, at Coosawattee Old Town, 142

Chich mounds, 92

Chiefdoms, 15; Alto Magdalena region, 354, 356–57, 358–60; late Mississippian, 22; Veracruz, 26–27

Children: in Maya households, 82–83, 85, 86; in Siouan communities, 152

Chipped stone, 395; Kayenta region, 202–3; at La Joya, 335–36, 341–43; at Little Egypt site, 149–50, 154; Maya residential agricultural spaces, 313, 314–15; at Mesitas, 371; Mohawk, 120–21, 131; at Otstungo site, 135

Chuniapan de Abajo, 341

Cienega phase, 227–28

Cists, storage, 199, 200–201

Civano phase, 255

Clans, Mohawk, 121–23

Classic period (Alto Magdalena region), 27, 354, 359; demographic changes, 369–70; land tenure, 367–68; Mesitas households, 365–66

Classic period (Hohokam), 24, 257, 258; irrigation systems, 245, 247–48, 255; residential groups, 238, 239; social reorganization in, 251–54

Classic period (Maya), 301; artifact assemblages, 87–95; diet, 284, 286; gender and architecture, 95–98; gender and production, 83–84, 85–86; human remains, 98–100; at K’axob, 278, 284, 286, 287; landscape, 302–3; settlement patterns, 9, 80–82

Clay mines, Yucatán, 168, 184(n4)

Cloth production, Maya, 88, 90, 415, 418, 424

Coin banks, 167, 168

Colombia, 27. See also Mesitas

Colonialism: impacts of, 422–24; and indigenous communities, 408, 426

Colonial period (Hohokam), 250; courtyard groups, 236–37; irrigation systems, 241, 242, 243, 244, 249, 255; residential patterns during, 253–54

Colonial period (Maya), transition to, 408, 409

Commoners, 21; household ritual, 16, 17; Maya, 79–80, 81, 83

Communal houses, Hohokam, 231–32

Community: and household, 27–28; organization of, 325–26, 331–45

Compound households, Mesoamerican, 279

Compounds: Hohokam residential, 239, 240, 252

Construction, as gendered role, 86, 93–95, 97

Consumption patterns: bone isotope analysis, 25, 273–76, 283–84

Cooking, 86, 133, 149

Coosa, 22, 142

Coosawattee Old Town, 142

Copán Valley, 12, 101–2(n2), 314; artifact assemblages, 87, 88–91, 92–95; diet, 98–100; gender evidence in, 21, 83, 84, 100–101; paleoethnobotany, 91–92; rural sites in, 79–81, 82

Cordage, Iroquoian manufacture and use, 127, 129

Coresidences, 3, 4–5, 53, 280, 409; household membership and, 50–51; at Jachakala, 390–91

Corn. See Maize

Corn grinding, spatial organization of, 62, 65

Corporate groups, 325, 339; diet, 284–86; Maya, 279–90, 291–92(n2); multifamily, 26–27, 315, 326–28, 346

Cotton, repartimiento contracts, 418

Courtyard groups: Hohokam, 233–41, 250, 252, 253; and residential mobility, 256–57

Courtyards, Mesa Verde region, 61, 65

Coyame phase, community organization in, 331–39

Coyoenue Tepesi, 7

Coyol palm, at Copán, 91–92

Cozumel, demographics, 410–11

Craft production, 10, 15, 17–18, 86, 90, 272, 329, 360; categorization of, 165–66; Jachakala, 392(table), 395, 396; Mesitas, 370–73; scale and, 182–83; space for, 164–65, 167

Craft specialization, 18, 166, 184(n8), 193, 194; Alto Magdalena region, 356, 360; at Mesitas, 370–73

Crops: production and consumption of, 25, 273–76, 284–85, 286, 287

Cross-cultural models, 48, 49, 50, 55, 57–58

Crystals, in Otstungo longhouse, 136, 137

Cuello, 284, 287

Dallas phase, household structures, 155, 157, 158

Day of the Dead ceremonies, 168

Debitage: at Jachakala, 400; at Little Egypt site, 147, 155; in Maya residential agricultural spaces, 314, 315. See also Chipped stone; Lithics

Decision-making strategies, 284–85

Deer, Maya use of, 99, 100

Defensive sites: Iroquoian, 117–18; Otstungo as, 124–25

Deforestation, Classic Maya, 302

Demographics, 3, 8, 280; chiefdoms and, 359–60; colonial-era Yucatán, 410–11; Iroquoian, 123–24; Kayenta region, 197–98; Mesitas, 368–70

DeSoto, Hernando, 22, 142

Diet, Maya, 91–92, 98–100, 283–86

Digging tools, Maya, 314

Division of labor: gender and, 12, 82–83, 148–49; Iroquoian, 127, 129–30; Maya, 84–86, 412, 413–14

Dobbins Stockade (5MT8827), 63

Dogs, Maya use of, 99–100

Dolores Archaeological Program, 49, 55–56

Dolores River valley, 49

Domestic cycle, 67

Dos Chombitos, 26, 302, 303, 304, 305, 311; residential agricultural spaces at, 312–16, 317

Droughts, and Hohokam irrigation systems, 242, 244, 255

Dryland farming, 10, 24

Duckfoot site, 52–53; architectural suites, 191–92

Dutch Canal Ruins, 242

Early Formative period (Hohokam), 222; settlement patterns in, 228, 230–33

Early Formative period (Olmec), at La Joya, 331

Earthen structures, use life of, 54, 55, 60

Economic organization, 24, 25, 84; and structure shape, 7–8

Economies, 193; domestic, 382–85; Maya, 408–9; Spanish colonial, 407–8, 414–19

Ejutla, 183

Elites, 12, 17, 373; Maya, 28, 81, 289, 413; symbolic behavior, 15–16

Encomienda: tribute, 418–19; on Yucatán peninsula, 414–16

Escalante Ruins, compound, 240

Ethnoarchaeological studies, 49, 57–58, 65, 421

Ethnographic studies, 85, 255, 270–71

Ethnohistories, Yucatec Maya, 410–14

Exchange networks, 3–4, 360; Jachakala, 392(table), 396; Olmec, 326, 334, 341

Exogamy, Late Mississippian culture, 157–58

Extramural areas, 68; Kayenta rural sites, 201–2

Families, 3, 13, 51, 53, 272; agrarian production, 84–85; cooperative, 191–92; and corporate groups, 26–27; Mohawk, 21–22, 122; nuclear, 326, 328; Ticul potter, 170, 171–79, 185(n10)

Farming, as gendered role, 90. See also Agriculture

Faunal remains: in Classic Maya sites, 99–100; in Otstungo longhouse, 134; at Jachakala, 399–400, 401–2; Little Egypt site, 149, 153

Feasting, 16–17

Field houses, Hohokam, 255

Fields, 11, 66; preparation of, 86. See also Agriculture

Figurines, at La Joya, 338

Flaked stone. See Chipped stone

Floods: and Gila River changes, 244–45; and Hohokam canal systems, 241, 242, 255

Food: consumption of, 273–75, 283–86; preparation of, 132–33, 149; production of, 10, 12, 23–24, 86, 88–90, 257, 424; storage of, 21–22, 383

Formative period (Hohokam), 222; settlement patterns in, 228, 230–33

Formative period (Mesitas), 369, 371, 372, 373; households, 363–64, 365; land control, 366–68

Formative period (Olmec), 359; community organization, 325–26; multifamily corporate groups, 26–27

Franciscans, Yucatán peninsula, 417, 419

Gardens, 411; kitchen, 11, 92; in Mesoamerica, 86, 420; terrace, 25–26, 303

Gathering, as gendered role, 86

Gender, gender roles, 11–12, 410, 419; architecture and, 95–98; and diet, 98–99, 100; and division of labor, 82–83, 148–49; and household activities, 151–53; and household production, 23, 83–84; Iroquoian, 127, 129–31; Late Mississippian, 154–58; Maya, 28, 84–95, 101, 411–12, 413–14, 424; Mohawk, 21–22, 133

Genealogical databases, on Ticul potters, 171–72

Georgia, Late Mississippian culture, 22, 142. See also Little Egypt site

Gila Butte phase, 237

Gila River, 252; Hohokam irrigation systems on, 244–45, 248, 249

Gold ornaments, Mesitas production of, 371

Gordita phase, at La Joya, 339–41

Grinding stones, groundstone, 21, 147, 395; at Copán, 88–90, 91; at Mesitas, 371, 372

Hammerstones, Classic Maya, 93, 94

Hearths: in Little Egypt structures, 151; in longhouses, 119–20, 122, 126, 127, 128, 129(table), 133, 137–38; Maya, 97

Herkimer Diamonds, 136

Hide working: Iroquoian, 130, 135; Little Egypt site, 150

Highways, Yucatán, 167–68

Hilltop villages: Iroquoian, 118, 120; Otstungo as, 124–25

Hirth model, 79, 90, 384–85; testing of, 386, 390, 394, 395, 402

Hoes, stone, 86

Hohokam, 221; agriculture and sedentism among, 11, 24–25, 222–23; architectural and settlement changes, 228–33; courtyard groups, 233–38, 239–41; irrigation systems, 241–50, 254–55; landscape changes and, 244–45; public architecture, 250–51; residential patterns, 252–54, 255–57; village segments, 238–39

Honduras, 12, 17, 21, 101–2(n2), 314; artifact assemblages, 87, 88–91, 92–95; diet, 98–100; gender evidence in, 21, 83, 84, 100–101; house architecture in, 95–98; paleoethnobotany, 91–92; rural sites in, 79–81, 82, 90–91

Horticulture, swidden, 119

Household core, 305–6; in residential agricultural spaces, 312–13

Household membership, 50–51

Households: as analytical unit, 1–2, 145–46; definition of, 2–3; ethnographic studies of, 270–71; functions of, 3–5; internal analysis of, 272–73; multi-family, 411, 412–13; terms for, 5–6

Household units: Jachakala, 385–89, 391–94, 396–97, 401; Late Mississippian, 144–45

Houselot model: Mesoamerican, 304–5, 420–22; residential agricultural terraces and, 306–7

Houselots, 330; Yucatec Maya, 423–24, 426–27

Houses, 81, 305; construction of, 51, 54–55; Hohokam, 230–33, 236–38; at Jachakala, 391, 393; Late Archaic period, 227–28, 229. See also Residences; by structure type

Human remains, Classic Maya, 85–86, 98–100

Hunting, 11; as gendered role, 86, 90, 93

Hurons, household activities, 127, 129

Hydrology, of Hohokam canal systems, 242–43

Index of assemblage diversity (IAD), at Jachakala, 394–97, 401, 403–4

Indigenous communities, colonialism and, 408, 426

Inheritance, Yucatec Maya, 412, 413

Iroquoians: gendered activities, 127, 129–31; longhouses, 119–21; Northern, 118–19; social units, 121–24; warfare, 117–18

Irrigation systems, 66; Hohokam, 24, 230–31, 233, 234–35, 241–50, 251, 253, 254–55

Isahuara period, 382, 393, 402, 403; meat distribution in, 400, 401; wealth differentiation, 388–89

Isotopic studies. See Bone isotope studies

Jachakala: coresidences in, 390–91; domestic processes in, 27–28; domestic structures in, 391–94; household units in, 385–88; interzonal comparisons in, 397–402; social status in, 395–96; spatial patterning in, 402–4; wealth in, 388–89

Jachakala period, 382, 402, 403; household units, 388, 389, 396; meat distribution in, 400, 401

Jutes (Pachychilus spp.), at Maya sites, 92

K’axob, 25; corporate residences in, 279–83, 287–90; excavations in, 276–78, 291(n1), 292(n4); household size in, 278–79, 292(n3); household variability in, 269, 270, 290–91; production and consumption in, 273–76, 283–86

Kayenta region, 196; ceramic production, 189–90, 203–10; demographic changes in, 197–98; households in, 191–92

Kinship, 3; coresidence and, 4–5, 51; craft specialization and, 371–72; Mohawk, 121–23; multifamily corporate, 26, 328, 329; of Ticul potters, 172–79, 180, 182–83, 185(n14)

Kitchens, Maya, 11, 92, 97, 100–101

Kivas, use of, 62–63, 65

Knapping: as Iroquoian male activity, 130–31; at Little Egypt site, 154, 155

Komchen, 287

Labor, 11, 12, 272, 287, 327, 415; craft production, 18, 172; and diet, 284–85, 286; kin-based, 182–83; Maya, 84–86, 412–13; Spanish colonial era, 407–8

La Ciudad, 253, 255

La Joya (Veracruz), 26–27, 327, 346–47; Bezuapan phase, 341–45; community organization of, 325–26; Coyame phase, 332–39; Gordita phase, 339–41; obsidian tool manufacture, 334–36; subsurface sampling at, 329–30; Tulipan phase, 331, 334

La Joya region (Bolivia), 382 385. See also Jachakala

Laminai, 284

Land, 329; and agricultural intensification, 223–24, 252; control of, 15, 66, 236, 257, 358; at Mesitas, 366–68; scarcity of, 345–46; volcanic eruptions and, 331, 339, 341

Landa, Diego de, on Yucatec Maya, 411–12, 413

Landscape: Gila River, 244–45; lowland Maya, 302–3

Landscape capital, 10–11

Late Archaic period, 229; agricultural transition in, 24, 222, 227–28

Late Classic period (Maya), 21, 83; agricultural intensification, 304–5; terrace agriculture, 299, 301, 317

Late Formative period (Andes), 382

Late Formative period (Maya), 9, 286; corporate households in, 287, 329; at K’axob, 278, 280, 281–82, 284; La Joya, 26–27; obsidian blade technology, 342–43

Late Formative period (Olmec), at Bezuapan, 341

Late Mississippian period, 22, 156; household production, 141, 153–55; marriage structure in, 157–58; summer and winter structures in, 144–45

Leadership, corporate households, 288

League of the Iroquois, 117, 118

Lehi Canal System (Canal 11), 248, 252

Life spans, Classic Maya, 85–86

Lineages: craft specialization and, 371–72; and Iroquoian longhouses, 121–23

Linguistics, Iroquoian, 123

Lithics: Kayenta, 202–3; Late Mississippian, 22, 147, 154; in residential agricultural spaces, 312–13

Little Egypt site (9MU102), 22; activity areas at, 145–50; domestic structures at, 142–44; gender and household space at, 151–53, 157, 158; household production at, 153–55

Longhouse 1 (Otstungo), 126–27, 128; ash and artifacts in, 131–33; internal structuring of, 136–38; pottery in, 133–34; shell in, 135–36

Longhouses: excavation of, 126–36; internal organization of, 21–22, 118, 136–38; as social unit, 121–24; structure of, 119–21

Long House Valley, 190; ceramic production, 189, 203–6; environment of, 196–97; Pueblo periods in, 197–99

López Medel, Tomás, on encomienda tribute, 415–16

Los Muertos, 252

Loy site, 156–57

Lukurmata, 9, 387

Maize (Zea mays), 147, 203; ash treatment of, 132–33; Hohokam use of, 233, 257; at La Joya, 332–33; Maya consumption and production of, 88, 90, 91, 98–99, 273, 275, 280, 283–84

Manta, tribute, 415, 416, 418

Margarita royal tomb, 12

Marginality, agricultural, 193–94

Markets, Yucatán pottery, 167, 168–69

Marriage: and division of labor, 414; Late Mississippian, 157–58

Masonry: Mesa Verde region, 54–55, 60–61, 62–63, 64; use life, 55, 67

Matrilineages: Iroquoian, 122, 123; Late Mississippian, 157–58

Maya, 9, 16, 17, 270, 299; agrarian production, 84–86; agricultural techniques, 11, 25–26, 301–2, 304–5; architecture and gender, 95–98; artifact assemblages, 87–95; bone isotope analysis, 273–76, 280, 283–86; colonial era economies, 408–9; commoners, 79–80; corporate household formation, 287–90; gender roles, 12, 21; houselot size, 423–24; rural socioeconomic units, 81–82; and Spanish colonial regime, 28, 407–8. See also various regions; sites; subdivisions

McPhee community, 198

Mealing bins, 62, 65

Mealing rooms, 65

Meat packets, distribution at Jachakala, 399–400, 401–2

Men: gendered roles, 12, 83, 154–55, 412, 413

Merida, highways, 168

Mesa Verde region, 66, 198; occupation spans in, 20–21, 55–57; pithouse-to-pueblo transition in, 54–55; residential sites in, 48–50, 51–53; spatial organization in, 58–66, 67–68, 69

Mesitas, 357; archaeological reconstruction of, 360–66; archaeology, 355–56; craft production, 370–73; demographic changes in, 368–70; land control in, 366–68; remote sensing and, 373–74; social change in, 27, 353–54

Mesoamerica, 16, 86, 328; corporate households in, 279, 346; houselot model, 304–5; regional settlement patterns, 9–10. See also various cultures; regions; sites

Metates, 87, 372

Mexico, Basin of, settlement patterns, 9–10

Middens, 65, 388; at Jachakala, 391, 393, 398, 399; Maya, 421–22

Middle Classic period, Copán, 83

Middle Formative period (Maya), 278, 284

Middle Formative period (Olmec), Río Catemaco drainage, 331–32

Middle Horizon period (south-central Andes), 382

Military activity, Classic Maya, 93

Mississippian culture, 22. See also Late Mississippian period

Mohawk, 21–22, 117–18; division of labor among, 129–30; longhouses, 126–29, 130–38; at Otstungo site, 124–26; social units, 121–24

Mohawk Valley Project, 118, 119

Mollusks, Maya use of, 92

Molotla (Yautepec), 279

Mono Blanco, Cerro, eruptions of, 331, 339, 341, 346

Morelos, 279

Multifamily corporate groups, 26–27, 315, 328–29; at La Joya, 334, 340, 346; Yucatec Maya, 411, 412–13

Murals, household production information in, 87

Needles, 90, 395

New laws, 416

Niñalupita phase/period, 382, 403; household units, 386–88; meat distribution in, 400, 401

Nohmul, 287

Northern Iroquoians, 117–19

Nutting stones, at Copán, 92

Oaxaca, 183

Obsidian, 95, 395; at La Joya, 334–36, 339, 341–43

Obvencionces, 416–17

Occupation spans: Mesa Verde residential sites, 20–21, 48, 49–50, 67; determining, 54, 55–57; of Mohawk longhouses, 123–24; and spatial organization, 57–66, 69; and storage facilities, 224, 225

Olmec society, 326; community organization in, 331–45

Ópalo, at Jachakala, 395

Osteology, 99; Classic Maya, 85–86, 98. See also Bone isotope studies

Otstungo, 21–22, 118, 120, 123, 124–25, 139; Longhouse 1 at, 126–38

Paleoethnobotany, Maya, 91–92, 421–22. See also Botanical remains

Papago Buttes, canal heads, 245, 248, 249

Papermaking, at Copán, 95

Partition walls, in Little Egypt houses, 151

Patios, Maya households, 420–21, 423–24

Patis, 418

Pech, Lorenzo, 181, 183

Phoenix Basin, 236, 251, 256; agricultural intensification in, 24–25, 230–31, 233; Early Formative houses in, 231–32; Hohokam irrigation systems in, 241–50, 252, 254–55; transition to agriculture in, 226–27

Pioneer period (Hohokam): irrigation systems, 242, 243; settlement structure, 230, 231–33, 236

Pipes: Iroquoian, 131, 132, 136; Little Egypt site, 150

Pithouses: Hohokam, 230, 231, 236–37; Late Archaic period, 227–28; and residential mobility, 225, 255–56

Pithouse-to-kiva transition, 54

Pithouse-to-pueblo transition, 8, 225–26; Mesa Verde region, 54–55

Pit structures: Kayenta, 191, 196, 199–202; Mesa Verde, 60–61, 62; use life, 225, 226

Plant pots, Yucatec Maya, 167, 168, 169

Plants, 153; Maya use of, 91–92, 97

Plata, Valle de la, 354, 360, 361, 368

Platform mounds: Hohokam, 251; Maya, 279–80

Plazas, and Hohokam village segments, 239, 240

Polishing stones, 312, 371; as construction artifacts, 93, 94

Polities, Alto Magdalena region, 353, 354, 359, 361

Polvoron phase, 255–56

Polygyny, Classic Maya, 97–98

Population growth: and chiefdoms, 359–60; Mesitas, 369–70

Portrayals, Classic Maya, 83, 87, 90

Postclassic period, Yucatec Maya, 410

Potters: kin relationships, 172–79; production unit database, 170–71; space use, 166–67, 184(nn2, 3); Ticul, 22–23, 163–64, 169–70, 180, 181

Pottery. See Ceramics

Pottery production. See Ceramic production

Price Road canal, 233

Prince Hamlet (5MT2161), 61

Production, 3, 17–18; gender and, 83–84, 410; household, 82–83, 141–42, 153–55, 328; and houselot size, 423–24; Maya, 85–87, 273–75; primary, 10–11, 23–24, 411–12, 413–14; scale of, 192–93

Production units, 223; kinship and, 172–79, 182–83; pottery, 170–71, 179–80

Programa de Arqueología Regional en el Alto Magdalena (PARAM), 361, 374(n3)

Projectile points, 93, 135; as gender-specific, 21, 154–55; at Jachakala, 395, 396

Pueblo Grande, 245, 256

Pueblo I period, Long House Valley, 197–98

Pueblo II period, 23; Kayenta region, 191, 196; Long House Valley, 197–98

Pulltrouser Swamp, 313

Puuc, 85

Queen Creek, Hohokam on, 248, 251

Quintana Roo, pottery market, 168–69

Refuse disposal, 58, 202, 398, 421; and agricultural production, 65–66; in Little Egypt structures, 151–52; Mesa Verde region, 60, 61

Remote sensing, Mesitas archaeology, 373–74

Repartimiento, on Yucatán peninsula, 417–18, 419, 426

Residence groups, 51; courtyard groups as, 238–39, 256–57

Residences, 66, 67; construction of, 47–48, 54–55, 62–63; corporate, 279–86; at K’axob, 276, 278; occupation spans, 55–57; Ticul potters, 179–80

Residential agricultural space, 305–6; artifact distribution at, 312–16; excavation and analysis of, 309–12; and houselot model, 306–7; as model, 307–10, 316–17

Residential clusters, at La Joya, 331–45

Residential compounds, in Maya lowlands, 411, 412–13

Residential mobility, 331; Hohokam, 253, 255–57; house shape and, 223–25

Residential mounds, K’axob, 279–80

Residential patterns, Hohokam, 252–57

Residential sites, Mesa Verde region, 48–50, 51–53, 69

Resources, 86; access to, 381–82; control of, 356, 358–59, 366–68

Río Amarillo: architecture at, 95–97; artifact distribution at, 89, 93, 94

Ritual, 15, 27, 60, 86, 168, 251, 339; household, 16–17, 60, 393, 395; San Agustín culture, 354, 361

Roasting pits, in Otstungo longhouse, 137–38

Roomblocks: Duckfoot site, 52–53; Mesa Verde region, 60–61, 62, 65

Rulership: Maya, 12, 90; ritual and ideology, 15–16

Rulers, portrayals of Maya, 90

Rural sites, 191, 192; Copán Valley, 79–82

Sacaton phase, 237, 254

Salt River, 244, 252; irrigation systems, 245, 248, 249. See also Phoenix Basin

San Agustín, 353, 354

San Agustín culture, 354, 361; burial mounds, 357–58

Sand Canyon Archaeological Project, 49, 56

Sand Canyon Pueblo (5MT765), 64

San Estevan, 287

San Juan River drainage, household occupation spans, 20–21

Santa Cruz phase, residential patterns, 237, 253–54

Scale: craft production, 166, 182–83; of household production, 192–93

Scorpion Point: courtyard groups, 236–37, 239; residential patterns at, 253–54, 255

Scrapers, at Otstungo site, 135

Seasonality: of ceramic production, 192; settlement patterns and, 230–31

Sedentary period (Hohokam), 237, 242, 246; landscape changes during, 244–45; settlement restructuring during, 250–51, 254

Sedentism, 24, 257, 328, 333: agriculture and, 221, 222, 223–26; and structure shape, 7, 8

Seeds, at Little Egypt site, 147

Sepulturas, 92, 95, 97, 98; artifact assemblages, 87–88, 90

Settlement patterns, 353; Classic Maya, 80–81; Hohokam, 228–41, 250–51; Late Archaic, 227–28; Mesoamerican, 9–10; regional, 8–9; Río Catemaco, 331, 334, 339

Settlement structures/types, agricultural intensification and, 223–24

Shape, structure, 6–7

Sheet trash, 66; Mesa Verde sites, 60, 61

Shells, 92, 395; in Otstungo longhouse, 135–36

Siouian communities, 152

Size, 7; of Maya households, 273–74, 278–80; and status, 13, 390

Smallpox epidemics, Mohawk, 123

Snails, Maya use of, 92

Snaketown, communal houses at, 232

Social change, and craft production, 167–69

Social differences: at Jachakala, 396–97; among Mesitas households, 353–54

Social hierarchy, 13, 16–17, 370; corporate households, 288, 328; wealth and, 14–15

Social organization, 3, 5, 8, 224, 288

Social relationships, 3, 272; gender and, 11–12

Social status, 390; at Jachakala, 395–96, 401; of Mesitas households, 363–64

Social units, 3, 224, 271; longhouse, 121–24

Socioeconomic complexity, emergence of, 384–85

Socioeconomic organization, Maya, 81, 82

Soil chemistry, Maya households, 421–22

Southwest, U.S., 11; feasting in, 16–17. See also Anasazi; Hohokam; various regions; sites

Space: activities in, 164–65; and gendered activities, 151–53; Maya houselots, 423–24; pottery production and, 166–67, 177, 180, 182, 183, 184(n3); public and private, 155–56

Spanish colonial period, 28; ecclesiastical taxation, 416–17; encomienda, 414–16; house-lot sizes, 423–24; repartimiento, 417–18; Yucatán peninsula, 407–8; Yucatec Maya society, 411–13, 425–26

Spatial organization, 48, 50; of craft production, 164–65, 166–67; at Jachakala, 389–90, 397–99; Late Mississippian households, 151–53, 155–56; Mesa Verde region, 58–66, 67–68; and occupation span, 57–58, 69; of villages, 325–26

Spindle whorls, 21, 90, 395

Spinning, in Copán rural sites, 90

Statues, San Agustín, 357, 361

Stockades, in Mesa Verde region sites, 62, 63

Stone cylinders, at Mesitas, 371

Stone tools, 393; at La Joya, 334–36, 337(table), 341–43; Mesitas production of, 371–72; in residential agricultural spaces, 312–14

Storage, 226, 383; in Late Mississippian houses, 155–57; in Mohawk longhouses, 21–22, 131

Storage facilities: Hohokam, 226, 231; Jachakala, 393; Kayenta region, 199, 200–201; lowland Maya, 305; Mesa Verde, 62; and occupation span, 58, 224, 225

Structures: Late Mississippian, 155–56; at Little Egypt site, 142–44; shapes of, 6–8, 223–24; summer and winter, 144–45

Subadults, activities of, 152–53

Subsistence, 2, 10, 24, 197, 275, 383, 411; Early Formative Hohokam, 230–31

Suitcase vessels, at Ticul, 167, 168

Symbolic behavior, 15–16

Taxation, ecclesiastical, 416–17, 426

Temper mining, in Yucatán, 168

Teotihuacan, 9, 10, 16, 272

Terraces, 10, 66; residential agricultural, 25–26, 299, 301, 305–7

Textile production. See Cloth production

Ticul, 184(n4); genealogical database, 171–72; pottery production, 22–23, 163–64, 165–67, 168–70, 181; production unit database, 170–71; production unit, 172–80, 182–83

Tiwanaku, 9; ceramics from, 389, 393; and Jachakala, 382, 389, 393

Tixchel, demographics, 410–11

Tobacco smoking, as gendered activity, 129–30

Tohono O’odham, ethnographic analogy to, 255

Tombs: Maya 12, 289; San Agustín culture, 357–58

Toolmaking, as gendered role, 86

Toqua site, 155–56, 157

Tortolita phase, 231

Tourism, and Ticul ceramics, 167, 168, 169, 177, 185(n11)

Transportation, and pottery consumption, 167–68

Trapping, as gendered role, 86

Trash mounds, Mesa Verde region, 65

Trees, Maya use of, 91, 97

Tres Bobos Hamlet (5MT4545), 59–60

Tribute, tributary, in Yucatán, 411, 415–16, 418–19, 426

Trowel-like tools, 313–14

Tucson Basin, 233; Early Formative in, 231–32

Tulipan phase, at La Joya, 331, 334, 346

Turkeys, in Yucatec Maya sites, 424

Tusayan wares, production of, 195, 198, 203–6

Tuxtlas, Sierra de los, 326, 329, 330, 334, 341; research in, 345–46

Type 1 sites (Maya), 79–80

Unit pueblos, 52; as extended family households, 66–67; Mesa Verde region, 60–62

Vaca Plateau (Belize), 301

Vahki phase, 231

Veracruz, 326, 420; multifamily corporate groups in, 26–27. See also La Joya

Verde River, Hohokam on, 248, 251

Vessel: at Little Egypt site, 153; Maya, 95, 167, 168–69, 184(n5); Tiwanaku ritual, 395

Villages, organizational changes in, 325–26

Village segments, and courtyard groups, 238–39

Volcanoes, eruptions of, 331, 339, 341, 346

Wage laborers, Ticul pottery production, 174

Warfare: as gendered role, 86, 93; Iroquois, 117–18

Water control features, 66, 86

Wealth, 4, 16–17, 402; in agrarian societies, 13–14; differentiation of, 388–89; multifamily corporate groups, 328, 329; social hierarchy and, 14–15

Weaving, gender and, 12, 86, 90

Weaving tools, at Jachakala, 395

Women, 122; diet, 98–99; and gendered roles, 12, 28, 83, 84, 86, 88–90, 152, 424, 425–26; in gendered space, 97–98; Late Mississippian, 157–58; at Little Egypt, 153–54; Yucatec Maya, 411–12, 413

Wood, Maya use of, 97

Workshops, craft production and, 164–65, 181

Xculoc, 85

Xunantunich Settlement Survey (XSS), 303, 304

Yautepec, 279

Yucatán, 99; ecclesiastical taxation, 416–17; encomienda system in, 414–16; potters in, 22–23, 163–64, 181; pottery consumption in, 167–69; repartimiento, 417–18; Spanish colonial era, 28, 407–8, 425–26

Yucatec Maya, 166; ecclesiastical taxation of, 416–17; and encomienda, 414–16; gender roles, 413–14; houselots, 426–27; multifamily households, 412–13; pottery production, 167–69, 172–80, 181; production, 423–24; in Spanish colonial era, 407–8, 425–26; tribute, 418–19; women’s roles, 411–12

Zinacantan, gender roles in, 413–14

Zooarchaeology: Classic Maya, 99–100; Mohawk longhouse, 134, 136

Zuni, 18

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