Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Activities, 3; cooperative, 191–92; Iroquoian daily, 127, 129–30; Late Mississippian, 145–50, 155–58; Maya, 86–87; spatial organization of, 42, 57–66, 67–68, 164–65
Activity groups, 141–42
Age, and activities, 148(table), 151–53
Aggregation, Hohokam Classic period, 252
Agrarian societies, 13, 23; family roles, 84–86
Agriculturalists, ceramic production by, 193–94
Agriculture, 7, 9, 119, 329, 419; dependence on, 221, 257; extensive and intensive, 10–11; Hohokam, 24–25, 230, 231, 242–50, 252; Kayenta region, 191, 203; La Joya, 332–33, 341, 346; Late Archaic period, 227–28; marginality of, 193–94; Maya, 25–26, 86, 90–91, 299, 301–7; at Mesitas, 27, 366–67, 368; and pithouse-to-pueblo transition, 225–26; and refuse disposal, 65–66; and sedentism, 222, 223–25; tools and, 313–15; transition to, 226–27, 241
Agro-pastoralism, 381–82; household organization and, 383–84
Agua Caliente–Red Mountain phase, architectural changes, 228, 230
Aguateca, 88
Akimal O’odham, 255
Alto Magdalena region, 27, 353, 354, 361, 374(n2); chiefdoms, 356–57, 358–60. See also Mesitas
Anasazi, 48, 193; ceramic production, 189–90; unit pueblos and, 66–67. See also Kayenta region; Mesa Verde region; various sites
Ancestral Puebloans. See Anasazi
Andes, food storage, 383. See also Jachakala
Apartment compounds, Teotihuacan, 272
Apiaries, Yucatec Maya, 424. See also Beekeeping
Arboriculture, Maya, 92
Architectural suites, at Duckfoot site, 52–53
Architecture, 6, 14, 60; earthen to masonry transition, 54–55, 62; and economic changes, 7–8; and gender relations, 95–98; Hohokam, 228–33, 251–52; Late Archaic period, 227–28; longhouse, 21–22; Pueblo, 191–92; residential mobility and, 223–25; social status and, 396–97; spatial patterning of, 389–90
Artifact distribution: at Copán Valley sites, 87–95; gender/age and, 21, 151–53; index of assemblage diversity, 394–97; at Jachakala, 382, 399–402; at La Joya, 330, 331, 334–39, 341–45; at Little Egypt site, 145–49; at Maya residential spaces, 312–18, 421–22; Mesitas, 361–66; occupation span and, 55–56. See also by type of artifact
Ash, in longhouses, 131–33
Ayllu, 397
Azatlan, 248
AZ-J-28-32 (NN): ceramic production at, 189–90, 203–10; features at, 199–202
Ballcourts, Hohokam, 250, 251, 254, 256
Bark beaters, at Copán, 95
Barnett phase, household structure in, 156–57
Basketmaker period, Kayenta region, 198
Beds, in Late Mississippian houses, 155, 156
Belize: food production in, 25–26; household variability in, 269, 270
Benches, in longhouses, 121
Bezuapan phase, at La Joya, 341–45
Bifaces, in residential agricultural spaces, 313, 315
Black Mesa area, 23, 197, 198; ceramic production, 189–90, 194–96, 207–8(table)
Bolivia, 27. See also Jachakala
Bone. See Faunal remains; Human remains
Bone isotope studies, of Maya diet, 25, 99, 100, 273–76, 280, 283–86
Bone tools, at Jachakala, 399
Botanical remains, at AZ-J-28-32 (NN), 200, 201, 202, 203; at Copán, 91–92
Burial mounds: Alto Magdalena region, 353, 354, 357–58, 374(n2); at Mesitas, 360–61, 363–64
Burials, 12, 16, 60, 98, 389; Copán, 98–100; at K’axob, 281–84, 289
Calakmul, 87
Camelids, at Jachakala, 399–400, 401, 402
Canal systems: and agricultural intensity, 230, 231; Hohokam, 233, 241–50, 251, 252, 254–55
Canal System 2, 243, 245, 249, 253, 255; hydraulic history of, 241, 242, 244
Cancún, pottery consumption, 167, 168, 169
Candle production, 424
Cashion site, 244–45
Catemaco, Río, settlement patterns on, 331, 334, 339
Caughnawaga, 124
Celts, as gender-specific, 21, 93
Ceramic production, 22, 58, 163, 184(nn2, 3, 8), 192, 334; Anasazi, 23, 189–90, 194–96, 198, 203–10; categorization of, 165–66; databases on, 170–72; kinship relations and, 172–79; research on, 169–70; and scale, 182–83; in Ticul, 167, 168–69, 180, 181, 184(n4)
Ceramics, 58, 95, 153, 250, 330; Alto Magdalena region, 356, 364–65, 371; at Jachakala, 389, 393, 395, 401; Kayenta, 204; at La Joya, 334–35, 336–38, 343–44; in Maya residential agricultural spaces, 312, 315, 316; in Mohawk longhouses, 133–34; and occupation span, 54, 55–56, 60; Yucatec Maya, 167–69
Cerén, gendered activities, 88, 90; root crops, 98
Chan center, 305
Cherokee, at Coosawattee Old Town, 142
Chich mounds, 92
Chiefdoms, 15; Alto Magdalena region, 354, 356–57, 358–60; late Mississippian, 22; Veracruz, 26–27
Children: in Maya households, 82–83, 85, 86; in Siouan communities, 152
Chipped stone, 395; Kayenta region, 202–3; at La Joya, 335–36, 341–43; at Little Egypt site, 149–50, 154; Maya residential agricultural spaces, 313, 314–15; at Mesitas, 371; Mohawk, 120–21, 131; at Otstungo site, 135
Chuniapan de Abajo, 341
Cienega phase, 227–28
Civano phase, 255
Clans, Mohawk, 121–23
Classic period (Alto Magdalena region), 27, 354, 359; demographic changes, 369–70; land tenure, 367–68; Mesitas households, 365–66
Classic period (Hohokam), 24, 257, 258; irrigation systems, 245, 247–48, 255; residential groups, 238, 239; social reorganization in, 251–54
Classic period (Maya), 301; artifact assemblages, 87–95; diet, 284, 286; gender and architecture, 95–98; gender and production, 83–84, 85–86; human remains, 98–100; at K’axob, 278, 284, 286, 287; landscape, 302–3; settlement patterns, 9, 80–82
Clay mines, Yucatán, 168, 184(n4)
Cloth production, Maya, 88, 90, 415, 418, 424
Colombia, 27. See also Mesitas
Colonialism: impacts of, 422–24; and indigenous communities, 408, 426
Colonial period (Hohokam), 250; courtyard groups, 236–37; irrigation systems, 241, 242, 243, 244, 249, 255; residential patterns during, 253–54
Colonial period (Maya), transition to, 408, 409
Commoners, 21; household ritual, 16, 17; Maya, 79–80, 81, 83
Communal houses, Hohokam, 231–32
Community: and household, 27–28; organization of, 325–26, 331–45
Compound households, Mesoamerican, 279
Compounds: Hohokam residential, 239, 240, 252
Construction, as gendered role, 86, 93–95, 97
Consumption patterns: bone isotope analysis, 25, 273–76, 283–84
Coosawattee Old Town, 142
Copán Valley, 12, 101–2(n2), 314; artifact assemblages, 87, 88–91, 92–95; diet, 98–100; gender evidence in, 21, 83, 84, 100–101; paleoethnobotany, 91–92; rural sites in, 79–81, 82
Cordage, Iroquoian manufacture and use, 127, 129
Coresidences, 3, 4–5, 53, 280, 409; household membership and, 50–51; at Jachakala, 390–91
Corn. See Maize
Corn grinding, spatial organization of, 62, 65
Corporate groups, 325, 339; diet, 284–86; Maya, 279–90, 291–92(n2); multifamily, 26–27, 315, 326–28, 346
Cotton, repartimiento contracts, 418
Courtyard groups: Hohokam, 233–41, 250, 252, 253; and residential mobility, 256–57
Courtyards, Mesa Verde region, 61, 65
Coyame phase, community organization in, 331–39
Coyoenue Tepesi, 7
Coyol palm, at Copán, 91–92
Cozumel, demographics, 410–11
Craft production, 10, 15, 17–18, 86, 90, 272, 329, 360; categorization of, 165–66; Jachakala, 392(table), 395, 396; Mesitas, 370–73; scale and, 182–83; space for, 164–65, 167
Craft specialization, 18, 166, 184(n8), 193, 194; Alto Magdalena region, 356, 360; at Mesitas, 370–73
Crops: production and consumption of, 25, 273–76, 284–85, 286, 287
Cross-cultural models, 48, 49, 50, 55, 57–58
Crystals, in Otstungo longhouse, 136, 137
Dallas phase, household structures, 155, 157, 158
Day of the Dead ceremonies, 168
Debitage: at Jachakala, 400; at Little Egypt site, 147, 155; in Maya residential agricultural spaces, 314, 315. See also Chipped stone; Lithics
Decision-making strategies, 284–85
Defensive sites: Iroquoian, 117–18; Otstungo as, 124–25
Deforestation, Classic Maya, 302
Demographics, 3, 8, 280; chiefdoms and, 359–60; colonial-era Yucatán, 410–11; Iroquoian, 123–24; Kayenta region, 197–98; Mesitas, 368–70
Diet, Maya, 91–92, 98–100, 283–86
Digging tools, Maya, 314
Division of labor: gender and, 12, 82–83, 148–49; Iroquoian, 127, 129–30; Maya, 84–86, 412, 413–14
Dobbins Stockade (5MT8827), 63
Dogs, Maya use of, 99–100
Dolores Archaeological Program, 49, 55–56
Dolores River valley, 49
Domestic cycle, 67
Dos Chombitos, 26, 302, 303, 304, 305, 311; residential agricultural spaces at, 312–16, 317
Droughts, and Hohokam irrigation systems, 242, 244, 255
Duckfoot site, 52–53; architectural suites, 191–92
Dutch Canal Ruins, 242
Early Formative period (Hohokam), 222; settlement patterns in, 228, 230–33
Early Formative period (Olmec), at La Joya, 331
Earthen structures, use life of, 54, 55, 60
Economic organization, 24, 25, 84; and structure shape, 7–8
Economies, 193; domestic, 382–85; Maya, 408–9; Spanish colonial, 407–8, 414–19
Ejutla, 183
Elites, 12, 17, 373; Maya, 28, 81, 289, 413; symbolic behavior, 15–16
Encomienda: tribute, 418–19; on Yucatán peninsula, 414–16
Escalante Ruins, compound, 240
Ethnoarchaeological studies, 49, 57–58, 65, 421
Ethnographic studies, 85, 255, 270–71
Ethnohistories, Yucatec Maya, 410–14
Exchange networks, 3–4, 360; Jachakala, 392(table), 396; Olmec, 326, 334, 341
Exogamy, Late Mississippian culture, 157–58
Extramural areas, 68; Kayenta rural sites, 201–2
Families, 3, 13, 51, 53, 272; agrarian production, 84–85; cooperative, 191–92; and corporate groups, 26–27; Mohawk, 21–22, 122; nuclear, 326, 328; Ticul potter, 170, 171–79, 185(n10)
Farming, as gendered role, 90. See also Agriculture
Faunal remains: in Classic Maya sites, 99–100; in Otstungo longhouse, 134; at Jachakala, 399–400, 401–2; Little Egypt site, 149, 153
Feasting, 16–17
Field houses, Hohokam, 255
Fields, 11, 66; preparation of, 86. See also Agriculture
Figurines, at La Joya, 338
Flaked stone. See Chipped stone
Floods: and Gila River changes, 244–45; and Hohokam canal systems, 241, 242, 255
Food: consumption of, 273–75, 283–86; preparation of, 132–33, 149; production of, 10, 12, 23–24, 86, 88–90, 257, 424; storage of, 21–22, 383
Formative period (Hohokam), 222; settlement patterns in, 228, 230–33
Formative period (Mesitas), 369, 371, 372, 373; households, 363–64, 365; land control, 366–68
Formative period (Olmec), 359; community organization, 325–26; multifamily corporate groups, 26–27
Franciscans, Yucatán peninsula, 417, 419
Gardens, 411; kitchen, 11, 92; in Mesoamerica, 86, 420; terrace, 25–26, 303
Gathering, as gendered role, 86
Gender, gender roles, 11–12, 410, 419; architecture and, 95–98; and diet, 98–99, 100; and division of labor, 82–83, 148–49; and household activities, 151–53; and household production, 23, 83–84; Iroquoian, 127, 129–31; Late Mississippian, 154–58; Maya, 28, 84–95, 101, 411–12, 413–14, 424; Mohawk, 21–22, 133
Genealogical databases, on Ticul potters, 171–72
Georgia, Late Mississippian culture, 22, 142. See also Little Egypt site
Gila Butte phase, 237
Gila River, 252; Hohokam irrigation systems on, 244–45, 248, 249
Gold ornaments, Mesitas production of, 371
Gordita phase, at La Joya, 339–41
Grinding stones, groundstone, 21, 147, 395; at Copán, 88–90, 91; at Mesitas, 371, 372
Hammerstones, Classic Maya, 93, 94
Hearths: in Little Egypt structures, 151; in longhouses, 119–20, 122, 126, 127, 128, 129(table), 133, 137–38; Maya, 97
Herkimer Diamonds, 136
Hide working: Iroquoian, 130, 135; Little Egypt site, 150
Highways, Yucatán, 167–68
Hilltop villages: Iroquoian, 118, 120; Otstungo as, 124–25
Hirth model, 79, 90, 384–85; testing of, 386, 390, 394, 395, 402
Hoes, stone, 86
Hohokam, 221; agriculture and sedentism among, 11, 24–25, 222–23; architectural and settlement changes, 228–33; courtyard groups, 233–38, 239–41; irrigation systems, 241–50, 254–55; landscape changes and, 244–45; public architecture, 250–51; residential patterns, 252–54, 255–57; village segments, 238–39
Honduras, 12, 17, 21, 101–2(n2), 314; artifact assemblages, 87, 88–91, 92–95; diet, 98–100; gender evidence in, 21, 83, 84, 100–101; house architecture in, 95–98; paleoethnobotany, 91–92; rural sites in, 79–81, 82, 90–91
Horticulture, swidden, 119
Household core, 305–6; in residential agricultural spaces, 312–13
Household membership, 50–51
Households: as analytical unit, 1–2, 145–46; definition of, 2–3; ethnographic studies of, 270–71; functions of, 3–5; internal analysis of, 272–73; multi-family, 411, 412–13; terms for, 5–6
Household units: Jachakala, 385–89, 391–94, 396–97, 401; Late Mississippian, 144–45
Houselot model: Mesoamerican, 304–5, 420–22; residential agricultural terraces and, 306–7
Houselots, 330; Yucatec Maya, 423–24, 426–27
Houses, 81, 305; construction of, 51, 54–55; Hohokam, 230–33, 236–38; at Jachakala, 391, 393; Late Archaic period, 227–28, 229. See also Residences; by structure type
Human remains, Classic Maya, 85–86, 98–100
Hunting, 11; as gendered role, 86, 90, 93
Hurons, household activities, 127, 129
Hydrology, of Hohokam canal systems, 242–43
Index of assemblage diversity (IAD), at Jachakala, 394–97, 401, 403–4
Indigenous communities, colonialism and, 408, 426
Inheritance, Yucatec Maya, 412, 413
Iroquoians: gendered activities, 127, 129–31; longhouses, 119–21; Northern, 118–19; social units, 121–24; warfare, 117–18
Irrigation systems, 66; Hohokam, 24, 230–31, 233, 234–35, 241–50, 251, 253, 254–55
Isahuara period, 382, 393, 402, 403; meat distribution in, 400, 401; wealth differentiation, 388–89
Isotopic studies. See Bone isotope studies
Jachakala: coresidences in, 390–91; domestic processes in, 27–28; domestic structures in, 391–94; household units in, 385–88; interzonal comparisons in, 397–402; social status in, 395–96; spatial patterning in, 402–4; wealth in, 388–89
Jachakala period, 382, 402, 403; household units, 388, 389, 396; meat distribution in, 400, 401
Jutes (Pachychilus spp.), at Maya sites, 92
K’axob, 25; corporate residences in, 279–83, 287–90; excavations in, 276–78, 291(n1), 292(n4); household size in, 278–79, 292(n3); household variability in, 269, 270, 290–91; production and consumption in, 273–76, 283–86
Kayenta region, 196; ceramic production, 189–90, 203–10; demographic changes in, 197–98; households in, 191–92
Kinship, 3; coresidence and, 4–5, 51; craft specialization and, 371–72; Mohawk, 121–23; multifamily corporate, 26, 328, 329; of Ticul potters, 172–79, 180, 182–83, 185(n14)
Kitchens, Maya, 11, 92, 97, 100–101
Knapping: as Iroquoian male activity, 130–31; at Little Egypt site, 154, 155
Komchen, 287
Labor, 11, 12, 272, 287, 327, 415; craft production, 18, 172; and diet, 284–85, 286; kin-based, 182–83; Maya, 84–86, 412–13; Spanish colonial era, 407–8
La Joya (Veracruz), 26–27, 327, 346–47; Bezuapan phase, 341–45; community organization of, 325–26; Coyame phase, 332–39; Gordita phase, 339–41; obsidian tool manufacture, 334–36; subsurface sampling at, 329–30; Tulipan phase, 331, 334
La Joya region (Bolivia), 382 385. See also Jachakala
Laminai, 284
Land, 329; and agricultural intensification, 223–24, 252; control of, 15, 66, 236, 257, 358; at Mesitas, 366–68; scarcity of, 345–46; volcanic eruptions and, 331, 339, 341
Landa, Diego de, on Yucatec Maya, 411–12, 413
Landscape: Gila River, 244–45; lowland Maya, 302–3
Landscape capital, 10–11
Late Archaic period, 229; agricultural transition in, 24, 222, 227–28
Late Classic period (Maya), 21, 83; agricultural intensification, 304–5; terrace agriculture, 299, 301, 317
Late Formative period (Andes), 382
Late Formative period (Maya), 9, 286; corporate households in, 287, 329; at K’axob, 278, 280, 281–82, 284; La Joya, 26–27; obsidian blade technology, 342–43
Late Formative period (Olmec), at Bezuapan, 341
Late Mississippian period, 22, 156; household production, 141, 153–55; marriage structure in, 157–58; summer and winter structures in, 144–45
Leadership, corporate households, 288
League of the Iroquois, 117, 118
Lehi Canal System (Canal 11), 248, 252
Life spans, Classic Maya, 85–86
Lineages: craft specialization and, 371–72; and Iroquoian longhouses, 121–23
Linguistics, Iroquoian, 123
Lithics: Kayenta, 202–3; Late Mississippian, 22, 147, 154; in residential agricultural spaces, 312–13
Little Egypt site (9MU102), 22; activity areas at, 145–50; domestic structures at, 142–44; gender and household space at, 151–53, 157, 158; household production at, 153–55
Longhouse 1 (Otstungo), 126–27, 128; ash and artifacts in, 131–33; internal structuring of, 136–38; pottery in, 133–34; shell in, 135–36
Longhouses: excavation of, 126–36; internal organization of, 21–22, 118, 136–38; as social unit, 121–24; structure of, 119–21
Long House Valley, 190; ceramic production, 189, 203–6; environment of, 196–97; Pueblo periods in, 197–99
López Medel, Tomás, on encomienda tribute, 415–16
Los Muertos, 252
Loy site, 156–57
Maize (Zea mays), 147, 203; ash treatment of, 132–33; Hohokam use of, 233, 257; at La Joya, 332–33; Maya consumption and production of, 88, 90, 91, 98–99, 273, 275, 280, 283–84
Margarita royal tomb, 12
Marginality, agricultural, 193–94
Markets, Yucatán pottery, 167, 168–69
Marriage: and division of labor, 414; Late Mississippian, 157–58
Masonry: Mesa Verde region, 54–55, 60–61, 62–63, 64; use life, 55, 67
Matrilineages: Iroquoian, 122, 123; Late Mississippian, 157–58
Maya, 9, 16, 17, 270, 299; agrarian production, 84–86; agricultural techniques, 11, 25–26, 301–2, 304–5; architecture and gender, 95–98; artifact assemblages, 87–95; bone isotope analysis, 273–76, 280, 283–86; colonial era economies, 408–9; commoners, 79–80; corporate household formation, 287–90; gender roles, 12, 21; houselot size, 423–24; rural socioeconomic units, 81–82; and Spanish colonial regime, 28, 407–8. See also various regions; sites; subdivisions
McPhee community, 198
Mealing rooms, 65
Meat packets, distribution at Jachakala, 399–400, 401–2
Men: gendered roles, 12, 83, 154–55, 412, 413
Merida, highways, 168
Mesa Verde region, 66, 198; occupation spans in, 20–21, 55–57; pithouse-to-pueblo transition in, 54–55; residential sites in, 48–50, 51–53; spatial organization in, 58–66, 67–68, 69
Mesitas, 357; archaeological reconstruction of, 360–66; archaeology, 355–56; craft production, 370–73; demographic changes in, 368–70; land control in, 366–68; remote sensing and, 373–74; social change in, 27, 353–54
Mesoamerica, 16, 86, 328; corporate households in, 279, 346; houselot model, 304–5; regional settlement patterns, 9–10. See also various cultures; regions; sites
Mexico, Basin of, settlement patterns, 9–10
Middens, 65, 388; at Jachakala, 391, 393, 398, 399; Maya, 421–22
Middle Classic period, Copán, 83
Middle Formative period (Maya), 278, 284
Middle Formative period (Olmec), Río Catemaco drainage, 331–32
Middle Horizon period (south-central Andes), 382
Military activity, Classic Maya, 93
Mississippian culture, 22. See also Late Mississippian period
Mohawk, 21–22, 117–18; division of labor among, 129–30; longhouses, 126–29, 130–38; at Otstungo site, 124–26; social units, 121–24
Mohawk Valley Project, 118, 119
Mollusks, Maya use of, 92
Molotla (Yautepec), 279
Mono Blanco, Cerro, eruptions of, 331, 339, 341, 346
Morelos, 279
Multifamily corporate groups, 26–27, 315, 328–29; at La Joya, 334, 340, 346; Yucatec Maya, 411, 412–13
Murals, household production information in, 87
New laws, 416
Niñalupita phase/period, 382, 403; household units, 386–88; meat distribution in, 400, 401
Nohmul, 287
Northern Iroquoians, 117–19
Nutting stones, at Copán, 92
Oaxaca, 183
Obsidian, 95, 395; at La Joya, 334–36, 339, 341–43
Obvencionces, 416–17
Occupation spans: Mesa Verde residential sites, 20–21, 48, 49–50, 67; determining, 54, 55–57; of Mohawk longhouses, 123–24; and spatial organization, 57–66, 69; and storage facilities, 224, 225
Olmec society, 326; community organization in, 331–45
Ópalo, at Jachakala, 395
Osteology, 99; Classic Maya, 85–86, 98. See also Bone isotope studies
Otstungo, 21–22, 118, 120, 123, 124–25, 139; Longhouse 1 at, 126–38
Paleoethnobotany, Maya, 91–92, 421–22. See also Botanical remains
Papago Buttes, canal heads, 245, 248, 249
Papermaking, at Copán, 95
Partition walls, in Little Egypt houses, 151
Patios, Maya households, 420–21, 423–24
Patis, 418
Phoenix Basin, 236, 251, 256; agricultural intensification in, 24–25, 230–31, 233; Early Formative houses in, 231–32; Hohokam irrigation systems in, 241–50, 252, 254–55; transition to agriculture in, 226–27
Pioneer period (Hohokam): irrigation systems, 242, 243; settlement structure, 230, 231–33, 236
Pipes: Iroquoian, 131, 132, 136; Little Egypt site, 150
Pithouses: Hohokam, 230, 231, 236–37; Late Archaic period, 227–28; and residential mobility, 225, 255–56
Pithouse-to-kiva transition, 54
Pithouse-to-pueblo transition, 8, 225–26; Mesa Verde region, 54–55
Pit structures: Kayenta, 191, 196, 199–202; Mesa Verde, 60–61, 62; use life, 225, 226
Plant pots, Yucatec Maya, 167, 168, 169
Plants, 153; Maya use of, 91–92, 97
Plata, Valle de la, 354, 360, 361, 368
Platform mounds: Hohokam, 251; Maya, 279–80
Plazas, and Hohokam village segments, 239, 240
Polishing stones, 312, 371; as construction artifacts, 93, 94
Polities, Alto Magdalena region, 353, 354, 359, 361
Polvoron phase, 255–56
Polygyny, Classic Maya, 97–98
Population growth: and chiefdoms, 359–60; Mesitas, 369–70
Portrayals, Classic Maya, 83, 87, 90
Postclassic period, Yucatec Maya, 410
Potters: kin relationships, 172–79; production unit database, 170–71; space use, 166–67, 184(nn2, 3); Ticul, 22–23, 163–64, 169–70, 180, 181
Pottery. See Ceramics
Pottery production. See Ceramic production
Price Road canal, 233
Prince Hamlet (5MT2161), 61
Production, 3, 17–18; gender and, 83–84, 410; household, 82–83, 141–42, 153–55, 328; and houselot size, 423–24; Maya, 85–87, 273–75; primary, 10–11, 23–24, 411–12, 413–14; scale of, 192–93
Production units, 223; kinship and, 172–79, 182–83; pottery, 170–71, 179–80
Programa de Arqueología Regional en el Alto Magdalena (PARAM), 361, 374(n3)
Projectile points, 93, 135; as gender-specific, 21, 154–55; at Jachakala, 395, 396
Pueblo I period, Long House Valley, 197–98
Pueblo II period, 23; Kayenta region, 191, 196; Long House Valley, 197–98
Pulltrouser Swamp, 313
Puuc, 85
Queen Creek, Hohokam on, 248, 251
Quintana Roo, pottery market, 168–69
Refuse disposal, 58, 202, 398, 421; and agricultural production, 65–66; in Little Egypt structures, 151–52; Mesa Verde region, 60, 61
Remote sensing, Mesitas archaeology, 373–74
Repartimiento, on Yucatán peninsula, 417–18, 419, 426
Residence groups, 51; courtyard groups as, 238–39, 256–57
Residences, 66, 67; construction of, 47–48, 54–55, 62–63; corporate, 279–86; at K’axob, 276, 278; occupation spans, 55–57; Ticul potters, 179–80
Residential agricultural space, 305–6; artifact distribution at, 312–16; excavation and analysis of, 309–12; and houselot model, 306–7; as model, 307–10, 316–17
Residential clusters, at La Joya, 331–45
Residential compounds, in Maya lowlands, 411, 412–13
Residential mobility, 331; Hohokam, 253, 255–57; house shape and, 223–25
Residential mounds, K’axob, 279–80
Residential patterns, Hohokam, 252–57
Residential sites, Mesa Verde region, 48–50, 51–53, 69
Resources, 86; access to, 381–82; control of, 356, 358–59, 366–68
Río Amarillo: architecture at, 95–97; artifact distribution at, 89, 93, 94
Ritual, 15, 27, 60, 86, 168, 251, 339; household, 16–17, 60, 393, 395; San Agustín culture, 354, 361
Roasting pits, in Otstungo longhouse, 137–38
Roomblocks: Duckfoot site, 52–53; Mesa Verde region, 60–61, 62, 65
Rulership: Maya, 12, 90; ritual and ideology, 15–16
Rulers, portrayals of Maya, 90
Rural sites, 191, 192; Copán Valley, 79–82
Salt River, 244, 252; irrigation systems, 245, 248, 249. See also Phoenix Basin
San Agustín culture, 354, 361; burial mounds, 357–58
Sand Canyon Archaeological Project, 49, 56
Sand Canyon Pueblo (5MT765), 64
San Estevan, 287
San Juan River drainage, household occupation spans, 20–21
Santa Cruz phase, residential patterns, 237, 253–54
Scale: craft production, 166, 182–83; of household production, 192–93
Scorpion Point: courtyard groups, 236–37, 239; residential patterns at, 253–54, 255
Scrapers, at Otstungo site, 135
Seasonality: of ceramic production, 192; settlement patterns and, 230–31
Sedentary period (Hohokam), 237, 242, 246; landscape changes during, 244–45; settlement restructuring during, 250–51, 254
Sedentism, 24, 257, 328, 333: agriculture and, 221, 222, 223–26; and structure shape, 7, 8
Seeds, at Little Egypt site, 147
Sepulturas, 92, 95, 97, 98; artifact assemblages, 87–88, 90
Settlement patterns, 353; Classic Maya, 80–81; Hohokam, 228–41, 250–51; Late Archaic, 227–28; Mesoamerican, 9–10; regional, 8–9; Río Catemaco, 331, 334, 339
Settlement structures/types, agricultural intensification and, 223–24
Shape, structure, 6–7
Sheet trash, 66; Mesa Verde sites, 60, 61
Shells, 92, 395; in Otstungo longhouse, 135–36
Siouian communities, 152
Size, 7; of Maya households, 273–74, 278–80; and status, 13, 390
Smallpox epidemics, Mohawk, 123
Snails, Maya use of, 92
Snaketown, communal houses at, 232
Social change, and craft production, 167–69
Social differences: at Jachakala, 396–97; among Mesitas households, 353–54
Social hierarchy, 13, 16–17, 370; corporate households, 288, 328; wealth and, 14–15
Social organization, 3, 5, 8, 224, 288
Social relationships, 3, 272; gender and, 11–12
Social status, 390; at Jachakala, 395–96, 401; of Mesitas households, 363–64
Social units, 3, 224, 271; longhouse, 121–24
Socioeconomic complexity, emergence of, 384–85
Socioeconomic organization, Maya, 81, 82
Soil chemistry, Maya households, 421–22
Southwest, U.S., 11; feasting in, 16–17. See also Anasazi; Hohokam; various regions; sites
Space: activities in, 164–65; and gendered activities, 151–53; Maya houselots, 423–24; pottery production and, 166–67, 177, 180, 182, 183, 184(n3); public and private, 155–56
Spanish colonial period, 28; ecclesiastical taxation, 416–17; encomienda, 414–16; house-lot sizes, 423–24; repartimiento, 417–18; Yucatán peninsula, 407–8; Yucatec Maya society, 411–13, 425–26
Spatial organization, 48, 50; of craft production, 164–65, 166–67; at Jachakala, 389–90, 397–99; Late Mississippian households, 151–53, 155–56; Mesa Verde region, 58–66, 67–68; and occupation span, 57–58, 69; of villages, 325–26
Spinning, in Copán rural sites, 90
Statues, San Agustín, 357, 361
Stockades, in Mesa Verde region sites, 62, 63
Stone cylinders, at Mesitas, 371
Stone tools, 393; at La Joya, 334–36, 337(table), 341–43; Mesitas production of, 371–72; in residential agricultural spaces, 312–14
Storage, 226, 383; in Late Mississippian houses, 155–57; in Mohawk longhouses, 21–22, 131
Storage facilities: Hohokam, 226, 231; Jachakala, 393; Kayenta region, 199, 200–201; lowland Maya, 305; Mesa Verde, 62; and occupation span, 58, 224, 225
Structures: Late Mississippian, 155–56; at Little Egypt site, 142–44; shapes of, 6–8, 223–24; summer and winter, 144–45
Subadults, activities of, 152–53
Subsistence, 2, 10, 24, 197, 275, 383, 411; Early Formative Hohokam, 230–31
Suitcase vessels, at Ticul, 167, 168
Symbolic behavior, 15–16
Taxation, ecclesiastical, 416–17, 426
Temper mining, in Yucatán, 168
Terraces, 10, 66; residential agricultural, 25–26, 299, 301, 305–7
Textile production. See Cloth production
Ticul, 184(n4); genealogical database, 171–72; pottery production, 22–23, 163–64, 165–67, 168–70, 181; production unit database, 170–71; production unit, 172–80, 182–83
Tiwanaku, 9; ceramics from, 389, 393; and Jachakala, 382, 389, 393
Tixchel, demographics, 410–11
Tobacco smoking, as gendered activity, 129–30
Tohono O’odham, ethnographic analogy to, 255
Tombs: Maya 12, 289; San Agustín culture, 357–58
Toolmaking, as gendered role, 86
Tortolita phase, 231
Tourism, and Ticul ceramics, 167, 168, 169, 177, 185(n11)
Transportation, and pottery consumption, 167–68
Trapping, as gendered role, 86
Trash mounds, Mesa Verde region, 65
Tres Bobos Hamlet (5MT4545), 59–60
Tribute, tributary, in Yucatán, 411, 415–16, 418–19, 426
Trowel-like tools, 313–14
Tucson Basin, 233; Early Formative in, 231–32
Tulipan phase, at La Joya, 331, 334, 346
Turkeys, in Yucatec Maya sites, 424
Tusayan wares, production of, 195, 198, 203–6
Tuxtlas, Sierra de los, 326, 329, 330, 334, 341; research in, 345–46
Type 1 sites (Maya), 79–80
Unit pueblos, 52; as extended family households, 66–67; Mesa Verde region, 60–62
Vaca Plateau (Belize), 301
Vahki phase, 231
Veracruz, 326, 420; multifamily corporate groups in, 26–27. See also La Joya
Verde River, Hohokam on, 248, 251
Vessel: at Little Egypt site, 153; Maya, 95, 167, 168–69, 184(n5); Tiwanaku ritual, 395
Villages, organizational changes in, 325–26
Village segments, and courtyard groups, 238–39
Volcanoes, eruptions of, 331, 339, 341, 346
Wage laborers, Ticul pottery production, 174
Warfare: as gendered role, 86, 93; Iroquois, 117–18
Water control features, 66, 86
Wealth, 4, 16–17, 402; in agrarian societies, 13–14; differentiation of, 388–89; multifamily corporate groups, 328, 329; social hierarchy and, 14–15
Weaving, gender and, 12, 86, 90
Weaving tools, at Jachakala, 395
Women, 122; diet, 98–99; and gendered roles, 12, 28, 83, 84, 86, 88–90, 152, 424, 425–26; in gendered space, 97–98; Late Mississippian, 157–58; at Little Egypt, 153–54; Yucatec Maya, 411–12, 413
Wood, Maya use of, 97
Workshops, craft production and, 164–65, 181
Xculoc, 85
Xunantunich Settlement Survey (XSS), 303, 304
Yautepec, 279
Yucatán, 99; ecclesiastical taxation, 416–17; encomienda system in, 414–16; potters in, 22–23, 163–64, 181; pottery consumption in, 167–69; repartimiento, 417–18; Spanish colonial era, 28, 407–8, 425–26
Yucatec Maya, 166; ecclesiastical taxation of, 416–17; and encomienda, 414–16; gender roles, 413–14; houselots, 426–27; multifamily households, 412–13; pottery production, 167–69, 172–80, 181; production, 423–24; in Spanish colonial era, 407–8, 425–26; tribute, 418–19; women’s roles, 411–12
Zinacantan, gender roles in, 413–14
Zooarchaeology: Classic Maya, 99–100; Mohawk longhouse, 134, 136
Zuni, 18