Abbreviations

Following each reference to a classical source, numbers separated by periods indicate hierarchical divisions, generally books, chapters, and, in some cases, subdivisions such as paragraphs or verses. For example, “August. De civ. D. 8.1” refers to Augustine, De Civitate Dei, book 8, chapter 1. These references are generic: published editions are generally not listed at the end of each chapter, following standard practice among classical scholars.1

A similar convention is used in many references to colonial sources from the Americas, adding in brackets the numbers of books, chapters, and subdivisions after references to published editions. For example, “Sahagún, 1979, Vol. 1, f. 13r [1.1]” refers to volume 1, folio 13 recto of the facsimile edition of Bernardino de Sahagún’s Florentine Codex, published in 1979, with the additional information that the information referenced is found in book 1, chapter 1. Published editions of these New World sources are included in the reference lists of the chapters in which they appear, following standard practice among Mesoamericanist scholars.

• Ach. R. Ins.: Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions
  • DBi: Darius, Behistan, column I
  • XPh: Xerxes, Persepolis, inscription H
• Arn.: Arnobius
  • Adv. nat.: Adversus nationes
• Athenagoras
  • Leg.: Legatio pro Christianis

• August.: Augustine of Hippo
  • De civ. D.: De civitate Dei
  • Ep.: Epistulae
• Caes.: Julius Caesar
  • BGall.: Bellum Gallicum
• Cass. Dio: Cassius Dio
• Cic.: Cicero (Marcus Tullius)
  • Rep.: De republica
  • Rosc. Am.: Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino
• CIL: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (1863–)
• Clem. Al.: Clemens Alexandrinus
  • Protr.: Protrepticus
• Cod. Theod.: Codex Theodosianus
• Cyprian
  • De idol. vanit.: De idolorum vanitate
• De reb. bel.: De rebus bellicis
• Diod. Sic.: Diodorus Siculus
• Dion. Hal.: Dionysius of Halicarnassus
• Enn.: Ennius
  • Ann.: Annales
• Epiph.: Epiphanius
  • Adv. haeres: Adversus haereses (Panarion)
• Euseb.: Eusebius
  • Hist. eccl.: Historia ecclesiastica
  • Vit. Const.: Vita Constantini
• Fest.: Sextus Pompeius Festus
• FGrH: F. Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (1923–)
• Firm. Mat.: Firmicus Maternus
  • Err. prof. rel.: De errore profanarum religionum
• Flor.: Lucius Annaeus Florus
• Hdt.: Herodotus
• Hes.: Hesiod
  • Theog.: Theogonia
• Hom.: Homer
  • Od.: Odyssey
• Hor.: Horace
  • Epist.: Epistulae
• Joseph.: Josephus
  • Ap.: Contra Apionem
• Julian.: Julianus imperator
  • Or.: Orationes
• Justin.: Justin Martyr
  • Apol.: Apologia
• Lactant.: Lactantius
  • Div. inst.: Divinae institutiones
• Livy: Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita libri
• Luc.: Lucan
  • Phars.: Pharsalia
• M. Ant.: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Caracalla)
• Macrob.: Macrobius
  • Sat.: Saturnalia
• Malalas: Iohannes Malalas, Chronographia
• Min. Fel.: Minucius Felix
  • Oct.: Octavius
• Origen: Origen of Alexandria
  • C. Cels.: Contra Celsum
• Ov.: Ovid
  • Fast.: Fasti
• Pind.: Pindar
  • Pae.: Paeanes
• Plin.: Pliny the Elder
  • NH: Naturalis historia
• Plut.: Plutarch
  • Cic.: Cicero
  • De superst.: De superstitione
  • Num.: Numa
  • Rom.: Romulus
  • Them.: Themistocles
• Polyb.: Polybius
• Porph.: Porphyry
  • Abst.: De abstinentia
• Prop.: Propertius
• Prudent.: Prudentius
  • Perist.: Peristephanon
• RIC: The Roman Imperial Coinage2
• Rut. Namat.: Rutilius Namatianus, De reditu
• Sall.: Sallust
  • Cat.: Bellium Catilinae or De Catilinae coniuratione
• Sen.: Seneca (the Younger)
  • Clem.: De clementia
  • Ep.: Epistulae
• SHA: Scriptores Historiae Augustae
  • Aurel.: Aurelian
  • M. Ant.: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Caracalla)
• Suet.: Suetonius
  • Aug.: Divus Augustus
  • Claud.: Divus Claudius
• Tac.: Tacitus
  • Germ.: Germania
• Tert.: Tertullian
  • Apol.: Apologeticus
  • De idol.: De idolatria
  • Re res. carnis: Re resurrectione carnis
• Theod. Cyr.: Theodoret of Cyrus
  • HE: Historia ecclesiastica
• Thuc.: Thucydides
  • His. Pel.: History of the Peloponnesian War
• Val. Max.: Valerius Maximus
• Varro
  • Ling.: De lingua Latina
  • Rust.: De re rustica
• Verg.: Virgil
  • Aen.: Aeneid
• Vitr.: Vitruvius
  • De arch.: De architectura
• Zonar.: Zonaras
• Zos.: Zosimus