Index
Illustrations are indicated by page numbers in italics
Activity patterning: middens and, 87–89; at Naco, 139–41; at PVN 144, 115–17; at PVN 306 east of principle plazas, 80–83; at PVN 306 EPP, 51–60; at PVN 306 south of principal plazas, 72–76; at PVN 306 west of principle plazas, 76–80; at PVN 306 WPP, 61–71
Agriculture, 9
Aguan valley, ceramics from, 16, 18
Architecture, 19; of perishable materials, 146–47; preservation of past through, 204–10, 229–30; and Quetzalcoatl cult, 192–95; ritual, 182, 226–28; Terminal Classic, 211–12; and sociopolitical networks, 149–53, 198–201. See also by site and type
Artifacts: Naco patterning, 138–39; at PVN 144, 117–20; at PVN 306, 48–51, 52–53(tables). See also by type
Artisans, 179, 240; elite control of, 223–25. See also Craft production
Ballcourt, Naco, 126, 135–36, 196–97, 198–99, 228
Blades, obsidian, 160–64, 178–79, 237; exchange of, 166–67, 223–24; manufacture and distribution of, 49, 50(table), 69, 75, 81–82, 88–89, 141, 142, 165, 170, 176, 231
Bowls: molds, 173; motifs on, 183–86, 187–88, 189, 190; at PVN 144, 98, 102; at PVN 306, 79, 81, 85, 88; spiked, 213
Cacicazgos, 5
Cakchiquel, 3
Censers. See Incense burners, incensarios
Centralization, political, 29
Ceramics, 137, 239; chronology, 13–19; design and technological changes in, 210–14; elites and, 226, 231–32; manufacture of, 172–74; in middens, 142–43; motifs, 229–30; Naco Viejo Complex, 182–92; PVN 144, 97(table), 98, 102, 107, 110–11, 118–19; PVN 306, 68, 69, 73, 79, 81, 85; Roble phase, 60(table), 216–17, 237; valuable, 155, 156–57
Chalchuapa, 8; ceramics, 14, 16–17, 18
Chert: at Naco, 141–42; percussion flake industry, 170–72; at PVN 144, 98–99, 102, 111; from PVN 306, 49, 50(table), 85, 86, 89
Chinautla Polychrome, 16
Chipped stone: analysis of, 49–50; blade knapping and distribution, 160–70; distribution of, 162–64; Naco, 141–42; percussion flake industry, 170–72; PVN 144, 98–99, 102, 111, 113, 114–15, 119–20; PVN 306, 68, 69, 70–71, 81–82, 85–86, 89. See also Blades; Cores; Obsidian
Chol speakers, 126
Comales, 17
Commodities: exchange of, 223–24, 234–35; valuable, 155–57
Community buildings, at PVN 144, 108–13, 115–16, 233. See also Monumental architecture; Special-purpose architecture
Competition: inter-household, 220, 232–33; for power, 28, 159
Consumption, trash deposits relating to, 69
Copper, 232
Cores: elite acquisition and distribution of, 164–65, 177, 178, 231; polyhedral obsidian, 85–86, 161, 163, 166–70, 224, 225
Craft production, 160, 174–75, 240; ceramic, 183–84; control of, 40, 42, 223–25; power and, 176–79, 231–32. See also by type of craft
Despoloncal ceramics, 16
Domestic units, network participation, 36, 139–40
Early Postclassic period, 12, 47; ceramics, 212, 213
Early Preclassic period, 8
Ear spools, clay, 213
Eastern principal plaza (EPP) (PVN 306), 134, 151, 154, 170, 186, 222, 225, 232; activity patterning at, 51–60, 89; residential structures in, 145–46, 150, 220; Terminal Classic structures in, 205, 207
Elites, 40, 172, 222, 226; ceramic symbolism, 189–90; craft production and, 177–79; hierarchies, 230–34; Late Classic period, 238–40; leadership, 32–33, 193; monumental architecture and, 226–27; and polyhedral cores, 164–65; power of, 153, 181–82, 198–201; and Quetzalcoatl cult, 192–95, 235; religious ritual and, 227–28; reproduction of power by, 159–60, 209–10; resource control, 31–32, 223–25; Roble phase, 214–16, 236–41; social networks, 219–20
El Remolino, 16
Epiclassic period, and Quetzalcoatl cult, 3–4
EPP. See Eastern principal plaza
Exchange, 31, 90; Naco control of, 234–36; obsidian blade and core, 166–67
Faunal remains: at Naco, 136, 138; at PVN 144, 93, 98, 100–101, 102–3, 107, 115; at PVN 306, 75, 76, 78, 82, 86
Feasting, 185; at Naco, 139–40; at PVN 144, 117, 155; at PVN 306, 69–70; Quetzalcoatl cult and, 194–95; trash deposits, 132–33
Feathers, 6
Figurines, ceramic, 200, 201, 213, 214, 237
Food processing/preparation, 233; at Naco, 139–40; at PVN 144, 98, 102–3, 117, 155; at PVN 306, 69–70, 82, 86, 89; Quetzalcoatl cult and, 194–95
Forastero Bichrome, 16
Gifts, status and, 40
Gold, 6
Grain processing, at PVN 306, 86, 89
Guajoyo Red-brown, 14
Hematite Red, 14
House groups, 138, 148–49; craft production, 224–25; labor, 150–51; power, 221–23; sociopolitical networks, 122–23, 151–53, 231
Households, 238; ceramic use by, 231–32; hierarchies, 230–31; networks, 150–51, 182, 198–201, 219–20, 221–23; power of, 147–49, 153; PVN 306, 59–60, 90, 140; Quetzalcoatl cult and, 192, 194, 195; Roble phase, 36–37
Houses, 36; at PVN 306, 87–88, 90
Iconography: on ceramics, 185–86; foreign, 163–64
Identities, 181; network, 31, 151
Incense burners, incensarios, 194, 213, 215, 238; distribution of, 142–43; Late Postclassic, 18–19; at Naco, 132, 139, 156; at PVN 144, 99–100, 102, 111; at PVN 306, 69–70, 73, 74, 86, 88, 90
Jars, 210; at PVN 144, 98; Roble phase, 216–17
Jewelry, clay, 213
Kiln: pit, 106, 116, 173; pottery, 173, 237
Labor, 5, 38; construction, 146, 147, 149–53; in residential structures, 147–48, 234
Ladle censers, 19; from PVN 144, 99–100
Land use, 9
La Sierra, 188, 197, 212, 236, 237, 238, 239; elites, 239, 240
Late Classic period, 4, 10, 47, 197; ceramics, 188, 211, 212; Naco valley, 237–38; power acquisition, 236–37; rulership, 238–41
Late Postclassic period: architecture and carbon–14 assays, 19–20; ceramics, 13–19, 210; Naco valley, 24, 25–26, 209; politics, 2–4; research, 12–13; rulership, 126–27
Late Preclassic period, 47; ceramics, 210, 211, 213
La Victoria Bichrome, 14, 156, 183, 186–87, 200; decoration on, 185, 188, 213
Leadership: ancestors and, 203–4, 229–30; corporate, 234; dominance of, 32–33; Late Classic, 238–41; Naco, 126–27; Quetzalcoatl cult and, 193–95; Roble phase, 214–16; Terminal Classic, 216–17
Lithics. See Blades; Chipped stone; Cores
Looting, 235
Manufacturing, 40, 160, 175–76; blade and flake, 141, 142, 165–67, 170–72; pottery, 172–74; at PVN 306, 88, 89
Marginality, 22
Masks, on PVN 144 structures, 163, 195, 197, 228
Material culture, 23, 40, 52–53(table), 97(table); and network identification, 34–36, 42–43; values of, 155–57. See also by type
Maya, 2, 7, 8; Mexicanized, 126–27, 196–97
Meat processing: at PVN 306, 82, 89; ritual, 132–33
Meeting houses, at PVN 144, 196, 197
Memorials, to leaders, 204
Merchants, and God M, 163, 195
Mesoamerica, boundaries of, 21
Middens, 149, 161, 174; artifact patterns in, 141–43; ceramics in, 186–87; at Naco, 136–38, 139; percussion flakes in, 170, 172; at PVN 144, 114–15, 117–20; at PVN 306, 48–49, 74–75, 78–79, 80–82, 83–89
Middle Preclassic period, 8, 9, 210
Molds, pottery, 173
Monopolies, power, 41
Monumental architecture, 64, 203–4; elite construction of, 226–27; in Naco Valley, 204–10
Motifs, ceramic, 185–86, 187–88, 189, 190, 191, 229–30, 239
Naco (site), 4, 19, 22, 37, 123, 154, 176, 216, 222, 226, 233; activity patterning, 139–40; ballcourt at, 135–36, 196–97, 228; as central community, 168–69; ceramics, 14, 16, 156, 186–87; chipped stone at, 141–42; elite power in, 153, 197–98; exchange networks at, 234–36; household networks at, 149, 150, 220; Late Postclassic at, 10, 125–27; as long-distance trade center, 5–6, 7; middens, 136–38; obsidian at, 156, 163, 167; obsidian knapping at, 161–62, 165; northeast principal plaza, 133–34; past-present connections, 229–30; political webs, 152–53; Quetzalcoatl cult at, 192–95, 198–99, 227; residences, 134–35, 145, 146, 148, 238; resource control and exchange, 223–24, 231; site structure, 138–39; southwest principal plaza, 128–33; Terminal Classic at, 207–8, 209
Naco Painted Ware, 14
Naco Style Ware, 14
Naco valley, 1, 5, 14, 18, 25–26, 209; archaeological research in, 6–9; ballcourts, 196–97; craft production in, 175–79; domestic network, 219–20; foreign religious concepts in, 235–36; foreign traders in, 163–64; obsidian manufacture and distribution, 165–70; Roble phase in, 38, 153–54, 236–41; Spanish conquest, 9–10
Naco Viejo Ceramic Complex, 15; aplastic inclusions, 182–83; distribution of, 184–85, 187–88; motifs used in, 185–86, 187–92; workshops for, 183–84
Necropolis, PVN 306 as, 206
Net weights (clay spheres), 174–75
Networks, 59, 203; analysis using, 241–42; archaeological identification of, 34–36; ceramic, 190–91; domestic, 139–40, 219–20; elite control of, 225–27; exchange, 234–36; forms of, 31–34; household, 149–53, 182, 221–23; interaction, 122–24, 148–49; material culture and, 42–43; obsidian production and distribution, 163, 165–70; past-present, 209–10, 216, 229–30; Quetzalcoatl cult, 193–94, 195; resources and, 39–42; Roble phase, 36–38; social, 29–31; sociopolitical, 198–201, 216, 220–21, 239–40, 242–43
Nolasco Bichrome, 14, 142, 156, 183, 186, 200; decorative symbolism, 185, 187–88, 213
Non-elites, 33
Northeast principal plaza (Naco), 133–34
Nuclei. See Cores
Objects, status and, 40
Obsidian: blade manufacture and distribution, 88–89, 160–64, 166–70, 176, 231, 237; distribution of, 155–56, 223–25; elites and, 177–79; Naco middens, 137, 141–42; at PVN 144, 98, 102, 111, 114–15; at PVN 306, 49, 50(table), 69, 70–71, 75, 81–82, 85
Olmec culture, 8
Operation 63 (Naco), 137, 138, 174
Operation 75 (Naco), 137, 138, 162
Operation 484 (PVN 144), 118–19, 120
Pachychilus sp. (jute), 48, 78; at Naco, 136, 138; at PVN 144, 98, 100–101, 102–3, 116, 119, 121
Past: architectural preservation of, 204–10; memorializing, 203–4; in sociopolitical networks, 216, 229–30
Patio, at PVN 144, 94
Pendants, clay, 213
Percussion flake industry, 170–72
Perlite: percussion flake industry, 170–72; at PVN 144, 98–99, 102, 111; at PVN 306, 49, 69, 82, 85, 89
Peten Lakes, 186
Pipil, warrior-traders, 163
Platforms, 227; at Naco, 128–31, 133–34; at PVN 144, 106–7, 109–10; at PVN 306, 51, 54–55, 56–57, 61–63, 65, 148; residential, 149–50
Plazas, 151, 223; Naco, 126–33; PVN 144, 122–23, 233; PVN 306, 51–70, 89–90
Political structure, 5, 22, 23, 27, 29, 30, 242–43; ceramics and, 191–92; elites and, 198–201; house groups and, 151–53; households and, 147–48; Late Postclassic, 2–4, 24; maintaining, 232–33
Postrera, 9
Pottery. See Ceramics
Power, 28, 38, 41; architecture and, 203–4; centralized networks and, 226–27; competition for, 159, 232–33; and craft production, 176–79; of elites, 153–55, 181–82, 198–201; and hierarchy, 230–34; house groups and, 221–23; household, 147–49; Late Classic and Roble phase, 236–37; reproduction of, 159–60, 209–10; resource control, 223–25; and social networks, 29–31; sociopolitical networks, 149–53, 242–43; and valuable items, 155–57
Preclassic period, ceramics, 210, 213
Projectile points, 99
PVN 110, 197
PVN 123, 236
PVN 128, 207, 208, 212, 229, 230
PVN 144, 1, 5, 10, 12, 20, 23–24, 48, 149, 154, 199, 207, 216, 222; ceramics from, 14, 16, 142–43, 183–85, 186; chipped stone tool analysis, 49, 141, 170–72; community buildings, 108–13, 233; craft production in, 160, 173–74, 176; elite power in, 197–98, 220; exchange networks, 234, 235; interaction networks, 37, 122–24, 140; obsidian from, 160–61, 162, 163, 168; past-present connections, 229–30; political webs, 152–53; residential areas, 94–100, 121–22, 138, 145, 148, 150; resource exchange, 223–24; special-purpose architecture, 100–107, 144, 195–96, 228; structures at, 93–95; trash deposits, 114–20; valuable items at, 155–56
PVN 306, 1, 5, 10–12, 19, 20, 23–24, 71, 154, 155, 200, 212, 216, 222; artifact densities, 52–53(tables); artifact recovery and processing, 48–51; ceramics, 14, 16, 142–43, 173, 183–85, 186; chipped stone tools, 141, 167; clay artifacts in, 174–75; craft production in, 160, 176; description of, 45–47; eastern principal plaza at, 51–60; east of principal plazas, 80–83; elite power in, 152–53, 197–98, 220; exchange networks, 234, 235; household networks, 148–49, 150; interaction networks, 37, 89–91, 140; middens, 74–75, 83–89, 141; obsidian blade knapping, 161–62, 165; obsidian distribution in, 163, 168; occupation history of, 47–48; past-present connections, 229–30; percussion flake industry, 170–72; preservation of architecture in, 204–5; Quetzalcoatl cult at, 192–95; research at, 46–47; residences at, 73–74, 83, 87–88, 138, 140, 145–46, 148, 150, 151, 237, 238; resource control and exchange, 223–24, 231–32; ritual architecture, 182, 226–28; ritual structures at, 72–73; site structure, 45–47; Terminal Classic in, 204–7; western principal plaza at, 60–70, 132, 133; west of principal plazas, 76–80
Quetzalcoatl/Ehecatl cult, 3–4, 131, 186, 233, 235, 237; architectural imagery and, 192–95, 198–99, 239; elites and, 199–200, 226
Quiche, 3
Quirigua, 2
Religions, foreign, 197, 200–201, 227. See also God M; Quetzalcoatl cult
Residences, 138, 140, 145–47, 179, 222, 234; ceramics in, 184–85; Late Classic, 237–38; at Naco, 134–35; and public architecture, 204–5; at PVN 144, 94–100, 115, 117, 121–22; at PVN 306, 73–74, 75, 77–78, 80, 83, 89–90; rites of intensification at, 154–55; sociopolitical networks and, 149–50
Resources, 28; elite control over, 31–32, 223–25, 230–32; and networks, 39–42
Rites of intensification, 154–55; Quetzalcoatl cult and, 195–95
Ritual, 154–55, 239; architecture, 182, 209; elites and, 199–200, 226–28; at PVN 144, 102, 112–13, 140, 196; at PVN 306 structures, 69–70, 71, 72–73, 77, 88, 90–91; Quetzalcoatl cult, 194–95, 198–99, 233; and trash deposits, 132–35
Roble phase, 22, 23, 24, 33, 43; ceramics, 210–14; Naco Valley, 153–54, 236–41; networks, 36–38
Rulership. See Elites; Leadership
Settlement patterns, 4–5, 38, 153–54
Shell: at La Sierra, 238; at Naco, 136, 138; from PVN 144, 93, 98, 100–101, 102–3, 107, 116, 119, 121; from PVN 306, 48–49, 75, 78, 82, 86
Slaving, Spanish, 5
Sociopolitical networks, 29–31, 216, 219, 220–21; architecture and, 198–201; at PVN 306, 59, 89–91
Soils, Naco valley, 9
Southeast Mesoamerica, 4; archaeological research in, 6–8
Southwest principal plaza (Naco), 128–33
Spanish colonial period, 5, 9–10, 165
Special-purpose architecture, 140–41, 222, 233; at PVN 144, 100–107, 195–96; Quetzalcoatl cult and, 192–93
Spondylus sp., 238
Stamps, ceramic, 213
Status, gifts and, 40
Storage features, at PVN 144, 106
Structure 4F-1, 128–31, 192, 196, 197, 226, 227, 228; structure of, 130, 130–31
Structure 4D-2, 134
Structure 4F-8, 133, 134, 146, 147
Structure 4F-9, 133
Structure 4F-15, 135–36, 196, 197
Structure 4F-16, 131, 132, 133
Structure 6D-1, 134, 136, 137, 138
Structure 6F-3, 134, 135, 138, 175
Structure 6F-5, 134, 136–37, 138
Structure 144-1, 94, 95, 95–96, 115, 122, 123, 146, 147, 155; artifacts from, 97–100, 102, 156
Structure 144-2, 94, 96, 96–97, 115, 122, 123, 146, 147, 155; artifacts from, 98–100, 102, 156, 161
Structure 44-5, 103, 122, 140; functions of, 105–6, 116–17, 155, 171, 173; renovations and changes to, 104–5
Structure 144-8, 108, 108–9, 115–16, 122, 140, 154, 196; artifacts from, 110–12, 113; masks at, 163, 195; as meeting house, 197, 233
Structure 144-11, 100–101, 107, 121, 122; artifacts from, 102–3; functions of, 116–17, 155, 171
Structure 144-18, 108, 115–16, 122, 140, 154, 196; chipped stone, 142, 172; construction sequence at, 112–13; masks at, 163, 195; as meeting house, 197, 233
Structure 144-19, 114, 114–15, 118, 122, 131, 132
Structure 306-7, 51
Structure 306-11, 54, 59, 146, 147
Structure 306-17, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 70, 79, 131, 140, 192, 197, 226, 227, 228
Structure 306-18, 61
Structure 306-19, 61–63, 65, 66, 70, 130, 131, 192, 197–98, 226, 227, 228
Structure 306-20, 61, 67, 91; chipped stone at, 70–71, 161
Structure 306-21, 54–55, 59, 61, 146, 147, 148, 170
Structure 306-25, 51
Structure 306-79, 77–78, 79, 146, 149, 150, 151, 156
Structure 306-83, 61, 65, 69, 70, 71
Structure 306-86, 68, 73–74, 75, 146, 149, 150, 151, 156
Structure 306-105, 48–49; as community structure, 204, 205, 207
Structure 306-106, 83
Structure 306-110, 83
Structure 306-120, 80
Structure 306-123, 55–56, 59, 146, 156, 205
Structure 306-124, 57, 59, 60, 222
Structure 306-125, 57, 58, 59, 60, 222
Structure 306-128, 56–57, 59, 146, 205
Structure 306-130, 80, 146, 149, 150, 151, 156
Structure 306-164, 84–85, 87, 89
Structure 306-174, 61, 66–67, 70, 192, 197, 226
Structure 306-182, 61, 65, 67–68, 68, 69, 71, 132
Suboperation 144AE, 117–18, 121
Suboperation 144AM, 117–18, 121
Suboperation 306AB/AD deposit, 75, 79, 85, 86, 90, 174; obsidian blade knapping, 88–89
Suboperation 306AC/AE, 85, 86, 162
Suboperation 306AL/BQ deposit, 74–77, 77, 79, 90
Suboperation 306AR/BL, 80–83; clay artifacts in, 173, 175
Suboperation 306AX/BK, 85, 86, 88, 89, 174; obsidian polyhedral cores at, 161–62
Suboperation 306BF/BS, 85, 86, 90
Suboperation 306BI, 85, 86, 89
Suboperation 306BV deposit, 78–80
Sula Plain, 5, 9, 10; ceramics from, 13, 14, 16, 18, 186; social networks in, 220–21
Symbolism, 35, 41; on ceramics, 185–86, 189, 212–13, 229–30; elite control of, 226, 231–32; religious, 194, 197–98, 200–201, 228; sociopolitical networks, 187–88; stucco masks, 163, 195–96
Terminal Classic period, 4, 10, 12, 197, 216; architecture, 204–10; burials, 205–6; ceramics, 188, 189, 190, 211–12, 213; memory of, 229–30; at PVN 306, 47, 83
Terminal Preclassic period, 236
Terraces, at PVN 306, 80
Trade, 234–35; elite control of, 165, 230–31; foreign, 163–64, 165; long-distance, 5–6, 9
Trash deposits: at Naco, 132, 135, 136–38; at PVN 144, 93, 114–15; at PVN 306, 80–82, 83–89; western principal plaza (PVN 306), 67–70, 71. See also Middens
Ulua valley, 6, 221; ceramics, 13, 16–17
Viejo Brisas del Valle. See PVN 306
Water, Naco valley, 9
Webs, 35, 239; ancestral, 203–4; household, 221–23; Naco valley, 219–20; political, 30, 151–53, 190–92; of Quetzalcoatl cult, 193–94; resource distribution, 223–25
Western principal plaza (WPP) (PVN 306), 71, 170, 186, 192; activity areas in, 60–70; obsidian distribution at, 162, 167; ritual associated with, 90–91, 132, 133, 182
World Systems Theory (WST), 21
WPP. See Western principal plaza
WST. See World Systems Theory
X-ray refraction analyses, of obsidian and perlite, 49
Zula, 10