Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Abanyoro, 208. See Banyoro
Accelerated Mahaweli Development Program, 244
Achiutla, 26
acropoli: Maya lowlands, 163; at Río Viejo, 50, 51–52, 56
Actuncan, 159, 160, 161, 162, 168; obsidian at, 170, 171, 172
administration: power-sharing, 313–14; Tang dynasty, 321–22
Aegean, Bronze Age states, 305–6
Africa, sub-Saharan, 9. See also Nyoro kingdom
agriculture, 303; Hawaiian Islands, 298–99; Mari, 228–29; in Oaxaca, 28–29, 31, 44
agropastoralism, Mari, 229–31
Aguateca, 168
Ahualulco, 72
Ahuitzotl, 134–35
Ajitos, 113
Alva Ixtlilxochitl, 139
Amantlan, 136
ancestors, 47
Ancient Mesoamerica, 292
Antigua, 165
architecture: formalization, 324; spatial analysis of, 241–42; standardization of, 127–28. See also public architecture
artifact distribution, and social structure, 98–101
artisans: featherworking, 144–49; Indus valley, 234–35
ash ware, at Xunantunich, 168–69
assassination, of Kateboha, 223
astronomy, SPPG lateral mounds, 115–16
Atecpanecatl, 88
Atemajac ceramics, 100–101
Atemajac valley, 89
authority: leadership, 217–18; Nyoro kingdom, 211, 215–16; physical infrastructure and, 194; political, 49, 51–52
autonomy, of Småland, 196–97, 201
Aztecs, 81; featherwork, 131–32, 135–49; market systems, 21, 133–35, 149–50; tribute, 18, 304
Bahrain, seals found at, 237
Bakitara, 208
Bali, 62
ballcourts, ballgames, 109; SPPG layouts, 112, 113–14, 120, 124, 130(n4); in Tequila Valleys, 68–70, 73
Bantu languages, 208
bargaining, between rulers and subjects, 41–42
Belize Red group, at Xunantunich, 168–69
Belize River Valley, 170; ceramics in, 167–69; Classic period, 155, 159–61, 165–66, 172–73
Bikunya, 215
Binford, Louis, 291
Bismarck Archipelago, 297
Black Death, in Småland, 201
Blanton, Ed, 3
Blanton, Helen Maxine, 3
Blanton, Richard, 3; career of, 5–6; education of, 4–5
borderlands, Swedish-Danish, 194–95
boundary marking, Småland, 199
Bourdieu, Pierre, fields concept, 8, 61
Bredestad Valley, 197
bronze, Aztec import of, 132
Bronze Age, 292, 296; Aegean, 305–6
Bronze Age/Iron Age transition, 189
Buddhism, 233
Buenavista del Cayo, 159–60, 162, 165–66, 170, 172
Buganda, 216
Building IV-sub (Monte Albán), 44
Building L-sub (Monte Albán), 44, 47, 48; orthostats at, 55–56
Bunyoro, 208, 210, 218; archaeological evidence, 221–23
Bunyoro-Kitara, 208
bureaucratization, 193, 313, 314; of the state, 185–86, 205; Sui-Tang dynasty, 320–22; Valley of Oaxaca, 322–25
burial mounds, Svear state, 190
burials: Mari, 229; Monte Albán, 43–44; Nyoro, 216, 222; as public performance, 64–66; Svear state, 190; Valley of Oaxaca, 323
Cakchiquel, 115; central precincts, 110–11, 127, 129
Calakmul, 172; marketplaces, 155, 164–65; public works, 162–63
calpixque, 87
calpolli, 318; featherworking, 136, 146, 147
canoes, ownership of, 297
capital, competition over, 61
cardinal directions, and SPPGs, 116, 117, 130(n2)
Carneiro, R.L., circumscription model, 273–74
Catholicism, banishment of, 195, 204
Cazcán, 87
Censorate, 321
Central Mixteca Alta, 21–22, 24, 30; ñuu in, 25–26; market integration, 32–35; Postclassic period, 26–28
central places, 21; Central Mixteca Alta, 25–26; Oaxacan, 23–24
central precincts, 130(n2); creation and renovation of, 111–12; Guatemalan highlands, 110–11; Maya lowlands, 109–10; standardization of, 107–8, 129; Veracruz, 105–6, 112–14. See also Standard Plan Plaza Groups
ceramic models/dioramas, Teuchitlán, 64–65, 66–67
ceramics, 54, 65, 118, 160; Indus, 235–36; in Oaxaca, 29, 30, 35; production and exchange, 55, 167–69, 244, 254–55; Santa María, 99–101
ceremonial centers, 50; Monte Albán, 46–47; Tequila valleys, 63–70, 72–76, 97
ceremonialism, group maintenance and, 85
ceremonies, 185, 214; mortuary, 64–65; at Río Viejo, 52, 53–54; Tenochtitlan, 134–35; Teuchitlán, 64–65
Cerro de la Cruz, communal cemetery in, 49
Cerro de las Mesas, 113, 123, 124, 125–26
Cerro de las Monos, shaft tombs, 74
Cerro de la Virgen, 53
Cerro Jazmín, 23
Cerro Tilcajete, 323, 324, 325
Chan, 169
Chanhu-daro, 236
charcoaling industry, Småland, 194, 202
Charco Redondo, 49
Charter of Liberties (Sweden), 181
Cheyenne, collective decision-making, 84–85
Chiapas, Tenam Rosario Plaza Formats, 109–10
Chichimec groups, 87
chiefs, chiefdoms, 211, 271, 303, 305; Cheyenne peace, 84–85; Pacific maritime, 296–300
Chiik Nahb complex (Calakmul), 165
Childe, V. Gordon, 225–26, 234
China, 242, 274, 303, 313, 139; power-sharing in, 310, 311–12; trading sphere, 297, 300
Cholula, feather-spinning whorls, 144
Christianity, Scandinavian adoption of, 190
Chunhuitz Orange Group, at Xunantunich, 168–69
Churchill, Winston, 239
circumscription model, 273–74
cities, 28, 279, 285; Mesoamerican, 19–21
citizens, in high-conflict states, 184–85
city-states, 303, 304; Mesoamerican, 19–20
civic-ceremonial architecture, Santa María, 97, 101–2
civilizations, 273; economic cycles, 36–37
clans, Nyoro, 219–20
Classic period, 47, 54; central precinct layouts, 109–12; Maya marketplaces, 155, 159–60, 164–67; Maya state structure, 285, 286; Tres Zapotes, 112–13; Veracruz, 107–8, 117–18, 128–29
cloth, made from feathers, 139–40
Coano, 87
Coatepec, 70
Cocas, 87
codebook, for cross-cultural sampling, 267–69
Codex Mendoza, 18; featherwork in, 140, 153(n4)
cognitive codes, 233, corporate, 85–86, 315–18
collective action, 53, 79–80, 156, 163, 187, 203, 233, 284, 285, 287, 310, 318; decision-making, 84–85; in Tequila valleys, 74–76, 81–82
Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States (Blanton and Fargher), 232–33, 292
collective action theory, 7, 177–78, 180, 184, 187, 190, 207, 227; authority of leadership in, 217–18
collective ownership, iron industry, 199–200
collectivity, 10–11; Iron Age Europe, 189, 193; in political authority, 51–52
commodities, 35, 160; Aztec period, 132–35, 149–50; market pricing for, 157–58
commodity monies, Mesoamerica, 17–18
commoners, 145, 173, 280, 298; access to luxury goods, 133, 153(n1, n2); access to obsidian, 170, 171; Monte Albán, 43, 46, 48
communication: canonical, 242–43, 248–49; canonical and indexical, 240–41
competition, 61; market, 158–59; in Valley of Oaxaca, 322–23
confederacy, Huron, 83–84
Confucianism, virtuosity in, 311–12
conical mounds, in SPPG, 112, 113, 114
conquest, 299; states and, 303, 304–5
consumption, 18, 36, 52; Aztec-period, 132–33
cooperation: community-wide, 83; with social contracts, 282–83; social networks, 289
copper: Inca Empire, 305; Nyoro, 220
Cora, 87
coronation ceremonies, Nyoro, 214
corporate-exclusionary continuum, 76–77
corporate-network strategy, 10, 266; warfare predictors and, 261–62
corporate organization, 233; Oaxacan polities, 56–57; Svear state, 182, 190–93
corporate strategies, 10–11, 62, 79, 82, 190, 259, 309–10, 319, 326; cognitive codes, 313–18; Hawaiian chiefdoms and states, 299–300; primary states, 303–4; sequential hierarchies in, 83–85; at Teotihuacan, 60–61; Tequila valleys, 77–78, 78(n1); Veracruz, 127–28
corrales, 92–93; at Santa María, 95–97
cosmos, cosmology, 46, 109; in Tequila valleys architecture, 66, 69, 70
Cotaxtla region: settlement hierarchy, 118, 130(n2); SPPGs in, 113–14, 116, 120, 121–22, 124, 126
coyote shield, featherwork on, 143, 153(n3)
craft specialization/production: featherwork, 136, 144–49, 151; Indus civilization, 234–36, 238; Oaxaca, 29–30, 55; Walangama household, 254–55; and wealth finance, 295–96
cross-cultural studies, 6, 8, 207–8; codebook for, 267–69; corporate power strategies, 319–26; on rise of states, 273–74; on warfare, 261–67
Cuauhtitlan, 135
Cuicatlán, 21
curd pots, Walangama, 244, 245, 254–55
Cwezi dynasty, 218
Dacke, Niels, 204
Dackefejden, 204
dairy farming, Walangama, 244, 245
danzantes, at Monte Albán, 47, 55–56
Darwin, Charles, 272
decision-making, consensus, 83, 84–85
demographic change, and state formation, 274
Denmark, 181, 206; and Småland, 193, 194–95
desecration, of Xunantunich palace, 161
Dholavira, 234
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, on featherwork, 145
diversity: of early states, 275–81; in state formation, 274–75
divinities, deities: nobility and, 46
Dos Pilas ceramics, 168
dual-processual theory, 177, 183–84, 227, 231, 259–60
“Dual-Processual Theory for the Evolution of Mesoamerican Civilization, A,” 259–60
duck feathers, cloaks of, 140
Early Classic period, 69; Mixteca Alta, 25, 29; Oaxaca, 22, 23, 24, 35, 37, 38, 56, 310, 323–24; Tequila valleys, 59, 71; Veracruz, 113, 121, 122–23, 124, 126, 127
Early Formative, ballgame depictions, 68
earthworks, Nyoro, 221–23
economy, 28, 38, 32, 292, 322; Mesoamerican, 15, 16–19; Nyoro, 210–11; Pacific maritime, 297–300; Tequila valleys, 74–75, 78; Walangama, 243–45, 253–55. See also political economies
E Groups, 116
Egypt, 303, 306; rulership in, 225–26
Ejutla, 21
El Chayal, 171
elites, 119, 133, 177, 182, 195, 286, 305, 306, 307; access to obsidian, 170, 171–73; demands of, 184–85; Iron Age Europe, 188–90; lower Verde region, 51–52, 53; Monte Albán, 43, 44–45, 54–55; Tequila valleys, 64–65, 70–71, 73–76; Valley of Oaxaca, 323–24
El Mesón, Tres Zapotes Plaza Group at, 112–13
El Opeño, 68
El Palenque, 43
empires, 303; tribute extraction, 304–5
emulation, in SPPG layouts, 118
Epiclassic period, Oaxaca, 22, 23, 29, 325
ethnographies, Nyoro kingdom, 210
ethnohistoric data, Tequila valleys, 87–88
Euphrates River, Mari, 228–29
Europe, 9, 313; Bronze Age/Iron Age, 187–90; controlled production, 295–96; power-sharing in, 310–11
exchange, 30, 119; Aztec-period, 132–33; Belize River Valley, 172–73; long-distance, 82, 135; marketplace, 158–59; Mesoamerican, 16, 17; Oaxacan market integration and, 34–35; prestige goods, 296–97
exclusionary strategies, Maya, 60, 62
famine relief, Nyoro kingdom, 212
farmer’s peace treaties, 195
feasting, 49, 52, 83, 100, 115, 212
feathers, as tribute 139–40
featherwork, 9, 131–32, 135, 151, 153(n3); commissions for, 147–48; craftspeople involved in, 144–46; raw materials used in, 136–42, 149–50; tools and procedures, 142–44, 146–47; tribute demands and, 152, 153(n5)
fertility rituals, as community cooperation, 83
fiestas, ritual exchange and, 30
Fiji, 298
finances, 306; internal and external forms of, 283–84; staple vs. wealth, 293–96
Florentine Codex, featherwork, 135–36
Folkhemmet, 180–81
food preparation, at Río Viejo acropolis, 52
food surpluses, rulers’ control of, 225–26
forest industries, Småland, 194
Formative period, Oaxaca, 8
framing theory, 272
Gama Uppsala, 190
Ganweriwala, 234
genealogies, high-status lineages, 326
Germany, 20
Getica, 191
Ghaggar-Hakra River, 234
gifting: in Aztec feasts, 134–35; of featherwork, 144–45; Nyoro kingdom, 212
goods and services, 16; access to prestige, 44–45, 296; Oaxacan markets, 34–35; public, 54, 301
Götaland, 191
grave goods, Tequila Valley shaft tombs, 65
grazing rights, negotiation of, 230–31
Greeks, 306
ground stone, Valley of Oaxaca, 29
groups: depictions of, 82; individual interests and, 85
group size, hierarchical complexity, 281–82
Guabba, 237
guachimontones, 66–68, 75, 76; ballcourts and, 69–70; distribution and sizes of, 72, 73–74
Guatemalan highlands, central precincts, 110–11
Guaxicar, 90
Guerengo area, 123
Guirun, 21
Gujarat, 234
Gulf Lowlands, 128; Standard Plan architecture in, 9, 112–14
Gustav Vasa, 204
hamlets, Småland, 200–201
Harappa, 233, 234; craft production, 235, 236; inscriptions by, 231–32
Hawai’i (Big Island), agriculture on, 298–99
Hawaiian Islands, 303; chiefdoms and states, 298–99; staple finance strategy, 299–300
headdress, Motecuhzoma’s featherwork, 141, 143
heiaus, 299–300
heterarchy, 226; Iron Age Europe, 189–90
hidden transcript, in Iron Age records, 188
hierarchical complexity, and population size, 281–82, 287
hierarchy, hierarchies, 226, 272; development of political, 47–48, 56; political administrative, 90, 313, 314; sequential, 83–85, 102–3
high-conflict societies: power in, 182–85; Svear state as, 188–93
Hinduism, Vedic, 233
households, 156; Aztec, 132–33; featherworking, 140–41, 147; Maya elite, 172–73; Mesoamerican economy, 16, 18; pottery production, 254–55; Tequila valleys, 70–71; Walangama, 254–55
House of Commons, rebuilding, 239
houses, 10; spatial analysis of, 241–45; in Walangama, 245–56
Houses and Households: A Comparative Study, 239–40, 243
Hsuan-tzung, 322
Hueyapan Long Plaza Plans, 116, 117, 130(n2)
Huistla ceramics, 100–101
Huitzilapa, 74
Huitzilopochtli, featherwork for, 144
Human Relations Area Files, Collection of Archaeology in, 274
Hundred Thousand Houses Program, 244
Huron, sequential hierarchies, 83–84
Ignacio de la Llave, 113
Inca empire, resource extraction, 305
IND. See Inland Niger Delta, 224
India, primary states, 303
Indus civilization, 9, 10, 225, 227, 237, 238; craft production, 234–36; inscriptions, 231–32; settlement locations, 233–34
industrialization, of Sweden, 180, 202
industry, featherworking as, 149–50
inherent rights, 310–11
Inland Niger Delta (IND), 224
inscriptions, Indus civilization, 231–32
Iron Age, 182, 306; political systems, 187–88; Sweden, 188–93
iron production: Bunyoro, 222; Småland, 199–200, 193, 202
Iroquois, sequential hierarchies, 83–84
irrigation systems, 298, 303, 307
irrigation temple networks, in Bali, 62
istōpus, in Walangama houses, 246–49, 255–56
ivory trade, Nyoro kingdom, 210, 220, 224(n1)
Ixil, 110
Ixtepeque obsidian, 170
jade(ite), Aztec acquisition of, 132
Jalisco, 8, 80; ballcourts in, 68–70; guachimontones, 66–68; shaft tombs in, 63–66, 76; Teuchitlán polity, 59, 60, 127
Jenne-jeno, 226
Kabarega (Kabalega), 218, 219; rulership of, 210–12, 224
Kalmar Union, 181
Kateboha, 223
Kerma, 216
kingdoms, 163; Central Mixteca Alta, 25–26, 27–28; increased power, 204–5; Nyoro, 208–12, 224(n2); Scandinavian, 182–83, 195
kingship, 226; materiality of, 218–21; Nyoro rituals of, 213–16; virtuosity of, 311–12; wealth-as-people, 216–18
kinship, and labor force, 198–98
knowledge, 45; Nyoro rulership, 217–18
Kopparberg charter, 200
Kuba kingdom, 220
Kula voyages, 297
Kurunegala District, 243
Kush, royal burials at, 216
labor, 16, 185; in featherworking, 144–49; in Oaxacan economy, 50, 57; in Santa María architecture, 93–94; Småland, 197–200
Lagunas, 26
La Joya, 114
Lambityeco, 29, 34, consumption in, 36
land clearance, Småland, 198–99
land tenure, 295, 299; Småland, 201–2
Lapita, 297–98
Lapphyttan, 199
Late Bronze Age, Aegean, 305–6
Late Classic/Epiclassic period, 34; Oaxaca, 22, 23, 35, 37, 325
Late Classic period, 29, 163, 325; Belize River valley, 160–62; ceramics, 168–69; Veracruz, 113, 121–23, 126
Late Postclassic period, 26, 29; Aztec featherwork, 131–32; Aztec households, 132–33; ceramics, 99–101; Oaxaca, 22, 23, 24, 34, 35; Tequila valleys, 82, 88–91, 93, 100
Late Formative period, 69; lower Verde region, 49–54; at Monte Albán, 43–49; political authority in, 42, 57; Tequila valleys, 59, 71
Late Postclassic period: marketplaces, 158–59; Tequila valleys, 80, 87–88
lateral mounds, 130(n3); in SPPG, 115–16, 120–23, 124–25
leadership, 6, 189; authoritarian, 265–66; hereditary, 84, 325; ownership of creative power, 217–18; and revenue sources, 301–2; state formation and, 283–84
legal codes, Scandinavian, 191
Levi, Margaret, on state development, 283
Lima state, 303
lineages, high-status, 325
lithic production, at Maya plazas, 165, 166
Llano Grande, 66
Loma Alta, public architecture at, 72
Long Plaza Plan, southern Veracruz, 112
Lord 5 Jaguar, 324
Lord 13 Night, 324
lords, Central Mixteca Alta, 27–28
Lost Plaza (Xunantunich), 165
Lutheran Protestantism, 195, 201
luxury goods, 153(n1), 323; Aztec, 135–48
Lyell, Charles, 272
Macuilxochitl, 29
Magdalena (Xochitepec), 90
Magdalena Apasco, 324
Magdalena/San Isidro Peñasco, 26
maguey leaves, in featherwork, 141, 142, 153(n7)
Mahweli Project, 244
Main Plaza (Monte Albán), 46–47, 57, 324; noble residences at, 54–55
Mälar valley, 191
Mali, 224
Mam, 110
Mari, 9, 10, 225, 238; history of, 227–29; pastoralism, 229–31
maritime societies, political economies, 297–300
market economies, 8; archaeological models of, 155–56; Classic Maya, 9, 159–60
marketplaces, 9, 30, 194; Late Postclassic Mesoamerican, 158–59; Tlatelolco, 139, 140–41, 146, 149–50
market systems, 29, 101; Aztec, 21, 133–35; Classic Maya, 163–67, 172–73; commodity values in, 157–58; development in, 156–57; Mesoamerican, 17, 38–39; Nyoro, 210–11; Oaxacan, 32–35, 37
Mashkan-shapir, 226
Mata Naranjo center, 124
materiality, of Nyoro kingship, 218–21
Matricula de Tributos, 18
Maui, agriculture on, 298–99
Maya Lowlands, 127, 285; central precincts, 109–10, 115, 116; ceramic exchange in, 167–69; dynastic rulership, 60, 62; internal vs. external resources, 286–87; market participation, 163–64; marketplaces, 9, 155, 159–60; obsidian exchange in, 169–70; political cycles, 160–61; public works, 162–63
Mayr, Ernst, 272
Meluhha, 237
Mencius, on rulership, 311–12
merchants: Aztec long-distance, 133–34, 135, 139; Mesopotamian-Indus, 236–37, 238
Mesoamerica, 7, 8–9, 303; canonical communication, 242–43; city distributions, 19–21; commodities, 132–35; economy, 15, 16–19, 38–39; Late Postclassic markets, 158–59; secondary states and, 304–5
Mesopotamia, 227, 303, 306; merchants in, 236–37; rulership in, 225–26
Metropolitan Museum of Art, feathered triptych, 147–48
Miahuatlán, 21
Micronesia, 304
military: Iron Age, 190; Monte Albán, 44, 55; Nyoro kingdom, 211; Scandinavian, 193, 195; in Tequila valleys, 80–81, 102
Million Houses Program, 244–45
Minoan states, Protopalatial, 305–6
Mixteca Alta, 8, 21, 29, 31, 37; cities in, 23–24; market integration in, 32–35; population centers, 24–25
Mixtequilla, La, central precinct, 108
Mixtequilla region, 113; settlement hierarchy in, 118, 130(n2); SPPGs in, 116, 120, 121–23, 124–26, 130(n4)
mobility, Nyoro society, 217, 224(n1)
mobilization, 10; of finances, 295–96
Moche, 303
molcajetes, Tequila valleys, 99
Monte Albán, 6, 8, 23, 37, 42, 49, 57, 274; burials, 43–44; Late Classic growth of, 29, 34; nobles at, 46–47, 54–55; political economy of, 322–24; public architecture at, 324–25; ritual knowledge and authority, 45–46
monumental public buildings/architecture, 44, 50, 161; dismantling of, 324; Hawaiian, 299–300; Veracruz, 107–8
Monument J-41 (Monte Albán), 47
Mopan River valley, 9; Late Classic period, 160–61
mortuary rituals, Svear state, 190
mosaics, featherwork, 141–42, 143–44, 153(n3)
Motecuhzoma Xoxoyotzin, 145
mounds, 100, 112; lateral, 115–16, 120–23
mountain-water symbolism, 70
Mubende Hill, 222
Mughal Empire, 233
mythopoetic texts, Iron Age, 191
Nagar (Tell Brak), 227
Nahuatl, in Tequila valleys, 87, 88
natural disasters, 10, 267(n1, n3); as warfare indicators, 260, 262–65
natural law, 312
Navajas, guachimontones at, 66, 74
Near East, 9, 10, 236. See also Mesopotamia
Nepal, 242
networks, 286, 289; trade, 298, 305
network strategies, 61–62, 79, 80–81; authoritarian leadership and, 265–66; warfare predictions, 262–65
New Caledonia, 298
Ñiaxugue-Naduza, 23
nobles, nobility, 26, 82; Monte Albán, 43–45; ritual knowledge and authority, 45–46
Nopiloa, 124
Norway, Kalmar Union, 181
Nyoro kingdom, 9–10, 224(n2); clans, 219–20; earthworks, 221–23; economy of, 210–11; palaces, 220–21; ritual activities, 208–10; royal regalia, 218–19; royal rituals in, 213–16; tribute and gifting in, 211–13; wealth-as-people in, 216–18
Oaxaca, 8–9, 15; Later Formative in, 42–43; political bargaining, 41–42
Oaxaca, Valley of, 6, 21, 23, 34, 35, 55, 274, 282; bureaucratization in, 322–25; corporate strategies in, 310, 320, 326; economy, 37, 38; political hierarchy in, 47–48, 56, 57; specialization in, 28–32
obsidian, 35; long-distance exchange of, 171–72; Maya exchange of, 169–73
obsidian blades, specialized production of, 55
occupational pluralism, 197–98
Oceania, prestige-good exchange, 296–97
Oconahua Red on Cream, 65
Ocotlán, 29
offerings, Svear mortuary, 190
orthostats, at Monte Albán, 47, 55–56
Orun festival, 216
ownership: collective, 199–200; of creative power, 217–18; of seagoing craft, 297
Pacific region, chiefdoms in, 296–98
palace platforms, south-central Veracruz, 107, 124
palaces, 128, 161; featherworking at, 144, 145, 147; Nyoro, 220–21
Palenque, ceramics from, 167–68
Papaloapan basin, 126
pastoralism: Mari, 229, 229–31; Småland, 9, 198, 199–200
peasants, 187, 188. See also commoners
performance, mortuary rituals as, 64–66
Peru, primary states in, 303
Petexbatun region, ceramic production, 167–68
Philippines, secondary chiefdoms in, 297, 300
Phoenicians, 306
pil gé, structure and function of, 246–49
Pitos, 113
place names, Småland, 200, 201
platforms, in SPPGs, 114, 115–16
plazas, 86; Classic period Veracruz, 105, 109; and marketplaces, 165–66; in SPPGs, 113–14, 120–23; in Tequila valleys, 92, 96–97
pochteca, 133–34
policy-making, power-sharing in, 313–14
political authority/power, 71; communal vs. hierarchical, 57–58; cycles of, 160–61; Iron Age systems, 187–88; lower Verde region, 49, 51–54; Monte Albán, 54–55; restrictive, 55–56
political economies, 308; Monte Albán, 322–25; Pacific cultures, 296–300; staple vs. wealth finance, 294–96; state formation and, 301–7; Sui-Tang dynasty, 320–22; temporal changes in, 61–62; Tequila valleys, 74–76
political organization, 293; bargaining in, 41–42; Iron Age Europe, 187–88; in Oaxaca, 47–48, 56, 57; Scandinavian, 191, 193, 195–96, 203
political reform, Valley of Oaxaca, 323–24
population: aggregation/nucleation of, 156, 274–75; hierarchical complexity, 287
Postclassic period, 25, 99, 110, 128, 286; Central Mixteca Alta, 26–28; Oaxaca, 22, 23–24; Tequila valleys, 80, 81, 82, 88–98
pottery. See ceramics
pottery-making villages, Mixteca Alta, 30, 31; Walangama, 244, 254–55
power, 85, 119, 226, 286, 313, 325; and architectural layouts, 127–28; creative power, 217–18; external and internal sources of, 283–84; in high-conflict societies, 182–85; Iron Age Europe, 187–88; multiple routes to, 62–63; Pacific chiefdoms, 296–97; Sui-Tang dynasty, 320–22
power-sharing, 86, 326; China, 311–12, 321; cognitive codes, 316–18; Europe, 310–11; individual and committee, 313–14; SPPG and, 119–23
prestige goods, production and exchange of, 296–97, 305, 323
primary states: corporate strategies of, 303–4; definition of, 302–3
production, 18; specialized/controlled, 295–96
products, Mesoamerican, 16–17
property rights, 10; Hawaiian chiefs, 299
pseudo-inscriptions, 237
public architecture, 83, 324; ballcourts, 68–70; guachimontones, 66–68; Maya lowlands, 160, 161; shaft tombs, 63–64; Tequila valleys, 72–76, 92
public assembly, Iron Age Scandinavia, 191, 193
public goods, 11, 54, 55, 81, 185, 186, 283
Public Sector Housing Program (Sri Lanka), 244
public works, 284, 286, 298; Maya Lowlands, 162–63
Pueblo Grande, 284
Purépecha, 30
pyramids, in central precincts, 109
Quetzalcoatl, 88
quetzal feathers, as tribute, 152
Quiché area, 115; central precincts in, 110–11, 127, 129
raiding, Lapita, 297
Rain Deity/God, Monte Albán, 47, 48
Rakhighari, 234
Ramos period, 21
rank analysis, of Walangama houses, 248, 252–53
Rapoport, Amos, 239
raw materials, 135; for featherworking, 136–42, 148–49
reciprocity, subject-ruler, 312
regalia, Nyoro kingship, 218–19
religion, 82; Monte Albán, 45–46
religious specialists, Iron Age Svear, 191
repetition, in architectural layouts, 106, 107
residences, 43; elite, 53, 54–55, 70–71, 73; Tequila valleys, 92–93, 94, 95–97, 101–2
resistance, to state power, 280, 286
resources, 29, 298, 307; external and internal sources, 283–84; secondary states and, 304–5
Resumidero, 74
revenues, 10; collection of, 185–86; external, 55, 210, 299; internal, 44–45, 50–51; internal vs. external, 41–42, 57, 286–87, 322–23; and leadership forms, 283–84; Monte Albán, 322–23; Nyoro kingdom, 210, 211, 224(n1); state formation and, 301–2, 303–4; Tequila valleys, 74–75
rights, inherent, 310–11
Riksdag, 181
Río Blanco Tonaltepec, 31
Río Viejo (Oaxaca), 8, 58; Late Formative in, 49–54; Terminal Formative in, 42, 56
rituals, 30, 32, 52, 190, 254; astronomical, 115–16; corporate, 85–86; at Monte Albán, 45–46, 48; Nyoro royal, 208–10, 213–16; social order, 242–43
road systems (sacbeob), 165; Maya lowlands, 162–63
royal enclosures, Nyoro, 220–21
royalty, Svear state, 194, 197, 206
Rukidi, 218–19
rulers, rulership, 57, 119, 128, 140, 183, 184, 187, 190, 233, 324; bargaining by, 41–42; dynastic, 60, 62, 163; food surpluses, 225–26; Iron Age Europe, 189, 191; lower Verde region, 53, 54; Maya lowlands, 60, 62, 163; Mesoamerican variations in, 285–86; Nyoro kingdom, 210–16; regional political authority, 51–52; ritual knowledge and authority of, 45–46; Svear state, 204–5; virtuosity of, 311–12
Runyoro, 208
sachem, as hereditary office, 84
sacred covenants, human-divine, 46
sacrifices: animal, 190; human, 46, 215, 216, 300
sagas, 191
Sahagún, Bernardo, on featherwork, 136, 143, 153(n8, n9)
salt, Valley of Oaxaca, 29
Samoa, 298
San Andrés, shaft tombs at, 74
San Francisco de Arriba, 49
San José Mogote, 274, 323, 324
San Juan Bautista Coixtlahuaca fiestas, 30
San Lorenzo, ceramics at, 168, 169
Santa Cruz Mixtepec, 324
Santa María (Tequila valleys), 89; artifact distributions, 98–101; civic-ceremonial structures, 97, 101–2; in settlement hierarchy, 90, 91; site structure, 92–98
Santa Rosalia (Jalisco), 74
Santo Domingo Tonaltepec, 32
Scandinavia, state formation, 179–80
Scania, 206
scientific advancement, and framing theory, 272–73
SEA. See Society for Economic Anthropology
seagoing craft, ownership of, 297
seals, production and use of, 236, 237
secondary states, 308(n1); imperial state expansion and, 304–5
service, state, 81–82
serving vessels, at Tequila valley sites, 100, 102
settlement patterns, 19; egalitarian, 97–98; Oaxacan cities, 23–24; Småland, 200–201; Tequila valleys, 59, 72–76, 88–91
settlement tiers, Tequila valleys, 90
shaft tombs, Tequila valleys, 63–65, 74, 76
Shandong, 274
shell ornaments, specialized production of, 55
shrines: Nyoro, 222; Valley of Oaxaca, 324
Sim’alites, 229; grazing rights, 230–31
Skänninge site, 191
slaves, Nyoro kingdom, 211, 224(n1)
Småland, Småland Plateau, 9, 178, 179, 191, 192; cross-border trade, 194–95; land use and labor in, 197–200; political identity, 196–97; political organization, 205–6; resources in, 193–94; settlement pattern, 200–201; tax issues in, 203–4; upland expansion of, 201–2
social code, 205
social complexity, 288–89; and village formation, 276–78
social contracts, 287; state formation and, 282–83
social evolution, 292–93
social science, multiple theories in, 280–81
social status, 229; canonical communication of, 242–43; Lapita, 297; Late Formative period, 43; Late Postclassic period, 133; Monte Albán, 43, 56; Philippines, 300; Svear state, 190, 191
societies, hierarchically organized, 272
Society for Economic Anthropology (SEA), 292
Sola, 21
Solomon Islands, 297
South Asia, 9, 10, 236; canonical communication, 242–43
space: canonical communication in, 248–49; formalized built, 62, 63–76; impacts of, 239–40
Spanish colonial era: religious featherwork, 147–48; town layout, 117
specialization, 38; pottery production, 54, 55; regional, 19, 28–32; zonal, 28–29
spinning, feather, 141, 142, 144, 145
Sri Lanka, 9; economic changes in, 243–45; houses in, 10, 243. See also Walangama
standardization: in public architecture, 66–70, 108–12, 127–28. See also Standard Plan Plaza Groups
Standard Plan (SP) architecture, 9, 108
Standard Plan Plaza Groups (SPPG): function of, 116–19; in south-central Veracruz, 109, 112–14; stability of, 111–12; structures in, 114–16; variations in, 120–26
staple finance, 294–95, 298, 303; Hawaiian strategy, 299–300
state(s), 207, 271; bureaucratization of, 185–86; early, 226, 279; origins of, 273–74; primary, 302–4; revenue sources, 301–2; secondary, 304–7; services to, 81–82; taxation, 203–4; variation in, 275–81
state formation, 181, 210; archaeological models of, 178, 273–74; Hawaiian Islands, 298–99; in high-conflict societies, 182–83; leadership strategies, 283–84; political economy and, 301–7; Scandinavia, 179–80; social contract and, 282–83; theoretical frames for, 276–81; theories of, 183–84; village formation and, 276–78
subjects, 184, 214; agency of, 187; bargaining by, 41–42; reciprocity, 312
subsistence, Tequila valleys, 76, 78
Sui-Tang dynasty, 310, 326; bureaucratization, 320–22
Sumana Mudalali, dairy farming and housing loans, 244, 245
surplus, extraction of, 299
surveys, 5, 113; data comparability, 21–22; Tequila valleys, 86–87
Svear state, 178, 182, 194; development of, 190–93; power of rulers in, 204–5
Sweden, 9, 178, 179, 192; cross-border trade, 194–95; high-conflict societies in, 182–85; Iron Age/Bronze Age, 188–90; and Småland, 193, 196–97; state development, 180–82
Swedish Model, 180
swords, bronze, 295–96
symbolism: Nyoro earthworks, 223; of SPPG, 118–19
Tang dynasty, 320, 325; administrative procedures, 321–22
Tarascans, 8–9, 80, 87, 89, 102
tar manufacture, in Småland, 194
taxation, 185–86, 211, 284, 301; Småland, 196, 203–4
Tayata, 26
Tecozquín, 87
Tecuexes, 87
Tejalapan, 324
Tell Banat, 229
Tell Hariri, 227
Tenam Rosario Plaza Format, 109–10
Tenochtitlan, 134–35, 146, 149, 164
Teotihuacan, 164, 286, 304, 322; as corporate structure, 60–61; rulership in, 285–86
Tequila valleys, 8, 85; ballcourts, 68–70; ceremonial centers, 72–76; conflict in, 80–82; corporate-exclusionary continuum in, 77–78; elite households, 70–71; ethnohistoric data, 87–88; guachimontones, 66–68; intrasite architecture in, 92–98; Postclassic settlement patterns in, 88–91; settlement patterns, 59, 101–2; shaft tombs in, 63–66; survey and collection in, 86–87
Terminal Classic period, 161, 168, 170
Terminal Formative period, 160; lower Verde region, 49, 53; Oaxaca, 8, 22, 23, 35, 37, 38, 42, 54–56, 310, 322, 323–24
Terqa, 230
Teuchitlán, 59, 60, 78, 127, 128, 129; ballcourts, 68–70; central precinct standardization, 111, 129; elite households, 70–71; guachimontones, 66–68; shaft tombs, 63–66
Texcoco survey, 6
textiles, featherwork, 139–40, 144
Tiazong, 321
Tikal, 162, 163, 168, 169, 172, 324; marketplaces, 155, 164, 167
Tilcajete polity, 49
Tilquiapan, 324
Tlacolula, 29
Tlalixtac, 324
Tlatelolco: featherworking materials in, 140, 149–50; market in, 139, 141, 146, 164
Tlatinango, 324
Tlaxcallan polychromes, 102
Tlaxcaltecas, 82
Tlaxiaco, 26
Tochpan, feathers from, 139, 140
Tomaltepec, 43
tombs: Monte Albán, 43–44; shaft, 63–66; Valley of Oaxaca, 323, 324, 325
Torquemada, Juan de, 147
towns, Tequila valleys, 87–88
trade, 119, 159, 244, 304, 305; Aztec long-distance, 133–34, 135; ceramic, 167–69; on Euphrates, 228–29; ivory, 210, 220, 224(n1); Maya long-distance, 164, 172–73; Mesopotamian, 236–37; obsidian, 169–71; Pacific long-distance, 297, 298; Småland, 194–95
traditional values, and state obligations, 185
transactions, in Mesoamerican economy, 17–18
Transcultural Administrative Sealing System, 236
Tres Zapotes, 112–13, 115, 128
Tres Zapotes Plaza Group, 112–13, 115
tribute, 44, 134, 185, 286; feathers as, 139–40, 144, 152, 153(n5); Mesoamerica, 18, 304–5; Nyoro, 211–12
Trigger, Bruce, 226
Triple Alliance, 81
triptych, featherwork, 147–48
Trobriand Islanders, 297
Tuxtla Mountains, central precincts, 112–13
Tveta, 197
Tzicoac, feathers from, 139, 140
Uganda, 208. See also Nyoro kingdom
University of Michigan, 4, 291–92
Upper Grijalva Valley, Tenam Rosario Plaza Format, 109–10
uprisings/rebellions: peasant, 187; Småland, 204, 206
urban centers: Monte Albán as, 43–49; Río Viejo as, 49–50; Terminal/Late Formative, 23, 42
urbanism, Indus production, 234–35
Valdemarsdotter, Margareta, 181
Valley of Oaxaca Settlement Pattern, 6
Vanuatu, 298
Vättern, Lake, 197
Vendel period, 190
Veracruz, 9; central precincts in, 105–6, 107–8; shared power in, 119–23; Standard Plan Plaza Groups in, 109, 111–14, 117–19, 120–29
Verde, Río, 5, 57; Late Formative in, 49–54
Viking Age, 189; political changes in, 195–96
Villa Alta Quadripartite Arrangement, 112
village formation, and social complexity, 276–78
villages, 274, 282; Småland, 200–201
Vinarhyttan, 199
virtuosity, in Confucian philosophy, 311–12
Visingsö Island, 194, 195, 197, 201
Vista, 197
Vitzurita (Wixárika), 87
volcanic ash, in ceramics, 168–69
Walangama: economic and social changes in, 243–45; economic self-sufficiency, 253–54; new house construction in, 249–53, 255–56; pottery production in, 254–55; traditional houses, 10, 245–49
warfare, 10, 191, 201, 260, 299, 323; cross-cultural studies on, 261–67; Tequila valleys, 80, 81–82
Wari, 303
warlords, 190
wealth, 35, 43, 86, 100, 133, 211, 307; people as, 216–18
wealth finance, 295–96; secondary states, 305, 307
wealth-in-people, 216–18
whorls, feather-spinning, 141, 144
Xipe Totec, 88
Xochitepec, 90
Xunantunich, 162, 163, 170; ceramics at, 168–69; Late Classic period, 160–61; marketplaces, 159, 164, 165; obsidian exchange, 171–72
Yaxha markets, 164
Yodobaba, 26
Yoruba, 216
Yucuxaco, 26
Yugüe, 53
Zimri-Lim, King, 225; grazing rights, 230–31; rulership of, 227–28