Index
abbreviations, 13(n1)
Acosta, Jorge R., 17, 18, 64, 117, 128, 206, 210, 211, 215, 216, 219, 221, 223, 276, 346, 347, 348, 349, 352
adobe retaining walls, 128, 267, 270, 273, 278, 281, 311
adoratorios, 301, 310. See also altars
agency, 2
Aguilar, Alejandro, 48(n7), 81(n2), 277
Alexander, Rani, 8
All Souls’ Day, 94. See also Día de los Muertos
altars: in houses, 94, 119, 125, 127, 138, 157, 158–159, 163, 164, 165, 167, 172, 266; in plazas, 32, 33, 301–302. See also ancestor memorials
altar complex, 152, 157–162, 163, 164, 165, 167
Altotonga, Veracruz (obsidian source), 72, 212, 220
ancestors, 2, 57, 59, 99, 100, 137, 138, 162, 176, 177, 185, 194, 227, 228, 229, 231(n3), 249, 253, 310, 311, 321, 338, 339
ancestral shrines, 57, 58, 98, 99, 103, 137, 138, 140(n3), 162, 234, 253, 287, 289, 310, 338
ancient cuts (holes), 75, 117, 118, 127, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 159, 171, 172, 174, 189, 214, 222, 227, 231(n3), 235, 237, 240, 265, 266, 285, 314, 319, 323, 340
Andrews V, E. W., 352
antechamber (Tomb 6), 122, 123, 127, 171, 173, 174, 175, 182, 183–185, 186–187, 189, 207, 212, 213–222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 249
apical ancestor, 162, 199, 228, 317, 318
archeomagnetic dates, 114, 267, 313, 314(n2), 340, 348
axis mundi, 228
Ayre, Linda, 15
bad rain, 169
Balancán or Z Fine Orange pottery, 64–65, 329, 341
Balkansky, Andrew, 327, 343(n3), 350
barrios, 2, 12, 14(n6), 20, 53, 67, 83, 90, 101, 102, 106, 107
base pats, 63
basins, 135, 149, 167, 169, 274–275
bastards, 10
bat effigy brazier, 207, 227, 228. See also braziers
Bautista, Ofelia, 140(n4)
Bawden, Garth, 83
Bernal, Ignacio, 2, 9, 17, 18, 64, 83, 107(n1), 117, 190, 192, 193, 194, 197, 206, 207, 210, 211, 215, 216, 219, 221, 223, 227, 228, 242, 276, 346, 347, 348, 349, 352
Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratories, 346, 353
Beutler, W. J., 239
biconical brazier, 210
bigañas (vijanas), 12
bipod effigy vases, 189, 191, 192–193, 228, 241, 242, 243, 250, 303–304, 309
birds, 107(n1), 172, 175, 213, 220, 222, 229, 297
Blanton, Richard, 9, 18, 19, 20, 21, 34, 35, 46, 73, 83, 343(n3), 346, 348, 350, 353
boll weevils, 68
bone battens, 70, 219–220, 225, 230, 231, 247, 249. See also weaving implements
bone pins, 218, 220, 231. See also weaving implements
Borbolla, Rubín de la, 309
Brawbehl, 215
braziers, 200, 205, 206, 207, 210, 215, 228
Brockington, Donald, 327
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 64
Burgoa, Fray Francisco, 12
Burial 61-1, 71
Burial 68-2, 340
Burial 68-4, 253, 258, 259, 262
Burial 68-11 (Burial 1), 237, 238, 240, 244
Burial 68-12 (Burial 2), 237, 238, 240, 244, 247
Burial 68-13 (Burial 3), 237, 238, 239, 240
Burial 68-14, 255
Burial 68-17 (Burial 4), 237, 238, 239, 240
Burial 68-18 (Burial 5), 237, 238, 239, 240
Burial 68-22, 171, 173, 174, 175, 189, 222
Burial 69-2, 71
Burial 72-1, 57
Burial 72-2, 340
Burial 73-1, 58
Burial 73-2, 57
Burial 73-7, 58
Burial 73-8, 57
Burial 73-9, 57
Burial 73-10, 131
burials, 47, 48(n8), 56–58, 68–71, 75–77, 99, 100, 117, 123, 131, 140(n2), 157, 159, 171–176, 182, 185, 188, 192, 194, 201, 206, 211, 214–217, 221–223, 230, 231(n2), 237–241, 244, 247, 250–253, 255, 256, 258–262, 265, 270, 297, 338, 340, 352. See also double primary burials
burnished designs, 66, 67, 80, 131, 174, 201, 204, 259, 260, 303, 325
burnishing stones, 63
Byland, Bruce, 328
Caballero, Margarita, 325
Calakmul, 6
calendar names, 10, 157, 160, 161, 199, 328
calibrated dates, 18(n1), 19, 66, 114, 139(n1), 207, 214, 274, 275, 280, 314(n1–2), 343(n2), 346, 350, 352, 353. See also radiocarbon dates
Canseco, Alonso, 43, 51, 68, 70, 90, 222
cántaros, 296
Carrasco, Pedro, 14(n3), 101, 102, 103, 139, 262
Carroll, John, 55
carved stone tablet, 194, 199, 200, 227, 228, 342(n1)
Castriota-Sandberg, Alessandro, 239
centerline offerings, 275–276, 303–304, 309
Central Highlands, 7
centralized models, 6
ceramic pellets, 220, 221, 229
ceramic production, 21, 25, 26, 42, 52, 60, 62, 63, 65–68, 79, 80, 325
ceremonial center, 9
Cerro Danush, 332
Cerro de la Campana, 296, 332, 353
Cerro de la Mesita, 44
Cerro de las Minas, 329
Cerro Yegüih, 81(n2), 83, 85(Fig. 4.2), 107(n1)
cervical vertebrae, 174
charro, 107(n1)
Chatino, 15
Chichen Itza, 336
Chichicapa Valley, 328
Chila phase (ca. 1200–1521 CE), 18, 19, 21, 25, 46, 47, 48(n4), 52, 87, 109, 215, 338, 339, 350, 351, 353
China, 7
chronology, 3, 17, 18, 19, 345, 346, 349
city-state, 5–13, 21, 25, 26, 34, 35, 36, 38, 317, 326, 330, 332, 333, 335, 338, 341, 342
cloud symbols, 148, 206, 210, 289, 310
Cociyo, 107, 112, 113, 149, 166, 192, 193, 228, 241, 242, 250, 262, 304, 309, 321, 342
Cociyo urns, 112, 113, 190–191, 192, 193, 197, 228
Codex Magliabechiano, 289
Codex Nuttall (Tonindeye), 10
Coe, Michael, 346
collapse, 1, 4, 13, 21, 47, 325, 326, 329, 330, 331, 334, 336, 337, 338, 339, 341, 342, 344(n7), 345, 347
comales, 65
commoners, 11, 13, 14(n4), 20, 29, 52–54, 58, 70, 75–78, 80, 95, 99, 100, 102–108(n8), 233, 249–251, 253, 319, 320, 323, 334, 336–338, 342
configurational approach, 73
conical cups, 223
Conquest (Spanish), 5, 9, 12, 25, 46, 47, 92, 222, 229, 230, 317
consanguineal households, 101
construction north, 105
Cook, Scott, 80
copal, 202, 206, 214. See also incense burning; rituals
coprimogeniture, 11
coqui (male ruler), 9–12, 13, 14(n5), 102, 107, 222, 308, 317–324, 326, 338, 343(n2)
core-periphery, 8
corn yields, 72
corner rooms, 97–99, 103, 116, 121, 127, 130, 131, 133, 139, 144–150, 151, 152, 162, 165, 167, 169, 170, 234, 235, 253, 267, 270, 288, 310, 321, 322, 324
cornices, 123, 144, 148, 157, 158, 159, 166, 248, 289, 319, 321
corregidor, 90
co-rulers, 11
Cowgill, George, 330
craft specialization, 41, 44, 72
cranial reshaping, 239, 258, 260
Cruz, Wilfrido, 107(n1), 170(n3)
Cuicatec, 15
cultural continuity, 2
cultural evolution, 1–3, 17, 340
curado (parish), 90
curandera, 136
cycle of household development, 102–103
Dainzú, 47
Dallapiccola, Bruno, 239
Danibaan phase (ca. 550–300 BCE), 18, 19, 46, 47
danzantes, 19
Dead Birds, 220
decentralized models, 6
deer bones, 219, 225, 227, 231, 276(Table 9.1)
Del Río, Juan, 51
demographic center of gravity, 35–37
dendritic political economy, 8
Día de los Muertos. See All Souls’ Day
direct historical approach, 9
disembedded political capital, 9
district centers, 38–42, 44–48(n4), 49, 66, 72, 73, 79, 80, 83
dogs, 172, 175, 213, 222, 227, 229, 230, 297
doors: in structures, 89, 94, 97, 132–133, 138, 144, 145, 151, 152, 166, 270, 297, 323; in tombs, 76, 77, 117, 122, 175, 182, 189, 214, 222, 229, 236, 237, 255, 258, 262, 289, 291, 292
double cups, 69, 70, 77, 81(n3), 194, 216, 217, 230
double primary burials, 193, 302–304, 309, 314(n6)
drains, 96–97, 124, 143, 149, 151, 166, 167, 298, 301, 310
Drennan, Robert, 328, 346, 348
Dugum Dani, 220
Dxu’ complex, 20
earspools, 156, 157, 159, 190, 192, 199, 242, 249
East Palace Monte Albán, 282, 285, 288, 310, 324
ecological processes, 1, 2, 37, 330, 334, 335
economic role, 49
economic specialization, 21, 25, 40–42, 44, 45, 72, 73, 348
effigies, 58, 189–199, 207, 210, 227–228, 241–242, 249, 250, 262, 296, 304, 309, 342. See also urns
Egypt, 7
Ejutla Valley, 327, 328, 329, 343
El Palmillo, 20, 42, 44, 48(n7), 353
elite houses, 4, 53, 75, 96, 97, 99, 100, 103–107, 112, 114, 115, 140, 233, 286, 310, 320, 321, 342(n1)
Emal, 51
entryways, 97, 115, 117, 121, 131–133, 137–140(n3), 235, 255, 267, 270
Espíndola, Nicolás, 12
ethnographic studies, 73, 74, 101, 103
ethnohistoric data, 5, 11, 12, 25, 73, 138
ethnohistoric models, 2, 3, 9, 107, 317
Etla, 11, 14(n4), 16, 41, 47(n2), 347
Etla Valley, 15, 16, 40, 47(n2), 328, 343(n3)
Evans, Susan Toby, 346
façade, 60, 112–113, 122, 148, 152–160, 171, 182, 189, 199–200, 202, 212–213, 227, 231(n3), 248–251, 262, 291, 317–319, 321
families, 57–60, 93, 98–99, 101–103, 137–139, 262, 270, 283, 320, 322. See also nuclear families; joint families; polygynous families
Feinman, Gary, 5, 25, 26, 48(n7), 52, 60, 65, 66, 327, 328, 329, 343(n3), 348
filling operations, 270, 271, 273, 277, 278, 280, 311
Fine Orange pitcher, 216, 217, 219, 230
Finsten, Laura, 22, 36, 41, 42, 48(n7), 72, 73, 80, 248, 353
firebox, 136
flagstone floor, 133
flanged neck tecomate, 211. See also tecomates
Flannery, Kent, 2, 3, 5, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 68, 346, 348
food serving bowls, 65, 201, 229, 230, 325
fourfold kinesis, 168
Fowler, William, 55, 74, 75, 76, 78, 93
Fox, John, 6
friezes, 112, 113, 138, 157–161, 162, 166, 176, 182, 311, 317, 318, 323, 342(n1)
funerary bands, 220
G-35 bowls, 64, 66–67, 74, 117–118, 131, 174–175, 201–202, 204, 207, 210, 213, 228, 229–230, 244, 256–258, 260, 275–276, 283, 285, 292–293, 296, 303, 325
Gardner, Robert, 220
Garibay, Ángel, 168
Gaxiola, Margarita, 329
gender bias, 11
genealogy, 11, 14, 162, 317, 318
Genealogy of Macuilxóchitl, 11, 317. See also pictorial genealogies
glyphs, 10, 19, 148, 157–159, 161, 170(n2), 190, 192–193, 197, 199, 228, 242, 304, 328, 329, 330, 342(n1)
good rain, 169
graded sizes, 74
greenstone beads, 73, 79, 221, 229
ground stone tools, 43, 73, 81(n2)
Grube, Nikolai, 6
Guirún, 328
Gulf Coast, 329
Gutiérrez, Esteban, 12, 14(n6)
hail, 169
hairpin signs (drops of water), 190, 197, 198, 231
hairstyle, 199
hall, 138, 144, 166, 169, 270, 282, 283, 288, 289, 308, 310, 323, 324
Hansen, Mogens, 6
Harbottle, Garman, 64
Haug, Gerald, 335
headcloth, 192
hegemonic states and empires, 7, 8, 317, 326, 327, 330, 333, 341
hegemony, 6, 12, 37, 38, 326, 327, 328, 329, 341, 343(n3)
hemispherical adobes, 272, 273, 323
hemispherical bowls, 207, 210, 223, 226, 229, 231, 275–276, 283, 285, 314, 340, 351
Hernández, Armando, 140(n4)
hierarchically integrated market network/complex interlocking market system, 26, 44
Hirth, Kenneth, 73
Historia de los Mexicanos por sus Pinturas, 167
Hodges, Denise, 348
hollow bone tube, 221
Hood, Darden, 358
horno, 136
House of Tomb 103 Monte Albán, 167–169, 310
House of Tomb 104 Monte Albán, 104, 286, 288, 310, 324
House of Tomb 105 Monte Albán, 282, 285–286, 288, 310, 324
House of Tombs 139–141 Monte Albán, 321, 343(n3)
household heads, 11, 14(n3), 102, 139, 169, 182, 189, 228, 240, 250, 262, 265, 297, 322
household size, 102
Huave, 15
huezàyèche, 12
huiàtào, 12
Huilá, 220
hunting and gathering bands, 17
incense burning, 202, 206, 210, 228–229, 244, 249, 296. See also copal; rituals
incising, 64, 190, 192, 193, 197, 198, 199, 206, 207, 242, 304
Inka, 7
Institute of Oaxaca Studies, 86
Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 15, 283, 328, 334
Ixtepeji, 94
jaguar claw vessel, 194, 199, 210
jaguar effigy, 189, 190, 194, 198, 199, 210, 228
jaguar tooth earrings, 156, 221, 229, 231
Jalieza, 20, 23, 35, 343(n5), 353
Jaltepec, 328
joint families, 57, 93, 98, 101, 102, 103, 137, 262. See also families; nuclear families; polygynous families
Johnson, Jay, 72
Joyce, Arthur, 328, 334, 344(n6)
K-14 bowls, 202, 204, 210, 213, 216, 239, 244, 276
Kearney, Michael, 94
kilns, 62, 67, 68, 80, 274, 314(n3), 325
Kirkby, Ann, 37, 40, 41, 49, 50
kitchens, 94, 95, 98, 103, 137, 139, 166, 169, 217, 310
Koontz, Rex, 346
Kowalewski, Stephen, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 46, 49, 52, 71, 72, 90, 327, 328, 335, 339, 346, 348, 350, 353
Lachiguirri, 283
ladle censers, 65, 74, 201–202, 206, 214, 228–229, 244, 292, 295, 296
Lady 5 Naa (Corn), 161, 318, 320
Lady 10 Loo (Monkey), 160, 318
Lady 10 Naa (Corn), 157, 162, 166, 169, 173, 182, 189, 199, 200, 215, 222–223, 228, 265, 267, 318, 320–323, 343(n2)
Lambityeco: area by phase, 46; barrios, 106; etymology, 84–86; location, 16, 17, 22, 27; mound heights, 29, 31, 39, 40, 86; mound volumes, 24, 27, 30; population, 21, 23, 28, 90, 335, 337
La Teta de María Sánchez, 16
latrines (outhouses), 94
Laws of Cultural Evolution, 1
Levine, Marc, 334
Lienzo de Guevea, 9, 318. See also pictorial genealogies
lime production, 41, 44, 48(n7), 79, 274, 336
Lind, Michael, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 19, 32, 48, 58, 60, 68, 72, 73, 81(n1), 98, 103, 104, 107, 109, 112, 140, 165, 166, 170, 175, 177, 193, 206, 210, 228, 231(n1), 275, 276, 289, 292, 308, 313, 314, 320, 328, 329, 340, 342(n1), 346, 348, 349, 351, 353
Liobaa phase (ca. 850–1200 CE), 18, 19, 21, 46, 47, 48(n8), 109, 339–340, 342, 350, 351, 352, 353
living quarters, 94–95, 98, 101, 103, 137, 138, 139, 169, 170, 310
Loma Larga, 109
looting, 110
López, Juan, 107(n1)
Lord 1 Lachi (Ballcourt), 157, 162, 166, 169–170(n2), 189, 200, 215, 221, 228, 231, 267, 318, 320–323
Lord 2 Chilla (Alligator), 158, 159, 162, 318
Lord 4 Lachi (Ballcourt), 160, 318
Lord 5 Peche (Jaguar), 161, 318
Lord 8 Laala (Owl), 160, 318, 319, 320
L-shaped adobe column, 151
L-shaped entryways, 117, 121, 132, 137, 138, 147, 162, 165
L-shaped rooms, 150, 166, 288, 310, 324
Macuilxóchitl, 2, 11, 25, 27, 31–38, 41–45, 47, 72, 73, 79, 80, 216, 317, 332, 342, 346, 347, 353
maguey, 41, 49, 62, 68, 70, 79, 107
Mann, Robert W., 239
manos, 41, 43, 44, 69, 72, 73, 79, 81(n1), 216–217, 230, 247, 249, 336
Maranca, Sylvia, 348
Marcus, Joyce, 2, 7, 12, 18, 19, 20, 227, 346
Markens, Robert, 2, 18, 19, 26, 34, 66, 70, 114, 216, 253, 319, 332, 335, 342, 345, 346, 349, 350, 352
markets, 6, 17, 20, 21, 26, 41, 42–45, 48(n1), 51, 53, 65, 67, 71, 73–75, 77–81, 83, 90, 105, 106, 250, 277, 325, 336, 341, 342
Markham, Charles, 327, 343(n1)
Martin, Simon, 6
Martínez, Cira, 2, 19, 20, 34, 64, 70, 100, 108(n4), 114, 216, 332, 336, 342, 345, 346, 349, 350
Martínez, Rutilio, 314(n4)
Méndez, Enrique, 332
metates, 41, 43, 44, 72, 73, 79, 81(n2), 237, 283, 285, 336
Metcalfe, Sarah E., 335
Mexican Federal Census, 15
Miahuatlán (Miaguatlan), 12, 15, 327, 329, 333, 343(n3)
military confederacy, 9
miniature bowls, 207, 210, 223, 231, 351
mini-middens, 75
Mitla, 29, 31, 32, 34–38, 40–44, 47, 48(n3,4), 68, 70, 79, 88–95, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107(n3), 109, 133, 136, 140(n4), 216, 220, 222, 230, 270, 309, 314(n4), 315(n6), 345, 346, 347
mixing tubs, 51, 54, 59, 80, 325
Mixteca Alta, 5, 15, 328, 329, 334, 338, 343(n4)
Mixteca de la Costa, 15, 328, 329
modern salt mounds, 51
Mogor, Joseph R., 60, 73, 109, 112, 113, 173, 175, 206, 210, 274, 275, 348, 351
monster manos, 73
Monte Albán: area by phase, 46; barrios, 20, 83, 106; chronology, 17, 18, 343(n3), 346–347; foundation, 19, 345; houses, 115, 320; location, 16, 17; Main Plaza, 20, 66, 105, 324, 337, 347; population by phase, 19–20; population decline, 338, 339, 345; primary center, 1, 25, 36–38, 44
Mound 155 (TPA), 34, 78, 81, 103, 105, 325, 337
Mound 190, 32, 100, 103, 107, 110, 112, 113, 132, 193, 228, 251, 272, 273, 313, 319, 322, 323, 340
Mound 195, 4, 13, 32, 78, 85–86, 100, 103, 105, 106, 109–112, 113, 114–115, 265, 267, 270, 271–274, 277, 278, 280–281, 298
Mound 195 Sub, 13, 112, 113, 114–115, 141, 145, 170(n1), 223, 249–251
mound heights, 29, 31, 38–40, 45, 92
mound volumes, 21–25, 27–30, 32, 40
Moser, Christopher, 348
Mueller, Raymond, 344(n6)
Murphy, Sean P., 289
Neely, James, 44
Neff, Hector, 352
neutron-activation analysis, 64
niches: in altar complex, 157, 158; in stairways, 298, 299, 311; in tombs, 58, 122, 127, 175, 213, 216, 221, 222, 230
Nicholas, Linda, 327, 328, 329, 343(n3)
Nisa phase (ca. 100 BCE–200 CE), 18, 20, 46, 47, 109, 215, 329
nixtamal, 44
no-man’s-land, 34, 35. See also shatter zones
nobles, 9, 11, 12, 14(n4), 29, 38, 102–107, 139, 250, 319, 338
Noguera, Eduardo, 112
Noriega, 347
Noriega Stone, 14(n5)
North Platform Monte Albán, 20, 301, 310, 334
north platform (System 195), 233, 234, 241, 255, 263, 305–306, 311, 323
nuclear families, 93, 98, 101, 102, 103. See also families; joint families; polygynous families
nucleated communities, 6, 88, 93, 105
Ñuiñe, 329
O’Hara, Sarah L., 335
Oaxaca barrio, 2
Oaxaca de Juárez, 17
obsidian, 20, 72, 79, 200, 207, 212, 220, 229, 230, 236
Oliveros, Arturo, 347
ollas, 51, 54, 59, 62, 75, 211, 229, 244, 247, 249, 295, 314, 351. See also storage jars
orientation of structures, 14(n2), 105–106
Ortega, Beatriz, 335
Oudijk, Michel, 6, 9, 10, 12, 21, 318, 319, 338
overkings, 6
Pacific Coast, 15, 70, 328, 333, 334
Paddock, John, 9, 10, 15, 42, 60, 64, 83, 84, 85, 86, 103, 109, 110, 112, 113, 170(n2), 175, 206, 210, 215, 274, 275, 313, 318, 340, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351
Pan-American Highway, 109, 332
pan de muerto, 94
panels, 123, 144, 148, 155–161, 166, 213, 248, 251, 274, 289, 319, 321
Parsons, Elsie Clews, 68, 86, 89, 90, 93, 94, 101, 102, 220, 222, 276, 283
Parsons, Mary H., 68
Paso y Troncoso, Francisco, 333
paterfamilias, 14(n3)
Patio Hundido Monte Albán, 301, 307, 310
patios, 2, 12, 34, 48(n6), 57, 58, 75, 89, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 115, 116, 120–121, 124, 129–130, 137, 138–139, 141, 143, 149, 157, 162, 166, 234, 252–253, 263, 276, 278–279, 282, 304, 305, 310, 319, 320, 321, 322, 333, 354(n1)
patojos (shoe-shaped cooking pots), 98, 215–216, 218, 230, 351
Patrick, Christopher, 346, 353
Payne, William, 60, 62, 63, 67, 325
Pe phase (ca. 300–100 BCE), 18, 19, 20, 46, 47, 86
Peche phase (ca. 550–650 CE), 18, 350, 351, 352, 353
pendants, 71, 193, 212, 227, 231, 242, 249
Peñoles, 327
personal names, 10
petates (sleeping mats), 41, 42(Fig. 2.5a), 157, 173, 240
Peterson, David A., 43, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 84, 86, 91, 93, 106, 170(n1), 313, 348
Pico de Orizaba (obsidian source), 72, 207
pictorial genealogies (lienzos), 9, 10, 11, 317, 318
piedmont farming strategy, 71–72, 79, 335, 342, 343(n5)
Pitao Cozobi, 197, 199, 210, 228, 250, 262, 342
Pitao phase (ca. 350–550), 18, 20, 46, 47, 48(n4), 309, 332, 335
plano relief carving, 64
polygynous families, 138. See also families polygyny, 10
portrait busts, 112, 113, 152, 153, 156–157, 171, 182, 189, 190, 199, 200, 221, 227, 251, 317, 318, 321
Postclassic, 2, 6, 7, 8, 14(n3), 89, 338, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353
pottery producing centers, 21, 25, 41, 42–43, 63, 341
PPA (Palace-plaza-altar), 32–34, 45, 48(n6), 78, 80, 103, 105, 280, 306, 311, 313, 318, 324, 325, 327, 332, 333
Prehispanic, 10, 15, 17, 40, 51, 70, 74, 89, 90, 105, 168, 222, 346
priests, 9, 12, 29, 90, 107, 112, 319
primogeniture, 11
private residential quarters, 139, 166, 169, 280, 281, 322
processes of cultural evolution, 1–2
production step model, 65–67, 80, 325
public architecture, 21, 22, 28–29, 32, 38, 334, 343(n5), 345
public area, 138–139, 166, 169, 281, 311, 320, 322, 323
public resource, 110
public works projects, 337, 342
Puebla, 329
Pueblo Viejo, 46
pure salt, 51
Quero, Darío, 314(n4)
quihui (palace), 9
Quiñones-Keber, Eloise, 11, 12, 176
Rabin, Emily, 114, 159, 160, 170(n2), 267, 314(n1), 348
radiocarbon dates, 18, 19, 20, 66, 77, 114, 139(n1), 215, 267, 274–276, 280, 313, 314(nn1,2), 338, 343(n2), 346, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353. See also calibrated dates
radiocarbon samples, 214, 267, 274–276, 280, 314(n1), 354
rainfall, 49, 71, 107, 335, 342
rainmaking, 167–169, 228, 309–310, 322
raised walkways, 58, 75, 96, 104, 116, 120–121, 124, 127, 130, 131, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149–150, 151, 152, 170(n1), 270–271, 273, 278, 282–283, 286–288, 289, 298, 301, 312–313, 325, 340
refuse (middens), 91, 92, 104, 267, 270, 272, 323
Relación de Guaxilotitlán (Huitzo), 10
Relación de Miaguatlan (Miahuatlán, 1580), 12
Relación de Miguatlan (Miahuatlán, 1609), 12, 14(n6)
Relación de Tecuicuilco, 10–11
Relación de Tlacolula y Mitla, 43, 68, 70, 90
replica of tomb façade, 247–248, 249, 250–251, 262
residential compound, 100, 251–252, 263, 292, 319, 320, 322–324, 325
residential plots, 88, 98, 99, 100, 101, 263, 297, 319, 320. See also town plots
rim sherd construction, 60–61, 274, 278, 289, 301
Río Lagartos, 51
Río Mitla, 90
rituals, 6, 20, 47, 65, 74, 99, 137, 138, 162, 169, 177, 185, 192, 194, 206, 207, 212, 227, 228–229, 230, 231(n1), 275–276, 283, 285, 296, 297, 308, 310, 322. See also bloodletting; incense burning; rainmaking
Rivera, Iván, 329
Romney, Kimball and Romaine, 98, 101, 102, 103, 262
roof poles, 94, 95, 97, 148, 151, 267
roofs, 94, 95, 97, 98, 150–151, 267, 270, 298, 308, 310. See also thatched roofs; tomb roofs
Rosario phase (ca. 700–550 BCE), 18, 46
Ruíz Maldonado, Cristóbal, 90
SACOI (Proyecto Salvamento Carretera Oaxaca-Istmo), 345, 350, 351, 352
saline soils, 50
salt deposits, 50–51, 53, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 78, 80, 325
salt playas, 51. See also tequisquites
salt producers, 52, 53–54, 55, 58–59, 67, 77, 313–314, 332, 340, 341
salt producing sites, 51
salt production, 43–44, 47, 50, 51, 52–54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 66, 67, 72, 79, 80, 86, 106, 272, 319, 324, 325, 326, 332, 336, 338, 340
salt production mounds, 51, 52, 54, 59–60, 86
salt workshops, 52, 54, 55, 58, 59–60, 67, 74, 79, 80, 325
salvage excavations, 100, 108(n4), 109, 345
San Antonio de la Cal (Cerro de la Mesita), 44, 48(n7)
San José Mogote, 297
San Juan Guelavía, 41
San Juan Teitipac, 9, 41, 43, 73
San Lorenzo Albarradas, 27, 38, 41
San Luis Beltrán, 347
San Marcos Tlapazola, 41, 42, 62, 63
San Pedro Nexicho, 328
San Pedro y San Pablo Etla, 47
Santa Ana del Valle, 23, 27, 38, 41, 48(n6), 68, 70, 71, 72, 79, 230, 335, 343(n5), 353
Santley, Robert, 8
Santo Domingo barrio (Juxtlahuaca), 101, 102
Schreiber, Katharina, 7
secondary burials, 12
secondary centers, 1, 5, 25, 29, 36, 48(n5)
secondary line of descent, 12
secondary wives, 10, 138, 139, 170, 310
Secretaría de Obras Públicas (S.O.P.), 109, 129, 130, 131, 143, 144
Seler, Eduard, 12
Sellen, Adam, 190, 192, 210, 227–228, 333
sequential integration, 3–4, 13, 38, 40, 52, 55, 56, 88, 103, 317, 330, 340, 341
sequential segregation, 3, 4, 26, 38, 52, 88, 340
settlement patterns, 3, 4, 5, 6, 21, 38, 45, 339, 353
Shang state (China), 7
shatter zones, 34–35, 36, 37. See also no man’s land
shell inlays, 71
shell pendants, 71, 212, 227, 231
shell serpent tongue, 71
shrines, 29, 84. See also ancestral shrines
Silho or X Fine Orange pottery, 313, 314, 340
size of ancient states, 5
Smith Stark, C. Thomas, 12
Smith, Michael E., 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 329, 346
sociocultural processes, 1, 2, 330, 334, 335
Sola Valley, 327, 329, 333, 343(n3)
Sosa, Felix, 140(n4)
Sosa, Lucha, 107 (n3)
South Group Mitla, 34, 48(n4), 309
south market plaza, 74, 78, 80
South Platform Monte Albán, 308
south platform (System 195), 304, 305, 306, 308, 311, 325
Spanish grid system, 90
specialized activity sites, 27
Spence, Michael, 2
spiked braziers, 200, 205, 206, 207, 215, 228. See also braziers
spindle whorls, 68, 69, 70, 213, 216, 217, 219, 221, 230
spinning kits, 68, 69, 70, 81(n3), 216, 217, 230
spondylolysis, 239
stairways, 32, 144, 145, 146–147, 148, 151, 152, 167, 168, 273, 285, 289, 297, 298, 301, 306, 309, 310
Stela MA-VGE–2 (Monte Albán), 14(n5)
step frets, 148–149, 166, 274, 289, 321
stone sphere, 296
storage jars, 207, 229. See also ollas; tecomates
stratigraphic patterning, 4, 56
Structure 195-1, 32–34, 78, 80, 112, 113, 114, 115, 265, 274, 278, 280–282, 290, 318, 324–325, 337–338, 343(n2); abandonment, 311–313; altar, 301–302, 308–309; dedicatory burial, 302–303, 309–310; dedicatory offerings, 274–277, 283–285; function, 306–311; platforms, 304–306; plaza, 297–301; post-abandonment activities, 313–314, 340; residence, 282–289, 310–311; stairway with niche, 297–298; sweatbath, 297–298; Tomb 1, 289–297
Structure 195-2, 112, 113, 114, 115, 233, 265, 268–269, 271–275, 277–280, 288, 292, 343(n2)
Structure 195-3, 112, 113, 114, 115, 139(n1), 141–142, 318, 320–322; abandonment, 265–267, 322–323; altar complex, 157–162; entrance, 146–147; friezes, 162–170; function, 162–170; platform, 145–146; portrait busts, 153–157; post-abandonment activities, 267–271; southeast corner room, 149–150, 166–169; step frets, 148–149; Structure 195-3NE, 141–145, 169–170; Structure 195-3SE, 145–153; sweatbath, 162; Tomb 6, 153–157
Structure 195-4, 112, 113, 114, 115, 123–124, 125, 137, 318, 320; burials, 121; entryways, 131–133; function, 138–139; Structure 195-4NE, 129–131; Structure 195-4SE, 124–127; sweatbath, 133–136; Tomb 6, 121–129
Structure 195-5, 112, 113, 114, 115, 119–121, 318, 319–320; platform, 119–120; Tomb 6, 122–123
Structure 195-6, 112, 113, 114, 115–117, 318–319; Tomb 5, 117–119
subhemisperhical bowls, 207, 210
summer solstice, 106
sun stones, 74
sweatbaths, 94, 100, 133–136, 140(n4), 297–298, 320, 321
Swezey, William, 55, 56, 60, 62, 63, 325
System 195, 112, 113, 234, 263, 273, 280–283, 297–307, 308, 311, 313–314, 340
System IV (Monte Albán), 29, 32, 33, 301, 324, 337
System K (Mitla), 309
System M (Monte Albán), 29, 32, 33, 301
tabular oblique. See cranial reshaping
talud (sloping stone wall), 104, 119, 120, 123, 145–146, 157, 158, 273, 280, 301, 305, 306, 319
Tani phase (ca. 200–350 CE), 18, 20, 109
Taylor, William, 48(n3)
tecomates, 68–69, 211, 216, 217, 219, 229, 230, 244–245, 247, 249
Tehuantepec River, 15
temples, 12, 20, 21, 29, 32, 33, 34, 38, 45, 78, 81, 83, 103, 104, 105, 192, 193, 325, 227, 339, 342
temporal continuum, 351
temporal markers, 351
temporal overlap, 351
Teocuicuilco, 10
Teotihuacan, 2, 7, 8, 20, 44, 329, 341
Teotitlán del Valle, 41, 68, 70, 230
Teposcolula, 343(n4)
tequisquites. See salt playas
Terrace 18 (Monte Albán), 167
Terrace 21 (Monte Albán), 321
territorial states, 5, 7–8, 13, 25, 26, 35, 36, 37, 38, 48(n5), 317, 326, 333, 341
textile production, 68–70, 72, 79, 80, 99, 196, 325, 336, 341
thatched roof, 94, 95, 97, 98, 150, 151, 267, 314(n1). See also roofs
Thiemer-Sachse, Ursula, 333
Tikal, 6
tini (second son), 12
Tlacatecpan barrio (Tepoztlán), 101, 102
Tlacolula, 9, 17, 41, 44, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 60, 68, 81(n2), 83, 84, 86, 89, 90, 107(n1), 222, 276, 277, 314(n4), 341
Tlacolula market, 17, 41–43, 44, 48(n7), 51, 73, 74, 83, 277
Tlacolula Valley: location, 15–16; Xoo phase population, 27–28; Xoo phase sites, 26–27
Tohil Plumbate pottery, 352
Toltec, 7
Toluca, 329
Tomb 1, 66, 112, 113, 287, 289–292, 310, 324, 338, 343(n2); offerings, 292–297; skeletal remains, 292
Tomb 1 Atzompa, 194
Tomb 2, 60, 70, 71, 112, 113, 175, 210, 319
Tomb 3, 234, 235–237, 296; offerings, 241–251; skeletal remains, 232–241
Tomb 4, 252, 253, 254, 255, 262, 292; offerings, 256–256; skeletal remains, 255, 292
Tomb 5, 112, 117–119, 137, 139–140(n1), 172, 223, 230, 318, 319
Tomb 5 Cerro de la Campana, 296, 332
Tomb 6, 13, 81(n3), 112, 113, 115, 117, 122–123, 127–129, 137, 138, 152, 153–157, 170(n2), 171, 234, 248, 265, 267, 311, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321; offerings, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 182–231, 249–251, 262, 296; skeletal remains, 70, 139(n1), 171–182, 322–323
Tomb 12, 193
Tomb 47 (Monte Albán), 352
Tomb 52 (Monte Albán), 352
Tomb 92 (Monte Alban), 219
Tomb B Xoxocotlán, 333
tomb roofs, 58, 81(n3), 117, 122, 127–129, 171, 237, 249, 251, 255, 262, 291, 340
town plots, 90, 91–93. See also residential plots
TPA (Temple-plaza-altar), 32, 33, 34, 45, 78, 81, 105, 324, 325, 327, 328, 332, 333, 337
trefoil elements (budding maize), 190, 192, 197
tribal farming villages, 17
Tula, 7
umbilical cords, 2, 276–277, 285, 314(n4)
uncalibrated dates, 20, 114, 267, 314(n1,2), 346, 350, 352
Urcid, Javier, 4, 11, 12, 14(n5), 18, 19, 48(n6), 56, 58, 75, 81(n1,2), 98, 104, 107, 157, 165, 167, 168, 170(n2), 177, 190, 192, 193, 222, 228, 237, 258, 292, 301, 308, 309, 310, 311, 320, 322, 328, 329, 332, 333, 340, 342(n1), 344(n7), 350, 353
urns, 112, 118, 189, 190, 192, 194–199, 210, 227, 228, 241–243, 249, 250, 262, 296, 329, 339, 342. See also effigies
Valle Grande, 15
Valley of Oaxaca: arms, 15–16; chronology, 17–18; geological zones, 17; location, 15–16; Xoo phase population, 21, 23; Xoo phase sites, 21–22
Valley of Oaxaca Survey Project, 18, 19, 48(n3,4), 343(n3)
Varese, Stefano, 15
ventanilla, 136
vestibules, 97, 98, 103, 124, 127, 131, 132, 133, 137, 138, 145, 147, 148, 151, 152, 165, 166, 167, 321
villages, 5, 6, 17, 21, 41, 63, 107, 314(n4), 345
Warner, Rose Elle, 68
water jars, 65
weaving, 41, 68, 70, 229, 230, 249
weaving implements, 220, 226, 230, 231. See also bone battens; bone pins
west platform (System 195), 301, 302, 304, 306, 307, 308, 311, 325
Whitecotton, Joseph, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14(n7), 317, 348
winter solstice, 106
Winter, Marcus, 2, 4, 11, 14(n5), 18, 19, 20, 21, 32, 34, 47, 48(n8), 67, 81(n1), 100, 103, 114, 175, 177, 182, 190, 192, 211, 212, 216, 237, 325, 328, 329, 332, 333, 334, 335, 338, 339, 342, 345, 346, 349, 352
Wolfman, Daniel, 114, 267, 313, 314(n2), 348
xoana (noble), 9, 12, 14(n4), 102, 107. See also nobles
Xochicalco, 73
Xolalpan phase (ca. 350–550 CE), 2
xonaxi (female ruler), 10, 11, 12, 13, 14(n5), 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 338, 343(n2)
Xoo phase (ca. 650–850 CE), 18–19, 343(n3), 347–353
yaa (sweatbath), 133
Yagul, 2, 31–38, 40–47, 65, 71, 72, 79, 89, 109, 337, 338, 347, 353, 354(n1)
yahuish (drainage), 83
Yalalag, 157
Yeager, Jason, 336
yobi (eldest son), 11
Yucuñudahui, 328
zaa (eldest daughter), 11
Zaachila, 10, 16, 17, 25, 41, 338, 344(n7)
Zanate de oro, 107(n1)
Zapotecs, 2, 9, 11, 15, 48(n7), 60, 68, 70, 82(n2), 83, 84, 86, 88, 89, 94, 95, 99, 107(nn1,3), 133, 136, 157, 170(n3), 176, 216, 220, 222, 230, 277, 283, 296, 314(n4)
Zhou state (China), 7
zidi nana (salt deposits), 83
Zimatlán Valley, 15, 16, 17, 35, 40, 47(n2), 64, 328, 341, 343(n3)
zócalo, 48(n3)