appendix 2
The Lambityeco Mounds
The following data on the Lambityeco mounds were compiled by Lind from information collected by David Peterson, Sam Ball, and Steve Kowalewski in their survey of the site. The primary data were recorded on bag cards located in the Instituto de Estudios Oaxaqueños archives in Mitla, Oaxaca, Mexico, currently being curated by the Centro Regional INAH–Oaxaca. The mound numbers, shown on the site map (Fig. 4.1), begin with #10, because 1–9 were not used, and continue through #223 with some numbers in between not used.
The data for each mound include, when available, its location by zone—for example, N3/W6 (the square on the map in which the mound can be found)—the phase or phases to which it corresponds based on surface collections and/or excavation, its height, its basal dimensions north-south and east-west, whether or not it represents a structure (if known), and any comments on the nature of the mound. During the survey, the Monte Albán phase numbers were used. These have been converted to the phase names that are used in this study, except the Tani, Peche, and Liobaa phases, which were not recognized in the survey. The phase names have been abbreviated as follows: R=Rosario; D=Danibaan; P=Pe; N=Niza; Pt=Pitao; X=Xoo; and C=Chila.
Mound No. | Zone in Fig. 4.1 | Phase or Phases | Height | Basal Size N-S/E-W | Structure | Comments |
10 | N3/W4 | R, P, X | 1m | 15m/36m | ? | North of and parallel to Complex 14 |
11 | N2/W4 | R, D, P, N | 1m | 28m/13m | Platform? | Forms west platform of Complex 14 |
12 | N3/W4 | R, P, N | 1m | 13m/21m | Platform? | Forms north platform Complex 14 |
13 | N2/W4 | R, P, N | 1m | 13m/21m | Platform? | Forms south platform of Complex 14 |
14 | N3/W4 | R, P, N, Pt, X | 5m | 40m/16m | Temple? | Forms major structure (temple?) of Complex 14, which includes platforms formed by Mounds 11, 12, and 13. Plaster floors and stone walls are visible. Faces west and is located on east side of a plaza, which measures 33m N-S and 26m E-W. |
15 | N2/W3 | R, P, N, Pt | 8m | 43m/23m | Temple? | Forms major structure (temple?). Plaster floors visible. May have plaza to east or west or both. |
16 | N2/W4 | R, P, N | 1m | 12m/22m | ? | — |
17 | N2/W4 | R, P, N | 1m | 23m/23m | ? | — |
18 | N1/W3 | P | 5m | 35m/35m | Temple? | — |
19 | N2/W4 | D, P | 1m | 27m/32m | ? | — |
20 | N2/W4 | D, P | 1m | 30m/32m | ? | — |
21 | N2/W4 | D, N, Pt, X | 5m | 58m/53m | Temple base? | Has Mound 22 on top of its southwest corner. |
22 | N2/W4 | D, N | 5m | 23m/31m | Temple? | Upper tier of Mound 21. |
23 | N2/W3 | D, P, N | 5m | 22m/22m | Temple? | — |
24 | N2/W5 | D, P | <1m | 25m/15m | ? | — |
25 | N3/W4 | N | 2m | 50m/33m | ? | — |
26 | N4/W4 | D, P | 1m | 48m/48m | ? | — |
27 | N4/W4 | D, P | 1m | 17m/30m | Ballcourt? | On south side of 1m high raised area that measures 48m N-S and 35m E-W and that also supports Mound 28. Possibly south side of a ballcourt. |
28 | N4/W4 | D, P | 1m | 17m/30m | Ballcourt? | On north side of 1m high raised area that measures 48m N-S and 35m E-W and that also supports Mound 27. Possibly north side of a ballcourt. |
29 | N4/W3 | P, Pt | <1m | 35m/33m | ? | — |
30 | N4/W3 | P | <1m | 43m/43m | ? | — |
31 | N4/W4 | D, P, N, Pt, X, C | 1m | 41m/30m | ? | Triangular-shaped mound. |
32 | N5/W4 | D, P | 1m | 50m/42m | ? | — |
33 | N4/W2 | D, P | 1m | ? | ? | — |
34 | N5/W4 | D, P, X | 3m | 40m/50m | ? | — |
35 | N5/W4 | D, P | 3m | 31m/26m | Elite house? | Plaster floors are visible. |
36 | N6/W3 | N | <1m | 18m/12m | ? | — |
37 | N6/W4 | D | 5m | 38m/25m | Temple? | Has a plaza or low (<1m high) platform that measures 38m N-S and 20m E-W on its west side. |
38 | N7/W5 | X | 1m | 30m/31m | ? | — |
39 | N7/W5 | X | <1m | 12m/12m | ? | — |
40 | N7/W6 | X | <1m | 22m/22m | ? | — |
41 | N7/W6 | X | 1m | 48m/48m | House | Possible tomb evident in southwest sector of mound. |
42 | N8/W6 | X | <1m | 13m/18m | House | Metate, chalcedony knife blade, and carbonate (evidence of salt production), and A-7 on mound. |
43 | N8/W6 | X | <1m | 18m/18m | Midden | Mound surface has considerable ash from salt-production activities and refuse. Balancán Fine Orange present. |
44 | N8/W6 | X, C | <1m | 35m/33m | Midden | Mound surface has ash, carbonate (evidence of salt production), and refuse. A-7 present. |
45 | N7/W6 | X | 1m | 35m/23m | House | Evidence of house with salt-production activities. |
46 | N13/W2 | X | 1m | 12m/13m | ? | — |
47 | N7/W6 | X, C | <1m | 23m/23m | House | Peterson notes evidence of house. |
48 | N7/W6 | Pt, X | <1m | 20m/18m | House | Evidence of burned wattle and daub. |
49 | N8/W6 | X | <1m | 18m/17m | House | Peterson notes evidence of house. |
50 | N7/W6 | N | <1m | 13m/13m | ? | — |
51 | N7/W6 | X, C | <1m | 15m/15m | ? | — |
52 | N7/W6 | X | 1m | 32m/30m | ? | Has an extension (16m N-S and 38m E-W) to the south toward the roadcut. |
53 | N10/W12 | X | 1m | ? | House | Plaster floor exposed by plowing. |
54 | N7/W7 | X, C | 1m | 26m/25m | Midden | Posthole probe revealed only ash and refuse. |
55 | N7/W7 | X, C | 1m | 22m+/41m | Midden | Road cut through south side of mound. No structures exposed, but in 1967, Lind found a salt boiler in ash-filled mound and refuse. |
56 | N6/W6 | X, C | 1m | 35m/58m | ? | Triangular-shaped mound like Mound 31. |
57 | N6/W7 | X, C | 10m | 38m+/76m | Temple? | Road cut through north side of mound. Fowler shaved the north side and found a series of superimposed plaster floors. |
58 | N6/W6 | P, X | 2m | 38m/38m | ? | — |
59 | N5/W6 | X | 1m | 42m/42m | ? | — |
60 | N5/W6 | X, C | 1m | 36m/27m | ? | — |
61 | N4/W7 | D, P, X | 3m | 38m/50m | ? | — |
62 | N4/W6 | D, C | <1m | 15m/17m | ? | — |
63 | N4/W6 | D, P, X | 3m | 41m/41m | ? | — |
64 | N5/W7 | P, X, C | <1m | 33m/33m | ? | — |
65 | N10/W12 | X | <1m | ? | House | Plaster floor exposed by plowing. |
66 | N4/W5 | D, P, Pt | 1m | 36m/43m | ? | — |
67 | N3/W4 | D | <1m | 13m/15m | ? | — |
68 | N3/W5 | D, N | <1m | 13m/13m | ? | — |
69 | N3/W5 | D, P | <1m | 35m/70m | ? | — |
70 | N2/W5 | D, P | <1m | 15m/13m | ? | — |
71 | N3/W6 | P, X | <1m | 20m/26m | ? | Attached to south side of Mound 83. |
72 | N3/W6 | ? | <1m | 16m/20m | ? | — |
73 | N6/W7 | X | <1m | ? | ? | — |
74 | N3/W6 | D, P, X | <1m | 12m/13m | ? | — |
75 | N3/W7 | D, P, X | 1m | 23m/23m | ? | — |
76 | N3/W7 | D, P, X | 1m | 22m/22m | ? | — |
77 | N3/W7 | D, P, C | 1m | 23m/22m | ? | — |
78 | N3/W6 | ? | <1m | 22m/22m | ? | — |
79 | N10/W8 | X | <1m | ? | ? | — |
80 | N8/W5 | X | 3m | 46m/33m | ? | — |
81 | N7/W4 | D, P | 1m | 25m/25m | ? | — |
82 | N5/W6 | P, X, C | <1m | 26m/40m | ? | — |
83 | N4/W6 | P, X, C | 2m | 40m/48m | ? | Has extension (10m N-S and 7m E-W) on its east side that may represent a staircase. Mound 71 is attached to its south side. |
84 | N6/W6 | X, C | <1m | 26m/25m | ? | — |
85 | N3/W7 | ? | <1m | 10m/8m | ? | — |
86 | N3/W7 | ? | <1m | 10m/10m | ? | — |
87 | N3/W7 | D | <1m | 18m/8m | ? | — |
88 | N3/W5 | D, X | <1m | 15m/18m | ? | — |
89 | N8/W10 | X | <1m | 16m/12m | Midden | In 1972, Peterson partially excavated this mound and found no structures, only ash relating to salt production and refuse. |
90 | N8/W10 | X | <1m | 30m/26m | Midden | Peterson placed three randomly located postholes into this mound and found no structures, only ash relating to salt-production activities and refuse. |
91 | N8/W10 | X | <1m | 13m/20m | House | Excavations revealed four superimposed houses and a family tomb (Tomb 9) associated with salt production. |
92 | N7/W10 | X | <1m | 15m/11m | House | Excavations revealed superimposed houses and a family tomb (Tomb 8). |
93 | N3/W12 | P, X | 1m | 41m/20m | Midden | Peterson partially excavated this mound and found only ash relating to salt production and refuse. |
94 | N6/W10 | X | <1m | 13m/15m | ? | — |
95 | N5/W1 | P | <1m | 21m/23m | ? | — |
96 | N7/W9 | X | 1m | 10m/18m | ? | Along with four other mounds (97, 98, 99, 100), it surrounds a central moundless area that contained a wattle-and-daub house partially excavated by Peterson. |
97 | N7/W8 | X | 2m | 21m/8m | ? | Along with four other mounds (96, 98, 99, 100), it surrounds a central moundless area that contained a wattle-and daub-house partially excavated by Peterson. |
98 | N6/W9 | X | <1m | 10m/20m | ? | Along with four other mounds (96, 97, 99, 100), it surrounds a central moundless area that contained a wattle-and-daub house partially excavated by Peterson. |
99 | N7/W9 | X | <1m | 21m/10m | ? | Along with four other mounds (96, 97, 98, 100), it surrounds a central moundless area that contained a wattle-and-daub house partially excavated by Peterson. |
100 | N6/W9 | X | <1m | 13m/11m | ? | Along with four other mounds (96, 97, 98, 99), it surrounds a central moundless area that contained a wattle-and-daub house partially excavated by Peterson. |
101 | N6/W9 | X | 2m | 31m/23m | Midden | Peterson excavated trenches through this mound and found it to be refuse from salt-production activities. It has an extension to the southwest that measures 17m N-S and 3m E-W. |
102 | N4/W13 | C | <1m | ? | Midden | Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Chila phase salt-production activities. |
103 | N4/W13 | C | <1m | ? | Midden | Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Chila phase salt-production activities. |
104 | N5/W13 | C | <1m | ? | Midden | Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Chila phase salt-production activities. |
105 | N5/W13 | C | <1m | ? | Midden | Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Chila phase salt-production activities. |
106 | N5/W12 | C | <1m | ? | Midden | Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Chila phase salt-production activities. |
107 | N4/W12 | C | <1m | ? | Midden | Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Chila phase salt-production activities. |
108 | N3/W12 | P | <1m | ? | Midden | Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Pe phase salt-production activities. |
109 | N6/W13 | P | <1m | ? | Midden | Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Pe phase salt-production activities. |
110 | N4/W12 | ? | <1m | ? | Midden | Peterson has determined that this mound, cut in half by the road, is refuse from salt-production activities. |
111 | N6/W9 | ? | <1m | ? | Midden | Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from salt-production activities. |
112–122 | — | — | — | — | — | Numbers 112–122 were not used. |
123 | N5/W13 | X | 1m | 36m/35m | ? | — |
124 | N5/W13 | P, X | 1m | 22m/17m | ? | Attached to west side of Mound 125. |
125 | N5/W12 | P, X | 5m | 37m/33m | Elite residence | In 1967, Lind examined a looters’ pit on top of this mound that had exposed part of a patio floor with a walkway (67cm wide and 17cm above patio floor) and the east wall of a room. The wall had a 10cm high foundation with a 28cm high sloping stone wall above it (Photos 67-58-10, -11, and -12 in Mitla photo file). |
126 | N5/W13 | P, X | 1m | 51m/16m | ? | L-shaped mound. Its northwestern leg measures 17m N-S and 16m E-W. |
127 | N6/W13 | X | <1m | 35m/28m | ? | — |
128 | N6/W13 | X | 1m | 35m/23m | House | Peterson notes evidence of a tomb in the south-central part of the mound. |
129 | N6/W12 | X | 1m | 26m/25m | ? | — |
130 | N6/W12 | X | 5m | 33m/30m | Elite residence or temple? | — |
131 | N6/W12 | X | 1m | 10m/25m | ? | — |
132 | N6/W12 | X | 1m | 18m/23m | ? | — |
133 | N7/W13 | X | 1m | 18m/20m | ? | Evidence of Balancán Fine Orange. |
134 | N7/W12 | X | 2m | 25m/32m | Midden | Peterson notes evidence for salt production. |
135 | N6/W11 | X | 6m | 53m/46m | Temple? | — |
136 | N7/W11 | Pt, X | 1m | 20m/16m | ? | — |
137 | N7/W11 | P, Pt, X | 2m | 22m/31m | ? | — |
138 | N7/W11 | X | 1m | 15+m/26m | ? | North side destroyed by roadcut. |
139 | N7/W12 | P, X | 1m | 25m/26m | ? | Balancán Fine Orange present. |
140 | N6/W11 | X | 5m | 37m/35m | Elite residence or temple? | — |
141 | N7/W13 | X | 1m | 18+m/22m | ? | South side destroyed by road. |
142 | N8/W13 | X | <1m | 22m/18m | ? | — |
143 | N8/W13 | X | 1m | 18m/15m | ? | — |
144 | N8/W13 | X | <1m | 15m/15m | ? | — |
145 | N7/W12 | X | 3m | 36m/21m | Platform? | Possible platform along the west side of a plaza that measures 33m N-S and 38m E-W of a system whose principal mound is Mound 155. |
146 | N8/W12 | X | 2m | 25m/24m | ? | — |
147 | N8/W12 | X | 2m | 23m/20m | ? | — |
148 | N7/W11 | X | 1m | 25+m/27m | Elite house | Partially excavations in 1972–73 revealed plaster floors and stone walls, including a sloping stone wall. South edge destroyed by roadcut. |
149 | N7/W10 | X | <1m | 15m/14m | House | Peterson notes plaster floors and stone foundations. |
150 | N8/W12 | Pt, X | 1m | 27m/25m | Platform? | Possible platform along the north side of a plaza that measures 33m N-S and 38m E-W of a system whose principal mound is Mound 155. |
151 | N7/W9 | X | <1m | 13+m/14m | House | Peterson notes plaster floors and stone walls of a house associated with salt production. South edge destroyed by roadcut. |
152 | N8/W9 | X | 2m | 18m/18m | House | Peterson notes plaster floors, stone walls, and a possible tomb. |
153 | N8/W10 | X | 1m | 13m/12m | House | Peterson reports plaster floors. |
154 | N8/W10 | X | <1m | 16m/17m | House | Peterson notes plaster floors, stone walls, and a possible tomb. Metate found on mound surface. |
155 | N7/W11 | Pt, X | 12m | 40m/37m | Temple | Major temple of System 155 with a plaza on its west side as shown by excavations. A second plaza (41m N-S and 25m E-W) may occur on east side. |
156 | N8/W9 | X | <1m | 15m/16m | House | Peterson reports plaster floors. |
157 | N8/W10 | X | 3m | 18+m/22m | Elite house | Peterson notes a tomb destroyed by tractor plowing and plaster floors exposed in roadcut along north side of mound. A large metate and the ceramic pan of a hearth were also found. |
158 | N8/W9 | X | 1m | 23m/29m | House | Peterson reports plaster floors. |
159 | N8/W8 | X | 1m | 20m/18m | ? | — |
160 | N7/W11 | X | 1m | 36m/16m | Platform? | Possible platform along east side of a plaza whose principal mound is Mound 155. |
161 | N8/W8 | X, C | 1m | 18m/19m | ? | — |
162 | N9/W9 | X | 1m | 21m/17+m | ? | Destroyed along western edge. |
163 | N9/W8 | X | <1m | 21m/17m | ? | — |
164 | N7/W9 | X | <1m | ? | Midden | Peterson notes that a salt boiler was found in situ in this mound. Northeastern part of the mound was destroyed by a roadcut. |
165 | N8/W11 | X | 1m | 22m/18m | ? | Irregular-shaped mound with an extension on its southeast side that measures 8m N-S and 7m E-W. |
166 | N9/W8 | X | <1m | 18m/13m | Midden | Peterson notes ash and carbonate, evidence of salt-production activities and refuse. |
167 | N9/W8 | X | 1m | 13m/14m | Midden | Peterson reports that the south side of the mound was cut by Route 190. He shaved the cut with shovels and found ash, carbonate, and sherds from salt boilers and refuse. |
168 | N10/W8 | X | <1m | 15m/15m | House | Peterson notes floors, carbonate, and Fine Orange. He states it is a house involved in salt production. |
169 | N9/W8 | X | <1m | 15m/17m | ? | — |
170 | N8/W11 | P, X | 5m | 31m/30m | Elite house or temple? | — |
171 | N9/W8 | X | <1m | 17m/16m | House | Peterson notes floors and a metate. |
172 | N9/W7 | X | <1m | 13m/13m | House | Peterson notes floors and obsidian points. |
173 | N10/W7 | X | <1m | 22m/18m | ? | — |
174 | N9/W8 | X | 1m | 23m/20m | House | Peterson notes plowed surface of mound revealed plaster floors, a possible destroyed tomb, and evidence for salt production. |
175 | N9/W12 | P, X, C | 5m | 22m/23m | Elite house or temple? | — |
176 | N9/W10 | X | 1m | 17m/18+m | ? | Destroyed on west side. |
177 | N9/W13 | X | <1m | 18m/20m | House | Peterson reports evidence of floors, walls, one A-7 sherd, and a miniature bowl. |
178 | N9/W13 | X | <1m | 16m/13m | House | Peterson reports evidence of floors, walls, one A-7 sherd, and one red painted sherd. |
179 | N9/W12 | X | <1m | 13m/13m | House | Peterson reports evidence of floors, walls, one A-7 sherd, and one bat-claw vessel. |
180 | N9/W7 | X | 1m | 23m/30m | House | Peterson reports plaster floors, a piece of wattle and daub, and a miniature bowl. Irregular mound with extension to the east (15m N-S and 8m E-W). |
181 | N9/W12 | X, C | 1m | 18m/15m | House | Peterson notes floors, walls, a walkway, a metate, and a painted red sherd. |
182 | N9/W12 | X, C | 2m | 27m/22m | House | Peterson notes evidence of house floor, a metate, several manos, a miniature bowl, and a carved stone model of a tomb façade. |
183 | N9/W12 | Pt, X | 3m | 30m/28m | ? | — |
184 | N9/W12 | X | 2m | 17+m/23m | House | Peterson notes visible plaster floors in roadcut that destroyed the northern edge of the mound. |
185 | N11/W9 | X | 4m | 43m/40m | Elite house | Salvage excavations by Winter, Deraga, and Fernández (1979) were conducted to preserve an exposed tomb (Tomb 11). |
186 | N9/W13 | X | <1m | 10m/12m | House | Peterson notes floors and walls. |
187 | N9/W13 | X | <1m | 13m/11m | House | Peterson notes floors and walls. |
188 | N9/W13 | X | 1m | 21m/20m | House | Peterson notes floors and walls. |
189 | N9/W13 | X | 1m | 26m/21m | House | Peterson notes plaster floor and stone walls. |
190 | N8/W11 | X | 3m | 30m/40m | Elite house | Completely excavated. Revealed five stratified elite houses and associated tomb (Tomb 2). |
191 | N9/W13 | X | 1m | 12+m/16m | House | North edge of mound destroyed by roadcut, revealing plaster floors. Also evidence of salt-production activities. |
192 | N11/W12 | X | <1m | 20m/17m | ? | — |
193 | N11/W13 | X | 2m | 41m/38m | ? | — |
194 | N9/W9 | X | 2m | 18m/22m | ? | — |
195 | N9/W11 | X | 6m | 33m/35m | Elite house | Completely excavated. Revealed six superimposed elite houses with three associated tombs (Tombs 1, 5, and 6). Forms major structure of System 195. |
195N | N9/W11 | X | <1m | 6m/26m | Platform | North platform of System 195. |
195S | N9/W11 | X | 1m | 6m/26m | Platform | South platform of System 195. |
195W | N9/W11 | X | 1m | 31m/8m | Platform | West platform of System 195. |
196 | N9/W12 | X | <1m | 25m/30m | House | Peterson notes plaster floor fragments. |
197 | N9/W11 | Pt, X | <1m | 16m/16m | House | Peterson notes plaster floor fragments. |
198 | N9/W10 | X | <1m | 33m/25+m | ? | West side of mound destroyed. |
199 | N11/W12 | X | <1m | 16m/14m | ? | — |
200 | N1/W5 | P | ? | ? | ? | — |
201 | N7/W11 | ? | 1m | 13m/17m | ? | — |
202 | N1/W4 | P | ? | ? | ? | — |
203 | N12/W15 | X | <1m | 20m/18m | ? | — |
204 | N12/W15 | X | <1m | 46m/19m | ? | — |
205 | N10/W4 | X | 2m | 35m/31m | ? | — |
206 | N12/W14 | X | <1m | 41m/18m | ? | — |
207 | N11/W11 | X | <1m | 41m/46m | House | Peterson notes plaster floor fragments. This mound, together with Mounds 208 and 209, is on a slightly raised area that measures 86m N-S and 108m E-W. |
208 | N11/W11 | X | <1m | 23m/20m | ? | This mound, together with Mounds 207 and 209, is on a slightly raised area that measures 86m N-S and 108m E-W. |
209 | N11/W11 | X | <1m | 10m/10m | ? | This mound, together with Mounds 207 and 208, is on a slightly raised area that measures 86m N-S and 108m E-W. |
210 | N11/W3 | X | 1m | 25m/27m | ? | — |
211 | N10/W10 | X | 1m | 25m/30m | ? | — |
212 | N11/W6 | X | <1m | 21m/46m | ? | — |
213 | N10/W5 | X | 1m | 15m/15m | ? | — |
214 | N9/W5 | X | 3m | 48m/38m | Elite House? | — |
215 | N11/W7 | X | <1m | ? | ? | — |
216 | N9/W4 | N | <1m | 23m/20m | ? | — |
217 | N10/W4 | X | 1m | 26m/25m | ? | — |
218 | N12/W3 | X | 1m | 50m/23m | ? | — |
219 | N12/W3 | X | <1m | 18m/15m | ? | — |
220 | N9/W9 | P | ? | ? | ? | — |
221 | N13/W9 | X | 1m | 45m/41m | House | Peterson notes plaster floor fragments. |
222 | N9/W4 | X | 1m | ? | ? | — |
223 | N7/W10 | X | <1m | ? | Midden | The road cuts its southern half, which was shaved with a shovel by Peterson and revealed only ash and sherds from salt production and refuse. |