“Appendix 2. The Lambityeco Mounds” in “The Lords of Lambityeco: Political Evolution in the Valley of Oaxaca During the Xoo Phase” on University Press of Colorado Open Books

appendix 2 The Lambityeco Mounds

The following data on the Lambityeco mounds were compiled by Lind from information collected by David Peterson, Sam Ball, and Steve Kowalewski in their survey of the site. The primary data were recorded on bag cards located in the Instituto de Estudios Oaxaqueños archives in Mitla, Oaxaca, Mexico, currently being curated by the Centro Regional INAH–Oaxaca. The mound numbers, shown on the site map (Fig. 4.1), begin with #10, because 1–9 were not used, and continue through #223 with some numbers in between not used.

The data for each mound include, when available, its location by zone—for example, N3/W6 (the square on the map in which the mound can be found)—the phase or phases to which it corresponds based on surface collections and/or excavation, its height, its basal dimensions north-south and east-west, whether or not it represents a structure (if known), and any comments on the nature of the mound. During the survey, the Monte Albán phase numbers were used. These have been converted to the phase names that are used in this study, except the Tani, Peche, and Liobaa phases, which were not recognized in the survey. The phase names have been abbreviated as follows: R=Rosario; D=Danibaan; P=Pe; N=Niza; Pt=Pitao; X=Xoo; and C=Chila.

Mound No.	Zone in Fig. 4.1	Phase or Phases	Height	Basal Size N-S/E-W	Structure	Comments
10	N3/W4	R, P, X	1m	15m/36m	?	North of and parallel to Complex 14
11	N2/W4	R, D, P, N	1m	28m/13m	Platform?	Forms west platform of Complex 14
12	N3/W4	R, P, N	1m	13m/21m	Platform?	Forms north platform Complex 14
13	N2/W4	R, P, N	1m	13m/21m	Platform?	Forms south platform of Complex 14
14	N3/W4	R, P, N, Pt, X	5m	40m/16m	Temple?	Forms major structure (temple?) of Complex 14, which includes platforms formed by Mounds 11, 12, and 13. Plaster floors and stone walls are visible. Faces west and is located on east side of a plaza, which measures 33m N-S and 26m E-W.
15	N2/W3	R, P, N, Pt	8m	43m/23m	Temple?	Forms major structure (temple?). Plaster floors visible. May have plaza to east or west or both.
16	N2/W4	R, P, N	1m	12m/22m	?	—
17	N2/W4	R, P, N	1m	23m/23m	?	—
18	N1/W3	P	5m	35m/35m	Temple?	—
19	N2/W4	D, P	1m	27m/32m	?	—
20	N2/W4	D, P	1m	30m/32m	?	—
21	N2/W4	D, N, Pt, X	5m	58m/53m	Temple base?	Has Mound 22 on top of its southwest corner.
22	N2/W4	D, N	5m	23m/31m	Temple?	Upper tier of Mound 21.
23	N2/W3	D, P, N	5m	22m/22m	Temple?	—
24	N2/W5	D, P	<1m	25m/15m	?	—
25	N3/W4	N	2m	50m/33m	?	—
26	N4/W4	D, P	1m	48m/48m	?	—
27	N4/W4	D, P	1m	17m/30m	Ballcourt?	On south side of 1m high raised area that measures 48m N-S and 35m E-W and that also supports Mound 28. Possibly south side of a ballcourt.
28	N4/W4	D, P	1m	17m/30m	Ballcourt?	On north side of 1m high raised area that measures 48m N-S and 35m E-W and that also supports Mound 27. Possibly north side of a ballcourt.
29	N4/W3	P, Pt	<1m	35m/33m	?	—
30	N4/W3	P	<1m	43m/43m	?	—
31	N4/W4	D, P, N, Pt, X, C	1m	41m/30m	?	Triangular-shaped mound.
32	N5/W4	D, P	1m	50m/42m	?	—
33	N4/W2	D, P	1m	?	?	—
34	N5/W4	D, P, X	3m	40m/50m	?	—
35	N5/W4	D, P	3m	31m/26m	Elite house?	Plaster floors are visible.
36	N6/W3	N	<1m	18m/12m	?	—
37	N6/W4	D	5m	38m/25m	Temple?	Has a plaza or low (<1m high) platform that measures 38m N-S and 20m E-W on its west side.
38	N7/W5	X	1m	30m/31m	?	—
39	N7/W5	X	<1m	12m/12m	?	—
40	N7/W6	X	<1m	22m/22m	?	—
41	N7/W6	X	1m	48m/48m	House	Possible tomb evident in southwest sector of mound.
42	N8/W6	X	<1m	13m/18m	House	Metate, chalcedony knife blade, and carbonate (evidence of salt production), and A-7 on mound.
43	N8/W6	X	<1m	18m/18m	Midden	Mound surface has considerable ash from salt-production activities and refuse. Balancán Fine Orange present.
44	N8/W6	X, C	<1m	35m/33m	Midden	Mound surface has ash, carbonate (evidence of salt production), and refuse. A-7 present.
45	N7/W6	X	1m	35m/23m	House	Evidence of house with salt-production activities.
46	N13/W2	X	1m	12m/13m	?	—
47	N7/W6	X, C	<1m	23m/23m	House	Peterson notes evidence of house.
48	N7/W6	Pt, X	<1m	20m/18m	House	Evidence of burned wattle and daub.
49	N8/W6	X	<1m	18m/17m	House	Peterson notes evidence of house.
50	N7/W6	N	<1m	13m/13m	?	—
51	N7/W6	X, C	<1m	15m/15m	?	—
52	N7/W6	X	1m	32m/30m	?	Has an extension (16m N-S and 38m E-W) to the south toward the roadcut.
53	N10/W12	X	1m	?	House	Plaster floor exposed by plowing.
54	N7/W7	X, C	1m	26m/25m	Midden	Posthole probe revealed only ash and refuse.
55	N7/W7	X, C	1m	22m+/41m	Midden	Road cut through south side of mound. No structures exposed, but in 1967, Lind found a salt boiler in ash-filled mound and refuse.
56	N6/W6	X, C	1m	35m/58m	?	Triangular-shaped mound like Mound 31.
57	N6/W7	X, C	10m	38m+/76m	Temple?	Road cut through north side of mound. Fowler shaved the north side and found a series of superimposed plaster floors.
58	N6/W6	P, X	2m	38m/38m	?	—
59	N5/W6	X	1m	42m/42m	?	—
60	N5/W6	X, C	1m	36m/27m	?	—
61	N4/W7	D, P, X	3m	38m/50m	?	—
62	N4/W6	D, C	<1m	15m/17m	?	—
63	N4/W6	D, P, X	3m	41m/41m	?	—
64	N5/W7	P, X, C	<1m	33m/33m	?	—
65	N10/W12	X	<1m	?	House	Plaster floor exposed by plowing.
66	N4/W5	D, P, Pt	1m	36m/43m	?	—
67	N3/W4	D	<1m	13m/15m	?	—
68	N3/W5	D, N	<1m	13m/13m	?	—
69	N3/W5	D, P	<1m	35m/70m	?	—
70	N2/W5	D, P	<1m	15m/13m	?	—
71	N3/W6	P, X	<1m	20m/26m	?	Attached to south side of Mound 83.
72	N3/W6	?	<1m	16m/20m	?	—
73	N6/W7	X	<1m	?	?	—
74	N3/W6	D, P, X	<1m	12m/13m	?	—
75	N3/W7	D, P, X	1m	23m/23m	?	—
76	N3/W7	D, P, X	1m	22m/22m	?	—
77	N3/W7	D, P, C	1m	23m/22m	?	—
78	N3/W6	?	<1m	22m/22m	?	—
79	N10/W8	X	<1m	?	?	—
80	N8/W5	X	3m	46m/33m	?	—
81	N7/W4	D, P	1m	25m/25m	?	—
82	N5/W6	P, X, C	<1m	26m/40m	?	—
83	N4/W6	P, X, C	2m	40m/48m	?	Has extension (10m N-S and 7m E-W) on its east side that may represent a staircase. Mound 71 is attached to its south side.
84	N6/W6	X, C	<1m	26m/25m	?	—
85	N3/W7	?	<1m	10m/8m	?	—
86	N3/W7	?	<1m	10m/10m	?	—
87	N3/W7	D	<1m	18m/8m	?	—
88	N3/W5	D, X	<1m	15m/18m	?	—
89	N8/W10	X	<1m	16m/12m	Midden	In 1972, Peterson partially excavated this mound and found no structures, only ash relating to salt production and refuse.
90	N8/W10	X	<1m	30m/26m	Midden	Peterson placed three randomly located postholes into this mound and found no structures, only ash relating to salt-production activities and refuse.
91	N8/W10	X	<1m	13m/20m	House	Excavations revealed four superimposed houses and a family tomb (Tomb 9) associated with salt production.
92	N7/W10	X	<1m	15m/11m	House	Excavations revealed superimposed houses and a family tomb (Tomb 8).
93	N3/W12	P, X	1m	41m/20m	Midden	Peterson partially excavated this mound and found only ash relating to salt production and refuse.
94	N6/W10	X	<1m	13m/15m	?	—
95	N5/W1	P	<1m	21m/23m	?	—
96	N7/W9	X	1m	10m/18m	?	Along with four other mounds (97, 98, 99, 100), it surrounds a central moundless area that contained a wattle-and-daub house partially excavated by Peterson.
97	N7/W8	X	2m	21m/8m	?	Along with four other mounds (96, 98, 99, 100), it surrounds a central moundless area that contained a wattle-and daub-house partially excavated by Peterson.
98	N6/W9	X	<1m	10m/20m	?	Along with four other mounds (96, 97, 99, 100), it surrounds a central moundless area that contained a wattle-and-daub house partially excavated by Peterson.
99	N7/W9	X	<1m	21m/10m	?	Along with four other mounds (96, 97, 98, 100), it surrounds a central moundless area that contained a wattle-and-daub house partially excavated by Peterson.
100	N6/W9	X	<1m	13m/11m	?	Along with four other mounds (96, 97, 98, 99), it surrounds a central moundless area that contained a wattle-and-daub house partially excavated by Peterson.
101	N6/W9	X	2m	31m/23m	Midden	Peterson excavated trenches through this mound and found it to be refuse from salt-production activities. It has an extension to the southwest that measures 17m N-S and 3m E-W.
102	N4/W13	C	<1m	?	Midden	Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Chila phase salt-production activities.
103	N4/W13	C	<1m	?	Midden	Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Chila phase salt-production activities.
104	N5/W13	C	<1m	?	Midden	Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Chila phase salt-production activities.
105	N5/W13	C	<1m	?	Midden	Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Chila phase salt-production activities.
106	N5/W12	C	<1m	?	Midden	Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Chila phase salt-production activities.
107	N4/W12	C	<1m	?	Midden	Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Chila phase salt-production activities.
108	N3/W12	P	<1m	?	Midden	Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Pe phase salt-production activities.
109	N6/W13	P	<1m	?	Midden	Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from Pe phase salt-production activities.
110	N4/W12	?	<1m	?	Midden	Peterson has determined that this mound, cut in half by the road, is refuse from salt-production activities.
111	N6/W9	?	<1m	?	Midden	Peterson has determined that this mound is refuse from salt-production activities.
112–122	—	—	—	—	—	Numbers 112–122 were not used.
123	N5/W13	X	1m	36m/35m	?	—
124	N5/W13	P, X	1m	22m/17m	?	Attached to west side of Mound 125.
125	N5/W12	P, X	5m	37m/33m	Elite residence	In 1967, Lind examined a looters’ pit on top of this mound that had exposed part of a patio floor with a walkway (67cm wide and 17cm above patio floor) and the east wall of a room. The wall had a 10cm high foundation with a 28cm high sloping stone wall above it (Photos 67-58-10, -11, and -12 in Mitla photo file).
126	N5/W13	P, X	1m	51m/16m	?	L-shaped mound. Its northwestern leg measures 17m N-S and 16m E-W.
127	N6/W13	X	<1m	35m/28m	?	—
128	N6/W13	X	1m	35m/23m	House	Peterson notes evidence of a tomb in the south-central part of the mound.
129	N6/W12	X	1m	26m/25m	?	—
130	N6/W12	X	5m	33m/30m	Elite residence or temple?	—
131	N6/W12	X	1m	10m/25m	?	—
132	N6/W12	X	1m	18m/23m	?	—
133	N7/W13	X	1m	18m/20m	?	Evidence of Balancán Fine Orange.
134	N7/W12	X	2m	25m/32m	Midden	Peterson notes evidence for salt production.
135	N6/W11	X	6m	53m/46m	Temple?	—
136	N7/W11	Pt, X	1m	20m/16m	?	—
137	N7/W11	P, Pt, X	2m	22m/31m	?	—
138	N7/W11	X	1m	15+m/26m	?	North side destroyed by roadcut.
139	N7/W12	P, X	1m	25m/26m	?	Balancán Fine Orange present.
140	N6/W11	X	5m	37m/35m	Elite residence or temple?	—
141	N7/W13	X	1m	18+m/22m	?	South side destroyed by road.
142	N8/W13	X	<1m	22m/18m	?	—
143	N8/W13	X	1m	18m/15m	?	—
144	N8/W13	X	<1m	15m/15m	?	—
145	N7/W12	X	3m	36m/21m	Platform?	Possible platform along the west side of a plaza that measures 33m N-S and 38m E-W of a system whose principal mound is Mound 155.
146	N8/W12	X	2m	25m/24m	?	—
147	N8/W12	X	2m	23m/20m	?	—
148	N7/W11	X	1m	25+m/27m	Elite house	Partially excavations in 1972–73 revealed plaster floors and stone walls, including a sloping stone wall. South edge destroyed by roadcut.
149	N7/W10	X	<1m	15m/14m	House	Peterson notes plaster floors and stone foundations.
150	N8/W12	Pt, X	1m	27m/25m	Platform?	Possible platform along the north side of a plaza that measures 33m N-S and 38m E-W of a system whose principal mound is Mound 155.
151	N7/W9	X	<1m	13+m/14m	House	Peterson notes plaster floors and stone walls of a house associated with salt production. South edge destroyed by roadcut.
152	N8/W9	X	2m	18m/18m	House	Peterson notes plaster floors, stone walls, and a possible tomb.
153	N8/W10	X	1m	13m/12m	House	Peterson reports plaster floors.
154	N8/W10	X	<1m	16m/17m	House	Peterson notes plaster floors, stone walls, and a possible tomb. Metate found on mound surface.
155	N7/W11	Pt, X	12m	40m/37m	Temple	Major temple of System 155 with a plaza on its west side as shown by excavations. A second plaza (41m N-S and 25m E-W) may occur on east side.
156	N8/W9	X	<1m	15m/16m	House	Peterson reports plaster floors.
157	N8/W10	X	3m	18+m/22m	Elite house	Peterson notes a tomb destroyed by tractor plowing and plaster floors exposed in roadcut along north side of mound. A large metate and the ceramic pan of a hearth were also found.
158	N8/W9	X	1m	23m/29m	House	Peterson reports plaster floors.
159	N8/W8	X	1m	20m/18m	?	—
160	N7/W11	X	1m	36m/16m	Platform?	Possible platform along east side of a plaza whose principal mound is Mound 155.
161	N8/W8	X, C	1m	18m/19m	?	—
162	N9/W9	X	1m	21m/17+m	?	Destroyed along western edge.
163	N9/W8	X	<1m	21m/17m	?	—
164	N7/W9	X	<1m	?	Midden	Peterson notes that a salt boiler was found in situ in this mound. Northeastern part of the mound was destroyed by a roadcut.
165	N8/W11	X	1m	22m/18m	?	Irregular-shaped mound with an extension on its southeast side that measures 8m N-S and 7m E-W.
166	N9/W8	X	<1m	18m/13m	Midden	Peterson notes ash and carbonate, evidence of salt-production activities and refuse.
167	N9/W8	X	1m	13m/14m	Midden	Peterson reports that the south side of the mound was cut by Route 190. He shaved the cut with shovels and found ash, carbonate, and sherds from salt boilers and refuse.
168	N10/W8	X	<1m	15m/15m	House	Peterson notes floors, carbonate, and Fine Orange. He states it is a house involved in salt production.
169	N9/W8	X	<1m	15m/17m	?	—
170	N8/W11	P, X	5m	31m/30m	Elite house or temple?	—
171	N9/W8	X	<1m	17m/16m	House	Peterson notes floors and a metate.
172	N9/W7	X	<1m	13m/13m	House	Peterson notes floors and obsidian points.
173	N10/W7	X	<1m	22m/18m	?	—
174	N9/W8	X	1m	23m/20m	House	Peterson notes plowed surface of mound revealed plaster floors, a possible destroyed tomb, and evidence for salt production.
175	N9/W12	P, X, C	5m	22m/23m	Elite house or temple?	—
176	N9/W10	X	1m	17m/18+m	?	Destroyed on west side.
177	N9/W13	X	<1m	18m/20m	House	Peterson reports evidence of floors, walls, one A-7 sherd, and a miniature bowl.
178	N9/W13	X	<1m	16m/13m	House	Peterson reports evidence of floors, walls, one A-7 sherd, and one red painted sherd.
179	N9/W12	X	<1m	13m/13m	House	Peterson reports evidence of floors, walls, one A-7 sherd, and one bat-claw vessel.
180	N9/W7	X	1m	23m/30m	House	Peterson reports plaster floors, a piece of wattle and daub, and a miniature bowl. Irregular mound with extension to the east (15m N-S and 8m E-W).
181	N9/W12	X, C	1m	18m/15m	House	Peterson notes floors, walls, a walkway, a metate, and a painted red sherd.
182	N9/W12	X, C	2m	27m/22m	House	Peterson notes evidence of house floor, a metate, several manos, a miniature bowl, and a carved stone model of a tomb façade.
183	N9/W12	Pt, X	3m	30m/28m	?	—
184	N9/W12	X	2m	17+m/23m	House	Peterson notes visible plaster floors in roadcut that destroyed the northern edge of the mound.
185	N11/W9	X	4m	43m/40m	Elite house	Salvage excavations by Winter, Deraga, and Fernández (1979) were conducted to preserve an exposed tomb (Tomb 11).
186	N9/W13	X	<1m	10m/12m	House	Peterson notes floors and walls.
187	N9/W13	X	<1m	13m/11m	House	Peterson notes floors and walls.
188	N9/W13	X	1m	21m/20m	House	Peterson notes floors and walls.
189	N9/W13	X	1m	26m/21m	House	Peterson notes plaster floor and stone walls.
190	N8/W11	X	3m	30m/40m	Elite house	Completely excavated. Revealed five stratified elite houses and associated tomb (Tomb 2).
191	N9/W13	X	1m	12+m/16m	House	North edge of mound destroyed by roadcut, revealing plaster floors. Also evidence of salt-production activities.
192	N11/W12	X	<1m	20m/17m	?	—
193	N11/W13	X	2m	41m/38m	?	—
194	N9/W9	X	2m	18m/22m	?	—
195	N9/W11	X	6m	33m/35m	Elite house	Completely excavated. Revealed six superimposed elite houses with three associated tombs (Tombs 1, 5, and 6). Forms major structure of System 195.
195N	N9/W11	X	<1m	6m/26m	Platform	North platform of System 195.
195S	N9/W11	X	1m	6m/26m	Platform	South platform of System 195.
195W	N9/W11	X	1m	31m/8m	Platform	West platform of System 195.
196	N9/W12	X	<1m	25m/30m	House	Peterson notes plaster floor fragments.
197	N9/W11	Pt, X	<1m	16m/16m	House	Peterson notes plaster floor fragments.
198	N9/W10	X	<1m	33m/25+m	?	West side of mound destroyed.
199	N11/W12	X	<1m	16m/14m	?	—
200	N1/W5	P	?	?	?	—
201	N7/W11	?	1m	13m/17m	?	—
202	N1/W4	P	?	?	?	—
203	N12/W15	X	<1m	20m/18m	?	—
204	N12/W15	X	<1m	46m/19m	?	—
205	N10/W4	X	2m	35m/31m	?	—
206	N12/W14	X	<1m	41m/18m	?	—
207	N11/W11	X	<1m	41m/46m	House	Peterson notes plaster floor fragments. This mound, together with Mounds 208 and 209, is on a slightly raised area that measures 86m N-S and 108m E-W.
208	N11/W11	X	<1m	23m/20m	?	This mound, together with Mounds 207 and 209, is on a slightly raised area that measures 86m N-S and 108m E-W.
209	N11/W11	X	<1m	10m/10m	?	This mound, together with Mounds 207 and 208, is on a slightly raised area that measures 86m N-S and 108m E-W.
210	N11/W3	X	1m	25m/27m	?	—
211	N10/W10	X	1m	25m/30m	?	—
212	N11/W6	X	<1m	21m/46m	?	—
213	N10/W5	X	1m	15m/15m	?	—
214	N9/W5	X	3m	48m/38m	Elite House?	—
215	N11/W7	X	<1m	?	?	—
216	N9/W4	N	<1m	23m/20m	?	—
217	N10/W4	X	1m	26m/25m	?	—
218	N12/W3	X	1m	50m/23m	?	—
219	N12/W3	X	<1m	18m/15m	?	—
220	N9/W9	P	?	?	?	—
221	N13/W9	X	1m	45m/41m	House	Peterson notes plaster floor fragments.
222	N9/W4	X	1m	?	?	—
223	N7/W10	X	<1m	?	Midden	The road cuts its southern half, which was shaved with a shovel by Peterson and revealed only ash and sherds from salt production and refuse.

Appendix 3. Moundless Xoo Phase Structures at Lambityeco