INDEX
Acheson, Dean, 177
Adenauer, Konrad, 10–11, 146, 219; and connection of war crimes trials with restoration of German sovereignty, 229n12; and his “policy toward the past” (Vergangenheitspolitik), 222; and support of amnesty of Nazi war criminals, 146; views on prosecuting the “real” Nazi criminals, 146, 219. See also Christian Democratic Union
Allers, Dietrich, 52, 217, 255
Allied Control Council, 6, 74, 251
Allied High Commission, 10, 146
Amnesty Law of December 1949. See West Germany: Christmas amnesty of December 1949
Andernach mental hospital, 152, 153, 158, 161, 187–192. See also Rhine Province Case
Andreae, Georg: trial and acquittal of, 179–187. See also Gessner, Ludwig; Hannover Province case
Arendt, Hannah, 105; distinction between war crimes and crimes against humanity, 238n73
Article 131 Law. See West Germany: Article 131 Law
Asmussen, Hans, 9
“Asocials,” 27, 53–54, 78. See also Euthanasia
Assmann, Aleida, 9. See also “Shame” cultures
Auschwitz, 54, 59, 60, 122, 165
Auschwitz-Birkenau. See Auschwitz
Baden, State of, 35, 225; trial of mental health care system administrators of, 169–176
Bassiouni, M. Cherif, 71–72, 224n16
Bauer, Fritz, 115, 226, 254, 255–256
Baumhardt, Ernst, 167
Bernays, Murray C., 67–68, 70. See also Conspiracy, law of
Bernburg mental hospital, 44, 48, 56, 199
Berner, Friedrich, 130
Bernotat, Fritz, 82, 86–87, 129, 135, 139, 169; and accession to presidency of Scheuern’s executive board, 148; and instructions to Mathilde Weber to kill disabled children, 136–137; and murder of a Jewish patient at the Kalmenhof mental hospital, 141
Biddle, Francis, 68
Binding, Karl, 170; cited in the trial of Alfred Leu, 202; cited in the trial of Gerhard Wenzel, 205–206; and Freiburg state court’s legal analysis of Artur Schreck’s crimes, 174; and The Permission to Destroy Life Unworthy of Life, 21–24; and the utilitarian argument for destroying “life unworthy of life,” 40. See also Hoche, Alfred; “Life unworthy of life”
Blome, Kurt, 5, 95, 104, 250. See also U.S. Doctors’ Trial
Bodelschwingh, Friedrich von, 186
Borm, Kurt, 254
Bormann, Martin, 98
Bouhler, Philipp, 28, 29, 31, 78, 94, 97, 98, 102, 111, 155, 171, 194; commissioned to organize adult euthanasia, 36–38, 51, 68; establishes the Kanzlei des Führers (KdF), 99; suicide of, 60–62, 95. See also Brack, Viktor; Brandt, Karl; Euthanasia: adult program; Kanzlei des Führers
Brack, Viktor, 5, 27–28, 31, 50, 94, 97, 100, 111, 121, 130, 152, 160, 162, 171, 173; biography of, 98–99; and complicity in the Final Solution, 56–58, 98, 99, 101–104; and creation of transit centers, 48; and Hitler’s euthanasia order of September-October 1939, 38; indictment of, 94–95, 250; and portrayal of euthanasia under interrogation and at trial, 100–101, 196n; and selection of carbon monoxide as T-4 killing agent, 43–44; trial, conviction, and execution of, 100–104. See also Bouhler, Philipp; Brandt, Karl; Kanzlei des Führers; U.S. Doctors’ Trial
Brandenburg-Görden mental hospital, 34–35, 43–44, 47, 60, 139; establishment of, 42–43
Brandt, Karl, 5, 27, 28, 31, 36–38, 78, 96, 103, 104, 111, 157, 171, 194; and appointment as Commissioner for the Health Care System, 52; biography of, 95; and creation of transit centers, 48; and examination of the Knauer child, 28–29, 95; execution of, 104; and Hitler’s euthanasia order of September-October 1939, 38, 111; indictment, trial, and conviction of, 95–98, 250; investigation of by U.S. prosecutors, 94; and Operation Brandt, 52, 89, 96; and portrayal of euthanasia at U.S. Doctors’ Trial, 51, 97; and selection of carbon monoxide as T-4 killing agent, 43–44. See also Bouhler, Philipp; Brack, Viktor; Kanzlei des Führers; U.S. Doctors’ Trial
Bucha, ix
Buchenwald concentration camp, 55, 56, 122
Bunke, Heinrich, 213, 245n45, 254
Carbon monoxide, as T-4 killing agent, 43–44, 130–131
Carr, E. H., 12
Catel, Werner, 28, 31, 34, 139, 207. See also Euthanasia: and the Knauer Case
Central Accounting Office for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes, 39. See also Euthanasia: and the adult program; T-4
Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Clarification of National Socialist Crimes, 6n
Charitable Foundation for Institutional Care, 39. See also Euthanasia: and adult program; T-4
Charitable Foundation for the Transport of Patients, Inc. (Gekrat), 44, 154, 167, 194; as camouflage organization for T-4 Transport office, 39; and patient lists, 41, 135; and policy on exemptions from transportation, 183–184; and resistance to T-4 program, 170; and transportation of patients from Andernach and Galkhausen to Hadamar, 152; and transportation of patients from Hannover province institutions, 180; 194. See also Euthanasia: adult program; T-4
Chelmno (Kulmhof) death camp, 55, 58–59, 60
Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 10, 219, 222. See also Adenauer, Konrad
Christian Social Union (CSU), 222
Cold War, 106, 127; and Adenauer’s “policy toward the past,” 10; and the second trial of Mathilde Weber, 142, 144; and trend toward leniency and acquittal in trials of Nazi war criminals, 15, 107, 145–146, 214; and West German quest for sovereignty, 218–219. See also Stalin, Joseph; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; United States; West Germany
Collision of duties (Pflichtenkollision) defense. See German law: collision of duties (Pflichtenkollision) defense
Conspiracy, law of, 15, 64, 67–68, 73; as basis of the indictment of the major war criminals, 68–70, 91, 220, 221; and the Hossbach Memorandum, 236n49; and the U.S. Hadamar Trial, 85–86. See also Bernays, Murray C.; United States: conceptions of National Socialist criminality in the courts of
Conti, Leonardo, 31, 43, 60, 194
Control Council Law #10, 7, 14, 72, 74, 91, 109, 151, 166; contrasted with JCS 1023/10 and the London Charter, 75; as legal basis for zonal trials, 91, 145; as windfall to the euthanasia trials, 109. See also Crimes against Humanity; Crimes against Peace; War Crimes
Council of Foreign Ministers, 142
Creutz, Walter, 18n, 182, 187–188; reversal of acquittal by Supreme Court for the British Zone, 162–163; trial and acquittal of, 151–160. See also Rhine Province Case
Crimes against Humanity, 13–14, 63–64, 69, 151, 170, 176, 180, 210, 211, 212, 220; and Control Council Law #10, 74–76, 110, 175, 212; distinguished from war crimes, 105–106, 238n73; and the ex post facto question, 71–74, 224. See also Conspiracy, law of; Crimes against Peace; War Crimes
Crimes against Peace, 69, 72, 75, 220. See also Conspiracy, law of; Crimes against Humanity; War Crimes
Criminal police (Kripo), 35
Criminal Technical Institute (KTI), 37, 42. See also Becker, August; Reich Security Main Office (RSHA); Widmann, Albert
Critical Legal Studies, 192, 244n20
Dachau concentration camp, 122
Darré, Walter, 145
Davenport, Charles, 25
de Crinis, Max, 37
Dehler, Thomas, 146
de Mildt, Dick, 18, 163n, 186, 238n1
Denazification, 3, 8, 9. See also West Germany: denazification in
Dietrich, Josef (Sepp), 145
Eastern European workers (Ostarbeiter), 6, 52, 54; as homicide victims at Hadamar mental hospital, 78–90, 128
Eglfing-Haar mental hospital, 35, 51, 192. See also Euthanasia: children’s euthanasia; Pfannmüller, Hermann
Eichberg mental hospital, 89, 97, 116–117, 135, 149; children’s ward in, 35, 165, 166; murders of adult patients in, 51; trial of the medical staff of, 121–128. See also Mennecke, Friedrich; Schmidt, Walter
Eichmann, Adolf, 57
Einsatzgruppen, 58, 76; trial by U.S. NMT of the commanders of, 235n24
Eisenhower, Dwight, 177
Elias, Norbert, 145
European Defense Community, 178, 219
Euthanasia: and the adult program, phase one, 35–49, 155; and the adult program, phase two, 49–52, 129; and “asocials,” 53–54; children’s euthanasia (Kinderaktion), 28–35, 39, 136, 143, 199–200; and children’s wards, 34, 124, 136, 140, 155, 156, 173, 193, 195, 199–200, 201–202, 204, 206–207; definitions of, 3; developments in the West German prosecution of after 1953, 213–214; and eugenics, 3, 14, 24, 26, 223; evolution of, 15; impact of Allied strategic bombing on, 51–52; and the Knauer case, 28–29, 231n19; and the murder of European Jews, 55–60, 89, 223; and scientific research, 45, 137, 195; transit centers used in, 48, 148–149, 152, 153, 179, 182, 188, 209–210; and “wild” euthanasia, 50, 97–98, 158; and World War I, 14, 19–21, 73, 95, 98, 197. See also Bernburg mental hospital; Brandenburg-Görden mental hospital; Grafeneck mental hospital; Hadamar mental hospital; Hartheim mental hospital; Sonnenstein mental hospital; registration forms (Meldebogen 1 and 2)
Exertion of conscience defense. See German law, exertion of conscience defense
Ex post facto laws, 8, 16, 112, 220
Extrastatutory necessity (Übergesetzlicher Notstand) defense. See German law: extrastatutory necessity (Übergesetzlicher Notstand) defense
Falthauser, Valentin, 197, 244n25. See also Kaufbeuren mental hospital
Final Solution: death camps of, 58–60; gas vans used in, 58–59. See also Auschwitz; Belzec death camp; Brack, Viktor: and complicity in the Final Solution; Chelmno death camp; Hitler, Adolf: and the order to begin the Final Solution; Holocaust; Majdanek death camp; Sobibor death camp; Treblinka death camp
Flipability, 192, 210, 211–212; etymology of, 244n20
Flossenbürg concentration camp, 122
Free Democratic Party (FDP), 219, 222
Frei, Norbert, 10, 218, 222; and the concept of West Germany’s “policy toward the past,” 228n11
Frick, Wilhelm, 181, 182. See also Reich Ministry of the Interior
Friedlander, Henry, 30, 47, 48, 49, 55
Galen, Count Clemens August von, 48–49
Galkhausen mental hospital, 151, 152, 153, 155, 158, 161, 188, 190. See also Rhine Province Case
Gekrat. See Charitable Foundation for the Transport of Patients, Inc.
Geneva Conventions, 64, 80, 224, 249
German law: the “Bathtub” case, 108, 110–111, 120, 123, 133, 139, 141, 218; Bundesgerichtshof (West German Supreme Court), 115, 198, 199, 202, 210, 212, 213; collision of duties (Pflichtenkollision) defense, 101, 127, 147, 148, 149–150, 158, 162, 164, 166, 168, 186–187, 198, 211, 214, 218; and Control Council Law #10, 166; differentiated from Anglo-American criminal law and procedure, 18, 162, 220, 240n43; distinction between accomplices and perpetrators under, 15, 109–110, 141, 143, 144, 196, 218; exertion of conscience defense, 118, 176, 179, 198–213, 214, 218; extrastatutory necessity (Übergesetzlicher Notstand) defense, 147, 158, 159, 162, 171, 176, 198, 211, 214, 218; failure of, 214; German Penal Code of 1871, 112; homicide under, 14, 37, 107, 110, 119–120, 123, 125, 129–130, 133, 139, 141, 144, 149, 151, 158, 168, 171, 175, 196, 197–198, 202, 208, 240n19; necessity (Notstand) defense, 147, 185; Reichsgericht (German Supreme Court pre-1945), 110–111, 147; subjective theory of perpetration in, 108, 109–110; superior orders (Befehlsnotstand) defense, 126. See also Mistake of Law; Natural Law
German medicine: percentage of German doctors in Nazi Party and SS, 4; and World War I, 20–21
Gessner, Ludwig, trial and acquittal of, 179–187. See also Andreae, Georg; Hannover Province Case
Globocnik, Odilo, 59
Goddard, H. H., 25
Goebbels, Josef, 157
Gorgass, Hans-Bodo, 130–133, 132, 134, 184; trial, conviction, and sentencing of, 133, 144. See also Hadamar trials, German Hadamar trial
Grabowski, Walter, 118
Grafeneck mental hospital, 167; and Christian Wirth, 60; closure of, 47–48; death toll in, 165; establishment of, 44, 164–165; resistance to transportation of patients to, 225; and the trial of Hermann Pfannmüller, 195. See also Baden, State of
Graveson, R. H., 72
Grawitz, Robert, 93
Great Britain, 93, 178, 223; and desire for second IMT, 92; and the ex post facto question, 72; implored by Jewish groups to prosecute crimes against humanity, 71; and London Charter, 70; and plan to try Nazi war criminals before an international military tribunal, 69
Gross-Rosen concentration camp, 122
Gütt, Arthur, 31
Haake, Heinrich, 151–152, 154, 155, 157, 182, 188. See also Rhine Province Case
Hadamar mental hospital, 77–90, 77, 130, 153, 157, 189, 190, 191, 192; and Christian Wirth, 60; and evacuations of mental patients from German mental hospitals, 97; gas chamber in, 46; murder of eastern European workers in, 54, 76–90; murder of Hamburg women in, 52; murder of Rhineland mental patients in, 152, 155; as successor killing center to Grafeneck, 44–45, 48; transportation to and murder of Göttingen patients in, 180; transportation to and murder of Württemberg mental patients in, 164–165; transportation of patients from Eichberg mental hospital to, 123; transportation of patients from Kalmenhof mental hospital to, 135, 138. See also Hadamar trials
Hadamar trials: German Hadamar trial, x, 44–45, 117, 127, 128–135, 247; German Hadamar trial compared with Eichberg trial, 134; U.S. Army intramural correspondence about, 78–79; U.S. Hadamar trial (U.S. v. Alfons Klein et al.), 13, 76–90, 98, 128
Hague Conventions, 63–65, 80, 224
Halder, Franz, 19
Hannover Province Case, 179–187. See also Andreae, Georg; Gessner, Ludwig
Hartheim mental hospital, 155; apprenticeship of Hans-Bodo Gorgass in, 130; and Christian Wirth, 60; and exchange of patient records with Brandenburg mental hospital, 47; geographical scope of patients killed in, 44; murder of “asocials” in, 54; and Operation 14f13, 56, 233n72; and T-4 statistics on numbers of patients killed during phase one of euthanasia, 48; transportation of patients from Eglfing-Haar mental hospital to, 195. See also Euthanasia; Special Treatment (Sonderbehandlung) 14f13
Hefelmann, Hans, 30, 31, 97, 189; and meeting with Alfred Leu about installing a new children’s ward in Sachsenberg mental hospital, 199–201; and meeting with Gerhard Wenzel about appointment as head of the Uchtspringe children’s ward, 203–204; and meeting with Walter Creutz about installation of children’s wards in Rhineland facilities, 155–156; 1962 indictment of, 35, 254; and processing of T-4 registration forms, 33–34; use of pseudonym by in official correspondence, 32. See also Euthanasia: children’s euthanasia; Hegener, Richard von; Kanzlei des Führers; Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Severe Hereditary Ailments
Hegener, Richard von, 32, 33–34, 189; and Hermann Wesse’s letter requesting potential euthanasia victims, 140; and meeting with Alfred Leu about installing a new children’s ward in Sachsenberg mental hospital, 199–201; and meeting with Gerhard Wenzel about appointment as head of the Uchtspringe children’s ward, 203–204; and meeting with Hermann Wesse about submission of registration forms on patients at Kalmenhof mental hospital, 139; and meeting with Walter Creutz about installation of children’s wards in Rhineland facilities, 155–156; and meeting with Walter Schmidt about children’s euthanasia at Eichberg mental hospital, 124, 203–204. See also Euthanasia: children’s euthanasia; Hefelmann, Hans; Kanzlei des Führers; Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Severe Hereditary Ailments
Heidelberg Circle, 9–10, 219, 222
Heinze, Hans, 31, 34, 139, 156
Helsinki Accords, 224
Herf, Jeffrey, 222
Herych, Eckhard, 225
Heyde, Werner, 37, 122, 152, 153, 155, 182–183, 184, 188; 1961 court testimony of concerning Kurt Pohlisch, 162; 1962 indictment of, 35, 231n32, 254; service as T-4 second-tier medical expert, 41
Heydrich, Reinhard, 27, 101, 171. See also Reich Security Main Office (RSHA)
Hilberg, Raul, 55; assessment of Viktor Brack’s legal defense, 237n67
Himmler, Heinrich, 60, 99; blamed by Viktor Brack’s counsel for perverting euthanasia, 103–104; and creation of extermination camps, 59; end to Operation 14f13 ordered by, 56; modifications to gas vans ordered by, 58; and Posen speech of 1943, 100; Viktor Brack’s 1942 letter to regarding X-ray sterilization, 102. See also SS
Hippke, Erich, 13
Hitler, Adolf, 29, 60, 75, 82, 97, 114, 116, 118, 152, 170, 171, 188, 195, 204, 215; and children’s euthanasia, 30; “exclusive” guilt of, 9; medical crimes under, 5; and misgivings about a formal euthanasia law, 37–38, 111; and the order to end phase one of adult euthanasia, 48–49, 56, 98, 180–182; and the order to begin the Final Solution, 99; and secrecy of the euthanasia program, 32; and statement of intent to implement euthanasia under the cover of war, 27; and sterilization of mentally handicapped persons, 25–26; and the text of order of September-October 1939 authorizing euthanasia, 38, 39. See also Kanzlei des Führers
Hoche, Alfred, 170; cited in the trial of Alfred Leu, 202; cited in the trial of Gerhard Wenzel, 205–206; and Freiburg state court’s legal analysis of Artur Schreck’s crimes, 174; and The Permission to Destroy Life Unworthy of Life, 21–24; and the utilitarian argument for destroying “life unworthy of life,” 40. See also Binding, Karl; “Life unworthy of life”
Hohenlychen Group, 93
Holocaust, 55–60. See also Auschwitz; Belzec death camp; Brack, Viktor: and complicity in the Final Solution; Chelmno death camp; Final Solution; Hitler, Adolf: and the order to begin the Final Solution; Majdanek death camp; Sobibor death camp; Treblinka death camp
Hoven, Waldemar, 5, 94, 104, 250. See also U.S. Doctors’ Trial
Huber, Irmgard, 86, 87, 89, 249; trial, conviction, and sentencing of by German court, 133
Hungerkost. See Sonderkost
Huxley, Thomas, 25
Inter-Allied Conference on War Crimes, 65
International Criminal Court (ICC), 16, 221
International Military Tribunal (IMT), 5, 14, 64, 93; charter of, 71, 74, 91; charter of contrasted with Control Council Law #10, 75; and defense of Ernst Kaltenbrunner, 101, 150; and the ex post question, 224; independence of asserted by Robert Jackson, 221, 223; and the Law of Armed Conflict, 220; and trial of the major war criminals, 90; and U.S. plan presented at the San Francisco conference, 68–69. See also U.S. Doctors’ Trial; United States: National Military Tribunal
Jackson, Robert, 69; appointed U.S. chief of counsel for the prosecution of Axis criminality, 68; charges against the major war criminals set forth by, 75; concerns about a second IMT expressed by, 92; independence of the IMT asserted by, 221, 223; and the London Charter, 71; and the “master plan” theory of Nazi criminality, 70, 90; and need to document history of Nazi crimes, 17; and need to punish Nazi war criminals, 72; succeeded by Telford Taylor as U.S. Chief of Counsel for War Crimes, 91. See also International Military Tribunal (IMT)
Jaspers, Karl, 105
JCS Directive #1023/10, 74, 75; as legal basis for the U.S. Hadamar trial, 78
Jescheck, Hans-Heinrich, 225
Kallmeyer, Helmut, 57
Kalmenhof mental hospital, 51; trial of medical staff members of, 135–144, 149. See also Weber, Mathilde; Wesse, Hermann
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 101, 150
Kant, Immanuel, 110
Kanzlei des Führers (KdF), 27, 130, 133, 152, 192, 203, 205, 217; and the beginning of children’s euthanasia, 28–31; concealment of euthanasia from victims’ family members by, 47; and creation of the Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Severe Hereditary Ailments, 32; designation of Eichberg mental hospital as a transit center by, 121; established by Philipp Bouhler, 99; and the Hitler euthanasia order of September-October 1939, 38, 78; and release of Ich klage an, 49; system of review of registration forms (Meldebogen) in, 34–35, 50, 149. See also Bouhler, Philipp; Brack, Viktor
Kater, Michael, 4
Kaufbeuren mental hospital, 54, 97, 197, 244n25. See also Falthauser, Valentin
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 75
Kihn, Berthold, 37
Klee, Ernst, 18, 47, 49, 55, 227n3
Klein, Alfons, 77, 82, 86–87, 88, 89, 130, 249. See also Hadamar trials
Knauer case. See Euthanasia: and the Knauer case
Kranz, H. W., 53
Kreitsch (no first name given), trial and acquittal of, 187–192. See also Andernach mental hospital; Recktenwald
Lammers, Hans Heinrich, 29, 37
Lauterpacht, Hersh, 71
Law against Dangerous Habitual Criminals and Regulation of Security and Reform, 27, 53–54
Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases, 26–27
Law of Armed Conflict, 13–14, 15, 70, 112, 220. See also Crimes against Humanity; Crimes against Peace; Geneva Conventions; Hague Conventions; War Crimes
Legal positivism, 114, 116, 214
Lenz, Fritz, 26
Leu, Alfred, 1, 12–13, 222; trial and acquittal of, 198–203, 252–253. See also Sachsenberg mental hospital
Lewenberg mental hospital, 199
“Life unworthy of life,” 14, 22, 84, 89, 169, 174, 205, 214; annihilation of advocated by Binding and Hoche, 21–23; and assessment of Dr. F.’s crimes as director of the Zwiefalten mental hospital, 168; and changes in killing program after August 1941, 49; conceptions of at the U.S. Doctors’ Trial, 76, 98–99, 103; impact of World War I on German conception of, 20–21, 25; references to by Hermann Pfannmüller, 192, 195; and secrecy of Nazi euthanasia, 32; sterilization laws defining, 27; and the utilitarian argument for the destruction of, 40. See also Binding, Karl; Hoche, Alfred
Linden, Herbert, 31, 160, 171, 194; and appointment of Artur Schreck as director of the Wiesloch children’s ward, 173; duties as Reich Commissioner for Mental Hospitals, 50–51; and initiation of Ludwig Sprauer into the euthanasia program, 170; and organization of adult euthanasia, 36–37; and recruitment of personnel to staff children’s wards, 34; section 42 of the Law Against Dangerous Habitual Criminals invoked by, 53–54; service as second-tier T-4 expert, 41; suicide of, 62. See also Reich Ministry of the Interior
Lehner, Ludwig, 192
Lohse, Heinrich, 56
Lonauer, Rudolf, 130
London Charter: conspiracy charge in, 91; and Control Council Law #10, 74; as legal basis of the International Military Tribunal, 7, 14, 65, 69, 71
Luminal: as T-4 killing agent, 36, 125, 126, 136, 153, 195, 199–200, 204, 207
Majdanek death camp, 59
Marrus, Michael, 18
Martens Clause. See Hague Conventions
Maur-Öhling mental hospital, 54
Mauthausen concentration camp, 54
Mauthe, Otto, 168, 169; trial, conviction, and sentencing of, 164–167. See also Stegmann, Alfons; Württemberg, State of
Mayer, Josef, 28
Mennecke, Friedrich, 56, 57, 116, 122, 134; motives for killing distinguished from Walter Schmidt, 125; suicide of, 126; trial, conviction, and sentencing of, 121–124, 144. See also Eichberg mental hospital: trial of the medical staff of
Merkl, Adolph, 86, 87, 88, 249. See also Hadamar trials
Meseritz-Obrawalde mental hospital, 52, 89, 97, 118–120, 127, 135, 157, 181, 184; acquittal of nursing staff of, 213. See also Wernicke, Hilde; Wieczorek, Helene
Mielke, Fred, 5
Mistake of law: as legal defense, 81–82, 111, 118, 175, 204, 213
Mitscherlik, Alexander, 5, 8–9. See also Mielke, Fred; Mitscherlik, Margarete
Mogilev, 58
More, Thomas, 205
Morphine: as T-4 killing agent, 43–44, 125, 126, 129, 195, 208
Müller, Maria, 136, 140. See also Kalmenhof mental hospital
National Military Tribunal (NMT). See United States: National Military Tribunal (NMT)
National Socialist criminality: types of, 5–6
National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), 25
Natural Law, 8, 16, 108; and prosecution of Nazi crimes by German courts, 111–118, 204–205, 213, 221. See also Radbruch, Gustav
Necessity (Notstand) defense. See German law: necessity (Notstand) defense
Nitsche, Paul, 41, 124, 153, 189, 190
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 177–178
Nuremberg. See International Military Tribunal (IMT)
Office of Military Government for Germany (OMGUS), 248
Operation Brandt. See Brandt, Karl: Operation Brandt
Operation Gomorrah, 51
Operation Reinhard, 59–60. See also Brack, Viktor: and complicity in the Final Solution; Final Solution; Heydrich, Reinhard; Holocaust
Orwell, George, 177
Panse, Friedrich: reversal of acquittal of by Supreme Court for the British Zone, 162–163; trial and acquittal of, 151, 164. See also Pohlisch, Kurt; Rhine Province case
Pearson, Karl, 25
Pell, Herbert, 70
Pfannmüller, Hermann: trial, conviction, and sentencing of, 192–198. See also Eglfing-Haar mental hospital; Euthanasia: children’s euthanasia
Plato, 205
Pohlisch, Kurt: reversal of acquittal by Supreme Court for the British Zone, 162–163; trial and acquittal of, 154–164. See also Panse, Friedrich; Rhine Province Case
Potsdam Conference, 142
Principles of legality. See Ex post facto laws
Radbruch, Gustav, 112–117. See also Natural Law
Rataczak, Amanda, 119. See also Meseritz-Obrawalde mental hospital; Wernike, Hilde; Wieczorek, Helene
Reckenwald (no first name given), 222; trial and acquittal of, 187–192. See also Andernach mental hospital; Kreitsch
Registration forms (Meldebogen 1 and 2), 39–40; as basis for transportation of patients from Kalmenhof to Hadamar, 135–136; as basis for transportation of patients from Scheuern, 148–149; completion of by Friedrich Mennecke at the Eichberg mental hospital, 121–123; Pohlisch and Panse charged with filling out, 160–161; and the Hannover Province Case, 180; and the trial of Alfred Leu, 199; and the trial of Artur Schreck, 173, 174; and the trial of Dr. Recktenwald, 187, 190; and the trial of Hermann Pfannmüller, 194; and the trial of Otto Mauthe et al., 164, 165, 168; and the Warstein Case, 210. See also Euthanasia: the adult program
Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Severe Hereditary Ailments, 136, 143, 155, 204, 206, 208; and the children’s euthanasia, 34–35; comparison of with the front organizations of adult euthanasia, 39; correspondence of with Friedrich Mennecke, 123–124; Hermann Wesse’s report to concerning Jewish patient, 141; and initiation of Hermann Wesse into children’s euthanasia, 139, 207; and issuance of “treatment authorizations” to the Sachsenberg mental hospital, 199–200; payment of bonuses to Mathilde Weber by, 137; role in vetting Hermann Wesse as Georg Renno’s successor, 156; as screen to conceal the KdF’s role in euthanasia, 32. See also Euthanasia: children’s euthanasia; Hefelmann, Hans; Hegener, Richard von
Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes (RAG), 39, 40–41, 135, 174, 194. See also Euthanasia: and the adult program; T-4
Reichleitner, Franz, 60
Reich Ministry of the Interior, 157, 170, 181, 182, 192, 199; and creation of T-4 killing centers, 43; and decree requiring registration of handicapped newborns, 33; and dispatch of registration forms to Rhineland mental hospitals, 187; involvement in Nazi euthanasia, 31; and recruitment of medical personnel to staff children’s wards, 34; and registration of state hospitals and nursing homes, 39. See also Conti, Leonardo; Frick, Wilhelm; Linden, Herbert
Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), 35, 42, 101. See also Heydrich, Reinhard
Reitlinger, Gerald, 60
Renno, Georg, 155–156, 158, 255
Rhine Province Case, 151–164. See also Creutz, Walter; Panse, Friedrich; Pohlisch, Kurt
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 65, 66, 68
Rosenman, Sam, 68
Rückerl, Adalbert, 6n
Rüdin, Ernst, 26
SA (Sturmabteilung), 67, 68, 95
Sachsenberg mental hospital: trial and acquittal of staff doctor Alfred Leu, 198–203. See also Leu, Alfred
Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 58, 122
San Francisco Conference, 69
Scheuern mental hospital: trial of staff physicians of, 148–150, 158, 163
Schmidt, Walter, 123, 124–126, 134. See also Eichberg mental hospital: trial of the medical staff of
Schneider, Carl, 37, 137. See also Euthanasia: and scientific research
Schreck, Artur Joseph: trial, conviction, and sentencing of, 172–176. See also Baden, State of; Sprauer, Ludwig
Schumann, Horst, 255
Scopolamine: as T-4 killing agent, 43–44, 195
Seneca, 205
Senft, Andreas: trial, conviction, and sentencing of, 126–127. See also Eichberg mental hospital: trial of the medical staff of
Shawcross, Hartley, 72
Sievers, Wolfram, 92
Sitwell, Sacheverell, 217
Social Democratic Party (SPD), 219, 222
Sonderkost, 50, 196–197, 244n25. See also Eglfing-Haar mental hospital; Pfannmüller, Hermann
Sonnenstein mental hospital, 44, 47, 48, 56, 130, 180
Special treatment (Sonderbehandlung) 14f13, 50, 55–56, 122; resumption of after stoppage, 233n72. See also Mennecke, Friedrich; SS
Spencer, Herbert, 25
Sprauer, Ludwig: trial, conviction, and sentencing of, 169–172, 174, 224. See also Baden, State of; Schreck, Artur Josef
SS (Schutzstaffel), 30, 92, 99, 150, 166, 190; construction of the Chelmno (Kulmhof) death camp by, 58; and JCS 1023/10, 74; Karl Brandt joins, 95; membership of German doctors in, 4; proposal by Murray Bernays to prosecute as a criminal organization, 67; and Special Treatment 14f13, 55–60; and the transvaluation of German ethical norms, 225. See also Himmler, Heinrich; Special Treatment (Sonderbehandlung) 14f13
Stalin, Joseph, 66. See also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Stangl, Franz, 60
Stegmann, Alfons: trial, conviction, and sentencing of, 167–168. See also Mauthe, Otto; Württemberg, State of
Steinhof mental hospital, 35
Sterilization: as form of negative eugenics, 3, 24, 26
Stern, Frank, 11
Stettinius, Edward Jr., 68
Stevens, Wallace, 19
Stimson, Henry, 67, 68, 73, 90
Superior orders (Befehlsnotstand) defense. See German law: superior orders (Befehlsnotstand) defense
Supreme Court for the British Zone (OGHBZ), 162–163, 163n, 212, 242n28
Taylor, Telford, 74, 90, 91–93, 99, 145, 250
T-4, x, 38–39, 41, 47, 49–50, 134, 149, 167, 174, 180, 183, 188, 190, 217; and killings at the Hadamar mental hospital, 77; and the murder of European Jews, 55–60, 247; and participation in Special Treatment 14f13, 55–56. See also Kanzlei des Führers
Thiel, Adolf: trial and acquittal of, 148–150, 158, 252. See also Scheuern mental hospital
Tiegenhof mental hospital, 54
Todt, Karl: trial and acquittal of, 148–150, 158, 252. See also Scheuern mental hospital
Trional: as T-4 killing agent, 207
Truman, Harry, 68, 69, 70, 177
Uchtspringe mental hospital, 139; trial of staff physicians of, 203–209. See also Wenzel, Gerhard; Wesse, Hermann; Wesse, Hildegard
Ulrich, Aquilin, 213, 245n45, 254
Unger, Hellmuth, 31
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 65, 69, 71, 91, 128, 177–178, 215, 218–219, 223; and the Berlin blockade, 142; and confrontation with the West: See Cold War; number of Nazi defendants convicted in after the war, 228n4. See also Stalin, Joseph
U.N. Convention on Genocide, 106, 221, 224
United States: conceptions of National Socialist criminality in the courts of, 2–3, 15, 73–74, 76, 78–79, 89–90, 97–98, 100–101, 104, 106, 108, 214; 220, 221; concern for the principle of sovereignty, 16, 62, 63–64, 72, 84–86, 98, 105, 106, 214–215; distrust of international bodies, 221; eugenics in, 3; and ex post facto laws, 72–73, 220; and German rearmament, 177–178, 218–219; National Military Tribunal (NMT), 14, 27, 94, 220, 224; and plan for trying Nazi war criminals before an international tribunal, 68–69. See also Cold War; Hadamar trials; U.S. Doctors’ Trial
U.S. Doctors’ Trial (the Medical Case), 17, 51, 64, 74, 90–104, 145, 192. See also Brack, Viktor; Brandt, Karl
Veronal: as T-4 killing agent, 200–201
Wagner, Gerhard, 27
Wahlmann, Adolf, 82, 83, 86–87, 88, 89, 128–129, 133, 134, 249; trial, conviction, and sentencing of by German court, 133, 144; trial, conviction, and sentencing of by U.S. military commission, 82–89. See also Hadamar trials
Waldniel mental hospital, 139, 151, 156, 158, 159, 206–207, 208. See also Wesse, Hermann
Walther, Manfred, 115
War Crimes, 13–14, 63–65, 69, 72, 75, 105, 146, 220; distinguished from crimes against humanity, 105–106, 238n73; prerequisites of prosecuting by a military tribunal, 235n29. See also Crimes against Humanity; Crimes against Peace; Law of Armed Conflict
Warstein mental hospital: trial of staff physicians of, 209–211
Weber, Mathilde: trial and conviction of, 135–139; retrial, conviction, and sentencing of, 142–144, 167. See also Kalmenhof mental hospital; Wesse, Hermann
Weilmünster mental hospital, 149
Weimar Constitution of 1919, 112
Wenzel, Gerhard: trial and acquittal of, 203–206, 222. See also Uchtspringe mental hospital; Wesse, Hildegard
Wernicke, Hilda, 1; trial, conviction, and execution of, 118–120, 144, 251. See also Meseritz-Obrawalde mental hospital
Wesse, Hermann, 34, 206; trial of, 135, 139–141, 144, 151, 155–156; conviction and punishment of, 143, 144. See also Kalmenhof mental hospital; Weber, Mathilde
Wesse, Hildegard, 203; trial, conviction, and sentencing of, 206–209. See also Wenzel, Gerhard; Wesse, Hermann; Uchtspringe mental hospital; Waldniel mental hospital
West Germany: anticommunism in, 178; and Article 131 Law, 10, 178–179; and Basic Law (West German constitution), 142, 178; as bulwark against Soviet communism, 10, 127–128, 144, 146, 177–178, 218–219; and Christmas amnesty of December 1949, 144, 178, 209; demands for amnesty of Nazi war criminals in, 3, 219, 222; denazification in, 3, 8, 178; establishment of, 142; incorporation of into NATO, 178; Law for Exemption from Punishment of 1954 enacted in, 209; percentage of Nazi crimes prosecuted in, 5; philosemitism in, 178; “policy toward the past” (Vergangenheitspolitik) in, 218–222; and preoccupation with recouping sovereignty, 3, 108, 178–179, 215, 218–219, 221, 223; rearmament of, 177–178, 218–219; reasons for decline in numbers of convictions of Nazi defendants in, 6–11. See also German law
Wetzel, Ernst, 56
Widmann, Albert, 37, 42–43, 58. See also Criminal Technical Institute (KTI)
Wieczorek, Helene, 144; trial, conviction, and execution of, 118–120, 251. See also Meseritz-Obrawalde mental hospital; Wernicke, Hilde
Wiesloch mental hospital, 48, 173, 175
“wild” euthanasia: See Euthanasia
Wilson, Woodrow, 73
Wirth, Christian, 60
World War I. See Euthanasia: and World War I
Wurm, Bishop, 9
Württemberg, State of, 35, 44; trial of mental health care system administrators of, 164–169. See also Mauthe, Otto
Zwiefalten mental hospital, 167, 168, 190. See also Stegmann, Alfons; Württemberg, State of
Zyklon B, 59